Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
INTERNSHIP TRAINING PROGRAMME
[IIP]
AT
ALL INDIA COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT [AICRP]
ON AGROFORESTRYPROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAJENDRANAGAR,
HYDERABAD, 500030 - T.S
PROJECT ENTITLED“TECHNOLOGIES AND PRATICES
INVOLVED INAGROFORESTRY”
Submitted by
D. Kausheel Reddy (12-1252)
Moahmmed Shahrukh Qureshi Shahruh (13-1229)
Page 1 of 83
LOYOLA ACADEMY DEGREE & PG COLLEGE.
ALWAL, SECUNDRABAD 500 010 TELANGANA STATE,
(Autonomous and affiliated to Osmania University)Re-accredited with `A` Grade (3.50/4.00 CGPA) by NAAC
A “College with Potential for Excellence by UGC”www.loyolaacademyugpg.ac.in
Syed Abrar (13-1243)
This is to certify that the project report of the Internship Training
Programme (IIP) entitled “TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES
INVOLVED IN AGROFORESTRY” being submitted by Mohammed
Shahrukh Qureshi Shahruh (13-1229), Syed Abrar (13-1243), and D. Kausheel
Reddy (12-1252) in partial fulfillment for the award of degree in Bachelor of
Sciences in the Department of Agricultural Sciences & Rural Development,
Loyola Academy Degree and PG College, Alwal, Secunderabad, is a bonafide
work carried for two months dated from 12-05-2016 to 11-07-2016.
Head of the Department Internal Advisor
External Examiner Principal
Page 1 of 83
Internship T raining Programme Certificate
2016
Date :-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We express deep sense of gratitude to the management of Loyola Academy Degree & P.G College, Old Alwal, Secunderabad-500010, T.S for giving us an opportunity to undergo training at All India Coordinated Research Project On Agroforestry at Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad,500030-T.S. We deeply indebted to Dr. K.Shanthi (Head of the Department & Internal Guide) for her guidance, motivation co-operation and constant encouragement throughout this training period. We express our performed sense of gratitude to our project guide, Dr.M.A.AARIFF KHAN, Principal Scientist (Soil Science) for imparting the knowledge in the subject of Agroforestry and escorting us in practicing and learning various operations and technologies. We also thank Dr.A.KRISHNA, Principal Scientist (Agronomy) who has guided the other aspects of Agroforestry. Apart from the above mentioned work we are also thankful for their constant motivation co-operation inspiration and valuable suggestion and guidance throughout the progress of this training period.
Page 1 of 83
We sincerely thank to Professor Jayashankar Telanagana State Agricultural University management for providing comfortable work place at AICRP on Agroforestry.
Special thanks to M.A. Hafeez (A.E.O) and all those who indirectly helped us in every aspect and provided a convenient study environment.
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work presented in this dissertation entitled “TECHNOLOGIES AND PRATICES INVOLVED IN AGROFORESTRY” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science, in the department of Agricultural Sciences & Rural Developmet, Loyola Academy Degree & P.G College, Secunderabad is an authentic record of our own work carried out under the guidance and supervision of Dr.K.Shanthi, Head of the Department, Agril.Sciences, Loyola Academy
We have not submitted the matter embodied in this report for the award of any other degree or diploma.
Date:
Place: Old Alwal, Secunderabad
Page 1 of 83
Mohammed Shahrukh Qureshi Shahruh Syed Abrar D. Kausheel Reddy (13-1229) (13-1243) (12-1252)
CONTENTSPage No.
1. Introduction………………………………………………...…….1
2. Identification of tree species ……………………………………3
3. Agroforestry………………………………………………………5
4. Layout of AICRP on Agroforestry Systems……...…………….6
5. Plantation blocks and Germplasm Units….……………………………………………………………75.1. Agri- horti System5.2. Horti-pastoral system 5.3. Silvi - medicinal system5.4. Melia azaderach
Page 1 of 83
5.5. Milettia pinnata5.6. Tamarindus indica 5.7. Tectona grandis5.8. Azadirachta indica5.9. Eucalyptus tereticornis5.10. Simarouba glauca5.11. Melia dubia5.12. Melia dubia (clones)5.13. Mileittia pinnata5.14. Azadirachta indica Germplasm Block [ 2004]5.15. Azadirachta indica - Multi Location Trials (MLT)
6. Nursery Techniques and Management ………………………25
6.1 Selection of site
6.2 Preparation of beds
6.3 Filling of poly bags
6.4 Sowing / Planting
6.5 Protection
6.6 Primary and secondary nursery transplanting and maintenance
Page 1 of 83
7. Training and pruning of trees………………………………….29
8. Irrigation management…………………………………………30
9. Gardening and landscaping ………………………………...…31
10. Biomass estimation of Moringa [Filler Plant] ……..………32
11. Concept of Vermicomposting …………………..…………34
11.1. Beds / pits preparation
11.2. Decomposition
11.3. Application of Rhizobium and PSB inoculums
11.4. Earthworms management
11.5. Drying
11.6. Sieving, bagging, weighment and packing
Page 1 of 83
12. Sowing ………………………………………………………..39
12.1 Selection of cuttings
12.2 Planting of cuttings
12.3 Tagging & labeling
12.4 Seed treatments
12.5 Transplanting in main field
12.6 Germination Percentage
13. Root barrier management …………………………………..47
14. Crop cutting experiment ……………………………………49
15. Weed management ………………………………………….51
15.1. Techniques
15.2. Biomass estimation
16. Tree parasite management ………………………………... 5316.1 Loranthus sps
17. Estimation of live tree biomass ……………………………. 55
17.1. Destructive method
17.2. Nondestructive method
Page 1 of 83
18. Plant and tree biometric data estimation …………………57
19. Harvesting and fresh biomass estimation of summer horse gram crop by RBD analysis ………….……………………… 59
20. Land preparation in agri - horti system …………………. 61
20.1. Ploughing
20.2. Layout
20.3. Application and incorporation of manures and fertilizers
20.4. Sowing
21. Data Analysis and interpretation of result ……………..... 63
