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International Workshop
Sato-Umi New Concept that Increases
Biological Productivity and Biodiversity
Workshop Report
International EMECS Center, Japan
Program
Location of the venue The Venue - Shanghai Everbright International Hotel
Reception Desk
CONTENTS
Preface -------------------------------------------------------- 1
1 Outline ------------------------------------------------------ 2
2 Program ----------------------------------------------------- 3
3 Summary ---------------------------------------------------- 5
4 Oral Presentation ----------------------------------------- 7
5 Poster Session ---------------------------------------------- 117
Appendix ------------------------------------------------------ 137
The Shanghai Declaration
Preface
The word “Sato-Umi” was created by Professor Yanagi of Kyushu University in 1998.
It is an original Japanese approach that attaches great importance to the relationship
between local communities and the sea, similar to “Sato-Yama” which is the forest in the
border area between the foot of the mountain and the arable flat with high productivity
and biodiversity under the interaction of human activities. The Japanese Ministry of the
Environment regards “Sato-Umi” as a measure for the future environmental improvement
and restoration of sea areas, and is trying to spread the concept throughout the world.
Similar approaches have been found in other countries. However, such information
has remained only within local communities. Researchers’ network around the world for
information-sharing has not yet been established. The concept of “Sato-Umi” was first
introduced at the EMECS7 Conference held in Caen, France in 2006 and attracted a great
deal of attention. To disseminate this concept, the “Sato-Umi” workshop was held as a
session of the EMECS8 Conference which was organized by East China Normal
University, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences and International
EMECS Center in Shanghai, October 27 to 30, 2008.
The workshop comprised two parts: oral presentations and a poster session. There
were presentations from China, South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, the United States and
the EU, and numerous case studies from Japan. Every presentation was given with
eagerness. The fruits of this workshop were extensively incorporated into the Shanghai
Declaration.
We believe that this workshop was a valuable opportunity for the researches around
the world. It is our expectation that the concept of “Sato-Umi” will be spread out of the
world and that environmental conservation and restoration activities related to enclosed
coastal seas will be promoted.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who contributed so much to this
workshop, especially Professor Zhongyuan Chen of East China Normal University who
has managed EMECS8 as the Secretary General, Professor Tetsuo Yanagi of Kyushu
University who has developed a plan for this workshop and Dr. Won-Keun Chang who
co-chaired this workshop.
We would also like to express our gratitude to the Japan Fund for Global Environment
of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency for providing financial
assistance.
International EMECS Center
― 1 ―
1 Outline
Theme
Sato-Umi
- New Concept that Increases Biological Productivity and Biodiversity -
Date
October 29, 2008
Venue
Shanghai Everbright International Hotel, Shanghai, China
Organizers
East China Normal University, China
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
(CRAES)
International EMECS Center, Japan
Sponser
The Japan Fund for Global Environment of the
Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency
― 2 ―
2 Program
Chair: Prof. Tetsuo YANAGI Kyushu University, Japan
13:45-14:00 Prof. Tetsuo YANAGI Kyushu University, Japan (invited)
Definition of Sato-Umi
14:00-14:15 Mr. Munesumi SHINODA Ministry of the Environment, Japan (invited)
Creation of Sato-Umi as a Policy in Japan
14:15-14:30 Prof. Jianguang FANG Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute (YSFRI), Chinese
Academy of Fishery Science (invited)
Development of Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture in China
14:30-14:45 Mr. Won-Keun CHANG Korea Maritime Institute, Korea (invited)
National Initiative on Environment Management in Coastal Area of Korea
14:45-15:00 Dr. Putth SONGSANGJINDA Coastal Aquaculture Research Institute, Thailand
(invited)
Silvo- aquaculture: an Ecosystem Based Management for Sustainable Coastal
Aquaculture in Thailand
15:00-15:15 Dr. Jack GREER University of Maryland Sea Grant, USA (invited)
Resolving Oyster Conflicts in the Chesapeake Bay: The Concept of Sato-Umi
15:15-15:30 Break
Chair: Dr. Won-Keun CHANG Korea Maritime Institute
15:30-15:45 Dr. Jacobus W.MOSSE University of Pattimura Poka, Indonesia (invited)
Sasi Laut: History and its Role of Marine Coastal Resource Management in Maluku
Archipelago
15:45-16:00 Prof. Jean-Paul DUCROTOY The University of Hull, UK (invited)
Managing Eutrophication in Megatidal Estuaries in North-Western Europe through
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
16:00-16:15 Prof. Tamiji YAMAMOTO Hiroshima University, Japan
Phytoremediation of Organically Enriched Sediment – Evaluation by a Numerical
Model
16:15-16:30 Prof. Masahiko SEKINE Graduate school of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi,
Japan
Adaptive Cooperative Management of Tidal Flat by Citizens - Governments -
Researchers in the Yamaguchi Bay
16:30-16:45 Prof. Kazuhiko ICHIMI Kagawa University, Japan
Seasonal Retention and Release of Phosphorus in Shinkawa-Kasugagawa Estuary, the
Western Japan
― 3 ―
16:45-17:00 Ms. Emily ANTONIO Kyoto University Japan, Japan
Isotopic Evidence of Seasonal Variation in Feeding Niche of River and Brackish
Gastropods
17:00-17:15 Dr. Ahmed DABWAN Anotsu Reseach Institute for Environmental Restoration.Co.Ltd,
Japan
Paper Sludge Ashes as Coagulant for Treating Contaminated Dredged Sediments and
its Applications for Enhancement the Coastal Biodiversity in Ago Bay, Japan
17:15-17:30 Dr. Kenji SUGIMOTO Hiroshima Environment and Health Association, Japan
Restoration of Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) Bed by Filling up a Borrow Pit with
Natural Sediment
17:30-18:30 Poster session
01 Akihiko FUJII Japan Proper Management of Fishery Resources Using a
Bivalve Growth Model which Included Fishery Catch
and Feeding Damage
02 Daizo IMAI Japan Monitoring of Macrobenthos and Bivalve for
Biologically Productive Artificial Tidal Flats, Ago Bay,
Japan
03 Satoshi CHIBA Japan Nutrients, Organic Carbon and Oxygen Budget in
Semi-Enclosed Ago Bay, Japan
04 Hideki KOKUBU Japan Evaluation of Restoration Effect in the Coastal Unused
Reclaimed Area by Promoting Sea Water Exchange in
Ago Bay, Mie Prefecture, Japan
05 Satoru TAKAHASHI Japan Approach to Improve Nutrient Situation in the Seto
Inland Sea, Japan
06 Masaaki TAKAHASHI Japan Nutrients Transfer between the Sea and Artificially
Enclosed Waters/Feature of the Nutrient Flow in the
Catchments Area in Ago-Bay
07 Kenji TARUTANI Japan Possible Bottom-up Control of Fisheries Production in
the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
08 Mika YAMADA Japan Evaluation on Pb Contamination in Algae in Osaka
Bay, Japan
09 Osamu KATO Japan Durability of Sand Capping Effect in the Inner Area of
Ariake Bay
10 Shigenori KAWANO Japan The Improvement of the Bay Environment Recorded in a
Sediment Core at Asou Bay in the Tsushima Island,
Southwestern Japan
11 Hiroshi KAWAI Japan The Project for Establishment of a Monitoring System
and Continual Utilization of Fishing Ground in the
Bays of Parana Coastal Area, Brazil
12 Tadaya KATO Japan Up-to-date Technology for Treatment Watery Sediments
― 4 ―
3 Summary
Prof. Tetsuo Yanagi Kyushu University, Japan
The Sato-Umi workshop, the Session 7 of EMECS8, was a half-day session held on
October 29, 2008 attended by some 80 participants, with eight invited speakers, six general
oral presenters and twelve poster presentations.
Sato” means “village” and “Umi” is “sea” in Japanese, so “Sato-Umi” refers to the sea
near a village. However, you will not find “Sato-Umi” in any Japanese dictionary, as it is an
expression that was created by Prof. Tetsuo Yanagi of Kyushu University in 1998.
Prof. Yanagi defined Sato-Umi as a coastal sea with high biological productivity and high
biodiversity due to harmonized human activities. The workshop was convened to compare the
present situation of integrated coastal management worldwide, based on the concept of
Sato-Umi.
The workshop started off with Prof. Yanagi explaining his definition of Sato-Umi.
By way of illustration, Dr. Jack Greer from the USA then introduced a situation in which
people are suffering from a poor oyster harvest. Due to such a decrease in the catch, there is
a fundamental conflict between fishermen and environmentalists. He proposed that the new
paradigm of Sato-Umi is very useful in solving such a problem and bringing about a more
balanced use of the area.
Prof. Jean-Paul Ducrotoy from the EU described a different situation - an approach to the
restoration of the ecosystem in the coastal sea. He pointed out that the Sato-Umi concept is
similar to ecosystem-based management. We look forward to learning many things from the
ecosystem-based balanced management carried out in the EU.
Dr. Won-Keun Chang from Korea spoke of the problem of total pollution control in
Masam Bay. He pointed out the importance of cooperation between science and policy.
Prof. Jianguang Fang from China discussed a very interesting and successful example of
IMTA - Integrated Multi Tropical Aquaculture, which refers to fishermen cultivating fish, sea
urchins and sea cucumber in the coastal sea of China. All the materials are assembled in the
culture ground and there is no emission. I believe this to be a very interesting and useful
method that can be used worldwide.
Dr. Putth Songsangjinda from Thailand gave a presentation on a similar example to IMTA,
but which extends from the land to the sea. He refers to this as ‘Mangrove Aquaculture’ - a
system whereby both mangrove and shrimp are cultivated. He provided a demonstration of
large and small scale Mangrove Aquaculture ponds and showed how a study of the nitrogen
budget suggests that mud crab and shrimp are highly suited to the system.
Dr. Jacobus Mosse from Indonesia introduced the SASI system. “SASI” is a local
Indonesian expression that means “prohibition”. Once community leaders announce a SASI,
― 5 ―
all public actions are prohibited for some time in certain areas. People want to conserve
resources - not only fisheries but also ground resources. He also pointed out the basic
similarity between the SASI and the Sato-Umi concept.
From Japan, there were many presentations based on the creation of Sato-Umi. Mr.
Munesumi Shinoda of the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) announced that the creation of
Sato-Umi has become official Japanese policy now.
Other topics included:
- a trial of holistic governance from mountains to the coastal sea
- restoration of tidal flats by benthic micro algae
- cooperative management for the restoration of tidal flats using cooperation between
citizens, government and researchers
- seasonal retention and release of phosphorus in tidal flats
- seasonal variations in food for gastropods
- the use of ash from paper sludge in the treatment of contaminated dredged sediment
- methods for restoring eelgrass beds
- etc.
During the session, a questionnaire was distributed to the participants by the MOE of
Japan, with the aim of promoting international cooperation based on the creation of Sato-Umi.
Responses to the questionnaire included the following :
- We want to know more about Sato-Umi.
- Education of fishermen and citizens is very important.
- Sato-Umi is very similar to SASI.
- Creation of Sato-Umi is a very impressive trial.
- Local wisdom is very important for the creation of Sato-Umi.
Following the oral presentations, a poster session was held at which participants enjoyed
the opportunity to have a discussion with the presenter in front of his/her poster. Mr. Daizo
Imai received the Best Poster Award of EMECS8.
Prof. Yanagi summarized the workshop as follows:
- Sato-Umi refers to coastal seas that have high biological productivity and biodiversity
as a result of harmonized human activity.
- Sato-Umi is not only a concept of the natural sciences but also a social and cultural
concept similar to “working landscape” and “EBM (Ecosystem Based Management)”.
- Sato-Umi is a new paradigm for humanity’s current lifestyle.
- Sato-Umi may prove to be one answer to the question of the best relationship between
people and nature in the face of global warming.
- The concept of Sato-Umi should be improved on and developed so that it becomes a
useful method in solving the problems of coastal sea areas worldwide.
― 6 ―
4 Oral Presentation
Definition of Sato-Umi ---------------------------------------------------------9
Prof. Tetsuo YANAGI Kyushu University, Japan
Creation of Sato-Umi as a Policy in Japan ----------------------------------21
Mr. Munesumi SHINODA Ministry of the Environment, Japan
Development of Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture in China ----------26
Prof. Jianguang FANG Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute
(YSFRI), Chinese Academy of Fishery Science
National Initiative on Environment Management in Coastal Area of Korea
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
Mr. Won-Keun CHANG Korea Maritime Institute, Korea
Silvo- aquaculture: an Ecosystem Based Management for
Sustainable Coastal Aquaculture in Thailand -------------------------------52
Dr. Putth SONGSANGJINDA Coastal Aquaculture Research
Institute, Thailand
Resolving Oyster Conflicts in the Chesapeake Bay:
The Concept of Sato-Umi ----------------------------------------------------57
Dr. Jack GREER University of Maryland Sea Grant, USA
Sasi Laut: History and its Role of Marine Coastal Resource
Management in Maluku Archipelago ----------------------------------------68
Dr. Jacobus W.MOSSE University of Pattimura Poka, Indonesia
Managing Eutrophication in Megatidal Estuaries in North-Western
Europe through Integrated Coastal Zone Management -------------------77
Prof. Jean-Paul DUCROTOY The University of Hull, UK
Phytoremediation of Organically Enriched Sediment – Evaluation by a
Numerical Model ---------------------------------------------------------------83
Prof. Tamiji YAMAMOTO Hiroshima University, Japan
― 7 ―
Adaptive Cooperative Management of Tidal Flat by Citizens -
Governments - Researchers in the Yamaguchi Bay ------------------------84
Prof. Masahiko SEKINE Graduate school of Science and
Engineering, Yamaguchi, Japan
Seasonal Retention and Release of Phosphorus
in Shinkawa-Kasugagawa Estuary, the Western Japan -------------------92
Prof. Kazuhiko ICHIMI Kagawa University, Japan
Isotopic Evidence of Seasonal Variation in Feeding Niche of Riverine
and Brackish Gastropods ------------------------------------------------------99
Ms. Emily ANTONIO Kyoto University Japan, Japan
Paper Sludge Ashes as Coagulant for Treating Contaminated Dredged
Sediments and its Applications for Enhancement the Coastal Biodiversity
in Ago Bay, Japan -------------------------------------------------------------105
Dr. Ahmed DABWAN Anotsu Reseach Institute for
Environmental Restoration.Co.Ltd, Japan
Restoration of Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) Bed by Filling up a Borrow
Pit with Natural Sediment ---------------------------------------------------116
Dr. Kenji SUGIMOTO Hiroshima Environment and Health
Association, Japan
― 8 ―
Definition of Sato-Umi
Tetsuo YANAGIResearch Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
A new concept for coastal sea management called “Sato-Umi”, defined as “High
productivity and biodiversity in the coastal sea area with human interaction”, is proposed.
To establish the Sato-Umi, it is necessary to realize comprehensive material cycling and
appropriate fish resource management in coastal sea areas.
It is said that “Nature takes its best state without mankind”. Would it be true that no
environmental problems would exist if mankind was not present on Earth? However,
there would be no meaning to a discussion regarding environmental problems without the
presence of mankind.
Nature does exist that takes its best state under mankind’s interaction. In Japan, it is
called “Sato-Yama”. In Japanese, “Sato” means the area where people live and “Yama”
means the forest. Sato-Yama is thus the forest near where people live. In 1987, the
area of Sato-Yama in Japan was about 4,500,000 ha making up about 20% of Japan’s
total area of forest of 25,000,000 ha.
In this paper we discuss a new concept for coastal sea management that is based on
the ideas of Sato-Yama. Is it possible to create a “Sato-Umi” similar to Sato-Yama?
In Japanese, “Umi” means the sea, so “Sato-Umi” is defined as “High productivity and
biodiversity in the coastal sea area with human interaction” (Yanagi, 1998, 2007).
To establish the Sato-Umi, we first need to understand quantitatively material cycling
in the coastal sea area. That is, we need to know the quantity of nutrients that are
loaded from the coast, and what are the primary, secondary and tertiary productions in the
area. We need to clarify what kinds of actions by mankind are permissible or prohibited
in the coastal sea area from the viewpoint of increasing production and biodiversity.
The important focus is to establish comprehensive material cycling in Sato-Umi.
Yanagi, T. (1998) To create “Sato-Umi” in the coastal sea area. Journal of the Water
Environmental Society, 21, 703 (in Japanese).
Yanagi,T. (2007) Sto-Umi; New concept for coastal sea management. TERRAPUB,
Tokyo, 86pp
― 9 ―
Def
init
ion
of
Sat
o-U
mi
A N
ew C
on
cep
t fo
r C
oas
tal
Sea
Man
agem
ent
Tet
suo Y
AN
AG
I
Res
earc
h I
nst
itu
te f
or
Ap
pli
ed M
echan
ics
Kyu
shu
Un
iver
sity
tyan
agi@
riam
.kyu
shu
-u.a
c.jp
We
hav
e su
ffer
ed f
rom
Min
am
ata
dec
ease
, re
d t
ide,
hyp
ox
ia,
fish
catc
h r
edu
ctio
n a
nd
so
on
in
th
e
coas
tal
seas
all
ov
er t
he
wo
rld
The
bas
ic r
easo
n i
s th
at
hu
man
bei
ng
s, w
ho
liv
e o
n l
and
, do
not
under
stan
d w
ell
the
sea.
We
hav
e to
un
der
stan
d m
ore
dee
ply
th
e se
a.
Ho
w c
an w
e as
soci
ate
wit
h t
he
sea?
Hu
man
an
d N
atu
re
Som
e people
say “
Nat
ure
is
at b
est
wit
hou
t H
um
an”.
Is t
his
tru
e?
Th
ere
exis
ts t
he
nat
ure
wh
ich i
s at
bes
t under
the
inte
ract
ion w
ith h
um
an.
It i
s th
e “S
ato
-Yam
a”. (t
he
fore
st n
ear
the
vil
lage)
Sat
o:
vil
lage
in J
apan
ese
Yam
a: f
ore
st i
n J
apan
ese
Sat
o-Y
am
ain
Jap
an
4,5
00,0
00 h
a an
d 2
0 %
of
the
tota
l fo
rest
are
a in
1987
― 10 ―
Def
init
ion
of
“Sat
o-Y
ama”
Sat
o-Y
am
ais
the
fore
st w
ith
hig
h p
roduct
ivit
y a
nd h
igh b
io-d
iver
sity
under
the
inte
ract
ion w
ith h
um
an a
ctiv
itie
s.
Peo
ple
pla
nt
oak a
t S
ato-Y
am
aan
d c
ut
them
ever
y 2
0-3
0 y
ears
for
char
coal
and m
ush
room
cult
ivat
ion.
Dro
pped
lea
fs a
re u
sed f
or
the
fert
iliz
er.
hig
h-p
rod
uct
ivit
y
Flo
ra i
s ri
ch a
t S
ato-Y
am
adue
to i
ts b
rightn
ess.
Inse
cts
gat
her
for
hon
ey o
f fl
ow
er a
nd
oak.
Sm
all
anim
als
com
e fo
r ac
orn
of
oak.
Per
iodic
al h
um
an d
istu
rban
ces
are
good f
or
bio
div
ersi
ty.
hig
h-b
iod
iver
sity
Sat
o-Y
ama
Dec
idu
ou
s b
road
leaf
tre
es.
Peo
ple
work
ther
e.H
igh p
roduct
ivit
y.
Hig
h-b
iod
iver
sity
Ric
h f
lora
an
d f
aun
a
Sat
o-Y
ama
pu
bli
shed
in
(200
1)
― 11 ―
Sat
o-U
mi
Um
i:
the
sea
in J
apan
ese
Sat
o-U
mi
: th
e co
asta
l se
a w
ith h
igh p
roduct
ivit
y a
nd
hig
h b
iodiv
ersi
ty u
nder
the
hu
man
’s i
nte
ract
ion
.
In o
rder
to r
eali
ze “
Sat
o-U
mi”
,
we
firs
t have
to u
nder
stan
d q
uan
tita
tivel
y t
he
mat
eria
l
cycl
ing i
n t
he
coas
tal
sea.
Sat
o-Y
ama
and
Sat
o-U
mi
hig
h p
roduct
ivit
y a
nd h
igh
bio
-div
ersi
ty
under
the
inte
ract
ion w
ith h
um
an a
ctiv
itie
s
Vill
ag
e
Sato-
Yama
High
Mountain
Sato
-Umi
Deep
SeaE
co-t
on
e
Eco-t
on
e
Shallow sea
Sea-weed bed
Tidal flat
Mat
eria
l cy
clin
g i
n S
ato
-Um
i
Thic
k, lo
ng a
nd s
mooth
mat
eria
l cycl
ing
(Com
pre
hen
sive
mat
erai
lcycl
ing)
must
be
esta
bli
shed
in S
ato-U
mi
for
hig
h p
roduct
ivit
y a
nd h
igh b
io-d
iver
sity
.
fore
stb
ird
Mat
eria
l cy
clin
g i
n t
he
coas
tal
sea
Red
tid
es
Red
tid
es m
ean t
he
thic
k m
ater
ial
flow
but
the
short
and n
o-s
mooth
mate
rial
flo
w
bec
ause
the
big
bio
mas
s of
dea
d p
hyto
pla
nkto
n
con
sum
es t
he
dis
solv
ed o
xygen
in t
he
bott
om
layer
and r
esult
s in
hyp
ox
ia a
nd f
ish m
ort
alit
y.
They
are
not
good f
or
Sat
o-U
mi.
― 12 ―
Eu
tro
ph
ico
r o
lig
otr
op
hic
coas
tal
seas
In t
he
eutr
ophic
coas
tal
sea,
we
hav
e to
red
uce
the
nutr
ient
load
from
the
land
.
In t
he
oli
gotr
ophic
coas
tal
sea,
we
have
to i
ncr
ease
the
nutr
ient
supply
fro
m t
he
aphoti
cla
yer
by t
he
arti
fici
al u
pw
elli
ng r
eef.
CO
D l
oad
and r
ed t
ides
in t
he
Set
oIn
land S
ea,
Japan
-
50
0
1,0
00
1,5
00
2,0
00
2,5
00
19
61
19
68
19
72
19
79
19
84
19
89
19
94
19
99
20
04
Fis
ca
l Y
ea
r
COD Load (ton/day)
Ho
us
eho
ld+
Oth
ers
Oth
ers
Ho
us
eho
ld
Indu
str
y
0
50
10
0
15
0
20
0
25
0
30
0
35
0 1960
70
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
2000
02
Ye
ar
Cha
ng
e in C
OD
loa
d a
nd t
he o
ccurr
ence n
um
ber
of
red t
ide
s
in t
he S
eto
Inla
nd S
ea,
Japa
n
CO
D lo
ad
Red t
ides
197
3:
La
w o
n M
ea
sure
s f
or
the
Environ
menta
l P
reserv
atio
n;
CO
D lo
ad d
ecre
ase t
o 1
/2
Eutr
op
hic
ate
dcoasta
l se
a
Art
ific
ial
up
wel
lin
g r
eef
H=
10
m,
L=
20
m
Fie
ld e
xp
erim
ent
was
car
ried
ou
t in
the
Set
oIn
land S
ea, Ja
pan
in 1
987.
eup
ho
tic
aph
oti
c
up
wel
lin
g
Tid
al
curr
ent
Art
ific
ial
reef
Olig
otr
op
hic
coasta
l se
a
Eff
ect
of
arti
fici
al u
pw
elli
ng
ree
f
arra
ngem
ent
1987
bef
ore
1989
afte
r
Yan
agi
and
Nakaj
ima
(19
91
)
― 13 ―
Imp
ort
ance
of
bio
-ch
emic
al
pro
cess
es
Phosp
horu
s
flu
x
Res
ult
s of
nu
mer
ical
eco
syst
em
model
.
Nit
rogen
flu
x
Hayas
hi
and Y
anag
i(2
002
)
Coas
tal
sea
as a
hab
itat
•It
is
ver
y i
mp
ort
ant
for
the
coas
tal
sea
as a
h
abit
at f
or
mar
ine
bio
ta i
n o
rder
to
es
tab
lish
th
e co
mp
reh
ensi
ve
mat
eria
l cy
clin
g t
her
e.
•B
ecau
se t
he
bio
-ch
emic
al m
ater
ial
flu
x i
s v
ery l
arg
e in
th
e co
asta
l se
a.
Str
ait-
upli
fted
coas
t or
gen
tle-
slop
ed c
oas
t
We
hav
e to
pro
vid
e good c
ond
itio
n f
or
mar
ine
life
in S
ato-U
mi.
low
tra
nsp
aren
cy
hig
h t
ran
spar
ency
New
tec
hn
olo
gy i
s d
evel
op
ed:
Fis
hin
g g
ear
to a
vo
id s
mal
l fi
sh c
atch
Sm
all
fish
Lar
ge
fish
Tra
sh
Fis
h r
esourc
es m
anagem
ent
is a
lso v
ery i
mp
ort
ant
for
the
esta
bli
shm
ent
of
Sat
o-U
mi.
― 14 ―
Fis
h r
eso
urc
es m
anag
emen
t
Yea
r-to
-yea
r var
iati
on i
n f
ish c
atch
of
Hat
a-hat
a
in A
kit
a P
refe
cture
Pro
hib
it o
f fi
shin
g i
n 1
992-1
995,
(Har
ves
t
mora
tori
um
)
Aft
er t
hat
Appli
cati
on o
f T
AC
(Tota
lA
llow
able
Cat
ch)
Sat
o-U
mi
Co
mm
on
s
Com
mo
ns
; sy
stem
for
co-u
se a
nd
co-m
anage
of
reso
urc
es
or
reso
urc
es t
hem
selv
esla
nd o
r p
lants
It i
s si
tuat
ed b
etw
een n
ature
and h
um
an.
Nat
ure
is
hu
man
ized
in C
om
mon
s an
d
Hu
man
must
be
nat
ura
lize
d i
n C
om
mon
s.
Then
hum
an’s
and n
ature
’s s
ust
ainab
le d
evel
op
ments
are
poss
ible
in C
om
mon
s.
Hu
man
ized
nat
ure
•M
any e
xam
ple
s su
ch a
s g
entl
e-sl
op
ed
coas
t o
f K
ansa
i In
tern
atio
nal
Air
port
Mu
d e
cosy
stem
has
ch
ang
ed t
o a
lgae
-bed
eco
syst
em t
her
e b
y h
um
an a
ctiv
ity.
Kan
sai
Inte
rnat
ion
al A
irp
ort
Rec
laim
ed A
irp
ort
Art
ific
ial
gen
tle-
sloped
coas
t.
sea
sand
gen
tle
slop
e
― 15 ―
Art
ific
ial
sea-
wee
d b
eds
Lar
vae
of
rock
fish
mig
rate
in t
he
wh
ole
are
a of
Osa
ka
Bay
fro
m t
he
arti
fici
al s
ea-w
eed
bed
s.
Art
ific
ial
sea-
wee
d b
eds
are
dev
eloped
on t
he
gen
tle-s
loped
coas
t of
Kan
sai-
Air
port
Hu
man
nat
ura
liza
tio
n
Hu
man
nat
ura
liza
tion i
s to
foll
ow
the
nat
ura
l rh
yth
m
by p
ress
ing d
ow
n t
he
hu
man
’s d
esir
e.
We
hav
e to
under
stan
d t
he
nat
ura
l rh
yth
m a
t fi
rst.
Mar
ine
scie
nce
is
imp
ort
ant
for
under
stan
din
g t
he
nat
ura
l rh
yth
m.
Fis
her
men
in
Jap
an h
ave
man
y r
ule
s fo
r p
rese
rvat
ion
of
fish
reso
urc
es
in o
rder
to f
oll
ow
the
nat
ura
l rh
yth
m.
Man
y r
ule
s ar
e nec
essa
ry f
or
sust
ain
able
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
Sat
o-Y
ama
This
is
nat
ura
liza
tion o
f hu
man
in S
ato-Y
am
a.
187
7
188
2
188
4
189
6
190
7
item
s of
rule
Sas
i
•T
he
stri
ct r
ule
s in
Sat
oyam
ais
sim
ilar
to
“Sas
i”in
th
e S
ou
thea
st A
sia
cou
ntr
ies.
“Sas
i”is
rule
s fo
r th
e nat
ura
l re
sourc
es
man
agem
ent
in t
he
So
uth
east
Asi
a.
― 16 ―
Co
nse
rvat
ion
or
Pre
serv
atio
n
Sat
o-U
mi
does
not
pre
serv
e th
e co
asta
l se
a
but
con
serv
e th
e co
asta
l se
a.
It i
s a
way o
f “W
ise
Use
”of
the
coas
tal
sea.
Ap
pro
pri
ate
zon
ing
Fore
st
S
ea
1)N
eed
le-l
eaf
fore
st
1
)Aq
ua-
Cu
ltu
re
Jap
anes
e ce
der
, Ja
pan
ese
cyp
ress
s
ea w
eed
, o
yst
er,
yel
low
tai
ls
2)S
ato-y
ama
2
)Sat
o-u
mi
3)C
hin
jyu
-no-m
ori
3
)MP
A (
Mar
ine
Pro
tect
ed A
rea)
Ever
-gre
en-l
eaf
tree
s
Art
ific
ial
Tid
al F
lat
and
Cla
m
Cult
ure
of
clam
ju
ven
ile
Art
ific
ial
tidal
fla
t
Akas
uka
Fis
her
men
Unio
n
Har
ves
t v
aria
tio
n
Yea
r-to
-yea
r var
iati
on
s in
cla
m h
arves
t an
d p
rice
200
01
99
6
― 17 ―
Dec
reas
e o
f se
a-g
rass
bed
are
a
Rep
rod
uct
ion o
f se
a-gra
ss b
edH
inas
echo
Fih
serm
enU
nio
n
194
51
97
11
98
5
Sea
-gra
ss b
ed r
epro
du
ctio
n a
reas
Ex
pan
din
g s
ea-g
rass
bed
198
5
200
5
Ho
list
ic g
ov
ern
ance
fro
m
the
top
of
the
mo
un
tain
to
th
e se
a
Mat
eria
l cy
clin
g
Res
ou
rce
man
agem
ent
So
cia
syst
em i
nn
no
vat
ion
pro
du
ctio
nco
nsu
mp
oti
on
)
Ch
ange
of
val
ue
Tec
hn
olo
gy i
nn
ovat
ion
Fis
her
ies
law
Nav
igat
ion
law
unif
ied
Wat
er p
oll
uti
on
law
― 18 ―
Ter
ra S
cien
tifi
c P
ub
lish
ing
Com
pan
y
200
7,
96
p.
Sat
o-U
mi
A n
ew c
on
cep
t fo
r co
asta
l se
a
man
agem
ent
1.I
ntr
od
uct
ion
2.M
ank
ind
an
d c
oas
tal
sea
2.1
Ric
hn
ess
of
the
coas
tal
sea
2.2
Cri
sis
of
the
coas
tal
sea
3.
Man
kin
d a
nd
th
e fo
rest
3.1
Sat
o-Y
ama
4.
Sat
o-U
mi
4.1
Co
nce
pt
of
Sat
o-U
mi
4.2
Har
ves
t o
f se
a-gla
ss b
ed
4.3
New
tec
hn
olo
gy
4.4
Sto
ck e
nh
ance
men
t an
d f
ish
cult
ure
4.5
Sea
far
min
g
4.6
Fis
h r
eso
urc
es m
anagem
ent
5.
En
vir
on
men
tal
eth
ics
5.1
En
vir
on
men
tal
eth
ics
and
Co
mm
on
s
5.2
Pre
serv
atio
n a
nd
Co
nse
rvat
ion
5.3
En
vir
on
men
tal
edu
cati
on
6.
Co
ncl
ud
ing r
emar
ks
Nu
trie
nts
cycl
ing
Red
tid
e
Hyp
oxia
Nuti
rents
N,P
>S
i)N
uti
rents
NP
Si
(din
ofl
agel
lata
)T
idal
fla
t
Sea
-gra
ss b
ed
Ben
thic
dia
tom
ph
yto
pla
nkto
n
fish
pas
tnow
Mult
iple
pat
hs
Thic
k m
ater
ial
cycl
ing
Sim
ple
pat
h
Nar
row
mat
eria
l cycl
ing
Dec
reas
e o
f ri
ver
dis
char
ge
du
e to
dam
co
nst
ruct
ion
pas
tnow
VR
Wea
ken
est
uar
ine
circ
ula
tion
Red
tid
e an
d H
yp
oxia
gen
erat
ion
R
V
Set
oIn
lan
d S
ea
― 19 ―
Fis
h P
rod
uct
ivit
y i
n
the
Set
oIn
lan
d S
eaR
edu
ce o
f fi
sh c
atch
in t
he
Set
oIn
lan
d S
ea
Its
cause
s
1)
Reg
ime
shif
t
2)
Var
iabil
ity o
f oce
anic
cond
itio
n
3)
Over
fish
ing
4)
Des
truct
ion
of
shal
low
sea
5)
Mar
ine
poll
uti
on
, eu
trophic
atio
n
8th
EM
EC
S (
En
vir
on
men
tal
Man
agem
ent
in E
ncl
ose
d C
oas
tal
Sea
s)at
Sh
ang
hai
on
29 O
cto
ber
, 20
08
•S
pec
ial
Ses
sio
n o
n “
Sat
o-U
mi”
in t
he
8th
EM
EC
S a
t S
han
ghai,
Ch
ina
•T
.Yan
agi
(Kyu
shu
Un
iver
sity
, Ja
pan
) “D
efin
itio
n o
f S
ato
-Um
i”
•J.
