Internet in Developing Countries

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Internet in developing

[email protected]

Georgetown UniversitySTIA-369-01 Information and Communication Technology for Development

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Topics

• Intro• Global development goals

• The digital divide• ICT4D 2.0

•Death of distance

• Broadband

ICTs

MDGs

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Enemies of the Internet

NorthKorea

China

Cuba

SaudiArabia

Burma

Egypt

Iran

Vietnam

Uzbekistan TurkmenistanSyria

Tunisia

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Who is developing?

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Very High High Medium Low

IMF, World Economic Outlook, Oct. 2010

Distribution of population byeconomic development status,2010

Population by HumanDevelopment status, millions,2010

UNDP, Human Development Report 2010

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MDGs

http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

People living on less than $1.25 a day (millions)

683

579

295

190

68

China

1990 2005

South Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

East Asia & PacificOther

208

595

387

10972

Source: World Bank (http://go.worldbank.org/JIO7WY61V0

)..

1,815

1,371

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Browsing through a UNpublication entitled "TheMillennium DevelopmentGoals Report" when I found apicture I took on page 33. It'sa scene from Phnom Penh,Cambodia taken back in July2001.

“ICT is playing a vital role in advancing economic growth and improving governance. There are manyopportunities for developing countries to advance development through innovative use of ICT. To

realize this great potential to contribute to growth, governments need to ensure that supportiveconditions are in place through regulatory and policy reforms as well as strategic investments andpublic-private partnerships.”--World Bank

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Gender, pollution & telework in Ireland

Getting to work Location of work

Awayfromhome91.1%

Car 54.1%

Publictransport,

walk, bicycle36.2%

Work at home 9.7% Home 6.6%

Number of

vehicles increased

by 68% from1990-2001. Related

CO2 emissions

increased by 122%

in the same period.

Telework: “persons who work from home and could not do so without the use of acomputer with a telecommunications link.”

More tertiary education = more women with small children teleworking (MDG #3)

More teleworkers = more people working at home = less car pollution (MDG #7)

S o ur c e : C en t r a l S t a t i s t i c s

O f f i c e

( I r e l a n d ) .

0

25

50

75

100

College Women Have Children Married

TeleworkersAll workers

Telework: 2.3%

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Impact of ICTs on MDGs

!

Environ-mental

sustain-

ability

Decrease inCO2 car

emissions

from

telework in

Ireland

-2

"

Universal

Education

# End Poverty

& Hunger

$

GenderEquality

%

ChildHealth

&

Combat

HIV/AIDS

Increase inincome of

Bangladesh

village phone

owners

Increase inprimaryschool

enrollment in

Nepal from

teachers

trained using

ICTs

Increase infemaletertiary

school

enrollment in

Australia

from online

education

Decrease ininfant health

problems

among

families

using

telemedicine

in US

Decrease inmaternal

mortality

following

ICT-based

program in

Uganda

Increase incondom

imports in

St. Lucia

after HIV

radio show

245.7

0.8

-10 -50

'

Maternalhealth

143

% change

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WSIS: MDGs for ICTs

“We, the representatives of the peoples of the world,

assembled in Geneva from 10-12 December 2003 for

the first phase of the World Summit on the

Information Society, declare our common desire and

commitment to build a people-centred, inclusive and

development-oriented Information Society, where

everyone can create, access, utilize and share information

and knowledge, enabling individuals, communities and

peoples to achieve their full potential in promoting their

sustainable development and improving their quality of

life, premised on the purposes and principles of the

Charter of the United Nations and respecting fully and

upholding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Our challenge is to harness the potential of information

and communication technology to promote the

development goals of the Millennium Declaration...”