22. Distilled water collection and storage …….……………….70
23. Estimation of soil moisture by gravimetric method……….71
24. Estimation of Nitrogen ……………………………………. 73
25. Field operations and techniques …………………………... 74
26. Harita Haram mega plantation program ………………….78
Page 1 of 83
List of FiguresFIGURE 1 AICRP OF AGROFORESTRY DEPARTMENT
FIGURE 2 MANGO BASED AGRI - HORTI SYSTEM
FIGURE 3 CUSTARD APPLE AND RHODES GRASS
FIGURE 4 ALOE VERA INTERCROPPED WITH TEMINELIA BELLIRICA AND TAMARIND
FIGURE 5 LAYOUT OF SILVI MEDICINAL SYSTEM
FIGURE 6 MELIA AZEDARACH PLANTS
FIGURE 7 PONGAMIA PLANTATION BLOCK
FIGURE 8 TAMARIND PLANTATION BLOCK
FIGURE 9 TEAK PLANTS
FIGURE 10 NEEM L-115 PLANTS
FIGURE 11 EUCALYPTUS TREES
FIGURE 12 SIMAROUBA TREES
FIGURE 13 MELIA DUBIA TREES
FIGURE 14 AGROFORESTRY REASEARCH SITE 2FIGURE 15 PONGAMIA SET 1 AND SET 2FIGURE 16 NEEM BLOCK 2004FIGURE 17 NEEM MULTI LOCATION TRAIL
FIGURE 18 PLOUGHING THE LAND FOR NURSERY BED
FIGURE 19 PREPARED NURSERY BED-RAISED
FIGURE 20 FILLING POLY BAGS
FIGURE 21 SOWING AND COVERING OF SEEDS
FIGURE 22 NURSERY BED FENCED WITH DRIED BRANCHES
FIGURE 23 SOWNING NONI FRUIT-PRIMARY NURSERY
FIGURE 24 TRANSPLANTING NONI SEEDLINGS FROM PRIMARY NURSERY TO SECONDARY NURSERY
FIGURE 25 PRUNING UNWANTED SHOOTS
FIGURE 26 IRRIGATION THROUGH UNDERGROUND LAID PVC PIPELINES
FIGURE 27 RESIZING AND SHAPING DURANTA HEDGE CROP
FIGURE 28 MORINGA WAS CUT DOWN USING AN AXE
FIGURE 29 FRESHLY CUT MORINGA WAS TAKEN OUT FOR FRESH WEIGHT
FIGURE 30 CEMENT TUBS USED FOR VERMICOMPOSTING
FIGURE 31 WATER IS ADDED TO INITAITE DECOMPOSITION
FIGURE 32 RHIZOBIUM & PSB INOCULUM PACKET,500 G EACH
FIGURE 33 ADDITION OF RHIZOBIUM & PSB INOCULUMS TO THE TUBS
FIGURE 34 MONITORING EARTH WORMS ACTIVITY
FIGURE 35 SHADE DRIED PRODUCT
FIGURE 36 TWO WOMEN SIEVING THE DRIED VERMICOMPOST
FIGURE 37 ILLUSTRATING SELECTION OF CUTTINGS BY DR. M.A. AARIFF KHAN
FIGURE 38 PLANTING OF CUTTINGS
FIGURE 39 DIFFERENT TREE SPECIES SEEDS SELECTED FOR SOWING
FIGURE 41 TAGGING AND LABELLING DONE TO SOWN POLY BAGS
Page 1 of 83
FIGURE 40 TRANSPLANTING RHODES GRASS ON TO NURSERY BED
FIGURE 42 MELIA DUBIA SEEDS HAMMERED
FIGURE 43 TREATING MELIA DUBIA SEEDS WITH ACID
FIGURE 44 SOAKING RED SANDERS SEEDS IN COW DUNG
FIGURE 45 DRYING THE WATER SOAKED RED SANDERS SEED
FIGURE 46 TRANSPLANTING THE SPROUTED CUTTINGS
FIGURE 47 OBSERVING GERMINATION IN POLY BAGS
FIGURE 48 MEASURING TREE HEIGHT USING A TAP
FIGURE 49 MEASURING CANOPY SPREAD
FIGURE 50 ROOT BARRIER MANAGEMENT METHODS
FIGURE 51 CUTTING THE HORSE GRAM CROP
FIGURE 52 CUTTING THE HORSE GRAM CROP
FIGURE 53 WEEDING IN HORSE GRAM CROP USING A STAR WEEDER
FIGURE 54 CUTTING DOWN LORANTHUS USING KNIFE
FIGURE 55 BREIFING CUT DOWN LORANTHUS
FIGURE 56 TAGGING& LABELING OF CUT TREE PIECES
FIGURE 57 HARVESTING THE HORSE GRAM CROP
FIGURE 58 SHADE DRYING THE HARVESTED HORSE GRAM CROP
FIGURE 59 PLOUGHING THE LAND USING A CULTIVATOR
FIGURE 60 CONSTRUCTING BUNDS
FIGURE 61 GLASS AND METALLIC WATER DISTILLATION UNIT`SFIGURE 62 SOIL SAMPLING
FIGURE 63 STAKING THE MANGO PLANT
FIGURE 64 CLEARING THE UNWANTED AND FALLEN TREES
FIGURE 65 WATERING THE SOWN NURSERY POLY BAGS
FIGURE 66 STIRRING THE VERMI BEDS
FIGURE 67 SYTHING IN FIELD
FIGURE 68 REARRAINGING THE POLYBAGS AND TRIIMING THE EXCESS ROOTS
FIGURE 69 COLLECTION OF RED SANDERS SEED
FIGURE 70 UNLOADING THE PLANTS
FIGURE 72 LABELING & TAGGING THE PLANTS
FIGURE 71 DIGGING PLANTING PITS WITH THE HELP OF POST HOLE DIGGER
FIGURE 73 PLANTING BY SYED ABRAR(LEFT),DR.A.KRISHNA(CENTER),DR.AARIFF KHAN(RIGHT)
FIGURE 74 HARITHA HARAM AT AICRP ON AGROFORESTRY
FIGURE 75 PLANTING BY D. KAUSHEEL REDDY
FIGURE 76 PLANTING BY MOHAMMED SHAHRUKH QURESHI
FIGURE 77 PLANTING GROUND
FIGURE 78 HELPING OUT IN PLANTING BY SYED ABRAR
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Agroforestry, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500 030, Telangana State. Started in the year 2002. Dr. Giri Rao, Principal Scientist (Agronomy), the first Head of Institution and presently Dr. A. Krishna, Principal Scientist (Agronomy) is the Head from 2012 in coordination with Dr. M.A. Aariff Khan, Principal Scientist (Soil Science).
Dr. A. Krishna, Principal Scientist (Agronomy), born on 10.04.1962. He pursued his BSc. (Ag) from Pujabrao Krishi Vidhyapeeth, Akola, Maharastra in 1982, and MSc. (Ag) Agronomy1984 and Ph.D. in Agronomy 1988 from Marathwada Agril. University, Prabhani, Maharastra State.
Dr. M.A. Aariff Khan, Principal Scientist (Soil Science) born on 02.01.1961. He pursued his BSc. (Ag) from S.V Agricultural College affiliated to A P Agricultural University, Tirupati Andhra Pradesh in 1982, MSc. (Ag) Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry from G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, U.P in 1985. He done his Ph.D. in Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry-Major and Plant Physiology-Minor from College of Agriculture,Acharya N.G.Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad, AP in 2002.
Received “Raithunestam Award-2011” for the significant contributions in the field of Soil Science & Agril. Chemistry and many such. Won the Third best prize Award in presentation at the National Symposium - 2008, Jhansi. As his work dedication he published 58 Research Publications and 32 Research Abstracts & Articles. He has membership in different Reputed Societies such as IJTA- International Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Hind Agri- Horticulture Society, and Indian Society of Citriculture. Radio talks (12) and Radio Interviews (12), Television recordings on different topics and much more other
Page 1 of 83
activities. Recently received “Outstanding Scientist – 2016” as rich contributions in the field of Agroforestry and Soil Science activities done during 30 years of service in 3rd International Conference on Agriculture, Horticulture and Plant Science (ICAHPS – 2016) held on 25thJune 2016 at New Delhi, India.