Gre
er(M
aryla
nd
Sea
Gra
nt
Co
lleg
e, U
niv
ersi
ty S
yst
em o
f M
aryla
nd
, U
SA
)
“Res
olv
ing O
yst
er C
onfl
icts
in t
he
Ches
apea
ke
Bay:
The
Co
nce
pt
of
Sat
o-U
mi”
•J.
P.D
ecro
toy
(Un
iver
sity
of
Hu
ll,
U.K
.) “
Man
agin
g e
utr
op
hic
atio
nin
meg
atid
al
estu
arie
s in
No
rth-W
este
rn E
uro
pe
thro
ugh I
nte
gra
ted
Co
asta
l Z
one
Man
agem
ent”
•W
.K.
Chan
g (
Ko
rea
Mar
itim
e In
stit
ute
, K
ore
a) “
Nat
ional
In
itia
tive
on E
nv
iro
nm
ent
Man
agem
ent
in
Co
asta
l ar
ea o
f K
ore
a”
•J.
Fan
g(Y
ello
w S
ea F
isher
ies
Res
earc
h I
nst
itu
te,
Chin
ese
Aca
dem
y o
f F
isher
ies
Sci
ence
, C
hin
a)
“Dev
elo
pm
ent
of
inte
gra
ted
mu
lti-
tro
phic
aquac
ult
ure
in C
hin
a”
•P
. S
ongsa
ng
jind
a(C
oas
tal
Aq
uac
ult
ure
Res
earc
h I
nst
itu
te,
Dep
artm
ent
of
Fis
her
ies,
Thai
land
)
“Sil
vo
-aq
uac
ult
ure
: an
eco
syst
em b
ased
man
agem
ent
for
sust
ainab
le c
oas
tal
aqu
acu
ltu
re i
n T
hai
lan
d”
•B
.Mo
sse
(Pat
tim
ura
Univ
ersi
ty A
mb
on,
Indo
nes
ia)
“Sas
ila
ut:
His
tory
and
its
ro
le o
f m
arin
e co
asta
l
reso
urc
e m
anag
emen
t”
― 20 ―
Creation of SATO-UMI as a Policy in Japan
Yoshihiro YAMAMOTO, Munesumi SHINODA & Norifumi MIWA Office of Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas, Ministry of the
Environment (MOE),
Kasumidgaseki1-2-2, Chiyoda ward, Tokyo, 100-8975 Japan
1 Circumstance of the Environmental Coastal Seas in Japan
In Japan, Effluent Standards of nitrogen and phosphorus are applied in the enclosed
coastal seas. In particularly regional area (for example: Seto Inland Sea), Total Pollutant
Load Control System of CODMn, nitrogen and phosphorus is added. As a result,
remarkable pollution was improved, but the functional depression of material circulation,
deterioration of the ecosystem including marine resources and citizen’s unconcern for
water environment were advanced. Therefore the Government of Japan promotes the
verification of technologies for improvement of the water environment in enclosed
coastal seas, pushes forward establishment of action plan to achieve the water
environment quality that should be target in future indicated by the DO in the bottom
layer and transparency. And recently the restoration of enclosed coastal seas by the
creation of SATO-UMI is added.
2 The Creation of SATO-UMI as a National Policy
The creation of SATO-UMI as a national policy had its inception when it was
designated as the environmental policy which should be started during the next one or
two years in BECOMING A LEADING ENVIRONMENTAL NATION STRATEGY IN
THE 21st CENTURY (MOE, June 2007). This strategy plans the creation of seas which
are full of the natural blessings that various fishery products inhabit by integrating
promotion of conservation and restoration of shallow area, water pollution control, and
sustainable resources management.
Therefore, MOE has started supporting the advanced activities for the environmental
conservation and evaluating the effects of them since 2008, and the know-how of these
activities are going to be edited as a manual which serves as a reference when a new
activity is started.
3 View point at Creation of SATO-UMI
MOE tidied up the concept of SATO-UMI as follows in cooperation with some
experts in 2007.
SATO-UMI is the coastal sea where human coexist with nature tied to living and
― 21 ―
the traditional culture of people deeply with appropriate function of material
circulation, high productivity and biodiversity under integrated coastal management
by mankind.
The creation of SATO-UMI can be a tool of the participatory and cooperative
model for the integrated coastal management, because SATO-UMI is the concept of
not only space, but also including human activities and can be gain the continuity if
tied to the human habit.
By material circulation, ecosystem and water amenity(these 3 elements are
conserved by SATO-UMI), spot and body of activity, SATO-UMI is categorized
into some patterns like Basin type, Fishing Village type and others.
Keyword: Environmental policy, integrated coastal management, material
circulation, ecosystem
― 22 ―
Offi
ce o
f Env
ironm
enta
l Man
agem
ent o
f Enc
lose
d C
oast
al S
eas,
Wat
er E
nvir
onm
ent D
epar
tmen
t,E
nviro
nmen
tal M
anag
emen
t bu
reau
,
Min
istr
y of
the
Env
ironm
ent,
JAP
AN
Mu
nes
um
i SH
INO
DA
Mu
nes
um
i SH
INO
DA
Res
tric
t law
s w
ere
enac
ted
1967
Bas
ic L
awfo
r E
nviro
nmen
tal
Pol
lutio
n C
ontr
ol
1970
Wat
er P
ollu
tion
Con
trol
Law
1973
Inte
rim L
aw fo
r C
onse
rvat
ion
of
the
Env
ironm
ent o
f the
Set
o
Inla
nd S
eare
duce
d by
hal
f CO
D fr
om
indu
stria
l dra
inag
e
1971
Env
ironm
ent
Age
ncy
was
esta
blis
hed
1972
Nat
ure
Con
serv
atio
n La
w
1978
Tot
al p
ollu
tant
load
con
trol
(TP
LC)
was
ado
pted
for
CO
D
Dev
elo
pm
ent
by
hig
hec
on
om
ic g
row
th a
nd
exp
ansi
on
of
ind
ust
rial
acti
vity
Wat
er p
ollu
tio
n b
yp
lan
t ef
flu
ent
and
livin
g d
rain
age
Lo
ss o
f S
hal
low
zon
e b
y re
clam
atio
n
Fre
qu
ent
occ
urr
ence
o
f la
rge-
scal
e re
d t
ide
Fre
qu
ent
occ
urr
ence
of
oil
spill
1950
-70’
s
En
viro
nm
enta
l Po
licie
s o
f E
ncl
ose
d C
oas
tal S
eas
in J
AP
AN
En
viro
nm
enta
l Po
licie
s o
f E
ncl
ose
d C
oas
tal S
eas
in J
AP
AN
Res
pons
e of
env
ironm
enta
l adm
inis
trat
ion 2
Co
nti
nu
ou
s o
ccu
rren
ceo
f re
d t
ide
Gen
erat
ion
of
ano
xic
wat
er
Occ
urr
ence
of
larg
e-sc
ale
oil
sp
ill
Co
llect
ion
of
sea
gra
vel
Cre
atio
n o
fen
viro
nm
ents
to
pas
s o
n t
o f
utu
re
Inte
rnat
ion
al
con
trib
uti
on
s
1993
Nitr
ogen
and
Pho
spho
rus
wer
e
adde
d to
the
efflu
ent s
tand
ard
2001
Nitr
ogen
and
Pho
spho
rus
wer
e
adde
d to
TP
LC
1993
Bas
ic E
nviro
nmen
tal L
aw
2001
Reo
rgan
ized
as
Env
ironm
ent
Min
istr
y
1994
NO
WP
AP
was
est
ablis
hed
2000
Bas
ic P
lan
for
Con
serv
atio
n of
the
Env
ironm
ent o
f the
Set
o
Inla
nd S
ea
proh
ibiti
on o
f sea
gra
vel
colle
ctio
n
2000
EM
EC
S w
as e
stab
lishe
d
2004
WE
PA
was
est
ablis
hed
1980
-90’
s
1990
’s-
Res
pons
e of
env
ironm
enta
l adm
inis
trat
ion
En
viro
nm
enta
l Po
licie
s o
f E
ncl
ose
d C
oas
tal S
eas
in J
AP
AN
En
viro
nm
enta
l Po
licie
s o
f E
ncl
ose
d C
oas
tal S
eas
in J
AP
AN 3
-Im
prov
emen
ts in
wat
er q
ualit
y ha
ve le
vele
d of
f an
d "r
ed ti
des"
stil
l occ
ur fr
eque
ntly
-Litt
le p
rogr
ess
has
been
mad
e in
the
impr
ovem
ent
of b
otto
m s
edim
ent,
and
anox
ic w
ater
in b
otto
mla
yers
con
tinue
to o
ccur
-Rap
id d
eclin
e in
fish
ing
catc
hes
and
fishe
ry p
rodu
ctio
n-R
apid
deg
rada
tion
of is
land
livi
ng e
nviro
nmen
ts-D
egra
datio
n of
eco
syst
ems
-Dilu
tion
of e
nviro
nmen
tal a
war
enes
s w
ith r
espe
ct to
the
ocea
n-T
he w
aste
wat
er tr
eatm
ent e
quip
men
t was
impr
oved
, and
the
redu
ctio
n in
the
load
ing
dose
be
cam
e a
limit.
et
c.
Intr
od
uct
ion
of
New
Co
nce
pt
Intr
od
uct
ion
of
New
Co
nce
pt
‘‘ Cre
atio
n o
f S
AT
OC
reat
ion
of
SA
TO
-- UM
IU
MI ’’
The
act
iviti
es b
egin
und
er
The
act
iviti
es b
egin
und
er ‘‘ C
reat
ion
of S
AT
OC
reat
ion
of S
AT
O-- U
MI
UM
I ’’
Pol
icy
onP
olic
y on
New
Con
cept
New
Con
cept
-Red
uced
mat
eria
l circ
ulat
ion
func
tions
-D
egra
datio
n of
eco
syst
ems
-W
ides
prea
d la
ck o
f con
cern
on
the
part
of t
he g
ener
al p
ublic
Enc
lose
d co
asta
l sea
sE
nclo
sed
coas
tal s
eas
face
dev
asta
tion
face
dev
asta
tion
21st
Cen
tury
Env
ironm
enta
l Nat
ion-
Bui
ldin
g S
trat
egy
2007
Cre
atio
n of
SA
TO
-UM
I ric
h in
nat
ural
bou
ntie
s lis
ted
Thi
rd N
atio
nal S
trat
egy
for
Bio
dive
rsity
2007
Bas
ic A
ct o
n O
cean
Pol
icy
2008
Mat
eria
lized
of S
AT
O-U
MI c
once
ptan
d de
scrib
ing
of im
port
ance
4
― 23 ―
Co
nce
pt
Co
nce
pt
& Im
age
of
SA
TO
& Im
age
of
SA
TO
-- UM
IU
MI
5
Coa
stal
zon
e w
here
land
and
coa
stal
zon
e ar
e m
anag
ed in
an
inte
grat
ed a
nd c
ompr
ehen
sive
man
ner
by h
uman
han
ds, w
ith th
e
resu
lt th
at m
ater
ial c
ircul
atio
n fu
nctio
ns a
re a
ppro
pria
tely
mai
ntai
ned
and
both
hig
h pr
oduc
tivity
and
bio
dive
rsity
are
pres
erve
d.
Wat
er p
urifi
catio
n ex
perim
ent b
y oy
ster
cul
tivat
ion
part
icip
ated
in b
y th
e pu
blic
is b
eing
con
duct
ed.
Incr
ease
the
num
ber
of o
rgan
ism
s th
at in
gest
the
nutr
ient
s di
scha
rged
, and
reg
ener
atin
g
the
purif
icat
ion
func
tions
is e
xpec
ted.
Cas
e S
tud
yC
ase
Stu
dy
: U
rban
Act
ivit
y @
To
kyo
Bay
: U
rban
Act
ivit
y @
To
kyo
Bay
expe
rimen
t fac
ility
plac
ing
cart
ons
for
oyst
ers
Chi
ldre
n pa
rtic
ipat
e by
Pla
cing
oyst
ers
6
To
achi
eve
the
bala
nce
betw
een
envi
ronm
enta
l pre
serv
atio
n an
d pe
arl p
rodu
ctio
n
by c
reat
ing
tidal
flat
s &
mar
ine
fore
sts
to im
prov
e th
e na
tura
l pur
ifyin
g fu
nctio
ns
and
esta
blis
hing
the
culti
vatio
n sy
stem
base
d on
fore
cast
s of
wat
er q
ualit
y.
•E
ffect
of a
ctiv
ities
-Shi
ma
City
pla
ns to
set
up
‘Ago
Bay
Nat
ure
Res
tora
tion
Cou
ncil’
to e
nabl
e ef
fect
ive
utili
zatio
n
of t
he a
chie
vem
ents
of t
his
proj
ect.
-Bas
ed o
n th
e ac
hiev
emen
ts o
f the
pro
ject
,
Mie
Pre
fect
ure
initi
ated
‘the
Enc
lose
d C
oast
al S
ea
Res
tora
tion
Pro
gram
’in
2007
surv
ey o
f m
arin
e
fore
st g
row
th s
tatu
s
Cas
e S
tud
yC
ase
Stu
dy
: F
ish
ing
Vill
age
Act
ivit
y @
Ise
Bay
: F
ish
ing
Vill
age
Act
ivit
y @
Ise
Bay
7
Cas
e S
tud
yC
ase
Stu
dy
: In
teg
rate
d R
iver
Bas
in A
ctiv
ity
@S
uo
: In
teg
rate
d R
iver
Bas
in A
ctiv
ity
@S
uo
-- Nad
aN
ada
In th
e ‘F
US
HIN
O’r
iver
, the
act
iviti
es b
ased
on
the
plan
con
side
red
the
who
le r
iver
bas
in to
be
inte
grat
ed b
y va
rious
par
ticip
ants
are
pro
mot
ed.
•P
erio
d of
impl
emen
tatio
n
2003
:pla
n’’w
ases
tabl
ishe
d
2004
:Nat
ure
Res
tora
tion
Cou
ncil
was
est
ablis
hed
2005
:Ove
rall
plan
for
rest
orat
ion
of n
atur
e in
the
Fus
hino
Riv
er
estu
ary
tidal
flat
s w
as e
stab
lishe
d
•E
ffect
of a
ctiv
ities
-Inc
reas
ed b
iodi
vers
ity a
nd p
opul
atio
n of
biva
lves
in th
e F
ushi
no R
iver
tida
l fla
ts e
tc.
-Exp
ande
d Z
oste
race
ae b
eds
8
― 24 ―
Cre
atio
n of
mar
ine
fore
sts
and
Coa
stal
cle
an-u
p
by fi
sher
men
and
NP
O p
artic
ipat
ed
in b
y th
e pu
blic
are
bei
ng p
rom
oted
.
Pro
mot
ion
wid
e-ra
ngin
g aw
aren
ess
and
educ
atio
n ab
out s
ea e
nviro
nmen
t are
exp
ecte
d.
Cas
e S
tud
yC
ase
Stu
dy
: F
ish
ing
Vill
age
Act
ivit
y @
Iyo
: F
ish
ing
Vill
age
Act
ivit
y @
Iyo
-- Nad
aN
ada
Exp
lana
tion
of h
ow c
reat
e
mar
ine
fore
sts
Par
ticip
atio
n by
ele
men
tary
sch
ool
stud
ents
Eel
gras
s ar
e th
rivin
g
9
3. P
ublic
ity a
nd E
duca
tion
3. P
ublic
ity a
nd E
duca
tion
4. P
rovi
de in
form
atio
n(ou
r ou
tput
s) O
vers
eas
4. P
rovi
de in
form
atio
n(ou
r ou
tput
s) O
vers
eas
2. E
stab
lishm
ent o
f Man
ual f
or C
reat
ion
of2.
Est
ablis
hmen
t of M
anua
l for
Cre
atio
n of
SA
TO
SA
TO
-- UM
IU
MI
Act
ivit
ies
of
Cre
atio
n o
f S
AT
OA
ctiv
itie
s o
f C
reat
ion
of
SA
TO
-- UM
I by
MO
E
UM
I by
MO
E
Now
, exa
min
atio
n of
incr
ease
the
num
ber
of
Now
, exa
min
atio
n of
incr
ease
the
num
ber
of
mod
el S
AT
Om
odel
SA
TO
-- UM
I is
unde
rway
to e
nabl
e th
e m
anua
l to
beU
MI i
s un
derw
ay to
ena
ble
the
man
ual t
o be
appl
ied
to th
e ac
tual
circ
umst
ance
s in
indi
vidu
al s
eas
appl
ied
to th
e ac
tual
circ
umst
ance
s in
indi
vidu
al s
eas
1. A
ssis
tanc
e fo
r F
orw
ard
1. A
ssis
tanc
e fo
r F
orw
ard
-- loo
king
Sea
Are
aslo
okin
g S
ea A
reas
10
Fu
ture
Un
fold
ing
Fu
ture
Un
fold
ing
Pre
serv
atio
n &
res
tora
tio
n o
f en
viro
nm
ent
Pre
serv
atio
n &
res
tora
tio
n o
f en
viro
nm
ent
of
seas
all
ove
r th
e w
orl
do
f se
as a
ll o
ver
the
wo
rld
Man
ual f
or C
reat
ion
of S
AT
O-U
MI
Web
-Site
for
Cre
atio
n of
SA
TO
-UM
I
Out
put o
f the
Act
iviti
es o
f Cre
atio
n of
SA
TO
-UM
I
Nee
ds &
Pro
blem
s of
Cre
atio
n of
SA
TO
-UM
I
JAP
AN
Cas
eboo
k ‘S
AT
O-U
MI S
elec
tion
30’
Co
un
trie
s in
th
e W
orl
d@
EM
EC
S, W
eb-S
ite
Info
rmat
ion
Sh
arin
gIn
form
atio
n S
har
ing
11
Ad
dre
ss o
f M
OE
JA
PA
NA
dd
ress
of
MO
E J
AP
AN
Tha
nk y
ou fo
r yo
ur a
ttent
ion!
Tha
nk y
ou fo
r yo
ur a
ttent
ion!
Add
ress
of M
OE
JA
PA
N is
as
follo
ws
Add
ress
of M
OE
JA
PA
N is
as
follo
ws
miz
um
izu
-- hes
asei
@en
v.go
.jphe
sase
i@en
v.go
.jp
12
― 25 ―
DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED MULTI-TROPHIC
AQUACULTURE IN CHINA
Jianguang FANG , Jihong ZHANG , Zengjie JIANG , Yuze MAO Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Qingdao
266071, China
Email: [email protected]
With the rapid growth of population and development of urbanization in China, the
Per capita agricultural land has steadily decreased from 0.19 hectares (ha) in 1949 to
0.076 (ha) in 2005. These considerations and the rapid changes in population structure,
and rising living standards, have presented the Chinese with several challenges and
opportunities to meet the rising demand for high quality seafood products.
The challenge facing mariculture is to increase the production capacity of an existing
site without exceeding ecosystem capacity. One method is to maximize resource
utilization by adding functionally different species to the cultivation system. One of the
innovative solutions being proposed and accepted for environmental sustainability,
economic diversification and social acceptability, is integrated multi-trophic aquaculture
(IMTA).
After 30 years rapid development, the inshore areas have almost been full exploited
for mariculture in China. In order to produce the higher quality seafood as much as
demand by both international and domestic market, The IMTA has been implemented in
China for years and is recommended and promoted as the new concept of mariculture by
Chinese government. Two variations of the IMTA approach have been developed in
China: suspended multi-species aquaculture in inshore and multi-species large scale sea
ranching in offshore, deeper waters.
An example of suspended multi-species aquaculture is being developed in Sungo Bay,
in the East of the Shandong Peninsula, China. Here, in an area of 13,300 ha the annual
production is 2,100 ton of scallop Chlamys farreri in fresh weight, 110,000 ton of oysters
Crassostrea gigas in fresh weight, 80,000 ton of kelp Laminaria japonica in dry weight,
and about 100 tones of finfish in 2005. The co-cultivation of abalone Haliotis discus
hannai with L. japonica is also being developed, with abalones kept in lantern nets
hanging vertically from the long lines and being manually fed with the kelp that is grown
on ropes maintained horizontally between long. Once the kelp is harvested, the abalones
are fed with dried kelp. With such kind of IMTA, the benefit is about 10 times higher than
that of monoculture of kelp. Now the experiment is carried out in the bay to develop a
new IMTA by co-culturing sea cucumber with abalone together in lantern net. In this
system, the kelp can control the eutrophication by absorb the nutrient and provide the
― 26 ―
food to abalone, sea cucumber can feed the faeces and detritus produced by abalone so as
to reduce the influence of bio-deposit on environment. Furthermore, the economic benefit
of such mariculture model will be significantly increased.
The most successful multi-species large scale sea ranching is taking place near
Zhangzidao Island, 40 miles away from Dalian, in the northern Yellow Sea (water depth
from 20 to 40 m). Sea ranching is usually practiced for the enhancement of natural stocks
such as Japanese scallop, sea cucumber, abalone, sea urchin and finfish. The Zhangzidao
Fishery Group Co., Ltd., is authorized to farm up to approximately 40,000 ha, and
presently cultivates 26,500 ha of the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, 10,000 ha of the
arkshell, Scapharca broughtonii, 660 ha of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus,
and 100 ha of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai. The company has been in existence for
more than 10 years. The total harvest in 2005 reached 28,000 tones, valued at more than
US$60 million (US$18 million in net profit). To improve ecological conditions and the
sustainability of the operation, the company is now thinking of developing seaweed
cultivation and the construction of artificial reefs in more offshore environments. To date,
about 13,300 ha have been optimized in this way.
Besides the development of demonstration activities and applied research to clearly
show farmers and regulators the benefits of IMTA, basic research on IMTA has also been
performed by some institutions of China, for example, the environmental requirements
for the growth of seaweeds and shellfish to maximize the nutrient recycling efficiency tp
the culture conditions (depths, relative position with respect to the fish cages in relation to
the prevailing currents, distance from the cages and culture density).
To avoid spatial competition and serious environmental impacts in inshore region,
developing the IMTA in offshore areas, such as suspending culture of fish, shellfish and
kelp, sea ranching of sea cucumber, sea urchin, abalone, seaweeds and scallop is a trend
for mariculture industry in China.
Key words: Mariculture, IMTA, Sungo Bay, Inshore, Offshore, Seaweeds, Shellfish
― 27 ―
htt
p:/
/ww
w.y
sfr
i.ac.c
n
YSFRID
eve
lop
me
nt
of
Inte
gra
ted
Mu
lti-
tro
ph
ic
Aq
ua
cu
ltu
re (
IMT
A)
in C
hin
a
FA
NG
F
AN
G J
ian
Jia
n-- g
ua
ng
gu
an
g
Yel
low
Sea
Fis
her
ies
Res
earc
h I
nst
itu
te (
YS
FR
I),
CA
FS
Yel
low
Sea
Fis
her
ies
Res
earc
h I
nst
itu
te (
YS
FR
I),
CA
FS
Qin
gd
ao
Qin
gd
ao
, 26
60
71
P.
R.
Ch
ina
, 26
60
71
P.
R.
Ch
ina
EE-- m
ail
: m
ail
: fa
ng
jg@
ysf
ri.
ac.
cn
fan
gjg
@y
sfri.
ac.
cn
htt
p:/
/ww
w.y
sfr
i.ac.c
n
YSFRI
Ou
tlin
es o
f P
rese
nta
tio
n
•S
tatu
s a
nd
tre
nd o
f m
aricu
lture
of C
hin
a
•P
ositiv
e a
nd
ne
ga
tive in
flue
nces o
f la
rge
scale
ma
ricu
ltu
reo
n e
nviro
nm
ent a
nd
ec
osyste
m
•D
eve
lopm
en
t o
f IM
TA
in
Ch
ina
•S
um
mary
an
d S
ugg
estion
05
10
15
20
25
30
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Ye
ar
Total yield (million tons)
Ma
rin
e fis
hin
gM
ar
icu
ltu
re
Mar
icu
ltu
rest
atu
s in
Ch
ina
2006:
Mari
cu
ltu
re14,4
56,3
99 M
T
Mari
ne c
atc
h14,4
20,3
59 M
T
Maricu
ltu
re
Cap
tu
re
Mari
cu
ltu
reM
ari
cu
ltu
reY
ield
s o
f C
hin
a in
2006
(Millio
n M
T)
Yie
lds o
f C
hin
a in
2006
(Millio
n M
T)
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
Gro
ups
Tota
lB
ivalv
es
Macro
alg
ae
Fis
hes
Cru
sta
cean
Oth
ers
Yie
ld
(M M
T)
14.4
56
11.3
56
1.5
03
0.7
15
0.9
38
0.1
65
Mariculture
sta
tus o
f C
hin
a
― 28 ―
htt
p:/
/ww
w.y
sfr
i.ac.c
n
YSFRIO
utlin
es o
f P
rese
nta
tio
n
•S
tatu
s a
nd
tre
nd o
f m
aricu
lture
of C
hin
a
•P
ositiv
e a
nd
ne
ga
tive in
flue
nces o
f la
rge
scale
ma
ricu
ltu
reo
n e
nviro
nm
ent a
nd
ec
osyste
m
•D
eve
lopm
en
t o
f IM
TA
in
Ch
ina
•S
um
mary
an
d S
ugg
estion
Soft
tis
sue
Sh
ell
Su
m
Sp
ecie
sP
rod
uct
ion
C
N
C
N
C
N
Sca
llop
11
4876
4
36
78
9
10
36
57
43
82
5
85
11
117
2
1095
0
Mu
ssel
7
4605
8
15
78
0
39
12
667
88
2
897
825
67
68
09
Oy
ster
3
892
027
2
271
8
45
03
28
605
4
29
80
30
877
2
71
24
Cla
m
30
18
803
9
958
0
25
011
17
276
0
84
86
27
234
0
3349
8
Oth
er
23
30
281
5
365
6
12
66
31
6356
0
36
53
21
721
7
1631
6
Carb
on a
nd
Nitro
ge
n r
em
oval b
y h
arv
est
of
sh
ellf
ish in 2
006
To
tal
Su
m:
9920
68
7469
7
Un
it:
MT
C:
37
7,0
00
MT
N:
21,4
00 M
t
Carb
on a
nd
Nitro
ge
n r
em
oval b
y h
arv
est
of
se
aw
ee
d in 2
00
6
The t
ota
l C
and
N r
em
oval b
y h
arv
est
of
sh
ellf
ish a
nd s
ea
we
ed in 2
00
6
is 1
.37 m
illio
n M
T a
nd 9
6,0
00 M
T r
esp
ectively
Mariculture
Activitie
s o
f C
hin
a h
ave
ma
de g
reat
co
ntr
ibutio
n o
n
red
ucin
g C
O2 a
nd e
utr
op
hycatio
n
Ne
ga
tive
in
flu
en
ce
of
cu
ltu
re s
he
llfi
sh
N
eg
ati
ve
in
flu
en
ce
of
cu
ltu
re s
he
llfi
sh
an
d f
ish
on
en
vir
on
me
nt
an
d E
co
syste
ma
nd
fis
h o
n e
nvir
on
me
nt
an
d E
co
syste
m
Speci
es
Speci
es
Quantity
(ind.)
Culture
period (
d)
Tota
l N
excr
ete
dTota
l N
excr
ete
d
(KG
)(K
G)
Sca
llop
Sca
llop
10000
10000
500
500
50
50
Fis
hFis
h10000
10000
300
300
114
114
Th
e N
itro
ge
n e
xcre
ted
by s
call
op
an
d f
ish
If c
o-c
ult
ure
d w
ith
seaw
eed
s,
the N
excre
ted
by 1
0000 s
call
op
can
meet
the g
row
th d
em
an
d o
f 1500 k
g k
elp
in
dry
weig
ht;
If c
o-c
ult
ure
d w
ith
seaw
eed
s,
the N
excre
ted
by 1
0000 f
ish
es c
an
meet
the g
row
th d
em
an
d o
f 3350 k
g k
elp
in
dry
weig
ht;
― 29 ―
Ch
allen
gers
Ho
w t
o e
lim
inate
th
e e
utr
op
hic
ati
on
cau
sed
by m
ari
cu
ltu
re?
Ho
w t
o c
on
vert
or
uti
lize t
he u
n-u
sed
Nu
trie
nts
co
min
g f
rom
mari
cu
ltu
rep
racti
ces t
o p
rod
uce h
igh
er
qu
ali
ty p
rote
in f
or
hu
man
?
IMT
A (
Inte
gra
ted
Mu
lti-
tro
ph
icA
qu
acu
ltu
re)
is t
he b
est
pra
cti
ce
to
me
et
the a
bo
ve
ch
all
en
ge
rs
htt
p:/
/ww
w.y
sfr
i.ac.c
n
YSFRI
Ou
r K
no
wle
dg
e o
n t
he IM
TA
…
Co
ncep
ts b
as
ed
on
eco
sys
tem
1:
IMT
A (
Inte
gra
ted M
ulti-
trophic
Aqua
culture
) is a
n e
cosyste
m b
ased m
anagem
ent
appro
ach that effectively
mitig
ate
s the o
vera
bundance o
f nutr
ients
intr
oduced b
y fis
h
farm
ing. T
he low
er
trophic
level org
anis
ms p
rovid
e a
bio
filtra
tion
(filt
ering the w
ate
r
cle
an o
f sm
all
part
icle
s)
serv
ice to c
leanse the e
xcess p
art
icula
te m
atte
r (v
ia s
hellf
ish)
and n
utr
ients
(via
seaw
eeds)
from
the e
nvironm
ent and incorp
ora
te that m
ate
rial in
to
the
ir tis
sue
s (
Folk
ee
t al. 1
99
8, N
eo
riet
al. 2
00
4, W
hitm
ars
he
t al. 2
006
).