--Declaration of Principles

a. to connect villages with ICTs and establish

community access points;

b. to connect universities, colleges, secondary

schools and primary schools with ICTs;

c. to connect scientific and research centres with

ICTs;

d. to connect public libraries, cultural centres,

museums, post offices and archives with ICTs;

e. to connect health centres and hospitals with

ICTs;f. to connect all local and central government

departments and establish websites and email

addresses;

g. to adapt all primary and secondary school

curricula to meet the challenges of the

Information Society, taking into account national

circumstances;

h. to ensure that all of the world's population haveaccess to television and radio services;

i. to encourage the development of content and to

put in place technical conditions in order to

facilitate the presence and use of all world

languages on the Internet;

j. to ensure that more than half the world’s

inhabitants have access to ICTs within their

reach.

Plan of Action

http://www.itu.int/wsis/index.html

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Digital Divide

I n t e r n e t u s e r s p e

r 1 0 0 p e o p

l e

GDP per capita, PPP

70

50

10

100

Pervasive

Common

Established

Experimental

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Only half the problem is economicMexico, reasons for not having computer or Internet 2008

Lack of economic resources Lack of economic resources

Homes without computer Homes with computer no Internet

Other:• Don’t need• Don’t know

how to use

• Notinterested

Source: INEGI.

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Awareness

•To add in comparisons between literacyrates and school enrollment around theworld

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Public access centers

e-Choupal Now

States covered 10

Villages covered 40,000

No. of e-Choupals 6,500

Farmers e-empowered 4 million

http://www.itcportal.com/sustainability/lets-put-india-first/echoupal.aspx

“A powerful illustration of corporate strategy

linking business purpose to larger societal

purpose, e-Choupal leverages the Internet toempower small and marginal farmers – who

constitute a majority of the 75% of the

population below the poverty line.”

Multipurpose information center,Guizhou province, China

Ho Chi Ming City,Vietnam

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ICT4D 2.0

Heeks, Richard.

“ICT4D 2.0: The

Next Phase of

Applying ICT for

International

Development.”

Computer 41.6

(2008): 26-33.

“We stand at a fork in

the Internet access road. We cankeep pushing down the PC-based

route when less than 0.5 percent ofAfrican villages so far have a link thisway. Or we can jump ship to atechnology that has already reachedmany poor communities. Mobile

telephony, for example, alreadyreaches out to more than half

the African population.”

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Mobile in Africa

0

25

50

75

100

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

South Africa, household durables, %

82.7

Statistics South Africa

Kenya, Use of mobile phone, %, 2009

SMS

Financial transactions

Access Internet

!"#$%&'%(')*%+ -)./&)0 ("12%3 /4 5%&3)6 7"03 899:

Watch TV

“...their concepts of the Internet and media in general are consequently strongly

shaped by a distinct set of mobile applications.”Kreutzer, Tino. “Internet and Online Media Usage on Mobile Phones among Low-Income Urban Youth in

Cape Town.” MobileActive.org. 1 May 2009.

Have used

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Information superhighway

Source: Global Marine Systems LtdThe hacker tourist ventures forth across the wide and

wondrous meatspace of three continents, chronicling the laying

of the longest wire on Earth.http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.12/ffglass_pr.html

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Death of Distance

“... a world in which

transmitting

information costsalmost nothing, in which

distance is irrelevant, and

in which any amount ofcontent is instantly

accessible...”

World is Flat17


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Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)

latestmedicaljobtrends.com

Computer & information services exports

Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES)

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China: Straight to No. 1

Category AmountShare of

world

Internet users 420 million

Office and telecom

equipment exports

US$346

billion

26.2%

Mobile phonesubscribers

730 million

Broadband (fixed)subscribers

104 million

Alongside construction, energy and mining, telecommunicationsis one of the four strategic pillars underpinning China!s economicdevelopment and providing the necessary platform from which tochallenge the West for global hegemony. It is therefore regardeda vital industry for Chinese strategic interests on several fronts:• Acquisition of foreign technology;• Dual use military application;• Reinforcing China!s space and satellite development

programme; and• Breaking into new markets.

Cumulatively, the ICT sector in Africa attracted a total of almostUS$3 billion of Chinese investment between 2001 and 2007.