AICRP on Agroforestry is well established with 15 plantation and germplasm blocks. It has well organized staff of 12 members. And it also has a working men and women labour for various field operations.
The Coordinated Project on Agroforestry was initiated with the following broad objectives:
Survey of existing Agroforestry systems
Collection, screening and selection of trees and bushes for Agroforestry, including tree breeding and developing of different Agroforestry systems and their management
These objectives aimed to replace shifting cultivation, provide good agri-silviculture to popularize best silvi-pasture management, the fodder for animal nutrition, livestock production of milk, meat
Standardization Techniques in Agroforestry system
Nutrient management, nutrient recycling and tree residue management in Agroforestry
Control of soil erosion and conservation of in-situ soil moisture and control of soil erosion by practicing different Agroforestry system
Improvement of micro climate of the region thrust on development of greenery and Agroforestry plantations
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 2Identification of Tree Species
Different tree species identified in and around the campus are as follows:
Common Name Scientific name Purpose
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus teriticornis Timber/MedicinalAshoka Polyalthia longifolia Timber/Avenue
Silver oak Grevellia robusta Timber/AvenueTeak Tectona grandis Timber
Almond Terminalia cattapa DyeNeem Azadirachta indica Timber/Medicinal
Sandal wood Santalum album CosmeticsTamarind Tamarindus indicus MultipurposePongamia Pongamia pinnata BiodieselDrumstick Moringa oleifera VegetableCurry leaf Murraya koenigii Vegetable
Mango Mangifera indica FruitCamel foot tree Bahunia purpurea Avenue/Fodder
Albezia Albezia lebbeck Avenue/FodderBamboo Dendrocalamus strictus Fencing
China berry tree Melia azedarach TimberMalabar vepa Melia dubia TimberParadise tree Simarouba glauca Biodiesel
Noni Morinda citrifolia MedicinalHenna Lawsonia inermis CosmeticPeepal Ficus religiosa Avenue/Aesthetic
Subabul Leucania leucocephala FodderSoap nut Sapindus trifoliatus Cosmetic
Yellow alder Tecoma stans AvenueGuinea Grass Panicum maximum Fodder
Cassia Cassia biflora AvenueDuranta Duranta Sps HedgeAnota Anota densiflora Dye
Gliricidia Gliricidia maculate Avenue
Page 1 of 83
China Badam Sterculia foetida Biodiesel Redsanders Pterocarpus santalinus Timber
Copper pod tree Peltophorum ferrigenium AvenueBabul Acasia nilotica Medicinal/Timber
Gulmohar Delonix regia AvenueCrab`s eye Abrus precatorius Avenue
Jatropa Jatropa curcas BiodieselPomegranate Punica granatum Fruit
Pogada Styphnolobium japonicum AvenueLime Citrus sps Fruit
Singapur cherry Mutingia calabura MedicinalCrane berry Carissa carandas CondimentAshoka tree Polyalthia longifolia Avenue
Custard apple Annona squamosa FruitYepi tree Hardwickia binata Fodder
Indian cork tree Milingtonia hortensis TimberIndian tulip Thespesia populnea AvenueTemple tree Plumeria alba AvenueNela tangedu Cassia siamea Medicinal
Dalbergia Dalbergia sisso Avenue
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 3 Agroforestry
Agroforestry or agro-sylviculture is a land use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops.
Agroforestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural, and forest production methods. They can offer increased productivity and economic benefits to the farmers.
Increase in the economic returns to the farmer Aids in conservation of soil erosion and fertility Reduces deforestation by providing fuel wood Reducing or eliminating the need for toxic chemicals Increased crop stability Multifunctional site use i.e. crop production and animal grazing. Stabilizes depleted soils from erosion
Page 1 of 83
Figure 1 AICRP of Agroforestry Department
Chapter 4Layout of AICRP on Agro forestry systems
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 5Plantation Blocks and Germplasm Units
Page 1 of 83
5.1 Agri- horti System
Mango based Agri-horticultural system with 10 rows spaced at 8 m is established. As mango being a perennial fruit crop and takes time for its growth and development, curry leaf [semi-perennial] and Moringa [perennial] are taken as filler crops. In between rows summer Horse gram crop and consecutively Kharif Sorghum crop was grown, so as to utilize the land intensively and to have additional income. Hence known as “Agri - horti system” where in fruit crop and agricultural crops are grown together. Care is taken that filler crops should not compete with mango plant growth.
Management practices are followed to enhance the growth of mango plants, such as
Pruning periodically with 3-4 months interval Supplying life saving irrigation during long dry spells Fencing the area Clearing the irrigation channel Regular monitoring for any pests and diseases Removal of weeds
Page 1 of 83
5.2 Horti - pastoral system
Custard apple is grown as a horticultural fruit crop and is intercropped with fodder grasses like Rhodes grass, Guinea grass and Cyncrus cilris grass. Hence named as “Horti - pastoral system”. Custard apple is spaced at a distance of 5 × 4 m in an area of 2 acre.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 2 Mango based agri - horti system
5.3 Silvi-medicinal SystemTerminalia bellirica (TaniKaya) is used in ayurvedic medicine. During
traditional India it is known as Rasayana Triphala (Herbal treatment) and seeds are known as Bedda Nuts.
Phyllanthus emblica (Uciri) is also a traditional Indian medicine, fruits are rich in vitamin C and has got other medicinal properties.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 3 Custard apple and rhodes grass
T. bellirica and P. emblica are planted in 3 rows each alternatively and which is intercropped with Aloe vera known for medicinal purpose. And thus Silvi - medicinal system with an area spread of 4620 m2.
Tamarindus indica is intercropped with Aloe vera in block 2 of silvi – medicinal system.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 4 Aloe vera intercropped with Teminelia bellirica and Tamarind
Page 1 of 83
Figure 5 Layout of Silvi Medicinal System
5.4 Melia azedarach Plantation Block
M.azedarach is commonly known as “China berry tree”. Monocropping of M. azederach is practiced where in plants are spaced at a distance of 5 × 5m on an average area of 2.5 acres. This tree resembles closely to neem tree and has conical crown shape with bigger leaves than neem. It is grown for timber purpose because this is one of the fastest growing tree species and starts yielding within 4 to 6 years after planting.
Figure 6 Melia azedarach plants
Page 1 of 83
5.5 Millettia pinnata Plantation Block
It is a bio-diesel plant commonly known as “Kanuga” in telugu vernacularly. Recently it is renamed as Millettia pinnata. Spacing adopted is 5 × 5m and is spread to an area of 2000m2 (1/2 acre). Apart from bio diesel it is also known for nitrogen fixing and also used as green leaf manure. This is an evergreen tree and is planted in many areas for shade purpose.
5.6 Tamarindus indica Plantation Block
Page 1 of 83
Figure 7 Pongamia plantation block
It is regarded as multipurpose tree species as it is used for timber and its young flesh, fruit are used in culinary. Spacing adopted is 10 × 10 m and is spread to an area of 1 acre. As it belongs to fabaceae family, fixes atmospheric nitrogen and aid in the enrichment of the soil. Henna is intercropped in between the rows.