2:
IMT
A is a
form
of m
arine farm
ing that utiliz
es the e
cosyste
m s
erv
ices p
rovid
ed b
y
org
anis
ms o
f lo
w tro
phic
levels
(e.g
. shellf
ish a
nd s
eaw
eed)
rais
ed in a
ppro
priate
ratio
to m
itig
ate
the e
ffects
of org
anis
ms o
f hig
h tro
phic
levels
(e.g
. fish)(
White
2007, T
roell
et al.2003
)
Th
e C
on
trib
uti
on
of
IMT
Ais
to
rec
yc
le f
oo
d a
nd
en
erg
y f
or
incre
ased
su
sta
inab
ilit
y a
nd
pro
fita
bilit
y o
f th
e a
qu
acu
ltu
re
ind
us
try.
htt
p:/
/ww
w.y
sfr
i.ac.c
n
YSFRI
Ou
tlin
es o
f P
rese
nta
tio
n
•S
tatu
s a
nd
tre
nd o
f m
aricu
lture
of C
hin
a
•P
ositiv
e/n
ega
tive influ
en
ce
s o
f m
ari
cu
ltu
re
on
en
vir
onm
en
t an
d m
arin
e e
cosyste
m
•D
eve
lopm
en
t o
f IM
TA
in
Ch
ina
•S
um
mary
an
d S
ugg
estion
Die
t
Ph
yto
pla
nkto
nB
ivalv
es
Th
e M
od
els
of
IMT
A P
ract
iced
for
Su
spen
din
g M
ari
cult
ure
in C
hin
a
Lon
glin
eculture
of
macro
sea
we
eds
Abalo
ne
Hydro
dyna
mic
Nutrients (N, P)
N,P
N,
P
― 30 ―
Benth
os
Sea
we
eds
Ph
yto
pla
nkto
n
Sea C
ucu
mb
er,
cla
ms
Biv
alv
es
Mo
dels
of
IMT
A f
or
Sea R
an
ch
ing
pra
cti
ced
in
Ch
ina
Nutrients
Hydrodynamics
Ab
alo
ne
Sea u
rch
in
Bio
-de
posit
Detr
itu
s
IMT
A s
ys
tem
fo
r s
he
llfi
sh
, seaw
ee
ds
an
d
sea
cu
cu
mb
er
N, P
IMT
A s
ys
tem
fo
r c
ult
ure
of
ab
alo
ne
, S
eaw
ee
ds
an
d s
ea c
uc
um
be
r in
Ch
ina
N,
P
Majo
r s
pe
cie
s o
f s
he
llfi
sh
cu
ltiv
ate
d i
n
No
rth
ern
Ch
ina
Mere
trix
mere
trix
mu
ss
el
Myti
lus
ed
uli
s
Oyste
r C
ras
so
str
ea
gig
as
Ab
alo
ne
Halio
tis
dis
cus h
an
nai
Scall
op
Pacti
no
pecte
nye
sso
en
sis
-
Scall
op
Ch
lam
ys
farr
eri
― 31 ―
Se
aso
nal
alt
ern
ati
ve
cu
ltu
re o
f se
aw
eed
s c
ult
ivate
d i
n
low
an
d h
igh
er
tem
pera
ture
se
aso
ns in
Su
ng
oB
ay
Ju
n-O
ct
Gra
cil
ari
asp
Ju
n-O
ct
Sarg
assu
msp
No
v-J
un
Lam
ina
ria
Jap
on
ica
Inte
gra
ted
Mu
lti-
tro
ph
icA
qu
acu
ltu
re b
ase
d o
n
carr
yin
g c
ap
acit
y p
racti
ced
in
Su
ng
oB
ay
Lo
cati
on
: E
ast
en
d o
f S
han
do
ng
pen
insu
la
To
tal
Are
a:
13000 h
a
An
nu
al
pro
du
cti
on
:
Kelp
: 80,0
00 t
on
es
in d
ry w
eig
ht
Ab
alo
ne:
2,0
00 t
on
es
in f
resh
weig
ht
wit
h s
hell
Oyst
er:
120,0
00 t
on
es
in f
resh
weig
ht
wit
h s
hell
Scall
op
: 10
,000 t
on
es
in f
resh
weig
ht
wit
h s
hell
Fis
hes:
100 t
on
es
Inte
gra
ted
mu
lti
Inte
gra
ted
mu
lti --
trop
hic
trop
hic
Aq
uacu
ltu
reA
qu
acu
ltu
re
ininS
un
go
Su
ngo
Ba
yB
ay
Seara
nchin
g
are
as
Lon
glin
e
culture
are
as
are
as
Inte
gra
ted
cu
ltu
re o
f fi
sh
, se
aw
ee
d, a
nd
In
teg
rate
d c
ult
ure
of
fis
h, se
aw
ee
d, a
nd
s
he
llfi
sh
in
s
he
llfi
sh
in
Su
ng
oS
un
go
Ba
yB
ay
Fis
h+
se
aw
ee
d+
sh
ell
fis
h
― 32 ―
1.
Inte
gra
ted
cu
ltu
re o
f fi
sh
an
d s
eaw
eed
s1
. In
teg
rate
d c
ult
ure
of
fis
h a
nd
se
aw
eed
s
Wh
en
kelp
cu
ltiv
ate
d i
nsi
de t
he f
ish
cages
cu
ltu
re a
rea, th
e s
eaw
eed
can
dir
ectl
y a
bso
rb
th
e n
utr
ien
ts p
rod
uced
by
th
e f
ish
. T
his
mo
del
not
on
ly c
an
yie
ld e
xtr
a i
nco
me b
y k
elp
, b
ut
can
prev
en
t th
e c
ult
ure
reg
ion
s fr
om
eu
tro
ph
ica
tio
n.
Inte
gra
ted
cu
ltu
re o
f O
yst
er a
nd
La
min
ari
a
Inte
gra
ted
cu
ltu
re o
f a
balo
ne
(Sea
urc
hin
) a
nd
In
teg
rate
d c
ult
ure
of
ab
alo
ne
(Sea
urc
hin
) a
nd
K
elp
K
elp
Lam
inari
aL
am
inari
aja
pon
ica
jap
on
ica
))
― 33 ―
Daily
managem
ent
on
Inte
gra
ted c
ulture
of
abalo
ne
and k
elp
on t
he s
ea
IMT
A in
offsho
re
IMT
A in
offsho
re
(( Fis
h+
Ke
lp+
Sca
llop
+A
ba
lone
Fis
h+
Ke
lp+
Sca
llop
+A
ba
lone
))
Th
e c
urr
en
t velo
city o
f in
sh
ore
and
T
he
cu
rre
nt
velo
city o
f in
sh
ore
and
off
sh
ore
in
o
ffsh
ore
in
Su
ngo
Su
ngo
Ba
yB
ay
SO
ME
RE
SU
LT
S O
F IN
SH
OR
E A
ND
S
OM
E R
ES
UL
TS
OF
IN
SH
OR
E A
ND
OF
FS
HO
RE
MA
RIC
UL
TU
RE
IN
SU
NG
O B
AY
O
FF
SH
OR
E M
AR
ICU
LT
UR
E IN
SU
NG
O B
AY
IN O
CT
OB
ER
, 2007
IN O
CT
OB
ER
, 2007
INS
HO
RE
INS
HO
RE
OF
FS
HO
RE
OF
FS
HO
RE
Specie
sS
CA
LLO
PS
CA
LLO
P
Ch
lam
ys
farr
eri
AB
ALO
NE
AB
ALO
NE
Halio
tis
dis
cu
s
han
nai
Specie
sS
CA
LLO
PS
CA
LLO
P
Ch
lam
ys
farr
eri
AB
ALO
NE
AB
ALO
NE
Halio
tis
dis
cu
s
han
nai
Surv
ival
Surv
ival
(%)
(%)
80
80
60
60
Surv
ival
Surv
ival
(%)
(%)
>95
>95
100
100
Sh
ell
heig
ht
(cm
)
5.8
5.8
6.7
6.7
Sh
ell
heig
ht
(cm
)
6.6
6.6
7.5
7.5
― 34 ―
IMT
A o
f K
elp
/sea
IM
TA
of
Ke
lp/s
ea
cu
cum
ber/
aba
lone
cu
cum
ber/
aba
lone
In this
syste
m, A
balo
ne
feedin
g k
elp
, w
hile
sea
cucum
ber
feedin
g t
he f
aeces
of
abalo
ne,
silt
insid
e the
cage,
detr
itus o
f kelp
. T
here
is n
o food c
om
petition a
mong
the a
nim
als
in t
he s
yste
m.
Farm
ers
can g
et
hig
her
econom
ic b
enefit th
an
monoculture
.
Ec
on
om
ic B
en
efi
t o
f IM
TA
of
sc
all
op
, a
ba
lon
e,
seaw
eed
s a
nd
fis
h b
ased
on
aq
uacu
ltu
re c
arr
yin
g
cap
acit
y i
s m
ore
th
an
40000R
MB
/1600m
2
Eco
no
mic
Ben
efi
t o
f o
fIM
TA
of
sea r
an
ch
ing
of
scallo
p,
ab
alo
ne,
seaw
eed
s, cla
ms,
sea c
ucu
mb
er
based
on
carr
yin
g c
ap
acit
y i
s a
bo
ut
10000R
MB
/667m
2
IMT
A M
od
el
is a
n E
nv
iron
men
tal
frie
nd
ly a
nd
hig
h e
con
om
ic
ben
efi
t te
ch
nolo
gie
s
Eco
no
mic
Ben
efi
t o
fM
on
ocu
ltu
re o
f kelp
an
d b
ivalv
es i
s
300
0R
MB
/160
0m
2an
d 5
00
0-8
00
0R
MB
/16
00
m2
resp
ecti
vely
Ec
olo
gic
al B
en
efi
t fr
om
IM
TA
fo
r b
oth
E
co
log
ica
l B
en
efi
t fr
om
IM
TA
fo
r b
oth
su
sp
en
din
g a
nd
En
ha
nc
em
en
t in
s
us
pe
nd
ing
an
d E
nh
an
cem
en
t in
Su
ng
oS
un
go
Ba
yB
ay
Se
a r
an
ch
ing
in
ZZ
D
Se
a r
an
ch
ing
in
ZZ
D
(( Zh
ang
zi
Zh
ang
ziIs
land
s,
Isla
nd
s,
Da
lian
Da
lian
,,Lia
onin
gLia
onin
gP
rovin
ce
)P
rovin
ce
)
ZhangziIs
lands
62
Km
aw
ay f
rom
main
land
Sun
go
Ba
y
Dis
trib
utio
n o
f S
ea
ran
ch
ing
in
ZZ
DD
istr
ibu
tio
n o
f S
ea
ran
ch
ing
in
ZZ
D
― 35 ―
Sta
tus o
f se
a r
an
ch
ing
in
ZZ
DS
tatu
s o
f se
a r
an
ch
ing
in
ZZ
D
Specie
sS
pecie
sS
ea r
anchin
g
Sea r
anchin
g
are
a (
ha
)are
a (
ha
)A
nnual yie
ldA
nnual yie
ld
(ton)
(ton)
Scallo
p
Scallo
p P
atinopecte
nP
atinopecte
n
yessoensis
yessoensis
40,0
00
40,0
00
20,0
00
20,0
00
Abalo
ne
Abalo
ne
Ha
liotis
Ha
liotis
dis
cus
dis
cus h
annai
hannai
1,0
00
1,0
00
100
100
Sea C
ucum
ber
Sea C
ucum
ber
Apostichopus
Apostichopus
japonic
us
japonic
us
1,0
00
1,0
00
400
400
Sea u
rchin
Sea u
rchin
Str
ongylo
centr
otu
sS
trongylo
centr
otu
sm
udus
mudus
1,0
00
1,0
00
300
300
Ark
shell
Ark
shell
Scapharc
aS
capharc
abro
ughto
nii
bro
ughto
nii
3,0
00
3,0
00
500
500
Sea R
an
ch
ing
Sea w
eed
+S
ea U
rch
in+
Sea c
ucu
mb
er
Sea R
an
ch
ing
Sea c
ucu
mb
er
+ s
callo
p
Sea R
an
ch
ing
Sea w
eed
+ab
alo
ne
― 36 ―
Ha
rve
st
of
se
a r
an
ch
ing
sca
llop
by B
oa
tIM
TA
fo
r S
ea r
an
ch
ing
or
se
a b
ott
om
cu
ltu
re in
IM
TA
fo
r S
ea r
an
ch
ing
or
se
a b
ott
om
cu
ltu
re in
su
bti
dal
su
bti
dal
zo
ne
zo
ne
ininZ
han
gzi
Zh
an
gzi
Isla
nd
, Is
lan
d,
Da
lian
Da
lian
,,L
iao
nin
gL
iao
nin
gP
rovin
ce
Pro
vin
ce
IMT
A o
f p
earl
oys
ter,
se
aw
eed
an
d f
ish
in
Hain
an
Pro
vin
ce
Su
mm
ary
an
d S
ug
gesti
on
---W
hat
we
sho
uld
thin
k a
bo
ut
Inte
gra
ted
mu
lti-
tro
ph
icA
qu
acu
ltu
re?
Carr
yin
g c
ap
acit
y
for
ea
ch
sp
ecie
s
Eco
no
mic
ben
efi
t
En
vir
on
men
t fr
ien
dly
Scio
-E
co
no
mic
Fo
ulin
g C
on
tro
l
Pre
dato
r re
mo
ve
Exte
nd
ing
m
ari
cu
ltu
refr
om
in
sh
ore
to
off
sh
ore
― 37 ―
National Initiative on Environment Management in Coastal
Area of Korea
Won-Keun CHANG Korea Maritime Institute
The Korean coast, with fascinate landscapes and vibrant ecosystems, has been
enduring intensive coastal developments since 1970s. More than 90% of national
industrial complexes have been located in the coastal area. Population growth rates of
highly developed coasts are often three times higher than that of inland. Annual pollution
load to the coastal area has increased 40 percent since 1990s; coastal wetlands were
decreased 20% from 1987 to 2005; overall water quality conditions have been degraded
by pollutants deposited by or discharged from inland as well; and massive harmful algal
blooms (HABs) would lead to low oxygen levels in the water, fish kills, and economic
losses. These coastal environmental issues resulted in raising public awareness on marine
environmental protection.
To address coastal pollution issues, especially those of water quality, Korean
governments initiated the National Clean Water Action Plan in 1995; with 4 billion USD
investments, 205 wastewater treatment facilities were built in coastal area. And the
National Plan for Marine Environmental Conservation was launched since 1996,
providing national comprehensive framework for managing coastal environment
systematically. Total pollution load management system (TPLMS), same as Total
Maximum Daily Loads Program in USA, was introduced in the Masan Bay Special
Management Area in 2008.
Recently Korean governments try to expand their management capacities to restore
coastal ecosystems by enactment or amendment of relevant laws: Law on the
Conservation and Management of Marine Ecosystem, Public Waters Reclamation Act,
Coastal Management Act, and Marine Environment Management Act, etc.
― 38 ―
Th
e N
atio
nal
In
itia
tiv
e o
n E
nv
iro
nm
enta
l T
he
Nat
ion
al I
nit
iati
ve
on
Env
iro
nm
enta
l
Man
agem
ent
of
Co
asta
l A
rea
of
Ko
rea
M
anag
emen
t o
f C
oas
tal
Are
a o
f K
ore
a
CH
AN
G, W
on K
eu
n
Kore
a M
arit
ime
Inst
itu
te
Th
e eig
hth
EM
CE
S I
nte
rn
ati
on
al
Co
nfe
ren
ce
Oct
ob
er 2
7-3
0, 20
08
S
ha
ng
hi,
Ch
ina
I.S
um
mary
of
Co
ast
al
& M
arin
e
En
vir
on
men
t P
rote
cti
on
II.
Na
tio
na
l P
ro
gra
m o
f A
cti
on
III.
TP
LM
S i
n M
asa
n B
ay
Contents
Contents
I.S
um
mary
of C
oasta
l and M
arine
Environm
ent P
rote
ction
Co
as
tal a
nd
Mari
ne
Fe
atu
res
in
RO
KO
RE
AC
oas
tal a
nd
Mari
ne
Fe
atu
res
in
RO
KO
RE
A
― 39 ―
(modifie
d fro
m N
am
and K
ang, 2003)
•M
OE
•A
genda 2
1 C
h. 17
•S
urv
ey &
Researc
h•R
ed tid
es, O
il spill
s•W
etlands loss
•M
OM
AF
•In
troduction o
f IC
M•N
ew
la
ws &
Po
licie
s•In
vestm
ent expansio
n•In
t’l coopera
tion
1996
Em
erg
ence o
f
Ne
w C
once
pts
Fo
rmula
tio
n o
f
Institu
tio
ns
Wate
rshed-b
ased
appro
ach
1992
2001
Epis
odic
Managem
ent
En
d-o
f-P
ipe
Fro
nt-
of-
Pip
e
•T
PLM
S intr
oduction
in r
iver
basin
s•C
oasta
l &
marine
pro
tecte
d a
reas
•C
EM
As
-Wate
rshed
manage
ment
Ecosyste
m-b
ased
appro
ach
2006
His
tory
of
Ma
rin
e E
nvir
on
me
nta
l P
rote
cti
on
His
tory
of
Ma
rin
e E
nvir
on
me
nta
l P
rote
cti
on
•T
PL
MS
in
Masan
Bay
•M
PA
s
•N
PA
(GP
A)
-N
utr
ients
Mar
ine
EC
HO
(2006~
2010)
Inves
tmen
t of
6.4
bil
lion U
SD
•
Eco
syst
em p
rote
ctio
n &
res
tora
tio
n
•P
oll
uti
on p
reven
tio
n f
rom
lan
d a
nd
mar
ine
acti
vit
ies
•P
oli
cy
infr
astr
uct
ure
enhan
cem
ent
(Nam
et
al., 2
00
4)
Ma
jor
Ac
hie
ve
me
nts
sin
ce
200
1M
ajo
r A
ch
ieve
me
nts
sin
ce
200
1
Ca
ptu
re P
rod
uc
tio
n1
54
21
42
51
18
91
09
7
Aq
ua
cu
ltu
re P
rod
uc
tio
n7
73
99
76
53
10
41
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
Est
abli
shm
ent
& r
evis
ion o
f le
gal
and i
nst
ituti
onal
mec
han
ism
s
Rai
sed a
war
enes
s on r
atio
nal
use
of
coas
tal
reso
urc
es a
nd e
nvir
onm
ent
ICM
at
loca
l gover
nm
ents
’le
vel
(08.6
)
Com
ple
ted:
50, und
er r
evie
w :
8, und
er e
stab
lish
men
t: 1
7
Expan
sion o
f budget
& o
rgan
izat
ion f
or
mar
ine
envrn
. pro
tect
ion &
coas
tal
mgm
t.
Impro
vem
ent
of
over
all
wat
er q
ual
ity i
n c
oas
tal
wat
ers
since
2003
Incr
ease
of
CO
MP
AS
Dec
reas
e o
f re
clam
atio
n-p
lann
ing a
rea
II. N
ational P
rogra
m o
f A
ction
for
the P
rote
ction o
f th
e M
arine E
nvir
onm
ent
from
the L
and-b
ased A
ctivitie
s
Han
Riv
er
Nakd
on
gR
iver
Ge
um
Riv
er
Yo
un
gsa
nR
iver
Co
as
tal
En
vir
on
me
nt
Ma
nag
em
en
t A
rea
s(9
CE
MA
s)
4 M
RC
As +
5 S
MA
s
Pilo
t S
ite
fo
r in
teg
rati
on
of
init
iati
ves
of
ML
TM
a
nd
MO
E
Fo
cu
sin
g o
n S
MA
& M
RC
Ab
efo
re N
PA
Pro
tect
ion
of
enti
re C
oas
tal
area
: I
CM
un
der
th
e C
MA
(19
99
)
― 40 ―
NP
A P
rio
rity
an
d B
ud
ge
ts
US
D 6
.4 b
ill.
for
5 y
ears
Co
as
tal W
ate
r Q
ua
lity
Ta
rge
ts(
Co
as
tal W
ate
r Q
ua
lity
Ta
rge
ts( ‘‘
07
.10
)07
.10
)
Pu
bli
c N
oti
ce (
’07.1
0)
-66 C
oasta
l U
nits
-W
/Q T
arg
ets
(C
OD
)
1stG
rad
e
2n
dG
rad
e
3rd
Gra
de
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
…
Lis
t of
Org
anic
Conta
min
atio
ns
(‘0
7)
Kw
an
g-Y
an
g(2
6),
Uls
an
(32),
Bu
san
(41),
Nak
don
g R
iver
Est
uary
(42),
Kam
ak
(31),
Deo
kry
an
g(2
4),
Wan
do-D
oa
m(2
0)
As
se
ss
me
nt
of
W/Q
As
se
ss
me
nt
of
W/Q
‘‘
‘‘
‘’
Re
Re
-- De
lin
ea
tio
n o
f C
oa
sta
l W
ate
rsh
ed
sD
elin
ea
tio
n o
f C
oa
sta
l W
ate
rsh
ed
s
― 41 ―
Imp
ervio
us
Coas
tal
Are
as (
mo
re t
han
10
% o
f Im
per
v.)
: H
an R
iver
Est
uar
y,
Inch
on
, S
hiw
ha,
Gam
ak,
Yeo
soo
, T
on
gyo
un
g,
Gae
jae,
Mas
an
,
Han
gam
, N
akd
on
g R
iver
Est
uar
y,
Bu
san
, O
nsa
n,
Uls
an,
Jaej
u I
s. E
tc.
Imp
erv
iou
sn
es
s o
f C
oa
sta
l W
ate
rsh
ed
sIm
pe
rvio
us
nes
s o
f C
oa
sta
l W
ate
rsh
ed
s
Hig
hly
Im
per
vio
us
Are
as
Bu
san
(3
3.1
8%
), H
ang
-am
(3
0.7
1%
), M
asan
(2
8.7
6%
), I
nch
on
(2
6.7
1%
)
Imp
erv
iou
sn
es
s o
f C
oa
sta
l W
ate
rsh
ed
sIm
pe
rvio
us
nes
s o
f C
oa
sta
l W
ate
rsh
ed
s
Loca
tion
of
Mon
itori
ng S
tati
on
of
Riv
ers,
Str
eam
s, a
nd
Eff
luen
ts
Eff
ec
tive
ne
ss
of
Mo
nit
ori
ng
Sys
tem
s
Eff
ec
tive
ne
ss
of
Mo
nit
ori
ng
Sys
tem
s
― 42 ―
Syst
em A
rch
itec
ture
–W
eb G
IS(2
00
4)
Na
tio
na
l G
IS s
ys
tem
(C
EM
A IS
) N
ati
on
al G
IS s
ys
tem
(C
EM
A IS
)
vs
Ele
men
t A
llo
cati
on
GIS
-bas
ed E
lem
ent
All
oca
tion
Na
tio
na
l G
IS s
ys
tem
(C
EM
A IS
) N
ati
on
al G
IS s
ys
tem
(C
EM
A IS
)
Sourc
es
Load
s(kg/d
)
Poin
tN
on-
Poin
t
Popula
tion
3,0
79.9
5.0
Liv
ing S
tock
s13.2
463.8
Indust
ries
15.8
0.0
Rec
lam
ati
on
0.0
0.0
Aquac
ult
ure
880.9
0.0
Lan
d10.0
652.7
Sw
age
Tre
atm
ent
Fac
ilit
ies
32.1
0.0
New
Dev
elopm
ent
0.0
0.0
Ap
pli
cati
on
–P
red
icti
on
of
Wat
er Q
ual
ity
Curr
ent
Sta
tus
of
Poll
uta
nt
load
Wat
er Q
ual
ity
Na
tio
na
l G
IS s
ys
tem
(C
EM
A IS
) N
ati
on
al G
IS s
ys
tem
(C
EM
A IS
)
Sourc
es
Load
s
Poin
tN
on-
Poin
t
Popula
tion
-59.8
%199.7
%
Liv
ing S
tock
s47.6
%24.5
%
Indust
ries
109.1
%0.0
%
Rec
lam
atio
n0.0
%0.0
%
Aquac
ult
ure
0.0
%0.0
%
Lan
d-3
3.7
%-2
2.8
%
Sw
age
Tre
atm
ent
Fac
ilit
ies
-15.2
%0.0
%
New
Dev
elopm
ent
154.5
%270.2
%
Chan
ges
in P
oll
uti
on L
oad
sW
ater
Qual
ity P
redic
tion
Na
tio
na
l G
IS s
ys
tem
(C
EM
A IS
) N
ati
on
al G
IS s
ys
tem
(C
EM
A IS
)
Ap
pli
cati
on
–P
red
icti
on
of
Wat
er Q
ual
ity
― 43 ―
III. T
ota
l P
ollu
tant Load M
gm
t. S
yste
min
Masan
Ba
y
SM
A a
rea
Wat
ersh
edPoll
uti
on
Mg
t. A
rea
Wat
ersh
ed :
48
% o
f to
tal
area
of
thre
e cit
ies
Wat
ersh
ed p
opu
lati
on :
90%
of
tota
l po
pu
lati
on o
f th
ree
cit
ies
Po
pu
lati
on d
ensi
ty :
2,6
82
/km
2
Rat
e o
f po
pula
tio
n i
ncr
ease
: 1.0
8%
/yr
wh
arf
Du
mp
ing
sit
ew
ha
rf
New
port
Trea
tmen
t fa
cil
ity
(ML
TM
, 1
99
8)
Mas
an-b
ay S
MA
Ch
an
gw
on
Ch
inh
ae
Len
gth
: 8
.5k
m
Wid
th:
5.0
km
Aver
age
dep
th:
10~
15m
Masa
n
Ge
og
rap
hic
s o
f M
asa
n B
ay
Ge
og
rap
hic
s o
f M
asa
n B
ay
Tid
al C
urr
ent
get
slo
w
du
e to
rec
lam
atio
n
Mas
sive
sew
age
dis
char
ge
into
th
e b
ay
(91
% o
f to
tal
BO
D l
oad
)
©K
BS
Sew
age
dis
char
ge
and
lo
ss o
f O
xyg
en
(hyp
ox
ia)
Th
e p
ub
lic
did
not
real
ize
the
imp
airm
ent
of
Th
e B
ay u
nti
l la
te 7
0s.
©M
BC
(’9
0s)
Tu
rnin
g in
to N
ati
on
al
Tu
rnin
g in
to N
ati
on
al
Co
nc
ern
(sin
ce
Co
nc
ern
(sin
ce
’’ 70
s)
70
s)
Chem
ical
Ox
ygen
Dea
man
d (
CO
D)
NF
RD
I re
port
ed t
he
wat
er q
ual
ity o
f M
asan
Bay
,
10
-yea
r av
erag
e of
CO
D i
n M
asan
Bay
, 2
.4/L
, is
tw
ice
hig
her
th
an
that
of
the
nat
ion
, 1
.15
/L
. (3
rd
Grad
e)
Med
ian
'97
‘98
'99
‘00
'01
'02
'03
‘04
‘05
2.4
02
.72
2
.40
2
.48
2
.65
2
.40
2
.13
2
.44
2
.23
2
.20
1.1
51
.02
1.1
91
.11
1.1
01
.16
1.0
51
.39
1.2
21
.10
Med
ian
Feb
.M
ay
Au
g.
No
v.
2.4
02
.36
2.5
42.6
52
.08
1.1
51
.12
1.1
31
.27
1.0
6
Wa
ter
Qu
ality
of
Ma
sa
n B
ay S
MA
Wa
ter
Qu
ality
of
Ma
sa
n B
ay S
MA
― 44 ―
Dis
solv
ed O
xygen
Conc.
(B
ott
om
Laye
r)
DO
con
cen
trat
ion
of
bott
om
wat
er m
ainta
ins
in 2
nd
gra
de
sin
ce
199
7(a
ver
age
6.1
9
/L)
Mea
n'9
7‘9
8'9
9‘0
0'0
1'0
2'0
3‘0
4‘0
5
DO
(Bott
om
)
(/L
)
Ma
san
Ba
y6.1
94.7
45.5
07.0
84.9
37.2
75.1
68.7
26.5
06.9
2
199
71
99
81
99
92
00
02
00
12
00
22
00
32
00
42
00
5T
ota
l
Les
s
tha
n
2m
g/L
Nati
on
al
92
24
-3
46
73
7
Ma
san
12
12
-2
--
31
1
%1
1.1
100
.05
0.0
50
.0-
66
.7-
-2
8.6
27
.0
Wa
ter
Qu
ality
of
Ma
sa
n B
ay S
MA
Wa
ter
Qu
ality
of
Ma
sa
n B
ay S
MA
Red
Tid
e O
ccurr
ence
Red
Tid
es i
n M
asan
Bay
occ
ur
52
tim
es,
amou
nti
ng t
o 1
4.2
% o
f th
e
nat
ion
al t
ota
l (
200
0 ~
200
5).
Th
e ‘7
9-’
81
mas
sive
Red
-Tid
e w
as r
eport
ed i
n M
asan
Bay
(1st
case
in
Kore
a)T
ota
l2
00
02
00
12
00
22
00
32
00
42
00
5
Red
Tid
e
(Occu
r
ren
ce)
Ma
san
51
96
10
89
9
Na
tio
na
l3
58
85
59
59
48
69
38
%1
4.2
10
.61
0.2
16
.91
6.7
13
.02
3.7
Wa
ter
Qu
ality
of
Ma
sa
n B
ay S
MA
Wa
ter
Qu
ality
of
Ma
sa
n B
ay S
MA
Mas
sive
Rec
lam
atio
n(’
70s)
Kap
o B
each
Clo
sure
(‘75)
Pro
hib
itio
n o
f S
hel
lfis
h g
ather
ing(‘
79)
Lar
ge-
scal
e re
d-t
ide(
‘79~
’81)
Sp
ecia
l M
anag
emen
t A
rea
dsg
n.(
’82
)
Tre
atm
ent
pla
nt
const
ruct
ion(‘
93)
Envir
onm
enta
l dre
dgin
g(9
0-9
4)
Monit
ori
ng a
nd s
urv
eys
Incr
ease
d p
ubli
c aw
aren
ess
Percep
tio
n o
f
co
ast
al
en
vir
on
men
t
deg
ra
da
tio
n
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
of
Ma
na
gem
en
t
Mea
sures
Wa
tersh
ed
-ba
sed
& i
nte
gra
ted
ap
pro
ach
(mo
dif
ied
fro
m K
ang
an
d N
am,
20
03
)
US
D 5
00
mil
lio
n u
nti
l 2
00
4
US
D 4
00
mil
. to
be
invest
ed f
rom
20
05
SM
A e
xte
nded
to W
ater
shed
(’00)
Sew
age
Tre
atm
ent
Pla
nt
upgra
ded
(’0
3
Co
asta
l E
nvir
on
men
t M
anag
emen
t
Pla
n(0
4):
Mas
an S
MA
Pla
n
TP
LM
S i
ntr
od
uced
(0
5~
)
-T
PL
MS
Mast
er P
lan
(‘08.2
)
-Im
ple
men
tati
on
Pla
ns
(‘08.1
0)
Confl
icts
in t
he
Rec
lam
atio
n P
roje
cts
Tim
elin
es
of
Evrn
. M
gm
t. o
f M
as
an
Ba
yT
ime
lin
es
of
Evrn
. M
gm
t. o
f M
as
an
Ba
y
Lan
d U
se P
lan
nin
g w
ith
out
con
sid
erin
g t
he
Car
ryin
g C
apac
ity o
f M
asan
Bay
42
co
asta
l d
evel
op
men
t p
roje
cts
stil
l p
lann
ed
Co
nfl
ict
bet
wee
n M
asan
cit
y,
ML
TM
, an
d l
oca
l N
GO
s, o
n t
he
sele
ctio
n a
nd
man
agem
ent
of
a d
um
pin
g s
ite
for
dre
dged
mat
eria
l
Wea
k i
nte
gra
ted
man
agem
ent
syst
emL
ack
of
com
pre
hen
sive
app
roac
h t
o v
ario
us
po
llu
tio
n s
ou
rces
an
d i
np
ut
pat
hw
ays
Lac
k o
f co
ord
inat
ion
bet
wee
n e
con
om
ic v
isio
n a
nd
en
vir
on
men
t m
anagem
ent
go
als
Co
nfl
ict
bet
wee
n m
inis
trie
s o
n j
uri
sdic
tion
la
ck o
f co
op
erat
ion
Lac
k o
f sy
stem
atic
str
ateg
ic a
ctio
n p
lan
Imp
lem
enta
tio
n o
f en
vir
on
men
t m
anag
emen
t m
easu
res
wit
ho
ut
pri
ori
ty,
shar
ed v
isio
n
and
go
als,
an
d s
oci
al c
on
sen
sus
ex)
Lim
ited
eff
ect
of
dre
dgin
g w
ith
ou
t ef
fect
ive
con
tro
l o
f la
nd
-bas
ed p
oll
uti
on
so
urc
es
No i
nte
gra
ted
an
d p
artn
ersh
ip-b
ased
man
agem
ent
enti
tyC
oas
tal
En
vir
on
men
t M
anagem
ent
Pla
n o
f th
e M
asn
a-b
ay S
MA
est
abli
shed
th
rou
gh
coo
per
atio
n a
mo
ng r
elat
ed m
inis
trie
s an
d l
oca
l go
ver
nm
ents
Bu
t, n
o i
nte
gra
ted
man
agem
ent
enti
ty w
ith
par
tici
pat
ory
pla
nn
ing
and
im
ple
men
tati
on
mec
han
ism
s yet
Ma
na
ge
me
nt
Co
ns
tra
ins
be
fore
TP
LM
SM
an
ag
em
en
t C
on
str
ain
s b
efo
re T
PL
MS
― 45 ―
Poll
uta
nts
Su
b-m
anag
em
ent
area
sIn
ner
mo
st a
rea
(Ok-k
ye)
Inner
are
a
(Han
g-a
m b
ay)
Ou
ter
area
Inves
tmen
tL
and
-bas
ed
Po
int-
sou
rces
Eco
syst
em
rest
ora
tio
n
Riv
er &
No
n-p
oin
t so
urc
es
Hig
hL
ow
Man
agem
ent
Pri
ori
ty
Dre
dgin
g
CO
DT
P
TN
Hea
vy
met
als
Haz
ardo
us
mat
eria
ls
Str
ateg
y 1
: E
nsu
rin
g i
ncr
emen
tal
and s
ust
ain
able
man
ag
emen
t b
ase
d o
n
ma
na
gem
en
t p
riori
ty
Bas
ed o
n t
he
lon
g-t
erm
vis
ion
Str
ate
gie
s f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
Str
ate
gie
s f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
Str
ateg
y 2
: A
ppli
cati
on
of
the
pre
cau
tio
na
ry a
pp
roach
an
d e
sta
bli
shm
ent
of
ain
teg
rate
d w
ate
rsh
ed m
an
agem
en
t sy
stem
Intr
od
uct
ion
an
d i
mp
lem
enta
tio
n o
f to
tal
po
llu
tan
t lo
ad m
anag
emen
t sy
stem
(T
PL
MS
)
Co
asta
l d
evel
op
men
t ta
kin
g i
nto
acc
ou
nt
the
carr
yin
g c
apac
ity o
fth
e b
ay
Fo
rmu
lati
on
of
a m
anag
emen
t co
un
cil
for
the
Mas
an-b
ay S
MA
Str
ateg
y 3
: E
stabli
shm
ent
of
firm
scie
nti
fic p
latf
orm
to s
upp
ort
dec
isio
n-
ma
king
Pro
cess
Ass
ess
men
t o
f co
asta
l en
vir
on
men
tal
carr
yin
g c
apac
ity
Ass
ess
men
t o
f o
pti
mu
m d
evel
op
men
t d
ensi
ty
Iden
tifi
cati
on
of
var
iou
s in
pu
t p
ath
ways
of
po
llu
tan
ts
Est
abli
shm
ent
of
web
-base
d G
IS
Str
ateg
y 4
: E
nco
ura
gin
g p
art
icip
ati
on
of,
an
d c
oo
pera
tio
nw
ith
, lo
cal
stake
hold
ers
Fro
m “
anci
ent-
regim
e”(c
om
man
d &
co
ntr
ol)
to
a n
ew r
egim
e o
f go
ver
nan
ce
Inst
itu
tio
nal
izat
ion
of
par
tici
pat
ion
in
pla
nn
ing a
nd
im
ple
men
tati
on
pro
cess
es
Str
ate
gie
s f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
Str
ate
gie
s f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
Ma
rin
e E
cosy
stem
Mo
del
Det
erm
inati
on
of
Load
s D
eter
min
ati
on
of
Load
s
of
Mu
nic
ipali
ties
of
Mu
nic
ipali
ties
Est
imat
ion o
f M
ax.
