DEAF

Pathological Vs. Cultural

Pathological View = Medical View/ Decibels/ “Hearing Impairment

Cultural View = Linguistic minority/ Visually oriented

Deaf Gain/Identity =Most do not want to be “fixed” ie..cochlear implants

Deaf In America• Martha’s Vineyard• Creation story of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet & Laurent Clerk • !817 –American School for the Deaf in Hartford, CT• Mixture of MVSL & FSL • Residential Schools flourished• Residential schools is a root of Deaf culture• Deaf residential schools- language is learned and how to conduct in society is

learned• Deaf family replaced real family.. wanted to stay at school go home means lost

time in communication• Residential helped build independence, character and self-reliance

Affects of History…• Deaf history focuses on a centuries-long turmoil to overcome

discrimination by the hearing world and to provide better opportunities for the Deaf community at large.

• Speech = Humanity• 1880-Congress of Milan• 1880-1960- After the civil war, America shifted to a period of

national community. Many began to fear cultural differences within the nation. Hearing educators decided that Deaf people were “clannish”. They waged a campaign to eliminate the use of sign language instituting the oral method (lip reading and speech).

Oppression Continued..• Alexander Graham Bell- Deceptive methods for the success of

oralism (controversy that continues to this day)• Deaf Marriages- “Those who believe as I do, that the production of a

defective race of human beings would be a great calamity to the world, will examine carefully the causes that lead to the intermarriage of the deaf with the object of applying a remedy.”-AGB

• Eugenics & Sterilization • Deaf Driving-Restrictions• Deaf Education-Oralism• Deaf continued to gather and practice ASL “underground”

Deaf In Family• 90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents

• CODAs (Children of Deaf Adults) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4pftInBwWs

• Deaf Family https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-Gc85nQK8w

• Deaf community is family

Deaf Clubs• Deaf clubs were popular in the 40s and 50s. Buildings were bought

or leased• They had clubs separated by oralism, ASL, race, etc, but then

everyone integrated. • Clubs were a place for sports, games, celebrations, gatherings and

so forth• During WW2, there was more work in factories in big cities so

families moved to big cities and members grew. • Post WW2- industrialism declined and technology increased. Both

are the causes of decline in clubs.• More people joined professional organizations.

Deaf Sports • Community Gatherings• Deaf Huddlehttps://www.facebook.com/DeafThat/videos/1031217360276148/ • William “dummy” Hoy- Baseball signals • Deaf Olympics

American Sign Language• Recognized as an official language in 1960’s• Has unique grammar, syntax, and structure• Used in the U.S. and Canada• First signs can be seen at around 6 months old and can have up to

100 signs by 18 months old.• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FV69iJuXwP4

Non Verbal Communication• Facial expressions = Grammar• Able to detect subtle facial and body movement/Language• Breaking of eye contact = disinterest • How signs are used:

• Quick choppy = anger• Smooth= happy/ content• Faster/erratic = excited

Resistance • William Stokoe- 1960’s ASL recognized • Deaf President Now!• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtsYVeRuBuw• Perhaps DPN's most profound impact was felt by hearing people.

Deaf people have always known that they could do whatever hearing people could do, but, until DPN, most hearing people did not agree. DPN opened their minds to this reality. At the same time, the movement was a strong reminder to deaf and hard of hearing people that they did not have to accept limitations put on them by others. (Gallaudet-The Impact)

• Deaf Pride & recognition

Current Deaf Education• 1975- ASL accepted in schools• Mainstreaming • BiBi Philosophy • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCzl4kuWLw0 For A Deaf Son

Documentary

Technology • Hearing aids and cochlear implants• Mobile phones• Closed captioning• Videophones (www.sorenson.com, www.purple.us, etc)• Technology helps establish Deaf owned businesses and creates jobs. • Affected communal gatherings • Technology fails. Live interpreters still needed https

://www.facebook.com/tonylaperna/videos/10153095284166039/ (Short)

Audism• Audism:  The notion that one is superior based on one’s ability to hear or

behave in the manner of one who hears.--Tom Humphries• racism, sexism, ageism, etc..• Audism is a term used to describe discrimination or stereotypes against Deaf

people. • Audists can be either Deaf or hearing. • Audism occurs when a Deaf person is judged as incapable of a given behavior,

occupation, etc simply because he/she cannot hear. • Dysconscious audism is basically defined as audism (a belief and attitude that to be

deaf is to be inferior to hearing people) perpetrated by members of the Deaf community because they have internalized attitudes that the hearing way is superior due to the systemic and pervasive oppression all around us.--Genie Gertz

IndividualInstitutional Metaphysical Laissez-Faire

Overt(apparent, not hidden)

Says phrases like Never mind I will tell you later

-Assistive technology to cure -No sign on bus/train

Comparing Deaf people and signing to animals (monkeys, hyenas)

Deficient leadership- leaders are hearing who oppress Deaf people by viewing them as inferior

Covert(not obvious)

Says phrases like I’d like to hire more Deaf, but cannot find anyone who is qualified

IDEA, ADA and other disability laws

Treating a Deaf people like a child and apologizing their being Deaf

Again deficient leadership- people who have low expectations of Deaf people

Aversive(avoidance, approaching Deaf in the wrong way)

Says phrases like Your speech is beautiful, how deaf are you?

Provide Disability services, film TV ads with signs used

Comparing Deaf people by saying I know someone who is Deaf and he speaks very well!

Culturally deficient – ignorant of Deaf culture and makes assumptions

Deaf and Disabled•Disability- 1. lack of adequate power, strength, or physical or mental ability;  incapacity. 2. a physical or mental handicap, especially one that prevents a person from living a full, normal life or from holding a gainful job.

•Framework of culture deaf model do not match disability •Disability groups want better medicare, rehab services, personal assistance services, Deaf do not need those

•1973-Rehabilitation Act•1990-ADA

Nyle DiMarco• Deaf Activist

• Gallaudet Alumni

• Starred on Switched at Birth Winner of ANTM Cycle 22

• Currently on DWTS season 22 *VOTE FOR NYLE!

• Recently founded Nyle DiMarco foundation-Main focus are Deaf Children and their parents. We will have resources for parents who are searching for accurate fact based information on language options. In particular bilingualism.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6_Hp7T9sno https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHB4nFcLOLY&nohtml5=False

Marlee Matlin Academy award winning actress

• Children of a Lesser God

• Switched at Birth

• National Anthem performances@ Superbowl

Keep Culture In Mind..• Deaf are always more blunt / Speaker goals• Details, Details, Details..• Eye Contact• Deaf Space- “People of the Eye” comfortable environment, lighting, sightline, etc..• Deaf Jokes/Bad words• DST- Before technology, Deaf had limited time together to catch up or spread

important information. It became a habit to have long goodbyes as there was always something more to say.

Behavioral Norms Continued..• Deaf people also keep each other informed of what is going on in

one’s environment. It is common to provide detailed information when leaving early or arriving late; withholding such information may be considered rude.

• When giving introductions, Deaf people will try to find common grounds:

1. Always give first and last names then the sign name 2. Discuss which Deaf schools attended/attending3. Other background info such as where grew up, who are friends

with, etc

The End.