Figure 8 Tamarind plantation block
5.7 Teak Plantation Block
Page 1 of 83
Scientifically it is Tectona grandis and commonly known as “King of Timber”. The timber obtained is known for durability, termite resistance and strength. The trees are spaced at 3 × 3 m. Commercial yield starts from 20 – 25 years after planting.
5.8 Neem Germplasm Block (Site-I)
Page 1 of 83
Figure 9 Teak plants
Scientifically it is Azadirachta indica. Alkaloid obtained from this tree is known as AZADIRACHTIN which is meant for nimbicidal, medicinal and insecticidal properties. With a spacing of 10 × 10m, 20 lines are grown. Among all L - 115 (Line -115) yield favorable amount of azaderachtin.
Figure 10 Neem L-115 plants
5.9. Eucalyptus Germplasm Block
Page 1 of 83
Scientifically it is Eucalyptus teriticornis, it is commonly known as INDUSRTY TREE. Spaced at a distance of 3 × 1.5 m in an area of 3 acre. Besides timber, it is also grown for paper and pulp. Alkaloid obtained from this tree is used in pharmaceutical industry. This tree species also have SELF PRUNIG ability.
5.10 Simarouba glauca Germplasm Block
Page 1 of 83
Figure 11 Eucalyptus trees
It is commonly known as PARADISE TREE, (Lakshmi Taru). It is a bio diesel plant and seed oil is used in culinary. Shade dried leaflets are used in the preparation of decoction. It has remarkable history in herbal medicine and known as DYSENTERY BARK. It is taken in an area of ½ acre spaced at 5 × 4m in 7 rows.
5.11 Melia dubia Research Block II(Agro Forestry Research Block II, New Experimental Site, Year 2012)
It is commonly known as Malabar Vepa. Of all tree species it is regarded as Fastest Growing Tree, estimated growth of 30 cm per month. It is
Page 1 of 83
Figure 12 Simarouba trees
a straight growing tree and yields timber within 4 – 5 years after planting. Spaced at a distance of 5 × 4 m in an area of 2 acres.
5.12 Melia dubia clones Plantation Block
M. dubia clones are planted with a spacing of 3 × 3 m and are evaluated for performance. These clones were brought from Coimbatore and grown at AICRP on Agroforestry research block- II.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 13 Melia dubia trees
Figure 14 Agroforestry Reasearch Site 2
5.13. Pongamia Germplasm Block
It is a bio-diesel plant commonly known as “Kanuga” in telugu vernacularly. Recently it is renamed as Millettia pinnata. This germplasm block consists of two sets namely SET-1(2004) with 3 × 29 plants and SET-2
Page 1 of 83Figure 15 Pongamia Set 1 and set 2
(2009) with 4 × 29 plants which are spaced 5 × 5 m apart. Plants from different areas are planted here and evaluated for performance.
5.14. Neem Germplasm Block [2004]
Known Azadirachta indica plants are planted in the year 2004, by adopting a spacing of 10 × 10 m on an area of 2 acre and are evaluated for different phenological characters.
Page 1 of 83
5.15. Neem Germplasm Plantation
(Multi Location Trial-MLT)
The Central Agroforestry Research Institute (CAFRI), Jhansi has distributed different neem lines to test their performance at different locations. The Hyderabad city is selected as one of the center. The MLT neem plantation
Page 1 of 83
Figure 16 Neem block 2004
block is divided into three replications, R1, R2 and R3. In this replications plants from different areas are grown in 10 lines in each replications and it is evaluated for performance. At AICRP, RajendranagarL-115 (R2) line is found with good results and performance in terms of tree growth parameters and high azaderachtin content.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 17 Neem Multi Location Trail
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 6Nursery Techniques And Management
6.1 Selection of site
It is always planned in such a way that it should be nearer to the water source and main transplanting field. It should be partially shaded and convenient in monitoring and maintenance.
6.2 Preparation of beds
At AICRP raised beds are preferred. Practically 15 – 20 cm of soil is raised and convenient bed of 1 m2 area is prepared. Vermicompost and FYM is added and mixed thoroughly, stones and stubbles are removed.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 18 Ploughing the Land for Nursery Bed
Figure 19 Prepared Nursery Bed-Raised
6.3 Filling of poly bags
However, open raised beds are conventional and have some disadvantages like difficult in transplanting, spread of soil borne diseases, etc. To overcome such difficulties beds are replaced with poly bags for nursery. The bags are filled with soil, sand, vermicompost in 2:1:1 ratio which is provided with drainage holes.
Figure 20 Filling poly bags
Page 1 of 83
6.4 Sowing / Planting
Known seeds or cuttings are sown in prepared nursery beds or poly bags. Irrigation is given after sowing / planting to enhance germination. Heavy watering is to be avoided, but daily watering is to be done to maintain optimum soil moisture.
Figure 21 Sowing and covering of seeds
6.5 Protection
Nursery should be fenced from all the four sides so as to protect from animals. Sown nursery beds should be protected from birds, animals by covering it with thorns or dried branches. Apply termite powder to control termites. Rearrange the poly bags and cut excess roots penetrating outside.
Figure 22 Nursery Bed Fenced with dried branches
Page 1 of 83
6.6 Primary & Secondary Nursery transplanting
In case of composite seed`s sowing which gives 2 or more no of plantlets in clusters such tree species taken up for primary and secondary nursery. In primary nursery seed is directly sown and allowed to germinate. Once seedlings of primary nursery reaches 2 to 4 leaf stage then such plantlets which are healthy are individually transplanted in secondary nursery for its complete growth. Whenever plants of secondary nursery reaches required age then they are transplanted into main field. One example for composite seed is Noni Plant-Morinda citrifolia which is a natural medicinal plant.
Figure 23 Sowning Noni fruit-Primary nursery
Figure 24 Transplanting noni seedlings from Primary nursery to Secondary nursery
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 7
Training And Pruning Of Trees
Training – Judicious removal of plant parts for quantitative yields
Pruning – Judicious removal of plant parts for qualitative yields
Pruning practices are followed mainly in mango plantation in Agri - horti system. It is done by using secateurs. Principles while pruning are as follows:
Remove diseased and damaged parts Maintain uniformity on all sides equally Prune downward facing branches Remove overlapped and zig – zag branches Stem should be well exposed for ventilation and aeration
Figure 25 Pruning unwanted shoots
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 8
Irrigation Management
Irrigation is an important aspect in the plant growth and development. Earlier at AICRP on Agroforestry surface channel irrigation was practiced, to minimize surface water losses underground irrigation PVC pipelines are laid. The main source of irrigation is bore well. Basin type of irrigation is followed wherein water is diverted to all plants from the outlet.