All
ow
able
Load
s
Est
imat
ion o
f L
oad
sM
onit
ori
ng P
rogra
m
17 r
iver
s +
2 s
wage
pla
nts
Det
erm
inat
ion o
f P
oll
uti
on L
oad
Red
uct
ion T
arget
Det
erm
inat
ion o
f ta
rget
lev
el (
2.4
or
2.5
)
Ver
ific
atio
n o
f M
oS
, an
d o
ther
par
amet
ers
Det
erm
inat
ion o
f A
llo
cati
on P
rincip
les
Dev
elopm
ent
of
New
Red
uct
ion P
lan
Ass
essm
ent
1st
Nat
ional
TP
LM
S M
aste
r P
lan
Imp
lem
enta
tio
n P
lan
Ad
apta
tio
n o
f
Imp
lem
enta
tio
n P
lans
CO
DN
, P
Ap
plin
g S
cie
nc
e f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
Ap
plin
g S
cie
nc
e f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
Su
rfa
ce
Sed
imen
t
Zo
op
lan
kto
n
ex
trac
ell
ula
rre
lea
se
mo
rta
lity
Ph
yto
1
Dia
tom
Ph
yto
2
Ph
yto
pla
nk
ton
(Mu
iti-
sp
ecie
s)
ex
cre
tio
ng
raz
ing
Su
n L
igh
t
Win
d
rep
ira
tio
n
ing
esti
on
resuspension
nit
rifi
cati
on
Nu
trie
nts
NH
4-N
NO
3-N
PO
4-P
EP
ER
ad
sorp
tio
n &
deso
rpti
on
EN
min
era
lizati
on
&
dec
om
psi
tio
n
rele
ase
min
era
liza
tio
n &
dec
om
po
siti
on
Detr
itu
sD
OM
deg
rad
ati
on
Org
an
ics
bu
rial
den
itri
ficati
on
CO
D
bio
de
gra
dati
on
Wa
ter q
ua
lity
co
mp
ar
tme
nts
DO
settling
nit
rifi
cati
on
Nu
trie
nts
NH
4-N
NO
3-N
PO
4-P
Si
DO
M
degradation
Org
an
ics
De
trit
us
settling
excretion
Inp
ut
Lo
ad
s
Tra
nsp
ort
by
Ad
vec
tio
n
& D
iffu
sio
n
Tra
nsp
ort
by
Ad
vec
tio
n
& D
iffu
sio
n
inte
racti
on
wit
h
wate
r q
uali
ty
co
mp
art
me
nt
Su
rfa
ce
Su
rfa
ce
Sed
imen
tS
ed
imen
t
Zo
op
lan
kto
n
ex
trac
ell
ula
rre
lea
se
mo
rta
lity
Ph
yto
1
Dia
tom
Ph
yto
2
Ph
yto
pla
nk
ton
(Mu
iti-
sp
ecie
s)
ex
cre
tio
ng
raz
ing
Su
n L
igh
tS
un
Lig
ht
Win
dW
ind
rep
ira
tio
n
ing
esti
on
resuspension
nit
rifi
cati
on
Nu
trie
nts
NH
4-N
NO
3-N
PO
4-P
EP
ER
ad
sorp
tio
n &
deso
rpti
on
EN
min
era
lizati
on
&
dec
om
psi
tio
n
rele
ase
min
era
liza
tio
n &
dec
om
po
siti
on
Detr
itu
sD
OM
deg
rad
ati
on
Org
an
ics
bu
rial
den
itri
ficati
on
CO
D
bio
de
gra
dati
on
Wa
ter q
ua
lity
co
mp
ar
tme
nts
DO
settling
nit
rifi
cati
on
Nu
trie
nts
NH
4-N
NO
3-N
PO
4-P
Si
DO
M
degradation
Org
an
ics
De
trit
us
settling
excretion
Inp
ut
Lo
ad
s
Tra
nsp
ort
by
Ad
vec
tio
n
& D
iffu
sio
n
Tra
nsp
ort
by
Ad
vec
tio
n
& D
iffu
sio
n
Tra
nsp
ort
by
Ad
vec
tio
n
& D
iffu
sio
n
Tra
nsp
ort
by
Ad
vec
tio
n
& D
iffu
sio
n
inte
racti
on
wit
h
wate
r q
uali
ty
co
mp
art
me
nt
inte
racti
on
wit
h
wate
r q
uali
ty
co
mp
art
me
nt
Mas
an M
arin
e E
cosy
stem
Mod
el
Ap
plin
g S
cie
nc
e f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
Ap
plin
g S
cie
nc
e f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
― 46 ―
Mas
an M
arin
e E
cosy
stem
Mod
el (
12
Mon
itori
ng S
tati
on
s)
Ap
plin
g S
cie
nc
e f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
Ap
plin
g S
cie
nc
e f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Obse
rvati
on
Computation
CO
D M
ay
(S)
CO
D M
ay
(B)
CO
D A
ug(S
)
CO
D A
ug(B
)
Mas
an M
arin
e E
cosy
stem
Mod
el (
Cal
ibra
tion &
Ver
ific
atio
n)
Ap
plin
g S
cie
nc
e f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
Ap
plin
g S
cie
nc
e f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
Red
uct
ion
of
Load
s
(CO
D o
nly
)
Ch
an
ge
in C
on
c.
(CO
D)
Red
uct
ion
of
Lo
ad
s
(CO
D +
Nu
trie
nt)
Ch
an
ge
in C
on
c.
(CO
D)
0%
2.6
00%
2.6
0
-10%
2.5
9-9
%2
.50
-20%
2.5
4-1
0%
2.4
9
-26
%2
.50
-20%
2.4
4
-30%
2.4
8-3
0%
2.4
0
-40%
2.4
2-4
0%
2.3
3
-43%
2.4
0-5
0%
2.2
6
-50%
2.3
6
-60%
2.3
0
-70%
2.2
4
-80%
2.1
8
-90%
2.1
2
Mas
an M
arin
e E
cosy
stem
Mo
del
(C
han
ges
in W
/Q f
oll
ow
ing L
oad
s cu
t-d
ow
n)
Ap
plin
g S
cie
nc
e f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
Ap
plin
g S
cie
nc
e f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
Mas
an M
arin
e E
cosy
stem
Mod
el f
ore
cast
s th
e ch
anges
in
th
e F
utu
reW
ater
Qu
alit
y o
f M
asan
Bay
,
By 2
01
1,
CO
D l
evel
of
Mas
an B
ay w
ou
ld r
each
2.8
6 ~
2.9
6/L
wit
ho
ut
adopti
ng T
PL
MS
Pro
gra
m
10
yr
Media
n
Ap
plin
g S
cie
nc
e f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
Ap
plin
g S
cie
nc
e f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
w/o
any f
urt
her
inves
tmen
t
w/
furt
her
inves
tmen
t(1
31.4
M U
SD
)
Imple
men
tati
on o
f T
PL
MS
(108.9
M U
SD
)
― 47 ―
Maxim
um
Allo
wab
le
Lo
ad
: 22,9
35 k
g/d
Ap
plin
g S
cie
nc
e f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
Ap
plin
g S
cie
nc
e f
or
es
tab
lis
hin
g T
PL
MS
TP
LM
S T
arg
et :
CO
D 2
.5 m
g/L
, S
um
mer
Med
ian
)
20
05 R
efe
renc
e y
ear
20
11 T
arge
t ye
ar2
011
Allow
able
Loa
ds
MLT
M
Ma
rin
e
En
vir
on
.
Po
licy
Div
isio
n
Mg
mt.
Cou
ncil
Civ
il
Advis
ory
Co
mm
itte
e
Tech.
Revie
w
Co
mm
itte
e
Researc
h
Team
s
(14s)
Dec
isio
n o
f is
sues
and p
oli
cie
s
oth
ers
Hea
d :
vic
e M
inis
ter
Mem
ber
s :
-S
enio
r o
ffic
ers
-vic
e m
ayo
rs
-H
ead
of
NG
Os
Rev
iew
& D
iscu
ssio
n
of
issu
es
oth
ers
nat
ional
& l
oca
l go
v.
off
icer
s
Ind
ust
ries
NG
Os
Exp
erts
Est
abli
shm
ent
of
Tec
h.
Gu
idel
ines
and
Rep
ort
s
Rev
iew
of
scie
nti
fic
Analy
sis
oth
er t
ech.
issu
es
Sci
enti
sts
reco
mm
ended
fro
m l
oca
l go
v.
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Inst
itu
tion
al F
ram
ework
(P
ub
lic
Noti
ce)
#M
OM
AF
-66, 0
5.1
2.1
2
#Pr
ime M
inis
ter,
05
.12
Mu
nic
ipali
tyP
oll
uti
on
Load
s
(2005)
Ch
an
ges
in
pop
.etc
.
Red
ucti
on
Program
sD
evelo
pm
en
tP
oll
uti
on
Load
s in
2011
Masa
n8,9
08
-176
1,4
07
2,3
73
9,6
98
Ch
an
gw
on
12,0
25
-95
1,2
84
2,2
29
12,8
75
Jin
hae
4,2
70
193
1,3
86
383
3,4
60
Su
m25,2
03
-78
4,0
77
4,9
85
26,0
33
Su
mm
ary
Un
it:
kg
/day
Mu
nic
ipa
lity
Poll
uti
on
Lo
ad
s
(2011)
All
oca
tio
n L
oa
dR
edu
ctio
n
Ta
rget
Masa
n9,6
98
7,6
89
2,0
09
Ch
an
gw
on
12,8
75
10,8
99
1,9
76
Jin
ha
e3
,46
03
,20
02
60
Su
m2
6,0
33
21
,78
84
,24
5
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
TR
C R
evie
w,
CA
S M
asan
Dec
ides
, an
d M
gm
t. C
ou
nci
l A
pp
roves
Maj
or
Pub
lic
Hea
rin
gs
of
1st
TP
LM
S P
lan
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
― 48 ―
Maj
or
Pub
lic
Hea
rin
gs
of
1st
TP
LM
S P
lan
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Date
Site
Sta
tus
TP
LM
S
Wo
rksh
op
Fo
r go
v. o
ffic
ials
1st
8.2
7~
8.2
8M
AF
HI
Do
ne
2nd
Lat
e D
ec.
GS
ND
Hal
lIn
pro
gre
ss
Mas
an B
ay
Eco
-env
iro
nm
ent
To
uri
ng
1st
8.3
0T
he
Bay a
nd
Wat
ersh
ed
Do
ne
2nd
11
.23
In P
rogre
ss
UC
C F
est
ival
Tim
e
lin
e
7.3
0~
10
.31
ww
w.G
NC
IES.r
e.kr
In p
rogre
ss1
1.1
~1
1.1
0
11.1
0~
11.1
4
late
No
v.
Sk
etch
& D
raw
ing
Fest
ival
9.8
Do
t Is
.
(in
th
e B
ay)
Do
ne
PR
Mat
eria
ls -
Bo
ok
, et
c.
In P
rin
tin
g
ICC
9.1
4A
rou
nd
th
e B
ay
Do
ne
Pu
bli
c E
du
cati
on a
nd
Rel
atio
n P
rogra
m ‘
07 (
Su
mm
ary,
as o
f S
et.
07
)
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Pu
bli
c E
du
cati
on a
nd
Rel
atio
n P
rogra
m ‘
07
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Pu
bli
c E
du
cati
on a
nd
Rel
atio
n P
rogra
m ‘
07
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
― 49 ―
Pu
bli
c E
du
cati
on a
nd
Rel
atio
n P
rogra
m ‘
07
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Pu
bli
c E
du
cati
on a
nd
Rel
atio
n P
rogra
m ‘
07
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Pu
blic
Pa
rtic
ipa
tio
ns
Bas
ic P
rinci
ple
s fo
r d
eter
min
ing t
he
Str
uct
ure
of
Act
ion
pla
n o
fth
ree
mu
nic
ipal
itie
s
Eac
h M
un
icip
alit
ies
do
es
decid
eal
l Im
ple
men
tati
on
pla
ns
for
itse
lfin
co
mpli
ance
wit
h t
he
1st
Nat
ion
al T
PL
MS
Pla
n o
f M
asan
Bay (
ap
prov
ed
on
8 O
ct.
20
08
)
Nat
ion
al g
ovs.
fo
cus
on
str
en
gth
en
ing
perm
it r
equ
irem
ents
of
dis
char
ges
fro
m
two
sw
age
pla
nts
, an
d r
ea
lloca
tin
gre
levan
t b
ud
get
fo
r u
pgra
din
g t
he
pla
nts
.
Nat
ion
al a
nd
lo
cal
go
vs.
co
op
erat
ivel
y t
ry t
o d
evel
op
nec
essa
ry p
rogra
ms
to
imp
rov
e e
colo
gic
al
hea
lth
(i.e
. C
arry
ing C
apac
ity)
of
river
s an
d t
he
Bay.
Tota
lM
asa
n
Cit
y
Ch
an
gw
on
Cit
y
Jin
hae
Cit
y
Cost
est
imate
d
(M $
)
Target
(Am
ou
nt
to b
e r
ed
uced
)4,2
45
2,0
09
1,9
76
260
Can
celi
ng o
r p
ost
pon
ing
Dev
elo
pm
en
ts2,4
56
1,1
59
1,1
93
104
0
PO
TW
s1,7
50
968
683
140
43.1
16
Oth
er (
Riv
er
man
agem
en
t)217
-182
35
65.7
62
Tota
l (p
lan
ned
as
of
2008.2
)4,4
64
2,1
27
2,0
58
279
10
8.9
Fu
ture
of
Masa
n T
PL
MS
Fu
ture
of
Masa
n T
PL
MS
Acti
on
Pla
ns
200
72
00
82
00
92
01
02
01
1S
um
1.
Sew
ag
e C
over
age
285
285
2.
Riv
er M
an
ag
emen
t1
82
35
217
3.
Imp
rovem
en
t o
f S
ew
ag
e
Trea
tmen
t F
acil
ity
768
768
4.
Eff
luen
ts M
an
ag
em
en
t
738
738
5.
Ca
nce
lin
g o
r p
ost
po
nin
g
Dev
elo
pm
ents
2,4
56
2,4
56
To
tal
3,1
94
3,1
94
3,1
94
4,1
44
4,4
64
4,4
64
0%
72
%
93%
100%
Ex
pecte
dA
ch
ievem
en
ts
Fu
ture
of
Masa
n T
PL
MS
Fu
ture
of
Masa
n T
PL
MS
― 50 ―
Sci
ence
vs.
Poli
cy (
Lo
ads
All
oca
tion
on 2
2 s
mal
l w
ater
shed
s )
Res
earc
h T
eam
det
erm
ined
red
uct
ion
-tar
get
s bas
ed o
n e
ach
wat
ersh
ed i
n 2
007
.
Bu
t, T
he
targ
ets
wer
e se
ttle
d
acco
rdin
g t
o t
he
juri
sdic
tion
al
bou
nd
arie
s co
nsi
der
ing t
he
flex
ibil
ity i
n T
PL
MS
imp
lem
enta
tion
.
Fu
ture
of
Masa
n T
PL
MS
Fu
ture
of
Masa
n T
PL
MS
Ma
rin
e E
cosy
stem
Mo
del
All
oca
tion o
f L
oad
s A
lloca
tion o
f L
oad
s fo
r th
ree
Munic
ipal
itie
sfo
r th
ree
Munic
ipal
itie
s
Est
imati
on
of
Max.
All
ow
ab
le L
oad
s
Est
ima
tio
n o
f L
oa
ds
Mon
itori
ng P
rog
ram
17 r
ivers
+ 2
sw
ag
e p
lan
ts
Det
erm
inati
on
of
Poll
uti
on
Load
Red
uct
ion
Targ
et
Det
erm
ina
tio
n o
f ta
rget
lev
el
Ver
ific
ati
on
of
Mo
S, a
nd
oth
er p
ara
met
ers
Det
erm
ina
tio
n o
f A
llo
cati
on
Pri
nci
ple
s
New
Red
uct
ion
Pla
ns
Ass
essm
ent
2n
dN
ati
on
al
TP
LM
S
Ma
ster P
lan
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
Pla
ns
Ad
ap
tati
on
of
Pla
ns
En
vrn
. D
red
gin
g(b
efo
re 2
nd)
Air
Dep
osi
tion
(3rd
)
TN
, T
P(2
nd
Sta
ge, 20
12
)
Fu
ture
of
Masa
n T
PL
MS
Fu
ture
of
Masa
n T
PL
MS
’’‘
’
‘‘’’
““””
Marin
e P
oll
uti
on
…do n
ot
ma
nage
it d
irectl
y,
bu
tdo
So
cio
-eco
no
mic
Ac
tivit
ies o
f H
um
an
s.
― 51 ―
Silvo-aquaculture: an ecosystem based management for
sustainable coastal aquaculture in Thailand
Putth SONGSANGJINDA Coastal Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Fisheries, Thailand
Mangrove forests in Southeast Asia have declined significantly over the past four
decades due to many of human activities i.e. population pressure, wood extraction,
conversion to agriculture and salt production, tin mining, coastal industrialization and
urbanization including the conversion to coastal aquaculture. Silvo-aquaculture is an
ecosystem based management for the sustainable used of coastal area for aquaculture that
integrates mangrove and aquaculture for produce seafood in coastal areas especially
shrimp farm. The large scale of silvo-aquaculture, an integrated 116 ha of shrimp farms
with 160 ha mangrove, has been demonstrated at Kung Krabaen Bay, Chantaburi,
Thailand. A number of 113 small scale farmers and community were educated in farm
management practices based on ecosystem approached including with water irrigation,
environmental protection, mangrove sea replantation, seaweeds conservation and fish
stock enhancement in the bay. The annual shrimp production from this area was about
11.2 ton/ha/year while mangrove forest has been slowly increased at a rate 1.3 ha/year by
natural reproduction and replantation. The study of water quality and nitrogen budget
indicated that treatment system and the bay played it role on trapping and utilization of
the nutrients from intensive shrimp farm.
The small scale silvo-aquaculture pond (5.2ha) was demonstrated in the mangrove
(Rhizophora apiculata) replanted natural shrimp pond (density about 11 tree/ha or 2,614
kg/ha) located in Nakhonsrithammarat, Thailand. Mud crab (Scylla serrata) and black
tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) were stocked to supplement the natural recruitment.
Little amount of fresh fish was supplemented as feed to enhance growth of crab. The
result suggested that the biomass of mangrove was increased about 10% or about
29-74.49 mgC/m2/d or 0.15-0.37 mgN/m2/d, while the rate of litter fall was about
6.7-32.3 mgC/m2/d or 0.06-0.29 mgN/m2/d. The contribution of the mangrove tree to the
production of culture species is comparatively low comparing to the other processors.
This is probably due to slow degradation of the litter fall from mangrove tree. In addition,
the result from nitrogen budget suggests that mud crab and shrimp are suitable for the
silvo-aquaculture pond because they are benthic detritus feeders. The addition
management techniques are probably needed in order to utilize/transfer nutrients to the
culture species.
― 52 ―
Putt
hS
ong
sa
ng
jind
a
Co
asta
l A
qu
acu
ltu
re R
ese
arc
h I
nsti
tute
,
Dep
art
men
t o
f F
ish
eri
es,
Th
ail
an
d
EM
EC
S 2
00
8 C
on
fere
nc
e:
27-3
0 O
cto
be
r 20
08.
S
han
gh
ai,
Ch
ina
Silvo
Silvo
-- Aq
uac
ult
ure
: A
qu
ac
ult
ure
:
an
Eco
sys
tem
Based
Man
ag
em
en
t an
Eco
sys
tem
Based
Man
ag
em
en
t
for
Su
sta
ina
ble
Co
as
tal
Aq
uacu
ltu
re in
Th
aila
nd
for
Su
sta
ina
ble
Co
as
tal
Aq
uacu
ltu
re in
Th
aila
nd
0
20
40
60
80
100
120 1
996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ye
ar
Quantity (x 106 ton)
Cap
ture
Aq
uacu
ltu
re
0
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.5
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Ye
ar
Quantity (x 106 ton)
Cap
ture
Aq
uacu
ltu
re
Wo
rld
Th
ail
an
d
FA
O,
200
7
Sta
tus o
f F
ish
ery
Pro
du
cti
on
Du
rin
g 1
997
Sta
tus o
f F
ish
ery
Pro
du
cti
on
Du
rin
g 1
997
-- 2006
2006
En
vir
on
men
tal Im
pact
fro
m A
qu
ac
ult
ure
En
vir
on
men
tal Im
pact
fro
m A
qu
ac
ult
ure
Scale
of
op
era
tio
nS
cale
of
op
era
tio
nS
mall
Sm
all
Larg
eL
arg
e
Hig
hH
igh
Lo
wL
ow
Scales of impact Scales of impact
Level
of
feed
in
pu
tL
evel
of
feed
in
pu
t
Lo
wL
ow
Hig
hH
igh
Exte
nsiv
e :
(p
rod
ucti
on
< 1
to
n/h
a/y
r)E
xte
nsiv
e :
(p
rod
ucti
on
< 1
to
n/h
a/y
r)
••L
ow
tech
no
log
y
Lo
w t
ech
no
log
y
••H
igh
dem
an
d f
or
man
gro
ve /
wetl
an
dH
igh
dem
an
d f
or
man
gro
ve /
wetl
an
d
Inte
nsiv
e :
(p
rod
ucti
on
5In
ten
siv
e :
(p
rod
ucti
on
5-- 1
0 t
on
/ha/y
r)1
0 t
on
/ha/y
r)
••H
igh
tech
no
log
y
Hig
h t
ech
no
log
y
••N
o d
em
an
d f
or
man
gro
ve /
wetl
an
dN
o d
em
an
d f
or
man
gro
ve /
wetl
an
d
Exte
nsiv
eE
xte
nsiv
e
Sem
iS
em
i --in
ten
siv
ein
ten
siv
e
Inte
nsiv
eIn
ten
siv
e
Aq
uacu
ltu
reA
qu
acu
ltu
re
•S
hri
mp f
arm
•F
ish c
ag
e
•F
ish p
on
d
Pro
duct
Good
Pra
ctices
Environm
ent
Socia
l/com
munity
Resp
on
sib
ilit
yR
esp
on
sib
ilit
y
Su
sta
ina
bilit
yS
usta
ina
bilit
y
Safe
tyS
afe
ty
Sco
pe o
f S
us
tain
ab
le
Aq
uacu
ltu
reS
co
pe o
f S
us
tain
ab
le
Aq
uacu
ltu
re
•bio
div
ers
ity
•h
abitats
•ecosyste
ms
eco
syste
m b
ased
eco
syste
m b
ased
man
ag
em
en
tm
an
ag
em
en
t
― 53 ―
Sil
vo
Sil
vo
--A
qu
acu
ltu
re :
Aq
ua
cu
ltu
re :
An
in
teg
rate
d a
qu
acu
ltu
re s
yste
m w
ith
man
gro
ve
An
in
teg
rate
d a
qu
acu
ltu
re s
yste
m w
ith
man
gro
ve
Larg
e S
cale
Man
ag
em
en
tL
arg
e S
cale
Man
ag
em
en
t(
)(
)
Ro
yal
Init
iati
ve D
em
on
str
ati
on
pro
ject
Ro
yal
Init
iati
ve D
em
on
str
ati
on
pro
ject
at
at
Ch
an
tab
uri
Ch
an
tab
uri
Easte
rn,T
hail
an
dE
aste
rn,T
hail
an
d
Sm
all
Sc
ale
S
mall
Sc
ale
sil
vo
sil
vo
-- aq
ua
cu
ltu
re p
on
d (
5 h
a)
aq
ua
cu
ltu
re p
on
d (
5 h
a)
at
at
Nako
rnsri
tham
ma
rat
Nako
rnsri
tham
ma
rat
So
uth
ern
. T
hail
an
dS
ou
thern
. T
hail
an
d
Kru
ng
kra
baen
Kru
ng
kra
baen
ba
y :
Befo
re t
he p
roje
ct
ba
y :
Befo
re t
he p
roje
ct
Cau
ses o
f
Cau
ses o
f
Man
gro
ve D
estr
ucti
on
Man
gro
ve D
estr
ucti
on
Hu
man
sett
lem
en
tH
um
an
sett
lem
en
tA
gri
cu
ltu
re c
on
vers
ion
Ag
ricu
ltu
re c
on
vers
ion
Co
ns
tru
cti
on
of
Sh
rim
p F
arm
Co
ns
tru
cti
on
of
Sh
rim
p F
arm
Bu
dg
et
of
nit
rog
en
lo
ad
ed
fro
m s
hri
mp
fa
rm
Bu
dg
et
of
nit
rog
en
lo
ad
ed
fro
m s
hri
mp
fa
rm
into
in
to K
un
gkra
baen
Ku
ng
kra
baen
Ba
yB
ay
[2.2
]
276.8
[2]
618.2
TD
N
1603
PO
N
425
[4]
1209.9
[5]
729.9
[7]
316.3
[8.3
]
19.7
[8.1
]
2262.2
[6]
470.5
[3.2
]
231.5
Ma
ng
rove
Sh
rim
p
po
nd[1
]
630.7
[2.1
]
341.4
[3]
2315.8
[3.1
]
2084.3
[8.2
]
537.5
[8]
2799.7
So
ng
san
gji
nd
a e
t al. (
2000)
Man
gro
ve
Ab
so
rpti
on
2%
Sed
imen
tati
on
= 2
1%
Re-s
usp
en
sio
n
3%
Net
Ou
tflo
w
74
%
Un
it:
Kg
N d
ay
-1
Pra
cti
ce
s W
ith
in 8
Ye
ars
of
Dem
on
str
ati
on
P
racti
ce
s W
ith
in 8
Ye
ars
of
Dem
on
str
ati
on
inle
tin
let
ou
tlet
ou
tlet
― 54 ―
Re
su
lts
Aft
er
8 Y
ears
of
Dem
on
str
ati
on
R
esu
lts
Aft
er
8 Y
ears
of
Dem
on
str
ati
on
K
un
gkra
baen
Ku
ng
kra
baen
Ba
y :
B
ay :
Be
co
min
g a
Stu
dy A
rea
fo
r B
eco
min
g a
Stu
dy A
rea
fo
r sil
vo
sil
vo
-- aq
uacu
ltu
re
aq
uacu
ltu
re
An
Eco
sys
tem
ba
sed
man
ag
em
en
t A
n E
co
sys
tem
ba
sed
man
ag
em
en
t
Sm
all
sca
le
Sm
all
sca
le S
ilvo
Sil
vo
--A
qu
acu
ltu
re D
emo
nst
ra
tio
n:
Aq
ua
cu
ltu
re D
emo
nst
ra
tio
n:
Mu
d c
ra
b,
Sh
rim
p,
Fis
h a
nd
Wo
od
Pro
du
cti
on
Mu
d c
ra
b,
Sh
rim
p,
Fis
h a
nd
Wo
od
Pro
du
cti
on
Pa
kN
ak
orn
Pa
kN
ak
orn
Na
ko
rn
srit
ha
mm
ara
tN
ak
orn
srit
ha
mm
ara
t
Shri
mp,
cra
b &
fish larv
ae
Juvenile
mud c
rab
Cra
b larv
ae
Mud
cra
b &
Shri
mp larv
ae
Hatc
hery
Bio
geochem
ical
Pro
cesses
Nutr
ients
& o
rganic
ma
tte
r
Ma
ng
rove
cre
ek
Se
dim
en
t
Wa
ter
co
lum
n
bio
geochem
ical pro
cesses
Mic
rob
es &
Zo
op
lan
kto
n
Ph
yto
pla
nkto
nM
an
gro
ve
upta
ke
Ben
thic
org
an
ism
& o
rgan
ic m
att
er
& lit
ter
fall
CO
2
upta
ke
gra
zin
g
gra
zin
g
feeding feeding
benth
ic r
ele
ase
sedim
ent
ation
death death
& feces & feces
uptake uptake
Cra
b
Fis
h
Sh
rim
p
re-m
inera
lization
& e
xcre
tion
Feedin
g &
gra
zin
g
excre
tion
leaves fall leaves fall
Ma
ng
rove
cre
ek
feedin
g
Con
cep
t in
Sm
all
Scale
C
on
cep
t in
Sm
all
Scale
Sil
vo
Sil
vo
-- Aq
uacu
ltu
re S
tud
yA
qu
acu
ltu
re S
tud
y
― 55 ―
So
me P
ictu
res
of
the S
ma
ll S
cale
S
om
e P
ictu
res
of
the S
ma
ll S
cale
Sil
vo
Sil
vo
-- Aq
uacu
ltu
re S
tud
yA
qu
acu
ltu
re S
tud
y
0
200
400
600
800
100
0
120
0
140
0 1 A
pr
05
31
May 0
53
0 J
ul 0
52
8 S
ep 0
52
7 N
ov 0
52
6 J
an
06
27
Mar
06
Date
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
Tota
l va
lue
Price
Nu
mber
of
cra
bP
rodu
ction
Number of Crab (ind.), Production (kg)
Total value (baht). Price (baht/kg)
Data
of
mu
d c
rab
(D
ata
of
mu
d c
rab
(S
cyll
a
Sc
yll
a s
err
ata
serr
ata
) h
arv
este
d f
rom
th
e
) h
arv
este
d f
rom
th
e s
ilvo
sil
vo
-- aq
ua
cu
ltu
re p
on
daq
ua
cu
ltu
re p
on
d
273 d
ays o
f cu
ltu
re273 d
ays o
f cu
ltu
re
SP
ON
SD
ON
ST
AN
SN
O2
SN
O3
DIN
& D
ON
PO
N
Phyto
pla
nkto
n
Cra
b
Shrim
p
Fis
h
Mang
rove
Dis
charg
e
4.3
Nitro
gen
up
take
0.3
3
Dis
charg
e
Sed
imen
t
Sedim
ent-
ation
128.9
N2,N
2O
0.3
16.2
28.3
139.5
215.2
Litte
r fa
ll
0.1F
eed
0.5
4W
ate
r
241.9
136.8
50.1
220.8
Re-
susp
ensio
n
178.0
Mic
rob
ial
loop
33.2
Nitro
gen
up
take
89.0
Hig
her
trop
hic
level 0
.2
Wate
r fille
d in
0.3
00.7
4
0.1
7
0 0.1
4
40.8
90.9
re-m
inera
lization
4.7
Un
it:
mg
/m2/d
Nit
rogen
Bu
dget
in S
mall
Sca
le
Nit
rogen
Bu
dget
in S
mall
Sca
le S
ilv
oS
ilv
o-- A
qu
acu
ltu
re D
em
on
stra
tio
nA
qu
acu
ltu
re D
em
on
stra
tio
n
So
ng
san
gjin
da
So
ng
san
gjin
da
, 20
07
, 20
07
Putt
hS
ong
sa
ng
jind
a
putt
hsj@
ya
ho
o.c
om
Co
asta
l A
qu
acu
ltu
re R
ese
arc
h I
nsti
tute
,
Dep
art
men
t o
f F
ish
eri
es,
Th
ail
an
d
EM
EC
S 2
00
8 C
on
fere
nc
e:
27-3
0 O
cto
be
r 20
08.
