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Interviewing Skills
The research interview
Setting the stage
Eliciting information
The Research Interview
Purpose – to elicit information from “experts” on the topic
The relationship Partnership – together produce information
useful to the project Interviewer role
Describe study and enroll participants Administer questionnaires Ensure completeness Keep questionnaires secure Data management
Research Interview Don’ts:
Provide advice, even if asked. Suggest they become involved with any group,
religious organization, form of treatment, etc. Make recommendations to nurses, physicians, or
any other clinical staff. Ask nurses, physicians, or any other clinical staff
about the patient’s progress, services they are receiving, etc.
Develop or pretend to develop friendships with subjects
Give out your home phone number or address
Research Interview Do’s:
Be respectful Exercise reasonable caution
Do not offer to take the subject somewhere in your car (or ride in theirs)
Dress professionally -- “business casual”
Wear/show identification Be aware of time constraints
Setting the Stage
Seating Avoid barriers between you and the
subject Interviewer introduction
Who you represent (wear ID) Research role
Develop rapport Polite conversation
Setting the Stage
Overview of topic - describe the purpose of the research
Ground rules – confidentiality and voluntary nature of the research partnership
Informed consent agreement Introduce the questions
Explain why the questionnaire is important Manage transitions (e.g., between introduction
and giving them the questionnaire)
Eliciting Information
Listening well encourages responses Characteristics of good listeners
Desire to be other-focused Desire to be non-defensive Desire to imagine the roles, perspectives,
or experiences of others Desire to be non-judgmental (to listen as
a “receiver”)
Eliciting Information
Communicate non-verbally that you are listening Maintain eye contact Maintain open body language Use silence to give the respondent time
to think as well as talk
Eliciting Information
Research interviewer “listening” responses Encourage honest responses from
subjects that avoid bias from attempting to “please” the interviewer Neither agree or disagree Use noncommittal words with a positive tone
of voice Interviewer responses should keep the
subject talking freely
Eliciting Information
Restate or paraphrase subject’s responses Show you are listening and understand
what is being said Show you grasp the facts Provide an opportunity to clarify any
possible misperceptions
Interviewer responsibilities
Enroll patients, describe study, conduct interview
Place questionnaires immediately into envelope
Promptly return all completed questionnaires to coordinator
Communicate regularly with coordinator regarding any problems or difficulties you may be having
Safeguard the confidentiality of all information obtained from patients
Confidentiality and consent
Ethics Safeguards Interviewer responsibilities
Ethics
Fully inform research subjects regarding: Nature of the research Voluntary participation What will/will not happen to them if they do/do
not participate Risks & benefits of participation
Provide subjects with an opportunity to decline participation
Advise them that there is no penalty for refusing to participate
Ethics
Provide subjects with written details of the nature of the study and the voluntary nature of participation
Obtain signed informed consent from all study participants
Ethics
Minimize any potential risk to study participants Exercise sensitivity in prenatal clinic and
hospital Is this an inconvenient time? Keep voices low
Recognize distress in participants resulting from discussing personal information requested in the interview
Ethics – Respond to distress –stop the interview
Remain in a professional research role Use reflective statements, (e.g., It must have
been hard for you, these past few months) Do not take a role of comforting friend or
therapist (e.g., “I’m sure it will be better in time,” or “I admire your ability to go on”)
Convey you are in touch with the respondent’s feelings but you are not overwhelmed by them
Ethics
Protect subject’s confidentiality/privacy Protect all information gathered during
interviews or survey administration Required under Federal law (Public Law 93-579
“The Privacy Act”) and University of Iowa Keep all subject names and information in the strictest
confidence Use information only for the purpose of the study Do not release information in a way that allows the
identification of individuals
Safeguards
All electronic database files are password protected
Only researchers directly involved in the project (with a ”need to know”) have access to data
Interviewer Confidentiality Responsibilities
Keep all information confidential Do not discuss any person in the study
If asked about names of individuals or information about individuals in the study, respond: “I am sorry, but that is confidential information, and I am not permitted to discuss it.”
Interviewer Confidentiality Responsibilities
Try to conduct all interviews as privately as possible to ensure responses are not overheard
Carry completed questionnaires with you, and do not leave them out where they can be read by someone else
Use professional demeanor that demonstrates your seriousness about maintaining confidentiality
Interviewer Confidentiality Responsibilities
Discuss patients only with director or
co-interviewer not with family, friends, co-workers, etc.
Clipboards Sharpened pencils Pens Consent forms Questionnaire packets Envelopes
Interview materials
Be patient Casual/comfortable personal style Use small talk to build rapport
When is your due date? Is this your first baby?
Answer questions with patience; they may be repeated
Make sure patient understands
Interviews
If they say: I am not interested.
You say: Thank you very much for coming; good luck.
If they ask: Do I have to do this?
You say: No you don’t; we would appreciate it, but you
do not have to.
Prenatal Interviews: Handling Refusals
Collect forms when complete Review quickly to ensure that all items have
responses; if not, politely re-ask the question Thank respondent Place forms into envelope
Interviews: Wrapping Up
Call 24 hours prior to appointment to: Remind mother about the
appointment Verify address
Dress professionally Establish rapport Administer questionnaire Provide incentive Thank respondent for their help