Figure 26 Irrigation through underground laid PVC pipelines
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 9
Gardening and Landscaping
Gardening and landscaping activity is a key factor in shaping the visual features of forestry area and creating valuable habitats, land management and forestry activities. To achieve this Duranta sps is grown as a hedge crop and avenue trees like Yellow alder (Tecoma stans & Tecoma argens), Indian tulip, etc. are grown. Duranta is shaped into rectangular shape. Mari gold is grown for aesthetic purpose.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 27 Resizing and Shaping Duranta hedge crop
Chapter 10
Biomass Estimation of Moringa [Filler Plant]
Fresh weight – Dry weightMoisture Percentage ( % ) = ---------------------------------- X 100 Fresh weight
In mango based Agri –horti system Moringa oleifera (Drum Stick) was taken as filler Plant. As filler crop attained maturity and was competing with the main mango tree, the Moringa were cut and removed. Biomass estimation is carried out. Initially fresh weight is noted for primary and secondary shoots separately. Sun dried Moringa weight is noted after 8 – 10 days. Moisture percentage is calculated by using the formula.
Table – Biomass estimation of Moringa
S. No.
Plant Number Fresh Weight(kg)
Dry Weight (kg)
Moisture Percentage (%)
1 2nd Row - 1stPlant 28.0 23.0 17.82 2nd Row –2ndPlant 24.0 17.1 28.73 2nd Row –5th Plant 30.0 24.5 18.34 2nd Row – 9th Plant 28.0 22.1 21.1
Conclusion: - The fresh and dry weight of cut trees ranges from 24.0to 30.0 and 17.1 to
23.0 kg respectively. The moisture percentage ranges from 17.8 to 28.7 The 2nd Row – 2nd Plant has shown maximum moisture percentage
followed by 2nd Row – 9th Plant.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 28 Moringa was cut down using an Axe
Figure 29 Freshly cut Moringa was taken out for Fresh Weight
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 11
Concept of Vermicompost
Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using earthworms.
11.1 Bed / Tubs preparation Cement tanks of 3 feet deep and 4 feet length were selected. Another set
of beds were also prepared for primary decomposition. Floored beds of wider length and of convenient depth (0.15 m) are made to accommodate more waste. These tanks / tubs are meant for aerobic decomposition. Excess water is drained out. The walls of tank / tub should be sealed. Around tanks termite powder is dusted. These tubs should be sun protected because earthworms are negatively phototropic.
Figure 30 Cement Tubs used for Vermicomposting
Page 1 of 83
11.2.Decomposition Crop residue and plant litter / waste is collected and dumped into tanks /
tubs. For early composting the waste is made into bits. Fresh cow dung slurry and water is added to initiate the process of decomposition.
Figure 31 Water is added to initaite decomposition
Page 1 of 83
11.3 Application of Rhizobium and PSB inoculumsRhizobium and Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) are added to
enhance the decomposition process
Figure 32 Rhizobium & PSB inoculum packet,500 g each
Figure 33 Addition of Rhizobium & PSB inoculums to the tubs
Page 1 of 83
11.4 Earthworms managementIn partially decomposed material earthworms are released. The selected
species of earthworm is Eisenia fetida (Red Wiggler). Moisten the tubs regularly. Care should be taken from iron, plastic and glass bits which may harm the worms. Monitor the tubs periodically for moisture and shade. Stir the tub at periodic intervals for aeration.
Half decomposed surface material is transferred to another tub so as to attain uniformity in decomposition. Periodically add fresh material for the survival of worms.
Figure 34 Monitoring Earth worms Activity
11.5 Drying Vermicomposting process is completed in a time period of 45 – 60 days.
Odorless, brownish black tea powder texture confines end product. At this stage stop moistening the tubs allowing the earthworms to penetrate deeper layers. Collect the top most layers and shade dry.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 35 Shade Dried product
11.6 Sieving, bagging, weighment and packing
The dried compost is sieved to remove unwanted, undecomposed material. After sieving powdered product which is ready to use is known as Vermicompost. This product is bagged in plastic gunny bags, weighed, sealed and stored for future use.
Figure 36 Two women Sieving the dried vermicompost
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 12
SowingSowing is an art of placing the seed in soil and covering it with soil
12.1.Selection of Planting materialSome tree species are best suitable for propagation by cuttings.
Cuttings of pencil thickness with brown mature bark and with 2 – 3 nodes are selected. Selected cuttings should be with a slant cut on top and a flat cut at base for easy identification.
12.2.Planting of cuttingsThe cuttings are planted immediately either in poly bags or on
nursery beds in a slant position, directing the flat base into the soil. In some cases cow dung is capped on top to prevent moisture evaporation
Page 1 of 83
Figure 37 Illustrating selection of cuttings by Dr. M.A. Aariff Khan
and enhance sprouting. Irrigation is done after planting. The following cuttings were planted.
Table –List of planted cuttings
S.No.
Name of the cuttings planted No. of cuttings planted
No. of cuttings survived
1 Ficus religiosa (Peepal) 10 82 Anota densiflora 10 63 Morus alba ( Mulberry ) 10 84 Cassia biflora 10 45 Duranta sps 10 56 Gliricidia maculate 20 8
7 Gmelina arborea (Gummadi Teak) 10 2
Table – List of seeds sown
S.No.
Name of the seed No. of seeds sown
Germination
Percentage %
1 Moringa oleifera (Drumstick) 20 1002 Terminelia mantaly (China 20 80
Page 1 of 83
Figure 38 Planting of cuttings
Badam)3 Simarouba glauca (Paradise
tree)20 50
4 Millettia pinnata ( Kanuga) 20 905 Tamarindus indica ( Tamarind) 20 1006 Pterocarpus santalinus
(Redsanders )100 50
7 Peltophorum ferrigenium (Copper pod tree)
10 40
8 Acasia catechu 10 809 Bahunia purpurea 10 8010 Sapindus trifoliatus 10 2011 Delonix regia 10 2012 Melia dubia 10 ---13 Melia azaderach 10 ---14 Abrus precatorius
(Guruvindulu )10 20
15 Jatropa 10 2016 Mari Gold 50 10017 Neem 20 100
Page 1 of 83
S.No.
Name Propagating
material
Number
Survival Percentage %
1 Aloe vera Suckers 30 1002 Rhodes grass Suckers 30 1003 Noni (Morinda citrifolia) Composite Fruit 2 100
Page 1 of 83
Figure 39 Different Tree species seeds selected for sowing
Figure 40 Transplanting Rhodes Grass on to Nursery bed
Others
Tagging and labeling is done for identification of planted cuttings or sown seed.
Figure 41 Tagging and labelling done to sown poly bags
12.4 Seed treatmentsSeed treatment is carried to enhance germination and viability of the seed.
Chemically captan, thairam are used @ 2 – 3 g kg-1 of seed. The seed coat of some forest tree species is hard which in turn increases dormancy within the seed, to break this different types of treatments are followed as such;
12.4.1 Scarification
Mechanical rubbing of the seed against the coarse surface to break dormancy is known as scarification. Sometimes the seed coat is hammered to soften it. Melia dubia seed10 in number is scarified using hammer and sown to obtain quick germination.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 42 Melia dubia seeds hammered
12.4.2 Stratification
Exposure of seed to high or low temperatures to break dormancy is known as Stratification.
Page 1 of 83
12.4.3 Acid treatment
Partially diluted H2SO4 in the ratio of 9:1 is prepared. Seeds are soaked in it for 30 sec to 1 min and are washed in running tap water.