S
han
gh
ai,
Ch
ina
Silvo
Silvo
-- Aq
uac
ult
ure
: A
qu
ac
ult
ure
:
an
Eco
sys
tem
Based
Man
ag
em
en
t an
Eco
sys
tem
Based
Man
ag
em
en
t
for
Su
sta
ina
ble
Co
as
tal
Aq
uacu
ltu
re in
Th
aila
nd
for
Su
sta
ina
ble
Co
as
tal
Aq
uacu
ltu
re in
Th
aila
nd
Th
an
k y
ou
T
ha
nk y
ou
for
yo
ur
att
en
tio
nfo
r yo
ur
att
en
tio
n
― 56 ―
Resolving Oyster Conflicts in the Chesapeake Bay:
The Concept of Sato-Umi
Jack GREER Maryland Sea Grant College, University System of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740
USA
Since the nineteenth century the oyster fishery in the Chesapeake Bay has seen
intense periods of conflict. The fishery has evolved in three phases. The first phase
witnessed almost unrestricted harvesting of the Bay’s rich oyster reefs. The second
phase pitted regulators and the oyster police against oyster fishermen unaccustomed to
government control. A third phase established a complicated set of laws and restrictions
meant to prevent overharvesting of an abused resource. During this phase the two Bay
states of Maryland and Virginia took very different paths, the first favoring a common
resource approach, the latter favoring the leasing of private oyster grounds.
For much of the twentieth century the oyster fishery continued to operate under a
range of restrictions, many of which prevented the use of modern harvesting equipment
in an effort to control fishing pressure. Aquaculture, though advocated by some, failed
to develop to any significant degree. Then as the 1950s ended, oyster disease struck.
The oyster parasite Haplosporidium nelsoni, known at the time simply as
“multi-nucleated sphere unknown,” or MSX, devastated the Bay’s oyster grounds,
especially in Virginia’s more saline waters. Much of the Virginia oyster industry soon
collapsed.
Annual Baywide harvests
continued to hover around 3-4 million
bushels (see Figure 1), until the
mid-1980s. Then drought conditions
drove a salt wedge up the Chesapeake
estuary, allowing disease to spread
well into Maryland. Since that time
the Chesapeake oyster fishery has
struggled, with harvests only a small
fraction of even mid-twentieth century
catches.
The Chesapeake Bay oyster fishery is now poised to enter a fourth phase that relies on
aquaculture and careful management, but serious disagreements continue. Some are
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2006
V
M
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
1985 1990 2000 2006
Figure 1: Oyster Harvests in Virginia (V) and Maryland (M)
(in bushels). Source: NOAA Ches. Bay Office.
― 57 ―
calling for a complete moratorium on oyster harvests to allow the overfished and
disease-ridden native stocks to recover. Others, especially those in the seafood industry,
are calling for the introduction of a non-native oyster, Crassostrea ariakensis, to
supplement the failing native oyster. To date concerns over economically stressed
fishing communities have prevented a harvest moratorium, and worries over unexpected
impacts from a nonindigenous introduction have prevented the planting of a new oyster in
the Bay. Commissions and studies are now underway to attempt to address these issues.
Underlying conflicts over Bay oysters is a fundamental disagreement over the nature
and purpose of oyster reefs. Traditional watermen see the reefs as their livelihood.
Environmentalists see the reefs as natural habitat essential for restoring the ecological
health of the Chesapeake Bay.
The Chesapeake needs a new paradigm that will allow for the coexistence of
protected oyster reefs, managed oyster fishing grounds, and intensive aquaculture areas.
The concept of Sato-Umi provides such a paradigm. Intensive aquaculture areas would be
like forest monocultures planted explicitly for wood production. Protected reefs would be
analogous to protected forests in Japan, or Chinjyu-no-Mori, “where the gods live.”
Managed oyster grounds would be like managed forests, Sato-Yama, meant for human
use but still valued for their ecosystem services (e.g., filtering function). This approach
would go beyond “marine zoning,” since it would offer a philosophical underpinning,
with an emphasis on balanced use. Experiments would track to what degree protected
areas or managed (worked) areas provide the greatest biodiversity. Research to date
(e.g., Rodney and Paynter 2006) suggests that protected reefs will result in greater
biodiversity, since they provide valuable vertical structure in the water column.
References
Maryland Oyster Advisory Commission. 2007. Interim Report. Accessed April 1,
2008. http://www.dnr.state.md.us/fisheries/oysters/
Rodney, W.S. and K.T. Paynter. 2006. Comparisons of macrofaunal assemblages on
restored and non-restored oyster reefs in mesohaline regions of Chesapeake Bay in
Maryland. J. Exp. Mar. Biol Ecol. 335:39-51.
Wennersten J.R. 1981. The Oyster Wars of Chesapeake Bay. Centreville, MD:
Tidewater Publishers.
― 58 ―
Res
olv
ing
Oy
ster
Co
nfl
icts
in
R
eso
lvin
g O
yst
er C
on
flic
ts i
n
Ch
esa
pea
ke
Ba
y:
C
hes
ap
eak
e B
ay
:
Th
e C
on
cep
t o
f S
ato
Th
e C
on
cep
t o
f S
ato
-- Um
iU
mi
Jack
Gre
er
Mar
yla
nd S
ea G
rant
Univ
ersi
ty S
yst
em
of
Mar
yla
nd
gre
er@
md
sg.u
md
.ed
u
Sp
ecia
l T
han
ks
toS
pec
ial
Than
ks
to
Pro
fess
or
Pro
fess
or
Yan
agi
Yan
agi ,
au
tho
r of
, au
tho
r of
Sato
Sato
Um
i
Um
i
Th
e E
nvir
on
men
tal
Min
istr
y o
f Ja
pan
Th
e E
nvir
on
men
tal
Min
istr
y o
f Ja
pan
The
Inte
rnat
ional
EM
EC
S C
ente
rT
he
Inte
rnat
ional
EM
EC
S C
ente
r
And i
n m
emory
of
Pro
fess
or
And i
n m
emory
of
Pro
fess
or
Ben
gt
Ben
gt --
Ow
eO
we
Janss
on
Janss
on
(1931
(1931
-- 20
07
), w
ho b
elie
ved
in
20
07
), w
ho b
elie
ved
in
add
ress
ing
add
ress
ing ““
the
who
le
the
who
le s
yst
em,
syst
em, ””
wh
ich
w
hic
h
incl
udes
in
clu
des
the
eco
syst
em,
the
eco
no
my,
the
eco
syst
em,
the
eco
no
my,
and
and p
eop
lepeo
ple
’’ s l
ives
. s
lives
.
Map
of
Ch
esap
eak
e B
ay
― 59 ―
The
Ch
esap
eake
oy
ster
fis
her
y l
ies
at
The
Ch
esap
eake
oy
ster
fis
her
y l
ies
at
the
cente
r o
f a
lon
g t
radit
ion
and
a
the
cente
r o
f a
lon
g t
radit
ion
and
a
sen
se o
f pla
ce.
sen
se o
f pla
ce.
A w
ay o
f li
fe t
ied
to
the
nat
ura
l w
orl
d,
A w
ay o
f li
fe t
ied
to
the
nat
ura
l w
orl
d,
in a
wo
rld
wh
ere
this
is
incr
easi
ngly
rar
e.in
a w
orl
d w
her
e th
is i
s in
crea
singly
rar
e.
― 60 ―
But
bec
ause
they
are
tie
d t
o t
he
nat
ura
l B
ut
bec
ause
they
are
tie
d t
o t
he
nat
ura
l
wo
rld
, th
ese
oy
ster
fis
her
ies
dep
end
on
the
wo
rld
, th
ese
oy
ster
fis
her
ies
dep
end
on
the
hea
lth
of
the
eco
syst
em.
hea
lth
of
the
eco
syst
em.
Wat
erm
en t
hem
selv
es h
ave
bee
n
Wat
erm
en t
hem
selv
es h
ave
bee
n
call
ed a
n
call
ed a
n ““
end
ang
ered
sp
ecie
s.en
dan
ger
ed s
pec
ies.
””
A c
olo
rful
his
tory
, b
ut
in t
he
end a
lack
of
bal
ance
amo
ng
fish
ing,
stew
ard
ship
,
and
eco
logic
al
pre
serv
atio
n.
― 61 ―
•P
ubli
cgro
un
ds
in M
aryla
nd
= 2
00,0
00
acre
s/8
09 k
m2
(though o
ne
curr
ent
model
sugges
ts t
hat
via
ble
oyst
er h
abit
at h
as
dro
pp
ed b
y o
ver
hal
f si
nce
19
80
).
•P
rivat
ele
ases
in
Mar
yla
nd
= 9
,000
acre
s/3
6 k
m2
(bu
t h
ave
also
dro
pp
ed t
o
aro
un
d 7
,50
0 a
cres
/30 k
m2).
•In
Vir
gin
ia,
pri
vat
e le
ases
= 9
2,9
64
acre
s/3
76 k
m2.
Pu
bli
c v
ersu
s P
riv
ate
Pu
bli
c v
ersu
s P
riv
ate
Pri
vat
ely
Lea
sed
Oy
ster
Bott
om
in
Mar
yla
nd
Pub
lic
Oy
ster
Bott
om
in
Mar
yla
nd
At
the
sam
e ti
me:
Eco
log
ical
Dec
lin
e
Sec
chi
dis
k m
easu
rem
ents
, m
id-B
ay
1985
2008
― 62 ―
A m
ov
e to
war
d h
atch
erie
s an
d
rest
ora
tion
Oyst
ers
are
bei
ng
pla
nte
d i
n
ord
er t
o r
esto
re r
eefs
Cit
izen
s an
d s
cho
ols
are
als
o
Cit
izen
s an
d s
cho
ols
are
als
o
get
tin
g i
nv
olv
ed t
o h
elp
bri
ng
g
etti
ng
inv
olv
ed t
o h
elp
bri
ng
bac
k t
he
Bay
bac
k t
he
Bay
’’ s o
yst
ers.
s oyst
ers.
But
unle
ss i
n a
pro
tect
ed a
rea,
oyst
ers
But
unle
ss i
n a
pro
tect
ed a
rea,
oyst
ers
can
sti
ll b
e le
gal
ly h
arv
este
d
can
sti
ll b
e le
gal
ly h
arv
este
d ……
and
an
d
som
etim
es t
hey
may
be
tak
en e
ven
so
met
imes
th
ey m
ay b
e ta
ken
even
fro
m a
pro
tect
ed a
rea.
fro
m a
pro
tect
ed a
rea.
― 63 ―
Pro
tect
ed
Oy
ster
San
ctu
arie
s in
Mar
yla
nd
Pub
lic
Oy
ster
Bott
om
in
Mar
yla
nd
“One
cou
ld a
rgue
that
the
most
im
port
ant
role
for
the
oyst
er i
s
makin
g t
he
stru
cture
for
oth
er a
nim
als
to
sett
le o
n.”
—K
enned
y P
aynte
r,
U o
f M
D
Res
tore
d R
eefs
=R
esto
red
Ree
fs =
Hig
h B
iod
iver
sity
Hig
h B
iod
iver
sity
Bio
div
ersi
tyB
iod
iver
sity
: R
esto
red
oy
ster
ree
fs:
Res
tore
d o
yst
er r
eefs
Ver
sus
ad
jace
nt
non
Ver
sus
ad
jace
nt
non
-- res
tore
d a
rea
s re
sto
red
are
as
( rel
ati
ve
den
sity
)re
lati
ve
den
sity
)
••M
acro
fau
na
Mac
rofa
un
a an
an
ord
er o
f m
agn
itu
de
ord
er o
f m
agn
itu
de
hig
her
hig
her
••E
pif
auna
Epif
auna
mo
re t
han
m
ore
than
tw
ice
twic
eas
hig
has
hig
h
••S
essi
le
Ses
sile
mac
rofa
una
mac
rofa
una
two o
rder
s of
mag
nit
ude
two o
rder
s of
mag
nit
ude
hig
her
hig
her
Wil
liam
S.
Rod
ney
an
d K
enn
dey
T.
Pay
nte
r,
“Com
par
ison
s of
mac
rofa
un
al a
ssem
bla
ges
on
res
tore
d
and n
on
-res
tore
d o
yst
er r
eefs
in
mes
oh
alin
e re
gio
ns
of
Ch
esap
eak
e B
ay i
n M
aryla
nd
”
Jou
rnal
of
Exp
erim
enta
l M
ari
ne
Bio
log
y an
d E
colo
gy
― 64 ―
Ris
e o
f P
riv
ate
Aq
uac
ult
ure
In b
oth
Mar
yla
nd
an
d V
irg
inia
•G
row
th o
f co
mm
erci
al o
yst
er a
nd
clam
cu
ltu
re i
n t
he
Bay
•E
mer
gen
ce o
f p
riv
ate
entr
epre
neu
rs
•In
ten
siv
e, f
ast
gro
w-o
ut
in f
loat
s
•A
imin
g f
or
hig
h-e
nd m
ark
ets
Sat
elli
te V
iew
of
Pri
vat
e O
yst
er F
loat
Oper
atio
n
Pri
vat
e
Flo
atin
g
“Ree
f”in
Sai
nt
Tho
mas
Cre
ek,
Mar
yla
nd
Co
nfl
icts
•B
etw
een
ho
me
ow
ner
s, b
oat
ers,
an
d
aqu
acu
ltu
rist
s
•B
etw
een
tra
dit
ion
al o
yst
erm
en a
nd
env
iron
men
tali
sts
•B
etw
een
aquac
ult
uri
sts
and
trad
itio
nal
oy
ster
men
― 65 ―
We
Nee
d N
ew T
hin
kin
g
•In
th
e C
hes
apea
ke
Bay
we
hav
e la
cked
a se
nse
of
bal
ance
fro
m t
he
star
t.
•C
on
flic
tsh
ave
kep
t u
s at
odd
s, a
mong
the
pub
lic
fish
ery
, p
rivat
e aq
uac
ult
ure
and
eco
logic
al r
esto
rati
on
.
•W
e n
eed
a n
ew m
indse
t .
•T
he
inte
nsi
ve
fore
st =
aqu
acu
ltu
re
–H
igh
pro
du
ctiv
ity
•T
he
man
aged
fo
rest
= “
man
aged
rese
rves
,”sh
ell
pla
nti
ng
–P
rod
uct
ivit
y &
har
ves
t
•T
emp
le f
ore
st =
san
ctuar
y r
eefs
–“W
her
e th
e g
od
s li
ve”
Th
e C
on
cep
t o
f S
ato
Um
i
Imp
lica
tio
ns
for
Bio
div
ersi
ty
in t
he
Ch
esap
eak
e B
ay
•In
ten
siv
e aq
uac
ult
ure
= h
igh
pro
du
ctiv
ity
/so
me
bio
div
ersi
ty
•M
anag
ed r
eser
ves
= s
om
e
pro
du
ctiv
ity
/so
me
bio
div
ersi
ty
•P
rote
cted
san
ctu
arie
s =
no
(co
mm
erci
al)
pro
duct
ivit
y/h
igh
bio
div
ersi
ty
New
in
itia
tives
ju
st t
akin
g s
hap
e:
–B
lue
Rib
bo
n P
anel
in V
irg
inia
–O
yst
er A
dv
iso
ry C
om
mis
sio
n i
n
Mar
yla
nd
–A
n E
nv
iro
nm
enta
l Im
pac
t S
tate
men
t
by t
he
Fed
eral
go
ver
nm
ent
& t
he
stat
es
New
Pla
ns
on t
he
Ho
rizo
n
― 66 ―
New
Co
nsi
der
atio
ns
New
Co
nsi
der
atio
ns
••U
pdat
e o
ld r
egula
tion
s (m
any
of
Up
dat
e o
ld r
egula
tion
s (m
any
of
wh
ich
hin
der
ed a
quac
ult
ure
)w
hic
h h
inder
ed a
quac
ult
ure
)
••P
lace
new
em
phas
is o
n e
colo
gic
al
Pla
ce n
ew e
mphas
is o
n e
colo
gic
al
rest
ora
tion
.re
sto
rati
on
.
••B
alan
ce p
oss
ible
in
trod
uct
ion
s w
ith
B
alan
ce p
oss
ible
in
trod
uct
ion
s w
ith
po
tenti
al r
isk
(e.
g.
po
tenti
al r
isk
(e.
g.
Cra
sso
stre
a
Cra
sso
stre
a
ari
ake
nsi
sa
riake
nsi
s ))
Ev
eryo
ne
agre
es t
hat
we
nee
d b
ette
r an
d
toug
her
en
forc
emen
t, b
ut
–W
e nee
d a
ch
ange
in a
ttit
ud
e.
–W
e nee
d t
o m
ove
fro
m a
hab
it o
f an
tago
nis
m
tow
ard
a m
utu
al r
espec
t fo
r al
l
use
s o
f th
e o
yst
er (
inte
nsi
ve
cult
ure
,
man
aged
har
ves
t, a
nd
eco
logic
al
rest
ora
tion).
The
Conce
pt
of
Sat
o U
mi
What
Has
to C
han
ge
•W
e n
eed
a n
ew e
thic
that
res
pec
ts
bio
logic
al s
anct
uar
ies.
•T
hes
e m
ust
be
seen
as
“wh
ere
the
go
ds
liv
e,”
•O
r w
her
e G
od
’s c
reat
ion
is,
•O
r w
her
e N
atu
re d
wel
ls,
•O
r w
her
e b
iod
iver
sity
th
riv
es.
The
Conce
pt
of
Sat
o U
mi
What
Has
to C
han
ge
"Go
d i
s g
oin
g t
o m
ake
pro
vis
ions
. . .
the
Bay h
as a
lways
bee
n g
ener
ou
s.”
—D
eal
Isla
nd
wat
erm
an
― 67 ―
Sasi Laut: History and its role of marine coastal resource
management in Maluku archipelago
Jacobus W. MOSSE Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science University of Pattimura Ambon, Maluku
Indonesia
Indonesia is an archipelagic state within which Maluku province is one of the seven
archipelagic provinces and has been recognized for its abundant of marine resources
covering fish, mollusks, crustaceans, seaweeds and many others. These great diversities
are supported by the fact that Maluku province, situated in the Eastern part of Indonesia
has such vast sea area of 527,191km2 (90%) compared to land area which is only
54,185km2 (10%) of the overall size of 581,376km2. Historically, the resources
including various kinds reef fishes, small pelagic fishes, mollusks and seaweed have been
long exploited for the need of people throughout villages around Maluku. Along with
such activities there have been also a local knowledge practiced by the communities in
terms of regulating harvesting the resources. In principal, this knowledge has its
counterparts with those practicing in numbers of other coastal island communities
worldwide and in particular for the people of Maluku it is called Sasi Laut (marine
protection). Numbers of studies have been done however the exact time of its
implementation remains unclear although 1600 and 1921 has been indicated as the
earliest. Terminologically, Sasi does not just mean prohibit to take but also invitation to
solve problems of illegal practice. This community based management of the local
resources usage has been practice to close particular coastal areas inhabited by the
resources as well as close season within the year. Coastal areas that are closed include
estuarine, bays, lagoons and platform of coral reefs. Meanwhile the resources include
various kinds of reef fishes like Lutjanids, Lethrinids and Seranids, small pelagic species
involve Trisina baelama, mollusk like top shell (Throchus niloticus), green snail (Turbo
marmoratus) and seaweed (Eucheuma spinosum). Interestingly, yet the practice is merely
based upon the local community knowledge, closed season is also implemented
correspond with the areas for as long as 6 to 12 months periods. In numbers of coastal
villages around Maluku archipelago, Sasi remains as part of their traditional way of
managing their marine resources. Up to now this tradition has resulted not just social
coherent among the villagers but also economic benefit and biologically support the
sustainability of the resources. Despite its current practice, further study is critically
required to assess the trend and possibility of its integration with modern science based
knowledge on fisheries management. The reason is due to the fact that yet Sasi remains in
― 68 ―
place, biological characteristics of the resources begun to show significant changes. Up
until 1980, production of top shell harvest in the island of Dawelor (South West Maluku)
after Sasi was 7-8 ton per season. Currently however, the production has been dropped
significantly to only 1 to 1,5 ton per season. It is argued that this approach should be
adopted given the fact that local communities living closed by the resources. Thus by
empowering our local communities, sustainability usage of coastal resources can be
expected.
― 69 ―
SA
SI
LA
UT
: H
IST
OR
Y A
ND
IT
S R
OL
E O
F
MA
RN
E C
OA
ST
AL
RE
SO
UR
CE
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
IN
TH
E D
IST
RIC
T O
F
SO
UT
H W
ES
T M
AL
UK
U,
IND
ON
ES
IA
Jaco
bu
s W
.Moss
e a
nd
B
.G.H
utu
bes
sy
Dep
art
men
t of
Ma
rin
e R
esou
rce
Ma
na
gem
ent,
Facu
lty
of
Fis
her
ies
and
Mari
ne
Sci
ence
, U
niv
ersi
ty o
f P
att
imu
ra A
mbo
n, M
alu
ku I
nd
on
esia
Pre
sente
d a
t E
ME
CS
-8 C
onfe
rence
Shan
ghai
, C
hin
a O
ctob
er 2
8 –
31
20
08
.
WH
ER
E A
BO
UT
MA
LU
KU
PR
OV
INC
E I
N I
ND
ON
ES
IA
MA
LU
KU
AU
S
PN
G
MA
L
SQ
BR
MA
L
PH
ILL
IPIN
E
MO
LL
UC
AS
PR
OV
INC
E I
N
DE
TA
IL
Are
a :
581.3
76
km
2
Sea
: 527.1
91
km
2
Lan
d:
54
.185
km
2
Isla
nd
s :
527
Vil
lages
: 8
42
Coas
tal
vil
l. 8
5%
Pop
ula
tion :
1,5
mil
lion
So
uth
West
Dis
tric
t
TE
RM
INO
LO
GY
SA
SI
IS A
LO
CA
L L
AN
GU
AG
E M
EA
NS
: F
OR
BID
EN
1.P
RO
HIB
IT T
O T
AK
E T
HE
RE
SO
UR
CE
S
2.M
AN
AG
EM
EN
T C
ON
FL
ICT
(In
vit
atio
n t
o
reso
lve
mat
ter,
wit
hin
vil
lage)
LA
UT
IS I
ND
ON
ES
IAN
LA
NG
UA
NG
E (
BA
HA
SA
):
SE
A
SA
SI
LA
UT
: A
TR
AD
ITIO
NA
L C
ON
CE
PT
AN
D
ME
TH
OD
OF
TH
E V
ILL
AG
ER
S I
N M
AL
UK
U T
O
MA
NA
GE
MA
RIN
E C
OA
ST
AL
RE
SO
UR
CE
S
CO
VE
RIN
G:
Clo
sed a
rea
Clo
sed s
easo
n (
6 m
onth
s ~
3 y
ears
)
― 70 ―
FIS
HE
RIE
S R
ES
OU
RC
ES
MA
NA
GE
ME
NT
AN
D M
AR
INE
SA
SI
WIT
HIN
NA
TIO
NA
L
PE
RS
PE
CT
IVE
•
Fis
her
ies
reso
urc
es i
n I
nd
on
esia
has
its
ow
ner
(ad
a p
emil
ikn
ya)
; re
s co
mm
un
es
•C
on
sid
ered
as
stat
e p
rop
erty
(C
on
stit
uti
on
al A
ct,
19
45
) T
hu
s re
spon
sib
le f
or
man
agem
ent:
•M
anag
emen
t ac
cord
ing t
o t
he
dec
entr
aliz
atio
n
Law
No
.32
, 2
00
4 b
y:
•C
entr
al g
over
nm
ent
(EE
Z a
nd t
erri
tori
al s
ea >
12 m
iles
)
•P
rovin
cial
gover
nm
ent
(ter
rito
rial
sea
of
up t
o 1
2 m
iles
)
•D
istr
ict/
mu
nic
ipal
tow
n (
terr
itori
al s
ea u
p t
o 1
2 m
iles
)
FIS
HE
RIE
S R
ES
OU
RC
ES
A
ND
SA
SI
LA
UT
WIT
HIN
NA
TIO
NA
L P
ER
SP
EC
TIV
E(c
on
tin
ued
)
•C
erta
in r
egio
ns
wit
h s
tro
ng c
ust
om
ary l
aw (
HU
KU
M
AD
AT
) h
ave
terr
ito
rial
use
rig
ht
(hak
ula
yat
lau
t) a
nd
ind
igen
eous
righ
t (h
ak a
sli?
).
SA
SI
LA
UT
(M
AR
INE
SA
SI)
Co
un
terp
art
s :
»B
anu
an
d L
uli
n W
est
Tim
or
(Lan
d c
rop
s, S
ea c
ucu
mb
er,
insh
ore
re
ef f
ish
es)
»B
adu
, E
ast
Flo
res
(var
ieti
es o
f
estu
arin
e fi
sh)
»K
aman
de
(rab
itfi
shes
)R
abit
fish
es c
once
ntr
ated
in t
he
cod
end
of
the
set
net
(P
ho
to.
TN
C_
KF
O)
OB
JEC
TIV
ES
OF
MA
RIN
E S
AS
I
Mai
nta
in c
on
tinu
ity o
f tr
adit
ion
an
d c
ult
ure
Rel
atio
n
Coh
eren
t
Ach
iev
e b
ette
r q
uan
tity
an
d q
ual
ity o
f th
e
pro
du
cts
Pro
tect
ion
of
the
env
iro
nm
ent
Mai
nta
in e
con
om
ic g
ain
fo
r V
illa
ge
Fam
ily m
emb
ers
HIS
TO
RY
•T
IME
Dis
crep
anci
es o
f ti
me
rem
ain
Pre
sen
t do
cum
ents
sugg
est
that
16
00
was
ind
icat
ed a
s th
e ea
rlie
st (
Lo
ko
lo,
19
86
)
•S
AS
I W
ITH
IN D
IFF
ER
EN
T
TIM
E R
EG
IME
S
(of
fish
erie
s re
sourc
es)
IN M
AL
UK
U:
Tra
dit
ion
al (
Ad
at)
rreg
ime
Cen
tral
ized
re
gim
e
Au
tono
mo
us
reg
ime
― 71 ―
Ch
arac
teri
stic
s o
f th
e m
anag
emen
t an
d
sust
ain
abil
ity o
f fi
sher
ies
reso
urc
es
•T
rad
itio
nal
reg
ime
:•
Res
ou
rces
more
hea
lth
y
•B
ette
r en
vir
on
men
t
•L
ess
poll
uta
nt
to t
he
wat
ers
•L
ow
er f
ish
ing t
echn
olo
gy
•C
entr
aliz
ed r
egim
e•
Sig
nif
ican
t d
eplo
ym
ent
of
fis
hin
g e
ffort
s to
in
crea
se c
atch
•T
he
reso
urc
es d
rop
ped
sig
nif
ican
tly
•A
uto
no
mo
us
regim
e•
Rem
nan
t of
cen
tral
ized
man
agem
ent
rem
ain
(un
hea
lth
y r
esou
rces
)
•R
evit
aliz
atio
n o
f cu
stom
ary l
aw
(S
asi)
Tra
dit
ion
al
harv
est
of
Palo
lo w
orm
(E
un
ice
viri
dis
)
in B
ab
ar
an
d S
erm
ata
Isl
an
ds
(Doc.
de
Jon
g,
1991)
Tra
dit
ional
Cen
tral
ized
Reg
ion
al a
uto
nom
ou
s im
ple
men
ted
less
th
an 1
0 y
ears
Wil
l th
is b
e im
pro
ved
?
Per
cepti
on o
f th
e vil
lager
s on b
iolo
gic
al s
ust
ainab
ilit
y o
f
fish
erie
s re
sou
rces
un
der
dif
fere
nt
regim
es o
f au
thori
ty
syst
em
(R
edra
wn w
ith p
erm
issi
on f
rom
Pic
al, 2007)
Res
ourc
es
Lan
d r
esou
rces
Coas
tal
reso
urc
es
Rel
igio
us
lead
ers
(Ch
urc
h)
Vil
lag
e H
ead
Com
mon
Pro
per
ty
Soa
(Fam
ily
gro
up
pro
per
ty)
Vil
lag
e
pro
per
ty
SA
SI
IMP
LE
ME
NT
ED
Ind
ivid
ual
pro
per
ty
Fam
ily
gro
up
pro
per
ty
Vil
lag
e
pro
per
ty
Rel
igio
us
lead
ers
(Ch
urc
h)
Vil
lag
e H
ead
SA
SI
IMP
LE
ME
NT
ED
Res
tric
ted
pro
per
ty
Road
map
tow
ards
imple
men
ting S
asi
RE
SO
UR
CE
S U
ND
ER
SA
SI
Dep
end
on
the
avai
lab
ilit
y a
nd
char
acte
rist
ics
of
the
regio
n a
nd r
eso
urc
es :
Lan
d v
eget
atio
n, cr
ops
and v
aluab
le t
rees
(fo
r
hou
sin
g a
nd o
ther
purp
ose
s)
Coas
tal
area
s an
d o
rgan
ism
s
― 72 ―
TH
E R
ES
OU
RC
ES
(C
on
tin
ued
)
Lan
d v
eget
atio
n a
nd c
rops:
Fo
rest
, C
oco
nu
ts,
jack
fru
its,
bre
ad f
ruit
s, m
ango
es,
and
hig
h
qual
ity t
rees
for
tim
ber
Co
asta
l v
eget
atio
nan
d o
rgan
ism
s:
Man
gro
ves
Ree
fs a
reas
(K
now
n a
s S
asi
Meti
): N
O T
AK
E
ZO
NE
: f
ish,
moll
usk
s, s
eaw
eeds
and s
ea c
ucu
mber
s
Fis
h:
mai
n r
eef
spec
ies
as;
Gro
up
ers,
Snap
per
s,
Em
per
ors
, S
cari
ds,
Wra
sse,
Sig
anid
s an
d
Clu
pei
d (
Tri
sin
a b
ael
am
a)
Mo
llusk
s; t
op s
hel
l (T
roch
us
nil
oti
cus)
an
d
gre
en s
nai
l (T
urb
o m
arm
ora
tus)
Bay
s an
d m
ang
rov
es u
nd
er s
asi
Sym
bol
of
Sas
i w
ith y
oun
g
coco
nut
leaves
(K
issy
a, 1
993)
AN
OU
CE
ME
N!!
!
TH
IS P
RO
PE
RT
I H
AS
BE
EN
UN
DE
R S
AS
I, 2
8 O
CT
OB
ER
20
08
To
p s
hel
l (T
roch
us
nil
oti
cus)
and
Gre
en s
nai
l
(Turb
o m
arm
ora
tus)
Top s
hel
l
Gre
en s
nai
l
Ph
oto
, N
on
y U
nep
utt
y
Top s
hel
l
Fore
st D
ept.
Top
sh
ell
(Lola
) of
Noll
oth
Vil
lage
wit
h v
ari
etie
s
of
size
s h
arv
este
d a
fter
sasi
― 73 ―
Sas
i an
d c
oh
eren
t o
f co
mm
un
ity
Vil
lag
ers
area
gat
her
ing o
n t
he
coas
t on
the
day
of
lift
ing t
he
Sas
i =
Lu
lin
Hel
ped
by P
oli
cem
an f
or
ord
er,
a
man
con
trib
ute
s his
sh
are
to t
he
vil
lag
e h
ead
(2
5-5
0ce
nt
US
).
Tre
nd
of
sele
cted
fis
her
ies
com
mo
dit
ies
at s
elec
ted
sit
es a
fter
sas
i
•D
istr
ict
of
Cen
tral
Mal
uku (
Sa
pa
rua a
nd H
aru
ku I
sl.)