China!s involvement in the ICT sector in Africa mainly takes theform of equipment sales. In some cases, this involves normalcommercial contacts between Chinese manufacturers and publicand private operators in Africa. However, in some cases, it entailsinter-governmental financing tied to purchases of Chineseequipment by state owned telecom incumbents. Chinese firmsare emerging as key players in the supply oftechnology and equipment for networks typically to nationaltelecom incumbents. By far the largest ICT project has been in

Ethiopia (US$1,5 billion). In 2009

ZTE announced it is to invest$1 billion in telecoms support services in Nigeria.

!ZTE entered into a strategic partnership with the

Export – Import bank of China for a USD 10 Billion

credit line. This is in addition to an earlier USD 15Billion from the China Development Bank.

!Huawei, another infrastructure and network solutionsprovider secured a USD 30 Billion credit line from theChina Development Bank.

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Broadband & the economy

“The growth

benefit that

broadband provides fordeveloping countries was ...

about a 1.38 percentage point

increase for each 10 percentincrease in penetration.

Despite its shorter history, broadband

seems to have a higher growth impactrelative to communications

technologies such as fixed and

mobile telephony and the

Internet.”

A special report on telecoms in emerging markets

Sep 24th 2009

Finishing the job

Mobile-phone access will soon be universal.

The next task is to do the same for the internethttp://www.economist.com/node/14483856

As Ms

Qiang!s research

shows, access to theinternet can provide an

even bigger boost to

economic growth than

access to mobile

phones.

Christine Zhen-Wei QiangChapter 3Economic Impacts of Broadband

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Broadband divide

• To add in chart about broadbandpenetration around the world

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3 Pillars of Facilitating Broadband Demand

Accessibility Affordability Attractiveness

!Setting up broadbandaccess centers,telecenters, kiosks, andother public access points

!Connecting educationalinstitutions to broadbandnetworks

!Providing wireless Internetservices in public spacessuch as airports andbusiness districts

!Training all citizens toaccess and use broadbandthrough digital literacyprograms

!Lowering the cost of userterminals by reducingimport duties and othertaxes or providingtargeted subsidies

!Subsidizing broadbandequipment used ineducational institutions

!Providing consumers withinformation on providers,pricing options, andavailable technology

!Supporting local, relevantInternet content in locallanguages

!Putting government andpublic information onlineand creating e-governmentand other e-applications(such as those for health,education, and agriculture)

!Providing a legalframework for e-commerce and otherapplications

!Educating citizens aboutthe benefits of broadband

!Promoting broadband useto businesses andcommunities

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Speed

0

10

20

30

40

K o

r e a ( R e p . )

L i t h u a n i a

L a t v i a

R o m a n i a

N e t h e r l a n d s

M o l d o v a

S w e d e n

A l a n d I s l a n d s

J a p a n

P o r t u g a l

S w i t z e r l a n d

G e r m a n y

S i n g a p o r e

I c e l a n d

B u l g a r i a

D e n m a r k

B e l g i u m

E s t o n i a

L i e

c h t e n s t e i n

H u n g a r y

U k r a i n e

F r a n c e

N o r w a y

A n d o r r a

F i n l a n d

L u

x e m b o u r g

R u s s i a

A u s t r i a

S l o v a k i a

C

z e c h R e p .

U K

U S A

C I V

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•To add in chart about massive increase inbandwidth in Kenya (links to one of articlesin reading list)

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Conclusions

• Making steady progress in developing countriesincreasing access to mobiles

• ICT use varies with level of development & social &cultural factors

• “... concepts of the Internet and media in general areconsequently strongly shaped by a distinct set ofmobile applications...”

• “...those who want to be on-line already are...”

• What are developmental/social/economic impacts ofInternet and implication of accessing Internet usingdifferent devices (PC/tablet/smartphone/mobile)?

Documents

Internet in Developing Countries