12.4.4 Soaking
Soaking in water over night enhances germination. Red sanders seeds soaked overnight and sown. Similarly alternate soaking (12hrs) and shade drying (12hrs) is done for 2 days. Likewise red sanders seeds are soaked in cow dung slurry for 1 week to soften the seed coat. Among all cow dung slurry treatment found to be most efficient.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 43 Treating Melia dubia seeds with acid
Figure 44 Soaking Red Sanders seeds in cow dung
12.4.5
Transplanting in main fieldSprouted cuttings / seedlings (2 – 4 leaf stage) are transplanted in the
main field. Pits of 1 × 1 sq. ft. are dug, mixture of top soil, sand and vermicompost in the ratio of 2:1:1 is filed after plating and irrigated. Avoid transplanting during bright sunshine hours.
12.4.6 Germination PercentageBefore transplanting germination percentage is calculated to know the efficiency of seed. It is calculated by using the formula
No. of seeds germinated
Page 1 of 83
Figure 46 Transplanting the Sprouted cuttings
Figure 45 Drying the water soaked Red sanders seed
Germination Percentage (%) = ------------------------------------ X 100 No. of seeds sown
Table–Germination percentage analysis
S. No.
Name of the seed sown
No. of seeds sown
No. of seeds
germinated
Germination
Percentage (%)
1 Tamarind 20 12 602 Moringa 20 18 903 Pongamia 20 14 704 China Badam 20 08 405 Simarouba 20 06 30
Figure 47 Observing germination in Poly bags
Chapter 13
Page 1 of 83
Plant and Tree Biometric Data Estimation
“Biometric” refers to the physiological traits measured and the quantitative analysis that provides a positive identification. Tree parameters studied in biometric data are mean’s of height, girth and canopy spread. These are estimated manually using measuring tape (1m, 30m).
Height should always be measured up to the growing tip. Girth in tree species with straight bole or trunk are measured at “Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) or Girth at Breast Height (GBH)” and for forked bole “Collar Girth” is measured. Canopy spread is measured in East – West and North – South direction. Biometric data of all plantation blocks is recorded; in each block randomly 10 trees are selected and recorded. Mean’s of these tree parameters are as follows
Table – Biometric Data of Tree Species
S.No.
Name of tree species
Mean height
(m)
Mean girth (cm)
Mean canopy spread (m3)
1 Mangifera indica 2.3 26.8 8.02 Mellitia pinnata 3.9 41.8 17.53 Melia azaderach 5.0 32.7 9.24 M dubia 7.4 36.6 28.55 M dubia (clones) 2.3 14.6 2.26 Simarouba glauca 5.0 40.0 15.57 Annona sqamosa 2.0 18.9 4.3
Conclusion – Among all tree species M dubia is found to be very fast growing followed by M azaderach and Simarouba.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 48 Measuring tree height using a tap
Page 1 of 83
Figure 49 Measuring canopy spread
Chapter 14
Root Barrier ManagementRoot barrier is a physical underground wall, placed so that structures
and plants may cohabit happily together. It is also done so as to restrict horizontal root spread and to promote vertical penetration of roots. Introducing root barrier the cost effective way to prevent root and moisture stabilization. Light weight plastic shield (0.75mm thick) is especially designed to form an impenetrable barrier against tree roots and excessive moisture and damp. It has following uses
Enhances anchorage Increases availability of moisture and nutrients. Better tree growth and development Conserve in-situ moisture Litter fall is directed into the pits
This experiment was carried out in Pongamia. It was achieved by two different methods
14.1 Circular Trench Method
A circular trench of 1 feet deep is dug with a radius of 100 cm. it is wrapped using black polythene sheet. It has wider application than deep sunken method.
14.2 Deep Sunken Method
Different shape pits like square, rectangular, oval etc., of 1 m2 deep and wide are made. Back filling of soil is a major disadvantage in this method.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 50 Root Barrier Management methods
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 15 Crop Cutting Experiment
Crop cutting experiments are conducted in order to obtain fair, precise and accurate estimate of yield. These experiments are conducted through stratified random sampling technique taking block as a primary unit of planning. To achieve a bamboo frame of 1 m2 is made. The frame is randomly placed at different places in summer horse gram plot. The selected site is harvested and fresh biomass is calculated. Similarly random sites are selected for weed biomass. The harvested crop is bundled, labeled and fresh weight is noted down and dried in hot air oven for 6 to 8 hours @ 600 C. Later dry weight is taken and biomass is calculated.
Table – Details of observations of summer horse gram fodder crop
S No.
Treatments Fresh Weight (g/m2)
Dry Weight (g/m2)
Difference(g/m2)
1 R1T2 76.5 21.5 54.72 R2T3 58.2 20.0 38.23 R2T4 145.4 32.7 112.64 R2T6 152.4 38.1 114.35 R3T1 258.3 51.3 207.06 R3T3 133.7 32.8 100.9
Conclusion – Among all observations the R3T1 has shown highest dry biomass followed by R2T6, R2T4 and R3T3.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 51 Cutting the horse gram crop
Figure 52 Cutting the horse gram crop
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 16
Weed ManagementUnwanted plants are known as weeds. Weeds compete with main crop for
sunlight, nutrients, moisture and space. Weed management involves the practices and measure to suppress their growth and development
16.1 Techniques
Weeds can be controlled by various methods which include chemical, mechanical and manual. Of all methods manual and mechanical weeding is mainly practiced at AICRP centre. Labours are engaged for manual weeding in summer horse gram crop. However it is cost effective but efficient weed control is achieved. Sometimes in large areas mechanical implements are used such as Star Weeder. This tool is run in between the rows to uproot the weeds. It is time and cost effective.
Figure 53 Weeding in horse gram crop using a Star Weeder
16.2 Estimation of biomass
It is a key factor in weed management. Estimation is done to analyze the amount of nutrients and moisture withdrawn by the weed for its growth and
Page 1 of 83
development. Because this resources can be directed to the main crop. Weed biomass is estimated using crop cutting experiment method which is discussed earlier.
Table – Weed Biomass Estimation
SNo.
Type of Weed
SymbolicDesignation
Fresh Weight (g/m2)
Dry Weight (g/m2)
Difference(g/m2)
1. Monocot+ Dicot
A 341.7 60.2 281.5
2. Monocot B 141.0 36.1 104.93. Monocot C 154.7 70.0 84.74. Monocot D 271.0 37.6 233.4
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 17Tree Parasite Management
17.1 Loranthus sps
Loranthus is a partial stem parasite which grows predominantly on woody branches. This parasitic plant grows widely on tree species like Azadirachta indica, Melia azaderach, Melia dubia etc. To control this, manual removal is employed by using a mechanically height adjustable serrated knife. It is cut down from haustoria and destroyed. If Loranthus is left unchecked it may inhibit the growth and development of main tree and affects the wood quality and finally effects tree survival.
Figure 54 Cutting down loranthus using Knife
Page 1 of 83
Page 1 of 83
Figure 55 Breifing Cut down Loranthus
Chapter 18Estimation of live tree biomass
18.1 Nondestructive Method
Yield and wood quality of a tree can be determined by its biomass. To estimate the biomass we consider the biometric data of a 10 trees in each plantation block and mean of the data is taken to calculate the tree biomass using the formulae.
