PowerPoint Presentation
IntroductionDr. Miguel A. LabradorDepartment of Computer Science
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[email protected]://www.csee.usf.edu/~labrador
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#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #OutlineLocation Based
Information Systems (LBIS)LBIS challengesLocation-Based Services
(LBS) applicationsLocation provider architecturesSoftware
architectureA complete LBS example
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #Location Based Information
SystemsSystems that integrate advances in mobile phones, software
development platforms, databases, positioning technology,
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and communicationsAll
combined make possible the creation of Location-Based Information
Systems (LBIS) and Location-Based Services (LBS)Promise to change
the way we live3.25 billion mobile phone users in 2007Half the
worlds populationLBS subscribers using GPS-enabled cell phones
expected to grow from 12 M in 2006 to 315 M in 201120 M from 500 K
in North America
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #LBIS ChallengesMany players
and technologies involved, and many issues unsolvedDatabases, GIS
systems, positioning, applicationsErroneous and variable
informationAccuracy of GPS fixes depend on positioning system, user
location, weather conditions, interferences, etc.Cellular
communication networksWireless transmission problems, such as
fading, interferences, disconnections, low bandwidth, etc.Cell
phonesVery resource-constrained device in terms of processing
power, storage, and energy capabilitiesOperating systems and
interoperability
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #Location-Based Services
(LBS)An application that provides users with information based on
the geographical position of the mobile deviceMain difference from
other applications/systemsAvailability of the users position in
real-timeThis single difference makes a BIG differenceInitial LBS
systems were subscription-basedTraffic congestion notifications
based on roads selected from a Web siteReceived congestion updates
about I-75 when on travel in NYC!
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #Types of LBS ApplicationsLBS
can be either Reactive (pull) or Proactive (push)A Reactive LBS
application is triggered by the user who, based on his current
location, queries the system in search of informationMany
examplesFinding restaurants or places of interestObtaining
directionsLocating peopleObtaining weather informationSending
emergency notifications to police, insurance companies, roadside
assistance companies, etc.
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #Types of LBS ApplicationsIn
Proactive LBS applications, on the other hand, queries or actions
are automatically generated by the LBIS once a predefined set of
conditions are metSystem needs to continuously know where you are
and evaluate the predefined conditionsMany examples as
wellGeofencing, e.g., children outside predefined boundaryFleet
managementReal-time traffic congestion notificationsLocation-based
advertisementReal-time friend findingProximity-based
actuationTravel assistant device for riding public transportation,
tourism, museum guided visits, etc
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #LocationIn LBIS and LBS
applications everything is about LOCATIONImportant to know about
different players and techniques used in the provision of location
informationA location provider may or may not be the same entity
providing the location-based service to the userAccording to who
provides the location information, the system can be categorized as
network-based, mobile-based, and location provider-based
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #Network-Based Location
ProviderUsually the same cellular network carrierCarrier locates
the user and stores his location in a database within its
networkLBS provider needs to obtain permission and/or pay for
obtaining user location informationLBS application needs mechanisms
to query the DBPreferred way of cellular carriersMaintain ownership
and control of the location informationAdditional revenuesHave not
accelerated the development of LBSCellular networks need to install
costly positioning technologiesCarriers may limit the number and
frequency of queriesLimiting the developing of some applications,
mostly real-time onesApplications need to be aware of which carrier
the user belongs to
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #Network-Based Location
Provider
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #Mobile-Based Location
ProviderMobile device has the capability of obtaining the
locationGPS, cell network, bothLocation is sent to the LBS service
provider and stored in its database for future reference or
processingServer application may or may not send information back
to userDepends on application and predefined parametersClients are
not limited to cellular phonesAny GPS-enabled device with
communication capabilityAccelerated rapid development of LBS
applicationNeither financial nor technical barriersMain
disadvantage of this method is that it has the potential to flood
the network with location updatesDifferent LBS providers may or may
not share the locationsA user may be sending same location to more
than one LBS provider
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #Mobile-Based Location
Provider
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #Location Provider-Based Meant
to solve the flooding problem of mobile-based methodIndependent
entity collects locations using different methods and make them
available to LBS providersOnly business is to provide location
informationScalable architecture; perhaps the best architecture for
wide deployment of LBSProvisions needed to guarantee fair price and
include competitionThere are a few companies that provide location
information Skyhook, Where, Veriplace, Loc-Aid Technologies,
others
In this class, we will use the mobile-based method GPS-enabled
cell phones and network-based technologies
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #Location Provider-Based
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #A Complete LBIS Tracking
ExampleGeneral real-time tracking application with
visualizationTracking devices, people, etc.Uses the mobile-based
location provider architectureProactive LBS application consisting
of the following components:Positioning systemClient
deviceTransport networkMain control stationServersStandard and free
software and standard protocols as much as possible
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #HardwarePositioning system
GPS and Assisted GPS (A-GPS)Client deviceGPS-enabled cell phone or
any device with GPS or embedded positioning systemTransport
networkCellular network with data plan (GPRS or similar) or network
connectivity using Wi-Fi or any other IP-based networking
technologyMain control stationPC connected to the system to control
service and visualize data, e.g., set up geofence and Google
mapsServersDatabase, GIS for geocoding and reverse geocoding,
application server for processing
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #SoftwareJava platformJava SE
for clients and Java ME for resource-constrained devicesSuns
Glassfish as the application serverGoogle s Web Toolkit for
visualizationGoogle Maps and Google EarthPostgres, and
object-oriented relational databasePostGIS, Postgress add on to
support geographic objectsStandard communication protocolsHTTP,
TCP, UDP
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #A Complete Tracking System
Example
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #Software ArchitectureSoftware
architecture is needed in order to Have an organized systemKnow who
does what in the system Understand data flowKnow about
relationships between componentsKnow protocols and interfaces
used
Software architecture for the client and for the serverAn
example follows Used in proactive, mobile-based location provider
applications related to transportation
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #Software Architecture -
Client
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #Software Architecture -
Server
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #A Brief Look into the
FutureLBS, Human-Centric Sensing, Participatory Sensing
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #Participatory Sensing
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador
#Copyright Dr. Miguel A. Labrador #