•S
mal
l p
elag
ic f
ish
(C
lup
eoid
ae,
Tri
sina
ba
ela
ma
), D
ecli
nin
g
•S
ea c
ucu
mb
er ;
Rel
ativ
ely s
tab
le
•G
reen
sn
ail
(Tu
rbo
marm
ora
tus)
; R
elat
ivel
y s
tab
le
•T
op
sh
ell
(T.n
ilo
ticu
s) ;
Flu
ctu
ate
•D
istr
ict
of
So
uth
Wes
t M
alu
ku
(B
abar,
Ser
mata
, L
ua
ng I
sl.)
oT
op
sh
ell
(Tro
chu
s nil
oti
cus)
; D
ecli
nin
g
oG
reen
sn
ail
(Tu
rbo
marm
ora
tus)
; D
ecli
nin
g
An
nu
al
pro
du
cti
on
of
top
sh
ell
(T
hro
ch
us
nil
oti
cu
s) a
nd
o
ther
co
mm
od
itie
s in
th
e i
sla
nd
of
Nu
saL
au
t, S
ap
aru
ais
lan
d C
en
tra
l
Mo
llu
ca
s(R
ed
raw
n w
ith
perm
issi
on
, P
ica
l, 2
008
)
Top s
hel
l (T
roch
us
nil
oti
cus)
har
ves
ted i
n N
olo
thvil
lage
of
Sap
arua
Isla
nd,
Cen
tral
Dis
tric
t of
Mal
uku
(red
raw
n w
ith
per
mis
sion f
rom
Unep
utt
y,
200
8)
1978
1980
1983
1988
1990 1
993
1995 1
998
2001 2
004
2007
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000 0
Production (kg)
Yea
r
― 74 ―
Annual
har
ves
t of
top s
hel
l (T
roch
us
nil
oti
cus)
and g
reen
snai
l (T
urb
o m
arm
ora
tus)
in B
abar
sub-d
istr
ict,
South
West
Dis
tric
t of
Mal
uku
(Pre
sent
stu
dy)
200
3
20
04
20
05
2
00
6
2
00
7
Yea
r
1200
1000
800
600
400
200 0
Production (kg)
14
,40
0U
S$
10
,80
0U
S$
8,1
00
US
$7
,200
US
$
3,6
00
US
$
2,5
00
US
$
3,5
00
US
$
3,8
50
US
$4
,000
US
$
5,0
00
US
$
T.m
arm
ora
tus
T.n
ilo
ticu
s
PO
SS
IBL
E C
AU
SE
S
OF
DE
CL
ININ
G
•E
xte
rnal
fac
tors
:
Pouch
ing
The
use
of
des
tru
ctiv
e fi
shin
g m
eth
ods
by o
uts
ider
s
(cyan
ide,
etc
.) t
o c
atch
fis
h a
ffec
tin
g t
hei
r h
abit
ats
Eco
nom
ic p
ress
ure
Ha
rves
t ea
rlie
r (<
2 y
ears
)
Incl
ude
wid
e ra
nge
of
size
s (l
arg
er a
nd
sm
all
er s
izes
)
Intr
odu
ctio
n o
f m
oder
n d
ivin
g g
ear
PO
SS
IBL
E C
AU
SE
S
OF
DE
CL
ININ
G (
Co
nti
nu
ed)
•In
tern
al f
acto
rs:
•H
um
an p
op
ula
tion i
ncr
ease
•L
ack
of
kn
ow
led
ge
on
th
e bio
logic
al a
spec
ts o
f th
e re
sou
rces
•In
con
sist
ency
poli
cy o
f th
e co
mm
un
ity l
ead
ers
tow
ard
s
har
ves
tin
g t
he
reso
urc
es
•B
iolo
gic
al f
acto
rs:
Har
ves
t w
ithin
rep
rod
uct
ive
seas
on (
Lik
e
Rab
itfi
shes
cas
e)
Siz
e li
mit
of
abou
t 6cm
of
bas
al
dia
met
er v
ery
oft
en v
iola
ted
Rec
ruit
men
t fa
ilure
Rab
itfi
shes
in f
ull
gonad
Ov
eral
l p
rod
uct
ion
of
top
sh
ell
in M
alu
ku
Per
iod 2
003 –
2005,
Poli
tica
l in
stab
ilit
y
Per
iod 2
006 –
2007,
Sta
ble
con
dit
ion
300
200
42
00
5
200
62
00
7
250
200
150
100
50 0
Production ( ton )
200
3
― 75 ―
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N
•M
arin
e S
asi
cou
ld b
e co
nsi
der
ed a
s a
go
od
co
nce
pt
and
mo
del
of
CB
M t
o m
anag
e co
asta
l an
d m
arin
e
reso
urc
es (
esp
ecia
lly l
ess
mo
bil
e o
rgan
ism
s,
seden
tary
)H
ave
pla
yed
a s
ignif
ican
t ro
le i
n i
mp
lem
enti
ng m
anag
emen
t
pri
nci
ple
s (
i.e.
com
pli
ance
to t
he
exis
tin
g w
ritt
en a
nd
un
wri
tten
rule
s)
Mai
nta
in t
he
conti
nu
ity o
f th
e ex
isti
ng r
esou
rces
to b
e h
arves
ted
Pro
tect
ion
an
d m
ainta
in g
ood
an
d h
ealt
hy h
abit
ats
•M
ain
tain
so
cial
an
d c
om
mu
nit
y c
om
pac
tnes
s •
Mai
nta
in t
he
exis
tin
g
cust
om
and
cu
ltu
re
(pote
nti
al c
on
flic
t
man
agem
ent)
•H
as i
ts s
tren
gth
Im
ple
men
t fu
nd
amen
tal
man
agem
ent
mod
el (
op
en a
nd
clo
sed
seas
on
s)
Concl
usi
on
(C
on
tin
ued
)
Th
e m
od
els
are
inte
rnal
ly f
orm
ula
ted
su
gges
tin
g:
Loca
l re
spon
sib
ilit
y a
nd p
oli
cin
g
on t
he
reso
urc
es
Th
e ro
le o
f tr
adit
ional
law
(ad
at)
, g
ain
ed i
ts m
om
entu
m v
ia n
ew
coas
tal
zon
e m
anag
emen
t la
w N
o.3
2 y
ear
20
08
Pla
y c
riti
cal
role
to
war
ds
esta
bli
shin
g c
o-m
anag
emen
t s
tru
ctu
re
Sas
i has
bee
n i
ngra
ined
as
par
t of
cult
ure
acr
oss
Mal
uk
u a
rchip
elag
o
•H
as i
ts w
eak
nes
s•
Lim
ited
in
logis
tica
l su
pp
ort
to o
ver
com
e off
end
ers
•L
ack
of
com
mu
nic
atio
n
faci
lity
to h
elp
en
han
ce i
nfo
rmat
ion
abou
t
the
char
acte
rist
ics
of
org
anis
ms
•U
nw
ritt
en d
ocu
men
ts
rais
e co
nce
rn th
at y
ou
ng g
ener
atio
n m
ay
forg
et t
he
con
cept
•U
nav
oid
able
th
reat
s (
exte
rnal
ly a
nd i
nte
rnal
ly)
Wh
at i
s n
ext
•R
evit
aliz
atio
n o
f sa
si i
s a
nee
d, m
ust
an
d
un
avo
idab
le
•R
eali
zati
on o
f th
e gover
nm
ent
resp
on
sibil
ity t
o
supp
ort
the
syst
em
and p
ract
ice
(New
law
of
coas
tal
zon
e m
anag
em
ent,
No
.32
Yea
r 2
00
8).
»D
evel
op
ing m
ore
so
lid
con
cept
of
co-m
anag
emen
t
»In
corp
ora
tin
g
new
kn
ow
led
ge
abou
t th
e re
sou
rces
»D
evel
op
ing a
more
att
ract
ive
ince
nti
ve
for
the
com
mu
nit
y t
o s
up
port
th
eir
soci
al a
nd
eco
nom
ic
req
uir
emen
ts
»E
stab
lish
a p
erm
anen
t c
oas
tal
and
mar
ine
con
serv
atio
n a
t vil
lage
lev
el (
kaw
asan
kon
serv
asi
laut
des
a)
»E
mp
ow
erm
ent
vil
lages
to r
edu
ce o
ffen
der
s
»E
stab
lish
ing c
atch
lim
it (
TA
C)
TH
AN
K Y
OU
― 76 ―
Managing eutrophication in megatidal estuaries in
North-Western Europe through Integrated Coastal Zone
Management (ICZM)
Jean-Paul Ducrotoy Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, the University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United
Kingdom.
Email: [email protected]
Coastal ecosystems, and estuaries in particular, are under strong influence of their
watershed. Estuaries are semi-enclosed basins receiving water directly from a riverine
basin. They are permanently connected to the sea whose waters are diluted by fresh water
drainage and run-off. Estuaries maintain exceptionally high levels of biological
productivity and play important ecological roles, including water purification, ‘exporting’
nutrients and organic materials to outside waters through tidal circulation; providing
habitats for a number of species. In megatidal estuaries, differential degrees of sediment
mobility have shown crucial effects on the zonation of the tidal flat macrofauna. Particle
fluxes to mid water depths in the adjacent sea are mainly controlled by fluvial discharge
and primary production. Fluvial discharge could be responsible for the higher lithogenic
flux during autumn and winter, while high primary production could play a key role in
generating biogenic particles during spring and summer. The benthic fauna responds to
changes in particulate fluxes of mineral and organic matter from the photic layer. In turn,
changes in the secondary production due to estuarine benthos have an impact on food
chains, in particular shellfish and fish.
The concept of Sato-Umi has recently been developed in Japan in response to
problems in managing eutrophic enclosed coastal seas such as the Seto Inland Sea. In
Europe, similar organic enrichment exists (in the Baltic Sea, North Sea estuaries and the
Mediterranean) and has led to the establishment of new legal instruments, notably
directives, emanating from the European Union. Meanwhile, a new school of thought has
emerged and proposed a new approach, known as Integrated Coastal Zone Management
(ICZM).
This paper aims at drawing a parallel between Sato-Umi and ICZM in Europe,
compare them and put differences and similarities into light. Based on case-studies, the
presentation will focus on cycling of nutrients in selected coastal areas: quantities of
chemicals which are loaded from the coast and how production (primary, secondary and
tertiary) is affected. Measures taken to resolve eutrophication problems in Europe will be
introduced and their effects analyzed in terms of biodiversity in relation to changed
production.
― 77 ―
EM
EC
S 8
In
tern
ati
on
al
Co
nfe
ren
ce
EM
EC
S 8
In
tern
ati
on
al
Co
nfe
ren
ce
Sh
an
gh
ai,
Octo
ber
27
Sh
an
gh
ai,
Octo
ber
27 ––
30,
20
08
30,
20
08
Jean
Jean
-- Pau
l D
ucro
toy
Pau
l D
ucro
toy
e-m
ail:
j-p
.duc@
wanadoo.fr
Rea
der
Em
eri
tus
The
Un
ive
rsity
of
Hull
OS
PA
R
Co
mm
issio
n,
20
08
:
Nu
trie
nt
Re
du
ctio
n
Sce
na
rio
s f
or
the
No
rth
Se
a
Availa
ble
an
nu
al lo
ads
of
TO
xN
(NO
3+
NO
2)
by c
oun
try.
Availa
ble
an
nu
al lo
ads
of
PO
4 b
y
countr
y.
An
nu
al
nit
rog
en
an
d p
ho
sp
ho
rus
flu
xe
s
wit
hin
th
e G
reate
r N
ort
h S
ea a
rea.
Sourc
e o
f data
sew
age a
nd r
iveri
ne
input data
: O
SP
AR
(1
998b);
atm
osph
eri
c input data
: O
SP
AR
(1998c)
estu
ari
ne inputs
calc
ula
ted a
ccord
ing to
Nix
on e
t al. (
1996)
Atlantic o
cean inputs
and s
edim
ent sto
rag
e:
Radach
and L
enh
art
(1995)
N-f
ixation: C
apone a
nd
Carp
ente
r (1
982)
Denitri
fication
valu
e:
Seitzi
nger
an
d G
iblin
(1996)
outp
ut calc
ula
tions t
o
Norw
egia
n T
rench a
nd
Baltic
Sea: budge
ting to
satisfy
ste
ady s
tate
conditio
ns (
inputs
=
outp
uts
)E
stu
ari
es r
em
ain
the m
ost
pro
ble
matic in
the G
reate
r N
ort
h S
ea r
eg
ion in r
ela
tio
n t
o
the e
xte
nsio
n o
f id
entifie
d p
roble
m a
reas
Eutr
oph
ication
in t
he
Nort
h
Sea
Num
be
r o
f p
rob
lem
a
rea
s (
PA
), p
ote
ntia
l p
rob
lem
are
as (
PP
A)
an
d n
on
-pro
ble
m a
rea
s
(NP
A)
ide
ntified
by e
ach
C
on
tracting
Pa
rty p
er
asse
ssed
wate
r ty
pe
in
the s
eco
nd
app
lica
tion
of
the C
om
pre
hen
siv
e
Pro
ced
ure
― 78 ―
16
CCPN
RR
Mm
RR
Mm
FR
RM
mF
CC
Si
Si
Si
NN
NIC
EP
16
CCPN
RR
Mm
RR
Mm
FR
RM
mF
CC
Si
Si
Si
PP
PIC
EP
: :
Ave
c :
ICE
P
: po
tent
iel
d'eu
trop
hisa
tion
côtiè
re
(kgC
/k
m²/
jour
)
CX
: con
cent
ratio
n en
X (
mg/
l)
FX
: flu
x d
e X
(k
g/k
m²/
jour
)
Mm
X=
m
asse
at
omiq
ue
de
l’élé
men
t X
(C
/N
/P
/Si
:
12/14
/31
/28
g/m
oles
)
RR
X=
rap
port
de
Red
field
pour
l’é
lém
ent
X (
C/N
/P
/Si
:
106/
16/1/
20 m
oles
)
X: N
=A
zote
glo
bal;
P=
Pho
spho
re tot
al; S
i=Sili
ce
Severa
l estu
ari
es a
nd c
oasta
l are
as in N
W
Euro
pe h
ave incre
ased n
itro
ge
n (
N)
and
phosph
oru
s (
P)
concentr
ations, ele
vate
d
concentr
ations o
f chlo
roph
yll
aand c
hang
es
in a
lgal com
munity c
om
positio
n a
nd
abun
dance
Ma
jor
Pro
ble
ms F
acin
g
Esstu
ari
es
in N
ort
h
We
ste
rn E
uro
pe
2 p
rim
ary
issu
es
incre
ase
d n
utr
ien
t lo
adin
g to
th
e e
stu
ary
, re
sultin
g in
wh
ole
sale
d
eclin
e in
estu
arine
he
alth
fr
om
sh
ifting
la
nd
-use
ba
cte
rial con
tam
ina
tion
re
sultin
g in
she
llfis
h b
ed
clo
su
reS
am
plin
gb
y S
ein
e A
val
Gro
up in t
he
Inte
rest
of
the
Pub
lic
Eutr
ophic
ation
manifesta
tions in e
stu
aries
Org
anic
en
richm
en
t exis
ts
(in
th
e B
altic
Sea
, N
ort
h S
ea
e
stu
arie
s)
Incre
ased
inp
uts
of
nu
trie
nts
to
estu
arie
s c
an
le
ad
to
u
nd
esira
ble
eff
ects
a
ssocia
ted
with
e
utr
op
hic
ation
, in
clu
din
g
alg
al blo
om
s, ch
an
ge
s in
sp
ecie
s c
om
po
sitio
n a
nd
b
ottom
an
oxia
Cockle
kill
s
Baie
de S
om
me
Fra
nce
Assim
ilative
ca
pa
city
An
tho
po
gen
ic d
isc
ha
rge
s
Na
tura
l in
pu
ts
co
sts
Bio
log
ical
mo
nit
ori
ng
Ecosys
tem
effects
:
invert
ebra
tes, fis
h,
birds
resourc
e
valu
e
Assim
ilative
capacity o
f
ecosyste
m
co
sts
an
aly
sis
― 79 ―
Wate
rsh
ed
N L
oad
ing
to
Estu
ary
Wate
rsh
ed
N L
oad
to
estu
ary
=
N S
ou
rce
s -
N S
ink
s
+ N
Sto
rag
e
So
urc
es:
waste
wate
r,
fert
ilizers
, a
gri
culture
, im
perm
ea
ble
surf
aces,
etc
.
Sin
ks:
denitri
ficatio
nw
ithin
w
etla
nd
s,
aq
uifer
tra
nsport
, surf
ace w
ate
r e
cosyste
ms,
well
with
dra
wals
Sto
rag
e:
sorp
tion
, aq
uifer
transp
ort
, bio
mass
accum
ula
tion
, e
tc.
The
Sein
e e
stu
ary
, F
rance
A s
tra
teg
y fo
r re
sto
ratio
n:
Nitro
ge
n M
an
agem
en
t O
ptio
ns
for
Estu
ari
es
Nitro
ge
n s
ourc
e r
ed
uctio
ns
Fert
ilizer
ed
ucation
Hydro
dyn
am
ic o
ptio
ns
Tid
al flushin
g/c
ircula
tio
n e
nh
ancem
ent
& m
ana
gem
ent
•A
naly
se
hab
itats
fra
gm
en
tati
on
in
th
e e
stu
ary
•C
om
pile
in
form
ati
on
on
his
tori
c c
ha
ng
es
Natu
ral a
tte
nu
ation
optio
ns
Nitro
ge
n s
ourc
e location
to
maxim
ize n
atu
ral att
en
uatio
n
Wetland/r
ipari
an z
one
resto
ration
to incre
ase
att
enu
atio
n
Po
nd r
esto
ratio
n t
o c
reate
zo
nes o
f natu
ral att
enu
atio
n•
Evalu
ate
th
e lo
ca
tio
n o
f p
ote
nti
al aq
uati
c r
esto
rati
on
sit
es
rela
tive t
o a
bilit
y t
o in
terc
ep
t w
ate
rsh
ed
N s
ou
rces
•E
valu
ate
po
ten
tial so
urc
e r
elo
cati
on
Use o
f w
etlands/p
ond/r
iver
resto
ration
to
To e
nh
ance n
atu
ral nitro
gen r
em
oval
pro
cesses f
or
resto
ring n
itro
ge
n
impaired e
stu
aries.
Result in
Low
er
costs
for
wate
rsh
ed n
itro
gen
managem
ent
Impetu
s f
or
environm
enta
l re
sto
ration
The
Ca
me
l
Estu
ary
, U
K
Main
facto
rsaff
ecting
the
hyp
orh
eic
zo
ne
Wid
tha
nd
de
pth
of
river
bed
Riv
er
flo
w
Se
dim
en
ts: p
oro
sity,
vo
lum
es…
Use
ofm
ode
ls
Late
ral
Chan
nel
Pri
ncip
al
Ch
an
nel
Isla
nd
s
Land
fill
Hyp
orh
eic
Zo
ne
Cre
ek
Lim
it o
f fl
oo
d
pla
in
Sp
ring
Tem
po
rary
po
nd
Overf
low
Ch
an
nel
Wat
erm
eado
w
Tri
bu
tary
Co
nne
ctivity b
etw
ee
n r
ive
r an
d f
lood
pla
in
― 80 ―
Experim
enta
l
sites
Develo
pin
g s
cie
ntific k
now
ledge (
field
experim
ents
and s
urv
eys, m
odelli
ng
…)
on h
ydro
dynam
ics,
sedim
ento
log
yet bio
cen
otics,…
Acquirin
g technic
al skill
s (
ecolo
gic
al engin
eeri
ng
) R
evie
w o
f availa
ble
tec
hn
olo
gie
sLaunch
full s
cale
pilo
tsadapte
d to local
conditio
ns u
sin
g n
ew
pro
tocols
The
Sein
e e
stu
ary
,
Fra
nce
ICZ
Min
Euro
pe
New
legal in
str
um
ents
,
nota
bly
dir
ectives,
em
anating fro
m the
Euro
pean U
nio
n.
A n
ew
school of th
ought
and a
new
appro
ach,
know
n a
s I
nte
gra
ted
Co
asta
l Z
on
e
Man
ag
em
en
t (I
CZ
M).
The
Som
me e
stu
ary
Sp
ecific
Eco
QO
sfo
r e
utr
oph
ica
tio
n, a
s
ag
reed
fo
r th
e N
ort
h S
ea
pilo
t p
roje
ct
a. W
inte
r D
IN a
nd
/or
DIP
sh
ou
ld r
em
ain
be
low
a ju
stifie
d s
alin
ity-
rela
ted
an
d/o
r a
rea
-sp
ecific
% d
evia
tio
n f
rom
ba
ckg
rou
nd
no
t e
xce
ed
ing
50
%;
b.
Ma
xim
um
an
d m
ea
n c
hlo
rop
hyll
aco
nce
ntr
atio
ns d
uri
ng
th
e
gro
win
g s
ea
so
n s
ho
uld
re
ma
in b
elo
w a
ju
stifie
d a
rea
-sp
ecific
%
de
via
tio
n f
rom
ba
ckg
rou
nd
no
t e
xce
ed
ing
50
%;
c. R
eg
ion
/are
a-s
pe
cific
ph
yto
pla
nkto
n e
utr
op
hic
atio
n in
dic
ato
r sp
ecie
s s
ho
uld
re
ma
in b
elo
w r
esp
ective
nu
isa
nce
an
d/o
r to
xic
e
leva
ted
le
ve
ls (
an
d t
he
re s
ho
uld
be
no
in
cre
ase
in
th
e d
ura
tio
no
f b
loo
ms);
d.
Oxyg
en
co
nce
ntr
atio
n,
de
cre
ase
d a
s a
n in
dir
ect e
ffe
ct
of
nu
trie
nt
en
rich
me
nt,
sh
ou
ld r
em
ain
ab
ove
are
asp
ecific
oxyg
en
a
sse
ssm
en
t le
ve
ls,
ran
gin
g f
rom
4-6
mg
oxyg
en
pe
r lit
re;
e. T
he
re s
ho
uld
be
no
kill
s in
be
nth
ic a
nim
al sp
ecie
s a
s a
re
su
lt
of
oxyg
en
de
ficie
ncy a
nd
/or
toxic
ph
yto
pla
nkto
n s
pe
cie
s.
Aim
of th
e W
ate
r F
ram
ew
ork
Directive (
WF
D)
For
surf
ace w
ate
rs the o
vera
ll aim
is that
Mem
ber
Sta
tes s
hould
achie
ve "
good
ecolo
gic
al and c
hem
ical sta
tus"
in a
ll
bodie
s o
f surf
ace w
ate
r by 2
015
Surf
ace w
ate
r m
eans inla
nd w
ate
rs (
e.g
.
rivers
, la
kes),
tra
nsitio
nal w
ate
rs (
e.g
.
estu
aries)
and c
oasta
l w
ate
rs (
up to 1
nautical m
ile fro
m b
aselin
e)
― 81 ―
Re
actin
g a
ga
inst
destr
uctive
de
ve
lop
me
nts
an
d…
Pro
mo
tin
g a
n e
co
log
ica
l p
ers
pe
ctive
1.
Acquire
and
com
pile
scie
ntific k
no
wle
dg
e o
n
bio
top
es
an
d t
heir
ecolo
gic
al p
ote
ntia
l
2.
Esta
blis
h e
co
logic
al re
fere
nces f
rom
his
tori
cal
kn
ow
led
ge
on e
stu
ari
ne
ha
bitats
3.
Calib
rate
pro
po
sed
pla
ns
for
resto
ration
and
pre
serv
ation
4.
Pro
pose a
vir
tual
imag
eof
the
possib
le f
utu
re
estu
ary
("u
topia
n p
ers
pective")
5.
Set
up
a r
esto
rati
on
str
ate
gy
to a
ttain
th
e a
bo
ve
6.
Prioritise
resto
ration
and
pre
serv
atio
n in
consid
era
tion
to
lo
cal
en
vir
on
me
nta
l fe
atu
res
an
d a
ho
listi
c a
pp
roach
the ecosytemicapproach
― 82 ―
Phytoremediation of organically enriched sediment –
evaluation by a numerical model
Tamiji YAMAMOTO 1*, Osamu KAWAGUCHI
2 & Ikue GOTO
1
1 Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima,
739-8528 Japan
* E-mail:[email protected]
2 Fisheries and Ocean Technology Center, Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research
Institute, Hatami, Ondo-cho, Kure, 737-1207 Japan
Evaluation of results from field experiments was made by a numerical model. The
field experiments were those to remediate shallow enriched sediment by replanting
mass-cultured benthic microalgae, Nitzschia sp. The observation results have already
reported elsewhere, in which organic content of the sediment was significantly decreased
and inorganic nutrient concentration was increased. However, the processes which may
have occurred in the surface sediment were not clear with only stock data. Then we tried
to evaluate how much amount of biophilic elements were cycled in the surface sediments.
The model constructed in the present study is consist of 9 compartments; dissolved
inorganic phosphorus (DIP), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP), particulate phosphorus
(PP), adsorped phosphorus (EP), benthic microalgal phosphorus (BMA), Nitzschia
phosphorus (Nsp), detritus feeder phosphorus (DEB), filter feeder phosphorus (FIB), and
dissolved oxygen (DO). A marked characteristic of the model is that the thickness of the
oxic layer of the surface sediment was variable depending on DO concentration in the
overlying water. The model outputs reproduced well the observed results with minimum
tunings. In comparison of phosphorus flow in the experimental site and control site, most
processes showed large values in the experimental site, indicating phosphorus cycle in the
sediments was enhanced by replanting BMA. Particularly, decomposition of PP and
release of DOP from the sediment to the overlying water were markedly enhanced.
Although DO production was obviously increased by photosynthesis of the replanted
BMA, DO flux to the overlying water did not increase due to consumption for
decomposition of PP in the sediment. To evaluate the superior points of replantation
method of mass-cultured BMA for remediation of organically enriched sediments, a
several sensitivity analyses were carried out. In one of them, same amount of PP was
inputted onto the sediment surface in the model, then compared the results to those of
replanted experimental site. In the results from the replanted experimental site, replanted
Nitzschia sp. was fed by benthic animals while such an enhancement of feeding activity
was not found in the PP addition. From these numerical calculations, it was concluded
that decrease of organic matter in the surface sediment by replantation of BMA was
explained by substantial enhancement of material cycle through food web.
― 83 ―
Adaptive cooperative management of tidal flat by citizens -
governments - researchers in the Yamaguchi Bay
Masahiko SEKINE 1*, Akihiko FUJII
1, Jyunko HAGIHARA
1, Sayumi
OZOE 2, Masao UKITA
3 & Hiroshi NAKANISHI
3
1 Graduate school of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai 2-16-1,
Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
* E-mail: [email protected]
2 Mikuniya Corporation, Sannou 2-9-3, Hakata-Ku, Fukuoka 812-0015, Japan
3 Emeritus Professor of Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Ube, Japan
In the Yamaguchi Bay, which is located at the mouth of
the Fushino River, fishery resources have been decreased
quickly. The local government established a “committee of
developing a healthy river basin” in 2002, and selected the
basin of the Fishino River as a model field. In 2003, the
natural environmental restoration law has been established.
Based on this law, a “council of the river mouse and tidal flat
restoration in the Fishino River” has been launched in 2004.
The members of the council were consisted of thirty
individuals and citizen groups, eighteen local and national
governmental organizations, and nine researchers.
There are a lot of living organisms which should be
conserved in the bay, which include short-necked clam, eel
grass, houseshoe crab, waterfowls, etc. Among them,
short-necked clam and eel grass were in the most serious
situation. In the past, there were 700 ha eel grass bed in this
area, which decreased down to 32 ha in 2002. The council
members have planted young plant of eel grass, and the eel
grass bed has increased to 153 ha in 2005. Our researches of
finding the suitable habitat for eel grass would have helped
the activity.
About short-necked clam, the situation was more
complicated. Fishery catch of short-necked clam was 653 ton in 1975, which is sharply
down to zero ton in 1991. Although there are a lot of possible reasons for this problem: 1.
High mud content on the bottom sediment, 2. Low nutrient in the water, 3. Toxic
substances in the water, 4. Over fishing, 5. Predation, etc., we could not reach a concrete
conclusion about the cause. The council needed to start from possible countermeasures
together with monitoring and researches. Since the clearest change of the environment
― 84 ―
was rise of mud content, the local government conducted sand covering works at first.
The council members also conducted tidal flat cultivation at the place where the sand
became hard. Low nutrient, toxic substances and predation were left unknown. We
conducted researches to know the effects of these unchecked factors. Our research
revealed that predation had a huge influence on short-necked clam biomass, and
protecting by nets is essential in this bay. We also showed the appropriate location of
spawning based on current simulations.
Recently the council has set up protecting nets at some places in the bay based on our
proposal. We will continue this cooperative activity until we successfully restore this area
in the near future.
― 85 ―
Ad
ap
tiv
e co
op
era
tiv
e m
an
ag
emen
t
of
tid
al
fla
t b
y
citi
zen
s -
gover
nm
ents
-re
search
ers
in t
he
Ya
ma
gu
chi
Bay
Ya
magu
ch
i U
niversity
Dep
artm
en
t o
f C
ivil a
nd
En
viron
men
tal E
ngin
eerin
g
Masah
iko S
EK
IN
E
Val
uab
le W
etla
nd 5
00 i
n J
apan
Tid
al l
and a
ppro
x.350ha
Hors
esh
oe
crab
(C
R+
EN
)
Lots
of
mig
rato
ry b
irds
Th
e Y
am
ag
uch
i B
ay
1k
m
Fish Catch in the Yamaguchi Bay
Fis
h
Man
ila C
lam
Oth
ers
Divin
g
Pick
ing s
hell
Fixed
net
Gill n
et
West f
ish
ery c
o-op
.
Ea
st f
ish
ery c
o-op
.
19
75
19
80
19
85
1
99
0
1
99
5
2
00
0
19
72
197
5
1
98
0
1
98
5
1
99
0
19
95
20
00
PR
OB
LE
MS
― 86 ―
Fra
mew
ork
of
the
Yam
agu
chi
Bay
res
tora
tion
•N
atu
ral
En
vir
on
men
tal
Res
tora
tio
n L
aw(2
00
3)
•“
Co
un
cil
of
the
rive
r m
ou
se a
nd
tid
al
flat
rest
ora
tion
in
th
e F
ush
ino R
iver
”(2
004
)
Co
op
erat
ive
cou
nci
l o
f
citi
zen
s -
gov
ern
men
ts –
rese
arch
ers
15
in
d.
an
d
18
grou
ps
15
local a
nd
na
tion
al
govern
men
tal o
rg.
9 r
esearch
ers
Tw
o r
esto
rati
on
ta
rget
sp
ecie
s
Man
ila
cla
mE
elg
rass
195
3
Man
ila c
lam
distribu
tion
(1977 S
ep
.)
0
~5
0in
d/m
3
50
~10
0
10
0~
500
50
0~
1,0
00
over
1,0
00
200
4
Tw
o r
esto
rati
on
ta
rget
sp
ecie
s
Man
ila
cla
mE
elg
rass
195
3
Man
ila c
lam
distribu
tion
(1977 S
ep
.)
0
~5
0in
d/m
3
50
~10
0
10
0~
500
50
0~
1,0
00
over
1,0
00
200
4
Bu
t…
We d
id
n’t
kn
ow
th
e
cau
se w
hy t
hey h
ad
decreased
.
We n
eed
ed
to s
tart
som
eth
in
g, bu
t i
t
migh
t n
ot b
e a
n
op
tim
um
solu
tion
.
An
“a
da
ptive
man
agem
en
t”
was
req
uired
.
Com
pre
hen
sive
Pro
cedure
for
Nat
ure
Res
tora
tion
ba
sed
on
scien
tific
kn
ow
led
ge
ad
ap
tive
ma
na
gem
en
t
un
dersta
nd
cu
rren
t
situ
ation
pu
rp
ose s
ettin
g
plan
nin
g/d
esign
in
g
con
stru
ction
/execu
tion
ma
na
gem
en
t /
main
ten
an
ce
mon
itorin
g
decisio
n m
ak
ers
stak
eh
old
ers
in
terested
parties
Sp
ecialis
ts
pa
rticip
ation
of
va
riou
s g
rou
ps
Cle
arl
y v
isib
le c
ha
ng
e
•M
ud c
onte
nt
has
incr
ease
d.
•C
over
ed b
y o
yst
er s
hel
l.
•S
and h
as b
ecam
e har
d a
nd
low
org
anic
mat
ter
incl
uded
.
•V
ery f
ew f
loat
ing l
arva
Oth
er s
usp
ecte
d c
au
ses
•L
ow
nutr
ient
in t
he
wat
er
cause
d b
y s
ew
age
trea
tmen
t.
•T
oxic
subst
ance
s in
the
wat
er f
rom
in
du
stri
al
was
tes.
•O
ver
fis
hin
g.
•P
redat
ion.
Wh
y t
he
pro
ble
ms
ha
d h
ap
pen
ed?