Y=D2H
Where Y - Tree Biomass,
D - Diameter of the bole,
H - Height.
Table –Estimation of live tree biomass
S.No.
Name of the tree species
D2
(cm)H
(m)Y=D2H(kg)
1. Mangifera indica (26.8)2= 718.2 2.3 1637.62. Mellitia pinnata 1747.2 4.0 6884.13. Melia azaderach 1066.7 5.0 5344.04. Melia dubia 1600.0 5.0 826.75. Simarouba glauca 1339.6 7.4 9939.56. Annona squamosa 353.4 2.0 717.57. Melia dubia Clones 213.2 2.3 492.4
18.2 DESTRUCTIVE METHOD
In destructive method a straight growing tree is selected and cut down near the ground. Its girth, height and canopy spread are measured. Later tree is
Page 1 of 83
made into pieces of convenient size. Its primary shoots and secondary shoots are separated and labeled. Fresh weight is noted and sun dried for 3- 5 days to note dry weight.
A small fresh cut piece of 1cm height is taken to study the density. A known volume of water is taken in a measuring cylinder, its initial volume is noted. Small cut piece is added to this measuring cylinder, rise in volume of water is observed and final volume is noted. Difference between two volumes gives the actual volume rose, which denotes the density.1g of wood increases 1ml of water volume
Table-Live Tree Biomass
S.No
Parameters Tree-1 Tree-2
1. Girth (m) 0.13 0.132. Height (m) 4.76 4.73. Canopy spread (m2) 2.07 0.934. Fresh weight (kg) 2.27 23.05. Dry weight (kg) 0.68 0.76. Y=D2H (m3) 0.080 0.0797. Volume of water raised-Density 20 ml 20 ml
The density measured is 0.6 g cc-1
Page 1 of 83
Figure 56Tagging& labeling of cut tree pieces
Chapter 19
Harvesting and fresh biomass estimation of summer horse gram crop by RBD analysis
In mango based Agri – horti system summer horse gram is grown as fodder intercrop with 7 treatments and 3 replications. Harvested crop is bundled, labeled and finally fresh weight is noted down. Sun dried horse gram is weighed. It is done to know the response of a treatment over control.
S. No
.
Treatment Fresh Weight (kg)
Dry Weight (kg)
Moisture Percentage
(%)1 R1T1 3.0 0.6 78.52 R1T2 0.8 0.1 86.23 R1T3 0.8 0.1 85.04 R1T4 3.0 0.5 83.95 R1T5 0.5 0.9 82.06 R1T6 2.7 0.4 86.27 R1T7 0.4 0.3 90.5
8 R2T1 2.7 0.6 79.29 R2T2 2.8 0.6 78.610 R2T3 1.8 0.2 88.911 R2T4 2.4 0.4 83.312 R2T5 3.2 0.6 80.513 R2T6 2.1 0.3 83.314 R2T7 0.1 0.2 79.2
15 R3T1 3.4 0.7 78.916 R3T2 5.2 1.3 15.017 R3T3 3.0 0.6 78.318 R3T4 2.8 0.5 81.419 R3T5 1.4 0.2 84.320 R3T6 3.5 0.7 79.421 R3T7 0.1 0.03 80.0
Page 1 of 83
Conclusion– It is observed that R3T2 (5.2 kg) is with high fresh biomass content followed by R3T6 (3.5 kg), and R2T5 (3.2 kg). High moisture content is observed in R1T7 (90.54), followed by R2T3 (88.8) and R1T2 (86.2).
Figure 57 Harvesting the horse gram crop
Figure 58 Shade drying the harvested horse gram crop
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 20Land preparation in agri - horti system
Sorghum is sown as kharif crop at AICRP in mango based Agri – horti system in 21 plots of 8 ×8 m each.
20.1 Ploughing
With the onset of monsoon the field is ploughed with spring tyned cultivator until required tilth is obtained. Heavy stones and stubbles are removed.
20.2 Layout
Field of recommended size is bordered with bunds using ropes, measuring tape and spades. Irrigation channels of 50 cm are made.
Page 1 of 83
Figure 59 Ploughing the land using a cultivator
20.3 Application On Manures And FertilizersDifferent kinds of manures like vermicompost, poultry manure and FYM
are incorporated according to the recommended dosage. N P K are supplied by inorganic fertilizers like Urea, SSP and MOP respectively.
20.4 Sowing
Line sowing is done with a recommended spacing of 40 × 15 cm, followed by irrigation is done to enhance germination.
Chapter 21
Data Analysis and interpretation of result
Page 1 of 83
Figure 60 Constructing Bunds
It plays a key role in yield determining results obtained from different replications or treatments or randomization followed in the field of agricultural sciences with statistical interpretation of raw results
Table – Fresh Biomass (kg / 64 m2) of horse gram in mango based Agri – horti System
Treatment
R1 R2 R3 Total MeanT1
3.0 2.70 3.40 9.10 3.03T2
0.80 2.80 5.20 8.80 2.94T3
0.80 1.80 3.0 5.6 1.86T4
3.0 2.40 2.80 8.20 2.73T5
0.50 3.20 1.40 5.10 1.70T6
2.75 2.10 3.50 8.35 2.78T7
0.37 0.12 0.15 0.64 0.21Total
11.22 15.12 19.45 45.79Mean
1.60 2.16 2.78Table – Fresh Biomass (kg / ha) of horse gram in mango based Agri – horti
System
Page 1 of 83
Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean
T1 468.70 421.90 531.30 1421.90 473.90
T2 125.0 437.50 812.50 1375.0 458.30
T3 125.0 281.20 468.70 874.90 291.60
T4 468.70 375.0 437.50 1281.20 427.0
T5 78.10 500.0 218.80 796.90 265.60
T6 429.70 328.10 546.90 1304.70 434.90
T7 57.80 18.70 23.50 100.0 33.33
Total 1735 2362.40 3039.20 7154.60
Mean 250.40 337.40 434.17
Table – Dry Biomass (kg / 64 m2) of horse gram in mango based Agri – horti System
Page 1 of 83
Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean
T1 0.65 0.56 0.72 1.92 0.64
T2 0.11 0.60 1.30 2.01 0.67
T3 0.12 0.20 0.65 0.97 0.32
T4 0.48 0.40 0.52 1.40 0.47
T5 0.90 0.62 0.22 1.74 0.59
T6 0.38 0.35 0.72 1.45 0.48
T7 0.35 0.25 0.03 0.63 0.21
Total 2.99 2.99 4.16 10.13
Mean 0.42 0.42 0.59
Table – Dry Biomass (kg / ha) of horse gram in mango based Agri – horti System
Page 1 of 83
Treatment R1 R2 R3 Total Mean
T1 100.8 87.50 112.50 300.80 100.30
T2 17.20 93.50 203.13 314.08 104.70
T3 18.70 31.25 101.57 151.57 50.52
T4 75.00 62.50 81.25 218.75 72.91
T5 140.60 96.88 34.38 271.88 90.62
T6 59.40 54.69 112.50 226.56 75.52
T7 54.70 39.0 4.69 98.0 32.70
Total 466.4 466.4 650.02 10.13
Mean 66.33 66.33 216.67
Conclusion– Of all treatments T1 is found with better results followed by T2 and T6.