― 87 ―
Ad
ap
tiv
e c
oo
pera
tiv
e m
an
ag
emen
t
Eelgrass p
lan
tin
g
Mu
d p
low
in
g
Cit
izen
es a
nd
go
ver
nm
ents
st
arte
d c
ou
nte
r m
easu
res
they
co
uld
…
San
d c
overin
g
Res
earc
her
s st
arte
d
rese
arch
es o
n
dec
idin
g t
he
esse
nti
al c
ause
of
the
dec
reas
e
and
th
e
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
the
cou
nte
r
mea
sure
s
Res
ult
s o
f th
e co
unte
r m
easu
res
by t
he
loca
l g
ov
ern
men
t an
d c
itiz
ens
Man
ila
clam
juven
ile
den
sity
ch
ange
(200
6)
AM
JJ
AS
ON
DJ
FM
(ind./)
0510
15
20
25
30
Mix
ing
Mix
ing
and g
ravel
cover
Gra
vel
Con
trol
Species composition (%)
Oct
ob
er 2
00
6O
th
ers
Arth
op
od
s
An
nelid
a
Mollu
sk
Mix
ing
and s
and
cover
Oys
ter
shel
l
gri
ndin
g
Oys
ter
shel
l
gri
ndin
g
and g
ravel
cover
Oys
ter
shel
l
gri
ndin
g
and s
and
cover
Con
trol
Res
ult
s o
f th
e co
unte
r m
easu
res
by t
he
loca
l g
ov
ern
men
t an
d c
itiz
ens
Man
ila
clam
juven
ile
den
sity
ch
ange
(200
6)
AM
JJ
AS
ON
DJ
FM
(ind./)
0510
15
20
25
30
Mix
ing
Mix
ing
and g
ravel
cover
Gra
vel
Con
trol
Species composition (%)
Oct
ob
er 2
00
6O
th
ers
Arth
op
od
s
An
nelid
a
Mollu
sk
Mix
ing
and s
and
cover
Oys
ter
shel
l
gri
ndin
g
Oys
ter
shel
l
gri
ndin
g
and g
ravel
cover
Oys
ter
shel
l
gri
ndin
g
and s
and
cover
Con
trol
FIN
DIN
GS
/ R
EC
OM
ME
ND
AT
IO
N
Th
e c
ou
nter m
easu
res s
how
ed
som
ew
hat g
ood
effects f
or
man
ila c
lam
ju
ven
ile a
nd
/or b
iod
iversity.
How
ever t
hey d
id
n’t
directly r
esu
lt i
n t
he i
ncrease o
f t
he
ad
ult m
an
ila c
lam
.
AC
TIO
N
Con
tin
ued
th
e c
ou
nter m
ea
su
res a
nd
mon
itorin
g, an
d a
lso
waited
th
e r
esu
lt o
f r
esearch
es.
RE
SU
LT
(w
ill b
e d
iscu
ssed
la
ter.)
Res
earc
h 1
Eel
gra
ssh
ab
ita
tev
alu
ati
on
(20
04
)
Pre
dic
ted e
elgra
ss d
istr
ibuti
on
wit
hout
wave
effe
ct
Pre
dic
ted e
elgra
ss d
istr
ibuti
on
wit
h w
ave
effe
ct
Sed
imen
t
med
ian
dia
met
er
CO
DB
ott
om
slo
pe
Ign
itio
n l
oss
Dep
thM
ud
conte
nt
Velo
city
Sh
ields
nu
mber
― 88 ―
Res
earc
h 1
Eel
gra
ssh
ab
ita
tev
alu
ati
on
(20
04
)
Pre
dic
ted e
elgra
ss d
istr
ibuti
on
wit
hout
wave
effe
ct
Pre
dic
ted e
elgra
ss d
istr
ibuti
on
wit
h w
ave
effe
ct
Sed
imen
t
med
ian
dia
met
er
CO
DB
ott
om
slo
pe
Ign
itio
n l
oss
Dep
thM
ud
conte
nt
Velo
city
Sh
ields
nu
mber
RE
CO
MM
EN
DA
TIO
N
Eelgrass h
abita
t c
an
be e
xten
ded
tow
ard
north
.
How
ever, w
hen
a b
ig t
yp
hoon
hits, it c
an
be d
estroyed
.
AC
TIO
N
Local g
overn
men
t c
hose a
wave t
olerab
le p
lan
tin
g m
eth
od
su
ch
as f
abric s
heet w
ith
seed
s.
RE
SU
LT
Eelgrass b
ed
is s
pread
in
g t
ow
ard
north
.
Govern
men
t e
valu
ated
th
at t
he r
estoration
is s
uccess.
(It i
s a
lso t
ru
e t
ha
t b
ig t
yp
hoon
s h
ave n
ot h
it u
s d
urin
g
recen
t t
hree y
ears.
Con
tin
uou
s m
on
itorin
g i
s n
eed
ed
.)
Init
ial
loca
tio
n o
f a
par
ticl
e
Cal
cula
ted
lo
cati
on
aft
er 2
wee
ks
Res
earc
h 2
Fin
din
g
ap
pro
pria
te
loca
tio
n f
or
clam
spaw
nin
g b
ed
Init
ial
loca
tio
n o
f a
par
ticl
e
Cal
cula
ted
lo
cati
on
aft
er 2
wee
ks
Res
earc
h 2
Fin
din
g
ap
pro
pria
te
loca
tio
n f
or
spaw
nin
g b
ed
FIN
DIN
GS
/ R
EC
OM
ME
ND
AT
IO
N f
rom
research
2
If w
e c
an
bu
ild
a s
paw
nin
g b
ed
at t
he c
en
tral t
id
elan
d,
larva w
ill b
e s
up
plied
to t
he c
en
tral a
nd
western
tid
elan
d
in
th
e b
ay.
Eastern
tid
elan
d i
s i
solated
. Its o
wn
sp
aw
nin
g b
ed
will b
e
need
ed
.
AC
TIO
N
(w
ill b
e d
iscu
ssed
la
ter.)
RE
SU
LT
(w
ill b
e d
iscu
ssed
la
ter.)
Res
earc
h 3
Exam
inin
g o
ther
rea
son
s of
exti
nct
ion
20
05
)
Wit
h n
et
pro
tect
ion
Quad
rate
set
ting
Survival ratio
Co
llect
in S
ept.
Wit
hou
t n
et
date
Wit
hout
net
pro
tect
ion
date
Wit
h n
etW
ith
net
Wit
h n
etC
oll
ect
in A
ug.
Co
llect
in J
uly
Co
unt
and r
efi
ll
Ever
y m
onth
Survival ratio We r
ele
ased
man
ila c
la
m a
du
lts a
nd
exa
min
ed
th
e s
urviva
l r
atio o
f t
hem
.
― 89 ―
Res
earc
h 3
Exam
inin
g o
ther
rea
son
s of
exti
nct
ion
20
05
)
Wit
h n
et
pro
tect
ion
Quad
rate
set
ting
Survival ratio
Co
llect
in S
ept.
Wit
hou
t n
et
date
Wit
hout
net
pro
tect
ion
date
Wit
h n
etW
ith
net
Wit
h n
etC
oll
ect
in A
ug.
Co
llect
in J
uly
Co
unt
and r
efi
ll
Ever
y m
onth
Survival ratio We r
ele
ased
man
ila c
la
m a
du
lts a
nd
exa
min
ed
th
e s
urviva
l r
atio o
f t
hem
.
FIN
DIN
GS
/ R
EC
OM
ME
ND
AT
IO
N f
rom
research
3
Wa
ter q
uali
ty s
eem
s O
K.
Pred
ation
an
d/o
r d
istu
rban
ce m
igh
t b
e t
he m
ajo
r
problem
.
AC
TIO
N
Sm
all t
est n
et (
2x8m
) w
as s
et a
t t
he e
astern
tid
elan
d
(20
06).
RE
SU
LT
Larger a
mou
nt o
f s
ettled
la
rva w
as o
bserved
.
Res
earc
h 4
Eff
ects
of
cou
nte
r m
easu
res
(2006
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
6/1
27/1
18/9
9/7
10/6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
6/1
27/1
18/9
9/7
10/6
Adult
clam
Juven
ile
clam
Survival ratio
Survival ratio
Con
trol
at t
he
sam
e
gro
un
d l
evel
Con
trol
at a
hig
her
gro
un
d l
evel
Mud
plo
win
g
Bam
boo p
ole
Res
earc
h 4
Eff
ects
of
cou
nte
r m
easu
res
(2006
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
6/1
27/1
18/9
9/7
10/6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
6/1
27/1
18/9
9/7
10/6
Adult
clam
Juven
ile
clam
Survival ratio
Survival ratio
Con
trol
at t
he
sam
e
gro
un
d l
evel
Con
trol
at a
hig
her
gro
un
d l
evel
Mud
plo
win
g
Bam
boo p
ole
FIN
DIN
GS
/ R
EC
OM
ME
ND
AT
IO
N f
rom
research
4
Existin
g c
ou
nter m
easu
res s
eem
som
ew
ha
t e
ffective f
or
su
rvival o
f l
arva. B
ut t
he t
otal e
ffects s
eem
sm
aller t
han
net c
overin
g.
AC
TIO
N f
rom
Research
2,
3,
4
Larger t
est n
ets (
10
x 1
0 m
) w
ere s
et t
o t
he c
en
tral a
nd
th
e e
astern
tid
elan
ds (
20
06
-2
00
7).
RE
SU
LT
Con
sid
era
bly l
arge a
mou
nt o
f m
an
ila c
la
m a
du
lts
(ap
prox.
80
0 i
nd
. /
m2) w
ere o
bserved
(2
008).
Pla
nkto
nic
larv
aJu
ven
ile1
Hat
ch
Dat
e
Juve
nil
e2A
du
lt
14
day
s3
51
day
s3
61
day
s1
0 h
rsP
red
atio
n
by R
ay
Fig
.5M
od
el
dia
gra
m t
o e
stim
ate
pre
dati
on
by R
ay
Pla
nkto
nic
larv
aJu
ven
ile1
Hat
ch
Dat
e
Juve
nil
e2A
du
lt
14
day
s3
51
day
s3
61
day
s1
0 h
rsP
red
atio
n
by R
ay
Fig
.5M
od
el
dia
gra
m t
o e
stim
ate
pre
dati
on
by R
ay
Cu
rren
tly
we
are
res
earc
hin
g…
Th
e re
aso
n w
hy t
he
mu
d c
on
ten
t h
ad
bec
om
e h
igh
er.
To
id
enti
fy t
he
pre
dat
or.
Th
e ec
osy
stem
mo
del
of
the
bay
.
― 90 ―
Wh
at
we
hav
e le
arn
ed f
rom
th
ese
exp
erie
nce
s
Sm
all
area
an
d s
mal
l g
rou
p a
llo
w u
s to
act
pro
mp
tly.
Qu
ick
nes
s is
mo
re i
mp
ort
ant
than
pre
cise
nes
s
in r
esea
rch
act
ivit
y.
Pla
inn
ess
is m
ore
im
po
rtan
t th
an d
etai
led
nes
s
in e
xpre
ssin
g t
he
rese
arch
res
ult
s.
Ho
w t
o f
eed
bac
k t
he
mer
it o
f th
e pro
ject
to
the
citi
zen
par
tici
pan
ts i
s a
qu
esti
on
we
nee
d
to s
olv
e in
th
e n
ear
futu
re.
― 91 ―
Seasonal retention and release of phosphorus in
Shinkawa-Kasugagawa Estuary, the western Japan
Kazuhiko ICHIMI 1* & Kuninao TADA
2
1 Marine Environment Research Station, Kagawa University, Kamano, Aji, Takamatsu,
Kagawa 761-0130, Japan
* E-mail: [email protected]
2 Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa 761-0795,
Japan
Estimation of mass balance of biophilic elements, such as nitrogen or phosphorus, is
very important to understand the dynamics of these materials in coastal ecosystems.
Phosphorus plays as one of the most effective material for the growth of primary
producer or the eutrophication including occurrence of noxious red tides in the coastal sea.
Phosphorus, discharged from a river, is varied in quality and quantity in estuary
ecosystem, and then flow out to the coastal sea. We carried out 10-12 hours surveys
during a high-low tidal cycle in May, August and November in 2006. Our objective is to
estimate the phosphorus balance in Shinkawa-Kasugagawa estuary and to demonstrate
the function of intertidal zone to coastal environment.
Hourly seawater samplings were conducted at boundary site between intertidal and
subtidal area to estimate the abundance of phosphorus which flowed into or flowed out
from intertidal zone. Collection of river water and measurement of flow rate of the river
were also carried out to estimate the abundance of discharged phosphorus from the river.
As a result, 40.9 kg of phosphorus (dissolved inorganic phosphorus + particle phosphorus)
were discharged into intertidal zone from Shinkawa-Kasugagawa River, and 23.6 kg of
phosphorus flowed out from intertidal zone to the sea in May. In August, 33.7 kg of
phosphorus were discharged from the river and 12.4 kg of phosphorus flowed out to the
sea. Therefore, 17.3 kg (42%) and 21.3 kg (63%) of discharged phosphorus from the river
could be considered to trap in intertidal zone in May and August, respectively. On the
contrary in November, only 2.6 kg of phosphorus were discharged from the river and 42.8
kg of phosphorus flowed out to the sea, showing 40.2 kg of phosphorus were released
from intertidal zone.
Our results indicate that considerable phosphorus discharged from the river are
trapped in intertidal zone during spring to summer, when various estuarine organisms are
active, and are released drastically to the sea during autumn to winter.
― 92 ―
Sh
inkaw
a-K
asu
gag
aw
a
Es
tua
ry
Se
aso
nal
Se
aso
nal
rete
nti
on
an
d r
ele
as
e o
f p
ho
sp
ho
rus in
re
ten
tio
n a
nd
rele
as
e o
f p
ho
sp
ho
rus in
Sh
ink
aw
aS
hin
kaw
a-- K
asu
gag
aw
aK
asu
gag
aw
aE
stu
ary
, th
e w
este
rn J
ap
an
Es
tuary
, th
e w
este
rn J
ap
an
Kazu
hik
o I
CH
IMI
&
Kazu
hik
o I
CH
IMI
& K
un
inao
Ku
nin
ao
TA
DA
TA
DA
Facu
lty o
f A
gri
cu
ltu
re,
Kag
aw
a U
niv
ers
ity,
JA
PA
N
Imp
ort
an
ce o
f T
idal
Fla
t &
Sea-g
rass B
ed
Ju
ven
ile r
ock f
ish
Go
ing
sh
ell
fish
Eg
gs
of
cu
ttle
fis
h
Qu
an
tita
tive
&
Qu
ali
tati
ve
Exch
an
ge
Th
e f
un
cti
on
of
inte
rtid
alzo
ne
<A
ug
ust>
1st
low
tid
e
2n
d l
ow
tid
e
hig
h t
ide
12 h
ou
rs
O’c
lock
May:
11
hours
August: 1
2hours
Novem
ber:
10
hours
― 93 ―
Stn
. b
Kasu
gag
aw
a
river
200
6M
ay (
spri
ng)
Au
g (
sum
mer)
Nov (
autu
mn)
Observ
ation
(1 h
inte
rval)
PO
4concentr
ation
PP
concentr
ation
Sh
inkaw
a
river
20 k
g10 k
g
10 k
gF
low
ou
t
10 k
g20 k
g
10 k
gS
up
ply
May
Au
gu
st
No
vem
ber
H
L
H
HL
L
L
LF
ig.
T
em
po
ral
vari
ati
on
s o
f P
O4
an
d
PP
at
Stn
. b
― 94 ―
Stn
. b
co
asta
l
sea
inte
rtid
alzo
ne
Sh
inkaw
a-
Kasu
gag
aw
a
Riv
er
Ma
y 7.7
9.3
PO
4-P
PP
20.0
20.9
PO
4-P
PP
Ph
osp
ho
rus b
ala
nc
e (
kg
/12 h
ou
rs)
15,0
00
m3/h
ou
r
TP
: 40.9
TP
: 17.0
12.3
11.6
PP
PO
4-P
TP
: 23.9
Stn
. b
co
asta
l
sea
inte
rtid
alzo
ne
Sh
inkaw
a-
Kasu
gag
aw
a
Riv
er
Au
gu
st
20.9
13.3
PO
4-P
PP
Ph
osp
ho
rus b
ala
nc
e (
kg
/12 h
ou
rs)
11,0
00
m3/h
ou
r
TP
: 34.0
TP
: 9.4
3.8
39.8
PP
PO
4-PTP
: 43.4
17.1
PO
4-P
PP
26.5
Ulv
asp.
(macro
alg
ae)
Be
nth
ic d
iato
ms
(mic
roalg
ae)
Prim
ary p
ro
du
ce
r
in in
te
rtid
alzo
ne
Pela
gic
dia
tom
(Chaeto
cero
ssp.)
2.5
µm
Fig
. A
nnual sta
ndin
g s
tock o
f U
lva
sp.
― 95 ―
Ulv
asp.
(macro
alg
ae)
Be
nth
ic d
iato
ms
(mic
roalg
ae)
Prim
ary p
ro
du
ce
r
in in
te
rtid
alzo
ne
Pela
gic
dia
tom
(Chaeto
cero
ssp.)
2.5
µm
10
10
div
isio
ns/d
ay !
!d
ivis
ion
s/d
ay !
!
Do
min
an
t b
ivalv
es
in
Sh
ink
aw
a-K
asu
gag
aw
aestu
ary
Ru
ditap
es
phili
ppin
aru
m
Musculis
tase
nho
usia
Stn
. b
co
asta
l
sea
inte
rtid
alzo
ne
Sh
inkaw
a-
Kasu
gag
aw
a
Riv
er
No
ve
mb
er
0.3
2.3
PO
4-P
PP
Ph
osp
ho
rus b
ala
nc
e (
kg
/12 h
ou
rs) 620
m3/h
ou
r
TP
: 2.6
TP
: 34.2
23.3
8.3
PP
PO
4-PTP
: 31.6
23.6
10.6
PO
4-P
PP
Ma
y
(sp
rin
g)
Au
g
(su
mm
er)
No
v
(au
tum
n)
Inpu
t fr
om
Riv
ers
Outp
ut to
co
asta
l se
a
17.1
-
26.5
=
-9
.4
23.6
+
10.6
=
34.2
PO
4-P
PP
PO
4-P
PP
48.4
-6.6
= 4
1.8
41.2
+
36.5
=
77.7
20.0
+
20.9
=
40.9
20.9
+
13.3
=
34.2
0.3
+
2.3
=
2
.6
7.7
+
9.3
=
17.0
Ph
osp
horu
s b
ala
nce
in
Shin
ka
wa-K
asu
ga
ga
wa
Estu
ary
(kg)
win
ter
near
0
20
30
78
62
72
Riv
er
input
Outp
ut
to s
ea
To
tal
― 96 ―
Con
clu
sio
n
(1)
Th
e a
nn
ua
l ab
un
dan
ce o
f p
ho
sp
ho
rus in
pu
t fr
om
riv
ers
an
d o
utp
ut
to c
oasta
l s
ea w
ere
alm
ost
bala
nc
ed
,
bu
t p
ho
sp
ho
rus
fo
rm f
low
ed
ou
t to
co
asta
l s
ea
wa
s
main
ly P
O4.
Th
is r
esu
lt s
ho
ws t
idal
flat
pla
ys
a r
ole
to
pu
rify
riv
er
an
d c
oa
sta
l w
ate
r. (
Min
era
lizati
on
)
(2)
Tid
al fl
at
reta
ined
ph
os
ph
oru
s b
riefl
y in
sp
rin
g –
su
mm
er,
an
d r
ele
as
ed
aft
er
au
tum
n. T
here
fore
, th
e a
bu
nd
an
ce
of
ph
osp
ho
rus
in
pu
t fr
om
riv
ers
an
d o
utp
ut
to c
oa
sta
l s
ea
were
bala
nced
, b
ut
did
no
t s
yn
ch
ron
ize
.
Con
clu
sio
n
(1)
Th
e a
nn
ua
l ab
un
dan
ce o
f p
ho
sp
ho
rus in
pu
t fr
om
riv
ers
an
d o
utp
ut
to c
oasta
l s
ea w
ere
alm
ost
bala
nc
ed
,
bu
t p
ho
sp
ho
rus
fo
rm f
low
ed
ou
t to
co
asta
l s
ea
wa
s
main
ly P
O4.
Th
is r
esu
lt s
ho
ws t
idal
flat
pla
ys
a r
ole
to
pu
rify
riv
er
an
d c
oa
sta
l w
ate
r. (
Min
era
lizati
on
)
(2)
Tid
al fl
at
reta
ined
ph
os
ph
oru
s b
riefl
y in
sp
rin
g –
su
mm
er,
an
d r
ele
as
ed
aft
er
au
tum
n. T
here
fore
, th
e a
bu
nd
an
ce
of
ph
osp
ho
rus
in
pu
t fr
om
riv
ers
an
d o
utp
ut
to c
oa
sta
l s
ea
were
bala
nced
, b
ut
did
no
t s
yn
ch
ron
ize
.
<A
ug
ust>
5 h
rs
O’c
lock
Flo
od t
ide
Ebb t
ide
7 h
rs
6 h
rs
Flo
od t
ide
Ebb t
ide
6 h
rs
+ a
ve
rag
e 1
hr
P+
ave
rag
e 1
hr
P
--ave
rag
e 1
hr
Pave
rag
e 1
hr
P
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
29
Ma
y1
1 A
ug
2 N
ov
TP (mg/g dw)F
ig.
P
hosphoru
s c
onte
nts
in the s
urf
ace s
edim
ent colle
cte
d
at centr
al part
of th
e tid
al flat
― 97 ―
10 k
m2
(1 m
de
pth
)
PO
40.2
5
M
224
0m
335
m
Sh
inkaw
a
Kasu
gag
aw
a
river
Stn
. b
Wate
r vo
lum
e a
t h
igh
tid
e
Wate
r depth
atd
ow
ns
tre
am
Wate
r depth
atu
ps
tre
am
Calc
ula
tion o
f w
ate
r volu
me (
Inflow
& O
utf
low
)
May
Au
gu
st
No
vem
ber
H
LHH
LL
L
LF
ig.
T
em
po
ral
vari
ati
on
s o
f w
ate
r
tem
pe
ratu
re a
nd
sa
lin
ity a
t
Stn
. b
― 98 ―
Isotopic evidence of seasonal variation in feeding niche of
riverine and brackish gastropods
Emily ANTONIO *, Masahiro UENO, Aki KASAI, Yoshiro KURIKAWA &
Yoh YAMASHITA
Maizuru Fisheries Research Station, Kyoto University, Nagahama, Maizuru, Kyoto
625-0086, Japan
* E-mail: [email protected]
Dynamics of organism’s feeding niche in response to environmental changes is of
fundamental importance for understanding determinants of community structures and
diversity. Feeding niche can be examined by stable isotope analysis. At a downstream
bank of Yura River, Kyoto, Japan, feeding habit of three common gastropods and their
possible food were studied using 13Carbon and 15Nitrogen stable isotopes. Anadromous
gastropod Clithon retropictus depended mostly on benthic microalgae and marine POM
as source of nutrition. It utilized about 65% benthic microalgae in spring and slightly
decreased to 62% in summer while marine POM in its diet increased from 25% in spring
to 30% in summer. Marine water enters Yura estuary and intrudes midstream from spring
to summer, making oceanic phytoplankton available as part of the diet of C. retropictus.
Cipangopaludina japonica and Semisulcospira libertina which are both freshwater
gastropods change diet from spring to summer. In spring, C. japonica consumed about
67% from organic matter of the sediment but shifts its diet to river POM (68%) in
summer. A wider food spectrum is consumed by S. libertina in spring; about 27% river
POM, 25% sediment POM, 24% estuary POM and 16% microalgae. In summer, it shifts
its diet to mostly river POM (71%).
To understand the dynamics of feeding niches of the three river gastropods, we
measured and analyzed stable Carbon isotope trends of the five possible food items in the
study site. Stable isotope 13C of microalgae had enriched greatly from spring to summer,
from -25‰ to -17‰ which indicated the presence of marine-origin epiphyton. The same
trend was observed in sediment POM which increased from -26‰ to -22‰. River POM
showed the opposite trend, 13C decreased from -24‰ to -27‰ from spring to summer
which indicated more influence of terrestrial-origin materials in the river freshwater
during summer. Marine and estuarine POM showed relatively constant 13C values in the
two seasons (-22‰ and -24‰ respectively).
C. retropictus utilized marine POM aside from benthic microalgae. Although
marine-origin materials are more available in summer due to marine water intrusion, C.
japonica and S. libertina still selected terrestrial-origin materials either from river POM or
sediment POM. Shift, expansion and overlapping of feeding niches were thought to be
responses to food availability, competition and water dynamics in the estuary. River
discharge and movement of marine water into the river may play an important role in the
temporal change of feeding niches of the gastropod populations. This has implication on
the diversity and management of river and estuary systems.
― 99 ―
Isoto
pic
Evid
en
ce o
f S
eason
al
Varia
tio
n i
n F
eed
ing
Nic
he o
f
Riv
erin
e a
nd
Brackis
h G
astr
op
od
s
Em
ily A
NT
ON
IO1,
Masa
hir
o U
EN
O1,
Akih
ide K
AS
AI2
, Y
oshiro K
UR
IKA
WA
2,
Yuka IS
HIH
I3,
His
ash
iY
OK
OY
AM
A3,
Yoh
YA
MA
SH
ITA
1
1 M
aiz
uru
Fis
heries R
esearc
h S
tation, K
yoto
Univ
ers
ity, M
aiz
uru
, K
yoto
, Japan
2 G
raduate
School of A
griculture
, K
yoto
Univ
ers
ity, K
yoto
, Japan
3 N
ational R
esearc
h Institu
te o
f A
quaculture
, F
isheries R
esearc
hA
gency, Is
e, M
ie, Japan
A C
ase in Y
ura
Riv
er,
Japan
He
y g
uys,
do y
ou
know
wh
ere
is t
he
sourc
e o
f th
e f
ood
we e
at?
lan
dsea
Wh
y G
astr
op
od
s ?
•str
ate
gic
positio
n in a
qu
atic f
ood c
hain
•good in
dic
ato
rs o
f pollu
tion
•lim
ited m
obili
ty
•abund
ant
•easy c
olle
ction
Riv
er-
Estu
ary
syste
ms a
re h
igh
ly p
rod
uctive
eco
syste
ms b
ut com
plic
ate
d to
stu
dy
•div
ers
e s
ou
rces o
f org
anic
mate
rials
(terr
estr
ial, m
arine a
nd a
nth
ropoge
nic
–ori
gin
)
•in
tera
ctions o
f bio
logic
al pro
cesses
•d
yn
am
ic a
bio
tic f
acto
rs
•com
ple
x h
yd
rod
yn
am
ics
― 100 ―
-30
-28
-26
-24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
12345678910
C3pla
nts
Marine
PO
MM
icro
alg
ae
11
12
13C
(‰
)
15N (‰)
CN
Map
1 (
‰)
for
13C
3 (
‰)
for
15N
Fra
ctionation –
Enrichm
ent
per
trophic
level
Incre
asin
g tro
phic
level
pro
duce
rs
1’co
nsum
ers
2’co
nsum
ers
3’co
nsum
ers
4’c
consum
ers
pro
ducers
Wh
ere
on
ea
rth
is Y
ura
Riv
er
?
Sea
5 k
m
Waka
sa B
ay
Yura
Riv
er
N
Sea o
f Tango
Stu
dy s
ite
Ob
jec
tive
s
a.
To iden
tify
fo
od
sou
rce
s o
f ga
str
opo
ds in
Yu
ra R
ive
r.
b.
To d
ete
rmin
e t
em
pora
l va
riation
in
iso
top
ic r
atio
s o
f ga
str
op
od
s.
c. T
o a
sse
ss th
e r
ela
tive
im
po
rtan
ce
of
po
ten
tia
l sou
rces o
f org
an
ic m
ate
ria
l a
s
sou
rces o
f e
ne
rgy a
mong
gastr
opod
spe
cie
s in a
riv
er-
estu
ary
syste
m
― 101 ―
* sto
nes (
mic
roalg
ae)
* w
ate
r (P
OM
)
* sedim
ent
* gastr
opods
Colle
ctio
n o
f :
Thre
e g
astr
opod s
pecie
s u
sed:
A.Cipangopaludinajaponica
(ota
nis
hi)
B.Semisulcospiralibertina
(kaw
anin
a)
C. Clithonretropictus
(ishim
akig
ai)
A
B
C
Se
aso
na
l 1
3C
tre
nd o
f po
ssib
le foo
d s
ourc
es
sedim
ent
Marine P
OM
Riv
erine P
OM
Chang
e in
13C
of
epili
thic
mic
roalg
ae m
ight be
due t
o s
pecie
s s
uccessio
n.
C3
pla
nts
(m
ean
13C
=
28 ‰
) la
rgely
constitu
te
Riv
eri
ne P
OM
in s
um
mer.
-rela
ted t
o h
igher
river
dis
charg
e in s
um
mer
Po
ssib
le fo
od
so
urc
es
ha
ve
dis
tin
ct
13C
sig
na
ture
s.
Mic
roalg
ae (
-19 t
o -
16 ‰
)
Marin
e P
OM
(-2
3 t
o -
22 ‰
)
Riv
erin
e P
OM
(-3
1 t
o -
24 ‰
)
Sedim
ent
(-27 t
o -
24‰
)
mic
roalg
ae
-33
-31
-29
-27
-25
-23
-21
-19
-17
-15
Spring
Sum
mer
Autu
mn
13C
Possib
le f
oo
d
so
urc
es h
ave
enri
ch
ed
15N
in
sum
mer.
Se
aso
na
l 1
5N
tre
nd o
f po
ssib
le foo
d s
ourc
es
maybe d
ue t
o
Hig
her
river
dis
ch
arg
e in s
um
mer
Anth
ropo
ge
nic
-ori
gin
O
M h
as h
igher
15N
(Kendall,
2001 a
nd
Mart
inett
o,
2006)
sedim
ent
Marine P
OM
Riv
erine P
OM
mic
roalg
ae
23456789
Spring
Sum
mer
Autu
mn
15N
― 102 ―
Se
aso
na
l ga
str
op
od
fe
ed
ing
nic
he
sedim
ent
Marine P
OM
Riv
erine P
OM
mic
roalg
ae
Cip
an
go
pa
ludin
aja
po
nic
a (
ota
nis
hi)
Se
mis
ulc
osp
ira
libert
ina
(kaw
anin
a)
Clit
hon
retr
op
ictu
s (
ish
imakig
ai)
Sem
isulc
ospir
a
libert
ina
se
em
ed
to
co
nsum
e s
edim
ent
and r
iveri
ne
PO
M.
Sp
rin
g
23456789
10
11
12
13
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
13C
15 N
Clit
ho
nre
tro
pic
tus
se
em
ed t
o c
onsum
e
benth
ic m
icro
alg
ae
Cip
an
go
palu
din
a
japo
nic
a s
eem
ed
to
co
nsum
e m
ore
deple
ted C
arb
on
so
urc
e –
terr
estr
ial
C3 p
lan
ts.
Su
mm
er
123456789
10
11
12
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
13C
15N
Se
aso
na
l ga
str
op
od
fe
ed
ing
nic
he
sedim
ent
Marine P
OM
Riv
erine P
OM
mic
roalg
ae
Cip
an
go
pa
ludin
aja
po
nic
a (
ota
nis
hi)
Se
mis
ulc
osp
ira
libert
ina
(kaw
anin
a)
Clit
hon
retr
op
ictu
s (
ish
imakig
ai)
Cip
an
go
palu
din
a
japo
nic
a a
nd
Sem
isulc
ospir
a
libert
ina
se
em
ed
to
be c
on
sum
ers
of
se
dim
enta
ry
org
anic
matt
er
in
the r
iver.
Clit
ho
nre
tro
pic
tus
still
co
nsum
ed
benth
ic m
icro
alg
ae
Au
tum
n
0123456789
10
11
12
-32
-31
-30
-29
-28
-27
-26
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
13C
15N
mic
roalg
ae
Cip
an
go
pa
ludin
aja
po
nic
a (
ota
nis
hi)
Se
mis
ulc
osp
ira
libert
ina
(kaw
anin
a)
Clit
hon
retr
op
ictu
s (
ish
imakig
ai)
sedim
ent
Marine P
OM
Riv
erine P
OM
Se
aso
na
l ga
str
op
od
fe
ed
ing
nic
he
mic
roalg
ae
Cip
an
go
palu
din
a
japo
nic
a a
nd
Sem
isulc
ospir
a
libert
ina
se
em
ed
to
co
nsum
e b
oth
riveri
ne a
nd
se
dim
enta
ry
PO
M.