This data can also be analyzed in system software developed by CIRCOT, Guntur known as “AGRISTAT” is made available for data interpretation. ICAR developed software “WASP – Web Agri Stat Package” is used here
Page 1 of 83
Page 1 of 83
Page 1 of 83
Conclusion – All treatments are found to be non significant and on par with each other
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 22
Distilled water collection and storage
Distilled water is water that has had many of its impurities removed through distillation. Distillation involves boiling the water and then condensing the steam into a clean container. PH of distilled water is 7 i.e. neutral.
Distilled water is prepared using metallic distillation unit and glass distillation unit. Between the two glass distillation unit prepares 99.99 % pure distilled water which is not achieved in metallic distillation unit because metal gets corroded due to steamed water. Water collected from metallic distillation unit is again distillated in glass distillation unit to obtain 100 % Double Distilled Water. The only advantage of metallic distillation unit is that it saves distillation time. The major drawback in glass distillation unit is its fragileness, time consuming and costly.
Figure 61 Glass and Metallic water distillation unit`s
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 23
Estimation of soil moisture by gravimetric method
Gravimetric water content is also known as Mass Water Content. It is the ratio of weight loss after drying the soil and is expressed in percentage (%).The gravimetric method is a direct measurement of soil water content and is therefore the standard method by which all indirect methods are calibrated. It is calculated using the formula.
Weight of moist soil – weight of oven dry soilSoil Moisture % = ------------------------------------------------------------- X 100 Weight of oven dry soil
Initially fresh soil is collected from field at two different depths i.e.0 -15 and 15 - 30 cm using a crow bar and spade. To minimize error soil was collected at different sites in an aluminum box. Collected soil sample was labeled. Later soil sample is weighed and dried in hot air oven to estimate soil moisture percentage.
23.1 Instruments / Articles Used
1. Aluminium box2. Electronic weigh balance3. Crow bar4. Polythene bag5. Scale6. Spade7. Plastic tray8. Marker pen9. Tags/labels10.Hot air oven
Page 1 of 83
23.2 Observations
Soil sample from 0-15 cm depth =S1
Soil sample from 15-30 cm depth = S2
Empty Aluminum, box + lid =W1
W1 + Fresh soil weight=W2
Weight of fresh soil (W2 –W1)=W3
W1 + dry soil weight = W4
Dry soil weight ( W4 – W1 )=W5
Soil Moisture percentage (%) = W2 – W4 ÷W2
S.No. Soil sample W1 (g) W2 (g) W4 (g)
Soil moisture
(%)1 S1 (0-15cm) 38.20 183.15 171.47 6.372 S2(15-30cm) 36.15 179.3 164.50 8.25
Conclusion: It is observed that the soil moisture is high in sub soil depth at 15 - 30 cm compared to 0 – 15 cm
Page 1 of 83
Figure 62 Soil sampling
Chapter 24
Estimation of NitrogenThe manufacturer of KEL PLUS apparatus for Nitrogen estimation is
Pelican Industries, Chennai. This apparatus was newly purchased by AICRP for estimation of nitrogen in soil and plant samples. However, this apparatus is technically operated and proper knowledge should be known in handling. The technician of Pelican Industry visited AICRP for the demonstration of KEL-PLUS Apparatus.
Nitrogen estimation is majorly taken up in three different steps which includes
Digestion Distillation Titration
Note – Only demonstration and operation was observed, no experiment was under taken.
Page 1 of 83
Chapter 25
Field Operations and TechniquesFor the of maintenance fields or plantation blocks or nurseries etc., it is
important to carry out day to day observations and to check for any undesirable situations. To achieve this various daily field operations are practiced such as
Watering planted nursery beds and poly bags Pruning trees Weeding using star weeds Cleaning or clearing the surroundings using a Syth (Sything). Rearrangements of poly bags and cutting excess roots Clearing the irrigation channels Thinning out young Moringa plants and retaining one plantlet Monitoring for the activity of wild boar and cattle Moistening and stirring the vermicompost tubs as and when required Uprooting Parthinum weed plant if found any Irrigate the young growing trees during long dry spells Staking the young mango plants Fallen large trees are cleaned and auctioned Collection and storage of distilled water Collection of valuable tree species seeds
Page 1 of 83
Figure 63 Staking the Mango plant
Page 1 of 83
Figure 65 Watering the sown nursery poly bags
Figure 66 Sything in field
Figure 67 stirring the vermi beds
Figure 64 Clearing the unwanted and fallen trees
Chapter 26
Page 1 of 83
Figure 68 Rearrainging the polybags and triiming the excess roots
Figure 69 Collection of Red Sanders seed
Harita Haram - Mega Plantation Program
The Hon’ble Chief Minister of Telangana State K. Chandrashekar Rao initiated second phase of Mega Plantation Flagship program for the year 2016 in the month of July all over State with a slogan “TELANGANA KU HARITA HARAM.” The main objective is to increase forest geographical forest spread from 24 % to 33 %. The State Government planned to plant a record 46 crore saplings, including 25 lakh in Hyderabad, during the season. Another record that was targeted was plantation over 163 kms of highway by over a lakh of people on the first day of the programme. Different agencies like HMDA, GHMC, HMWSB, Horticulture, Agriculture Universities etc., played a crucial role in supporting the programme.
AICRP on Agroforestry, PJTSAU Campus was selected as one of the main centre by GHMC for the distribution of saplings (15,000 No.’s) in and around the campus and other institutes of Rajendranagar. The staff members, intern students and labour of AICRP voluntarily participated in the program. Prior to the day of planting, holes are made using a tractor operated Post Hole Digger. With the coordination of Home Science management and students approximately 1000 – 1500 saplings were planted on 11.07.2016 near the institution. Different tree species planted are
Ficus religiosa Grevilla robusta Cassia corands Peltophorum ferrigenium Citrus Sps Delonix regia Pogada Tecoma stans Terminalia cattapa Punica granatum Bahunia alba Azadirachta indica Syzygium cumini
Page 1 of 83
Dr. A . Krishna and Dr. M.A. Aariff Khan Principal Scientist AICRP on Agroforestry made sincere efforts towards the plantation program and successfully achieved the planting target. We also are involved in the program
Page 1 of 83
Figure 70 Unloading the Plants
and planted number of trees accompanying the Home Science college students.
Figure 72 Labeling & Tagging the plants
Page 1 of 83
Figure 71 Digging planting pits with the help of POST HOLE DIGGER
Page 1 of 83
Figure 73 Haritha Haram at AICRP on Agroforestry
Figure 74 Planting By Syed Abrar(left) , Dr.A.Krishna(center), Dr.Aariff Khan(right)
Page 94 of 83
Figure 75 Planting by Mohammed Shahrukh Qureshi
Figure 76 Planting by D. Kausheel Reddy
Figure 77 Helping Out in Planting by Syed Abrar
Figure 78 PLANTING GROUND