Clit
ho
nre
tro
pic
tus
still
co
nsum
ed
benth
ic m
icro
alg
ae
Re
lative p
erc
en
t com
positio
n o
f po
ssib
le
food
ite
ms o
f th
e th
ree
ga
str
opod
sp
ecie
s
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
C. re
tro
pic
tus
C. ja
po
nic
aS
. lib
ert
ina
Relative Food Composition (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
C.
retr
op
ictu
sC
. ja
po
nic
aS
. lib
ert
ina
Relative Food Composition(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
C. re
tro
pic
tus
C. ja
po
nic
aS
. lib
ert
ina
Relative Food composition (%)
Mix
ing M
ode
l
(Phill
ips 2
003)
1 (
‰)
for
13C
3 (
‰)
for
15N
Fra
ctionation –
Enrichm
ent
per
tr
ophic
level
Spri
ng
Su
mm
er
Autu
mn
― 103 ―
Diffe
rence in F
ood c
onsum
ption
•C
lith
on
retr
opic
tus
(ishim
akig
ai)
co
nsis
tently d
ep
end
s
mostly o
n m
icro
alg
ae a
nd m
ari
ne P
OM
.
•C
ipan
gu
palu
din
aja
po
nic
a(o
tanis
hi)
shifts
die
t fr
om
more
of
terr
estr
ial C
3 p
lants
in s
pri
ng, se
dim
ent
PO
M in
sum
mer,
an
d s
edim
en
t an
d r
iveri
ne P
OM
in a
utu
mn.
•S
em
isulc
ospir
alib
ert
ina
(ka
wa
nin
a)
co
nsum
e
se
dim
enta
ry a
nd r
iveri
ne P
OM
in s
pri
ng a
nd a
utu
mn b
ut
more
of
se
dim
enta
ry P
OM
in
sum
mer.
Imp
lica
tio
ns
Gastr
op
od’s
fee
din
g n
iche d
iffe
rs w
ith
life h
isto
ry
Shift, e
xpansio
n a
nd o
verlap
pin
g o
f fe
edin
g n
iches w
ere
thought
to b
e d
iffe
rence in s
pecie
s’re
sponses to food
availa
bili
ty
Riv
er
dis
ch
arg
e a
nd
mari
ne w
ate
r in
trusio
n into
th
e r
iver
pla
y a
n im
port
ant ro
le in t
he t
em
pora
l ch
ang
e o
f g
astr
opo
d
feedin
g n
ich
e.
Fee
din
g N
ich
e o
f b
en
thos c
an b
e u
tiliz
ed f
or
mo
nitori
ng a
nd
man
ag
em
ent
of
river-
estu
ary
syste
ms.
Fee
din
g n
iche
of
gastr
op
od
s w
as influ
enced
by a
nth
rop
og
enic
Org
anic
Ma
tter
in s
um
mer
Hey g
uys!
So,
wha
t did
yo
u
have f
or
lunch?
I ha
d Y
um
my
Mic
robe
s fro
m
the
sedim
ent!
I ate
som
e falle
n
part
icle
s…
I re
ally
do
not
wha
t th
ey a
re,
but
the
y w
ere
delic
ious!
We love
mic
roalg
ae
fore
ver!
Thank you very much
― 104 ―
Paper sludge ashes as coagulant for treating contaminated
dredged sediments and its applications for enhancement
the coastal biodiversity in Ago Bay, Japan
Ahmed Dabwan1, Kiyoyuki Egusa
1,2, Diazo Imai
2,3 Satoshi Kaneco
2,
Hideyuki Katsumata2 ,Tohru Suzuki
4 ,Tadaya Kato
1 and Kiyohisa Ohta
2
1Anotsu Research Institute for Environmental Restoration, Ano 2630-1, Anocho, Tsu,
Mie 514-2302, Japan
E-mail: [email protected]
2 Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie
University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
3 Fuyo Ocean Development & Engineering Company, Co., Ltd. Environmental Dept.
Kuramae 3-15-7, Taithoku, Tokyo, Japan
4 Environmental Preservation Center, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
Restoration the environmental ecosystem quality in Ago Bay that has been
deteriorated as a result of the continuation of pearl oyster culture for over 100 years
became the first priorities for concern parties in the area. Cleaning pearl oyster shells
generates organic matters furthermore it produces suspended particles, which increase the
turbidity. Eventually sufficient amount of light cannot reach the submerged aquatic
vegetation.
Dredging the accumulated sediments that is rich with organic matters is one of the
important ways to restore the damaged ecosystem. Treatment of the sea bottom sediments
was conducted using coagulant made mainly from paper sludge ashes (AGOCLEAN-P).
The water content of the dredged sediments was reduced from 90% into 60% by weight
after treatment with AGOCLEAN-P.
Usually contaminated dredged material is placed in confined disposal facilities (CDF),
but as land development and acquisition costs continue to rise, emphasis is shifting
towards utilizing these contaminants. The beneficial use of dredged sediments instead of
depositing them could prevent depletion of resources in two ways: natural clay resources
would be spared for a longer period of time and stock yards could be used for other
productive purposes.
Our aim is to utilize the dredged sediments treated with coagulant made mainly from
paper sludge ashes for beneficial applications such as:
Replacing the removed natural tidal flats for reclamation purposes by making
environmentally friendly artificial tidal flats.
Making granular micro-habitat beads for microorganism in order to treat
contaminated seawater and polluted sediments.
Creating stable surface area rich with nutrients for culturing bivalves, seaweeds
and seagrasses since seaweeds and seagrasses provide shelter and feeding
grounds for a diverse assemblage of organisms.
Manufacturing marine blocks that can be used as reefs in aqua-cultural industry,
which can provide a vital habitat for different species.
― 105 ―
Pap
er s
lud
ge
ash
es a
s co
ag
ula
nt
for
trea
tin
g
con
tam
ina
ted
dre
dged
sed
imen
ts a
nd
its
ap
pli
cati
on
s
for
enh
an
cem
ent
the
coast
al
bio
div
ersi
ty i
n A
go B
ay
,
Jap
an
AA
hm
ed
H.
A.
Da
bw
an
1) , K
iyoy
uk
iE
gu
sa1,2
) , D
aiz
o I
ma
i2,3
) ,
Ta
day
a K
ato
1) ,
Sa
tosh
i K
an
eco
2) , H
idey
uk
i K
ats
um
ata
2) ,
To
hru
Su
zu
ki4
) ,a
nd
Kiy
oh
isa O
hta
2)
1)A
no
tsu
Rese
arch
In
stit
ute
fo
r E
nvir
on
men
tal
Res
tora
tion
, T
su,
An
o,
An
o2
630
-1,
Mie
514
-2302
, J
ap
an
2)D
epa
rtm
en
t of
Ch
em
istr
y f
or
Mate
ria
ls, G
rad
uate
Sch
oo
l of
En
gin
eeri
ng
, M
ie
Un
iver
sity
, T
su,
Mie
514
-8507
, J
ap
an
3)F
uyo
Ocean
Develo
pm
ent
& E
ng
ineerin
g C
o., L
td,
Ku
ram
ae 3
-15-7
, T
ait
o-k
u,
Tok
yo
111
-0051
, J
ap
an
4)E
nvir
on
men
tal
Prese
rva
tio
n C
en
ter,
Mie
Un
iversi
ty,
Tsu
, M
ie 5
14
-85
07
, J
ap
an
EM
EC
S-8
Sh
an
gh
ai
Oct.
27
-30
, 20
08
Ano
tsu
Res
earc
hIn
stit
ute
for
Env
iron
men
tal
Res
tora
tion
Pa
per
slu
dg
e w
ast
es i
n J
ap
an
••A
nn
ual
pap
er a
nd p
aper
boar
d p
rod
uct
ion i
n J
apan
abo
ut
An
nu
al p
aper
an
d p
aper
boar
d p
rod
uct
ion i
n J
apan
abo
ut
31 m
illi
on t
ons
31 m
illi
on t
ons
••O
ut
of
31
mil
lio
n t
on
s pap
er s
lud
ge
pro
duce
d i
s 1.5
O
ut
of
31
mil
lio
n t
on
s pap
er s
lud
ge
pro
duce
d i
s 1.5
mil
lion t
ons
(~5%
)m
illi
on t
ons
(~5%
)
••D
uri
ng t
reat
men
t ab
ou
t 0.6
mil
lio
n t
ons
of
inci
ner
ated
D
uri
ng t
reat
men
t ab
ou
t 0.6
mil
lio
n t
ons
of
inci
ner
ated
pro
du
cts
are
form
ed (
40
% o
f pap
er s
lud
ge)
pro
du
cts
are
form
ed (
40
% o
f pap
er s
lud
ge)
••U
sual
way
to
get
rid
of
thes
e w
aste
s is
dis
posa
l in
to t
he
Usu
al w
ay t
o g
et r
id o
f th
ese
was
tes
is d
isp
osa
l in
to t
he
landfi
ll o
r co
nfi
ned
dis
posa
l fa
cili
ties
(C
DF
).la
ndfi
ll o
r co
nfi
ned
dis
posa
l fa
cili
ties
(C
DF
).
••S
uit
able
met
hods
to u
tili
ze t
his
huge
amount
of
pap
er
Suit
able
met
hods
to u
tili
ze t
his
huge
amount
of
pap
er
slu
dge
was
tes
slu
dge
was
tes
Inorga
nic
coag
ula
nt
(AG
OC
LE
AN
-P)
Pa
per s
lud
ge a
shes
Wh
at
is A
GO
CL
EA
N-P
??
AG
OC
LE
AN
-P m
anly
ma
de f
rom
pa
per
slu
dg
e a
sh
es.
When A
GO
CL
EA
N-P
rea
cts
with w
ate
r,
a n
ee
dle
-lik
e c
rysta
ls (
ettri
ng
ite)
are
form
ed a
nd r
apid
flo
ccula
tio
n o
ccurs
for
wate
ry a
nd m
ud
dy s
edim
ents
.
Befo
reA
fter
Coa
gu
lant
Add
ed
Che
mic
al
co
mp
ositio
ns(%
)*
Com
pon
en
tC
om
pon
en
tC
on
ten
t (
%)
Con
ten
t (
%)
CaO
CaO
44.2
44.2
SiO
SiO
2226.9
26.9
Al
Al22OO
3312.7
12.7
SO
SO
3312.2
12.2
Fe
Fe
22OO
331.2
1.2
MgO
MgO
1.2
1.2
TiO
TiO
220.8
0.8
KK22OO
0.4
0.4
Oth
ers
Oth
ers
0.4
0.4
*Avera
ge v
alu
es
Co
agu
lan
t ch
arac
teri
stic
s:S
afe
Chea
p
Fas
t
Eas
y to
ap
ply
in t
he
fiel
d
New
coag
ula
nt
an
d s
oli
dif
ica
tio
n a
gen
t
Sep
arat
ion o
f w
ater
fro
m d
red
ged
sed
imen
t S
epar
atio
n o
f w
ater
fro
m d
red
ged
sed
imen
t
was
car
ried
out
by H
i B
iah S
yst
em (
HB
S)
was
car
ried
out
by H
i B
iah S
yst
em (
HB
S)
So
lid
ifie
d
So
lid
ifie
d
ma
teria
lm
ate
ria
l
Hi
Bia
h S
yst
em
H
i B
iah
Sy
stem
(HB
S)
(HB
S)
Dew
ate
rin
g a
nd
so
lid
ify
ing
pro
cess
Dew
ate
rin
g a
nd
so
lid
ify
ing
pro
cess
coa
gu
lati
on
Flo
ccu
lati
on
― 106 ―
a)a)M
akin
g a
rtif
icia
l ti
dal
fla
tsM
akin
g a
rtif
icia
l ti
dal
fla
ts
b)
Cre
atin
g s
tab
le s
urf
ace
area
s fo
r cu
ltu
rin
g
b)
Cre
atin
g s
tab
le s
urf
ace
area
s fo
r cu
ltu
rin
g
seaw
eed
s an
d s
ea g
rass
esse
awee
ds
and
sea
gra
sses
c)M
anu
fact
uri
ng
mar
ine
blo
cks
c)M
anu
fact
uri
ng
mar
ine
blo
cks
d)M
akin
g m
icro
d)M
akin
g m
icro
-- hab
itat
bea
ds
for
trea
ted
h
abit
at b
ead
s fo
r tr
eate
d
con
tam
inat
ed s
ea b
ott
om
sed
imen
ts
con
tam
inat
ed s
ea b
ott
om
sed
imen
ts
Ob
ject
ives
of
this
work
a) M
akin
g a
rtif
icia
l ti
dal
fla
tsa)
Mak
ing
art
ific
ial
tid
al f
lats
Ob
ject
ives
of
this
work
Aft
ific
ialT
ida
l F
lat
Natu
ral
Ex
peri
men
tal
are
a
Ta
ble
...
Coa
gu
lan
t a
nd
/or h
ard
en
ers
use
d f
or p
rep
ara
tio
n t
he
arti
ficia
l ti
da
l fl
ats
in
Ta
teg
am
i, A
go B
ay
, J
ap
an
Dre
dg
ed
sed
.
Fir
st s
tage t
reatm
en
tO
bta
ined
mate
ria
ls
Secon
d s
tage
treatm
en
t
Fla
t m
ate
ria
lF
lat
90%
W.C
HB
S
AG
OC
LE
AN
-P 1
.5 %
60%
WC
-70%
Natu
ral
san
d
30%
treate
d s
ed
imen
t
E1
HB
S
AG
OC
LE
AN
-P 1
.5%
60%
WC
Pell
eti
zer
AG
OC
LE
AN
-P
20%
70%
Natu
ral
san
d
30%
treate
d s
ed
imen
ts (
pell
ets
)
E2
--
-100%
San
d o
nly
E3
HB
S
GY
PS
AN
DE
R 5
%
60%
WC
-70%
Natu
ral
san
d
30%
treate
d s
ed
imen
t
E4
PA
C
Fil
ter p
ress
2%
40 %
WC
EC
OR
TO
N
20%
70%
Natu
ral
san
d
30%
treate
d s
ed
imen
t
E5
Ma
teri
als
use
d i
n t
his
work
― 107 ―
WC
WC
(%)
(%)
AV
SA
VS
(mg/g
)(m
g/g
)
LO
ILO
I
(%)
(%)
TO
CT
OC
(mg/g
)(m
g/g
)
Mudd
y f
raction
Mudd
y f
raction
<75
<75
m(%
)m
(%)
E1
E1
29.9
29.9
0.3
40.3
45.2
5.2
6.0
6.0
30.0
30.0
E2
E2
29.6
29.6
0.6
60.6
64.9
4.9
4.5
4.5
30.7
30.7
E3
E3
22.9
22.9
0.1
60.1
63.6
3.6
2.7
2.7
25.9
25.9
E4
E4
26.5
26.5
0.2
60.2
64.8
4.8
4.5
4.5
24.0
24.0
E5
E5
27.3
27.3
0.3
90.3
95.7
5.7
6.3
6.3
29.4
29.4
S1
S1
45.0
45.0
0.4
70.4
76.5
6.5
8.0
8.0
48.6
48.6
S2
S2
25.1
25.1
0.0
30.0
32.7
2.7
1.2
1.2
20.1
20.1
#W
C;W
ate
r conte
nt,
AV
S;A
cid
vola
tile
sulp
hid
e,
LO
I;L
oss
on ig
nitio
n, T
OC
;Tota
l org
an
ic c
arb
on
Art
ific
ial
Art
ific
ial
Ph
ysi
co-c
hem
ial
para
met
ers
Population of Macrobenthos(ind./m2)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
1 m
on
th3
mo
nth
s6
mo
nth
s9
mo
nth
s13
mo
nth
s16
mo
nth
s18
mo
nth
s20
mo
nth
s
Art
hro
po
da
Mo
llus
ca
Po
lyc
ha
eta
Biv
alv
e
Na
tura
l S
1
0
10
00
20
00
30
00
40
00
50
00
60
00
70
00
80
00
90
00
E1E2E3
E4E5E1E2E3E4E5E1E2E3E4E5E1
E2E3
E4E5E1
E2E3E4E5E1E2E3E4E5E1E2E3E4
E5E1
E2E3E4E5
1 m
on
th3 m
on
ths
6 m
on
ths
9 m
on
ths
13 m
on
ths
16 m
on
ths
18 m
on
ths
20 m
on
ths
( S
tatio
n &
Mo
nth
s )
Art
ific
ial
(Ma
y)
(Aug)
(Nov)
(Feb)
(Jun)
(Sep)
(Nov)
(Jan)
Ben
tho
s p
op
ula
tion
in
th
e n
atu
ral
an
d a
rtif
icia
l
tid
al
flats
b)
Cre
atin
g s
tab
le s
urf
ace
area
s fo
r b
) C
reat
ing
sta
ble
su
rfac
e ar
eas
for
cult
uri
ng s
eaw
eed
s an
d s
ea g
rass
escu
ltu
rin
g s
eaw
eed
s an
d s
ea g
rass
es
Ob
ject
ives
of
this
work
Ex
per
imen
tal
con
dit
ion
sE
xp
erim
enta
l co
nd
itio
ns
_________
______
______
____
_________
______
______
____
___
pH
:
8.1
8
Tem
per
ature
:
11.8
~ 1
7.1
oC
Sal
init
y
: 31.9
PS
U
DO
:
10.5
9 m
g/L
Turb
idit
y
:
88 N
TU
Concr
ete
tank d
epth
:
45 ~
51
cm
Nu
mber
of
seed
s in
eac
h b
ase
: 2
5
Lig
ht
inte
nsi
ty (
concr
ete
tank)
:
Surf
ace
1
007
mole
/ m
2/
sec
Bott
om
(50cm
)
1
94
3
mole
/ m
2/
sec
_________
______
______
____
_________
______
______
____
____
― 108 ―
bb-- 11
-- Eff
ect
of
dif
fere
nt
hard
ener
s E
ffec
t of
dif
fere
nt
hard
ener
s
on
o
n Z
. m
ari
na
Z. m
ari
na
gro
wth
gro
wth
Fig…
Effect o
f t
he h
ard
en
ers o
n
germ
in
ation
ra
te
Sam
ple
: D
red
ged
sed
imen
ts t
reat
ed w
ith
1.5
%
AG
OC
LE
AN
-P
bb-- 2
) F
iled
sca
le2
) F
iled
sca
le
Tre
ated
bas
es w
ith
AG
OC
LE
AN
-P i
nto
the
sea
bott
om
Sta
ble
bas
e D
ewat
erin
g te
chniq
ue
(AG
OC
LE
AN
-P 1
.5%
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
01
23
45
67
89
050
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Res
ult
s:R
esu
lts:
Mo
nth
ly g
row
th o
f A
mam
o
N0Ofyoungplant
Fig
... M
onth
ly g
row
th o
f Z
. m
ari
na
in t
he
bas
es
trea
ted w
ith H
BS
and n
atura
l se
a bott
om
Sed
imen
ts t
reat
ed w
ith
AG
OC
LE
AN
-P
Sed
imen
ts w
itho
ut
trea
tmen
t
Ave
rage
len
gth
(m
m)
c)M
anu
fact
uri
ng
mar
ine
blo
cks
c)M
anu
fact
uri
ng
mar
ine
blo
cks
Ob
ject
ives
of
this
work
― 109 ―
Raw
mat
eria
ls u
sed f
or
man
ufa
ctu
rin
g m
arin
e b
lock
sT
ab
le..
Sta
nd
ard
s ex
per
imen
tal
met
hod
s
Test
Meth
od
Slu
mp
JIS
A 1
10
1
Air
conte
nt
JIS
A 1
12
8
Com
pre
ssiv
e st
reng
thJI
S A
11
08
Dry
ing
shri
nk
age
20
0C
, 60%
R.H
JIS
A 1
12
9
Con
cret
e te
mp
erat
ure
Alc
oh
ol
ther
mom
eter
Ta
ble
..M
ater
ials
Mate
ria
lP
rop
erti
es
Cem
ent
(C)
Ord
inar
y
Port
lan
d
cem
ent;
D
ensi
ty:
3.1
6g/c
m3
Wat
er (
W)
Den
sity
: 1g/c
m3
Fin
e ag
gre
gat
e (S
)S
and:
2.6
g/c
m3;
F.M
.: 2
.78
Coar
se a
ggre
gate
(G
)C
rush
ed s
ton
es;
den
sity
: 2.6
8 g
/cm
3;
Soli
d
conte
nt
in a
gg
regat
e: 6
0%
Dre
dg
ed s
edim
ent
trea
ted
wit
h 1
.5%
pap
er s
ludg
e
ashes
(A
RP
)
Den
sity
: 1.3
36 g
/cm
3;
Wat
er c
on
tent:
60
%
Chem
ical
adm
ixtu
re
Wat
er r
edu
cing a
gen
t: E
X50
Anti
foam
ing a
gen
t: A
FK
-2
Hig
h
stre
ngth
co
ncr
ete
and
sh
rinkag
e
red
uci
ng a
gen
t: S
SP
-104
Tes
tM
eth
od
Slu
mp
JIS
A 1
10
1
Air
co
nte
nt
JIS
A 1
12
8
Co
mp
ress
ive
stre
ng
thJI
S A
11
08
Dry
ing s
hri
nk
age
20
0C
, 60%
R.H
JIS
A 1
12
9
Co
ncr
ete
tem
per
atu
reA
lco
ho
l th
erm
om
eter
Ta
ble
..S
tand
ard
s ex
per
imen
tal
met
ho
ds
Ma
rin
e b
lock
da
ta
0.0
00
10
.00
10
.01
0.1
11
00
20
40
60
80
10
0
Cumulative % passing
Sie
ve
size
/ m
m
%
Fig
…G
radat
ion c
urv
es f
or
the
ori
gin
al s
edim
ents
(),
sed
imen
ts t
reat
ed w
ith A
go
clea
n-P
(
)and
the
fine
sand
aggre
gat
es f
or
the
concr
ete
mix
es a
ccord
ing t
o t
he
no
rmal
Jap
anes
e st
and
ard (
).
― 110 ―
Wat
er/c
emen
t ra
tio
Compressive strength / N/mm2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
3 d
ays
7 d
ays
28
day
s
Fig
…E
ffect
of
the r
ati
o o
f w
ate
r t
o c
em
en
t on
th
e c
om
press
ive
stren
gth
of
the c
on
crete
prod
ucts
. ;
con
crete
mate
ria
ls w
ith
the s
ed
imen
ts,
; n
orm
al
con
crete
prod
ucts
. C
urin
g a
ge;
(a)
3,
(b)
7, a
nd
(c)
28 d
ays.
Mar
ine
blo
ck i
n t
he
field
ab
c
Ma
rin
e b
lock
da
ta
0100
200
-15
-10-50
Tim
e /
day
Mass change / %
50
100
150
200
5
10 0
Day
100
200
1000
2000
3000
4000 0
Tim
e /
day
Shrinkage / 10-6
m/m
50
10
01
50
20
0
5
10 0
Da
y
%
%
Fig
…E
ffect
of
the w
ate
r/c
em
en
t rati
o o
n t
he t
ota
l
shrin
kage o
f th
e c
on
crete
prod
ucts
();
sam
ple
No.
1 w
ith
w/c
0.4
0,
; sa
mp
le N
o.2
wit
h w
/c 0
.47,
;
Sam
ple
No.4
wit
h w
/c 0
.69a
nd
;
Sam
ple
No. 5 w
ith
w/c
1.1
5. T
he i
nse
rt
fig
ure s
how
s th
e r
ati
o o
f th
e t
ota
l
shrin
kage o
f th
e c
on
crete
mate
ria
ls w
ith
th
e
sed
imen
ts t
o t
he t
ota
l sh
rin
kage o
f th
e n
orm
al
con
crete
(S
am
ple
No.1
) In
th
e i
nse
rt
fig
ure,
;
Sam
ple
No. 2,
; S
am
ple
No. 4 a
nd
;
Sam
ple
No.5
.
Fig
…E
ffect
of
the w
ate
r/c
em
en
t rati
o o
n t
he
mass
ch
an
ge o
f th
e c
on
crete
prod
ucts
();
sam
ple
No. 1 w
ith
w/c
0.4
0,
; sa
mp
le N
o.2
wit
h w
/c 0
.47,
; S
am
ple
No.4
wit
h w
/c 0
.69a
nd
; S
am
ple
No.
5 w
ith
w/c
1.1
5.
Th
e i
nse
rt
fig
ure
show
s th
e r
ati
o o
f m
ass
loss
of
the c
on
crete
mate
ria
ls w
ith
th
e s
ed
imen
ts t
o t
he m
ass
loss
of
the n
orm
al
con
crete
(S
am
ple
No.1
) In
th
e i
nse
rt
figu
re,
; S
am
ple
No. 2,
; S
am
ple
No. 4 a
nd
; S
am
ple
No.5
.
In t
he
fiel
d
Mari
ne b
loc
kw
ith S
olid
ifie
d m
ate
rials
(Nov. 2
007,
aft
er
8 m
onth
s)
•M
an
y s
ea g
rasses w
ere
notice
d in t
he
surf
ace.
d)M
akin
g m
icro
d)M
akin
g m
icro
-- hab
itat
bea
ds
for
trea
ted
h
abit
at b
ead
s fo
r tr
eate
d
con
tam
inat
ed s
ea b
ott
om
sed
imen
ts
con
tam
inat
ed s
ea b
ott
om
sed
imen
ts
Ob
ject
ives
of
this
work
― 111 ―
_________
______
______
____
_________
______
______
____
________
Str
ain
:
Sc5
1,
CF
U 1
09~
10
10
/ g (
den
itri
fica
tion s
trai
n)
Incu
bat
ion t
em
per
ature
:
25
oC
pH
: 7.5
Cult
ure
med
ia
: P
oly
pep
tone,
extr
act
yea
st (
dri
ed)
Cult
ivat
ion t
ime
:
72 h
rs
Sam
ple
solu
tion
: 170 m
l, s
eaw
ater
conta
ined
NO
3-N
Car
rier
: D
redged
sed
imen
ts;
room
tem
per
ature
; 5g
Exper
ienti
al t
ime
: 48hrs
Inst
rum
ent
: C
on
tinu
ou
s fl
ow
anal
yze
r; S
tandar
d
colo
rim
etri
c
tech
niq
ues
TR
AA
CS
-20
00
; B
ran
+L
ueb
be)
_________
______
______
____
_________
______
______
____
________
Ex
per
imen
tal
con
dit
ion
sE
xp
erim
enta
l co
nd
itio
ns
Mic
ro-h
ab
ita
t p
elle
ts
Fig
…M
icro-h
ab
ita
t p
ell
ets
mad
e f
rom
dred
ged
sed
imen
ts t
reate
d w
ith
AG
OC
LE
AN
-P (
1.5
%)
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
_
2cm
010
20
30
40
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tim
e /
hr
Nitrogen concentration (mole / L)
Nit
rog
en c
on
cen
tra
tio
n p
rofi
les
Nit
rog
en c
on
cen
tra
tio
n p
rofi
les
(carr
iers
wit
hou
t w
ash
ing a
fter
med
ia
(carr
iers
wit
hou
t w
ash
ing a
fter
med
ia
imm
ob
iliz
ed)
imm
ob
iliz
ed)
Lo
w c
on
cen
trat
ion
Lo
w c
on
cen
trat
ion
Hig
h c
on
cen
trat
ion
Hig
h c
on
cen
trat
ion
NO
3
NO
2
010
20
30
40
50
0
200
400
600
800
Nitrogen concentration (mole / L)
Tim
e /
hr
NO
3
NO
2
NO
3+
NO
2
Fig
.. N
itrogen
con
cen
trati
on
profi
le i
n t
he m
icrob
ial
den
itrif
icati
on
.
sam
ple
: N
O3
-io
n i
n s
eaw
ate
rC
arrie
r :
dred
ged
sed
imen
ts t
rea
ted
wit
h A
GO
CL
EA
N-P
1.5
%, n
atu
ra
l d
ryin
g
Den
itri
fica
tion
mec
ha
nis
mD
enit
rifi
cati
on
mec
ha
nis
m
NO
NO
33--is
use
d a
s a
term
inal
eis
use
d a
s a
term
inal
e--ac
cep
tor
(or
as o
xygen
ac
cep
tor
(or
as o
xygen
sourc
e) a
nd i
t is
red
uce
d t
o N
sourc
e) a
nd i
t is
red
uce
d t
o N
22(t
hro
ugh N
O(t
hro
ugh N
O22
-- , N
O a
nd
, N
O a
nd
NN22O
). T
his
pro
cess
is
call
ed d
enit
rifi
cati
on.
In o
rder
to
O
). T
his
pro
cess
is
call
ed d
enit
rifi
cati
on.
In o
rder
to
per
form
this
pro
cess
a s
upp
ly o
f org
anic
mat
ter
and
per
form
this
pro
cess
a s
upp
ly o
f org
anic
mat
ter
and
anae
rob
ic c
on
dit
ions
are
nee
ded
, an
d i
t is
tem
per
atu
re
anae
rob
ic c
on
dit
ions
are
nee
ded
, an
d i
t is
tem
per
atu
re
dep
end
ent.
d
epen
den
t.
― 112 ―
1. F
oo
d i
nd
ust
ry
2. C
on
stru
ctio
n a
pp
lica
tio
ns
3. M
icro
elec
tro
nic
s
4. P
ain
t in
du
stry
Oth
er p
rosp
ecti
ve
are
as:
Wa
stew
ate
r tr
eatm
ent
tech
no
log
y
1.
Ph
ysi
cal
Met
hods;
Soli
d l
iquid
sep
arat
ion t
echniq
ues
(f
iltr
atio
n)
2.
Chem
ical
Met
hods,
appli
cati
on
of
chem
ical
s th
at e
ither
aid
in t
he
separ
atio
n o
f conta
min
ants
fro
m w
ater
, or
assi
st i
n t
he
des
truct
ion,
or
neu
tral
izat
ion o
f har
mfu
l ef
fect
s as
soci
ated
wit
h
conta
min
ants
(coagula
tion
, et
c. o
ur
targ
et)
3.
Ener
gy I
nte
nsi
ve
Met
hods
(ste
rili
zati
on).
The
tech
nolo
gy r
elat
ed t
o d
iffe
rent
indust
rial
was
tes
trea
tmen
t
could
be
div
ided
into
thre
e gen
eral
cat
egori
es:
••F
ood p
roce
ssin
g i
n g
ener
al p
roduce
s w
aste
s th
at i
s degra
dab
le
Food p
roce
ssin
g i
n g
ener
al p
roduce
s w
aste
s th
at i
s degra
dab
le
and n
on
and n
on
-- toxic
. H
ow
ever
, th
ese
was
tes
have
hig
h c
once
ntr
atio
n o
f to
xic
. H
ow
ever
, th
ese
was
tes
have
hig
h c
once
ntr
atio
n o
f
hig
h b
iohig
h b
io-- c
hem
cial
chem
cial
ox
ygen d
em
and (
BO
D)
and h
igh l
evel
of
ox
ygen d
em
and (
BO
D)
and h
igh l
evel
of
dis
solv
ed a
nd/o
r su
spen
ded
soli
ds
that
nee
d m
onth
s fo
r co
mple
te
dis
solv
ed a
nd/o
r su
spen
ded
soli
ds
that
nee
d m
onth
s fo
r co
mple
te
sett
lin
g.
sett
lin
g.
Tre
atm
ent
tech
nolo
gy
Sin
ce t
he
pri
nci
pal
ste
p i
n a
ny t
reat
men
t pro
cess
is
the
conce
ntr
atio
n
of
tin
y p
arti
cles
(nan
o-s
ize
level
) fo
llow
ed b
y s
oli
d-l
iqu
id
separ
atio
n, fu
lly a
uto
mate
d, co
mpac
t si
ze, an
d e
ffic
ient
syst
em
call
ed H
i B
iah S
yst
em
(H
BS
) w
as d
evel
oped
in o
ur
inst
itute
to
per
form
the
foll
ow
ing t
asks;
(1)
slud
ge
conce
ntr
atio
n,
(2)
slud
ge
separ
atio
n,
(3)
slud
ge
han
dli
ng a
nd d
isp
osa
l (b
enef
icia
l ap
pli
cati
ons)
.
Ou
r ai
m i
s to
in
trodu
ce c
lose
d l
oop
cle
an t
echn
olo
gy i
n o
rder
to a
chie
ve
zero
em
issi
on
― 113 ―
Fo
od
in
du
stry
a-
So
up
ma
nu
factu
rin
g w
ast
es
b-
Ferm
en
ted
so
yb
ea
ns
(Na
tto
)
c-
Gro
un
d s
oy
bea
ns
(to
ufu
)
Oth
er p
rosp
ecti
ve
are
as:
8.5
8.5
--100
100
180
180
2.6
2.6
19
19
Aft
er
Aft
er
8.5
8.5
<100
<100
92
92
170
170
<1
<1
55A
fte
rA
fte
r
55-- 66
--660
660
1500
1500
27
27
30
30
Be
fore
Be
fore
Na
tto
Na
tto
44-- 55
8000
8000
1100
1100
2100
2100
52
52
100
100
Be
fore
Be
fore
To
ufu
To
ufu
8.5
8.5
<100
<100
16
16
120
120
<1
<1
18
18
Aft
er
Aft
er
Be
fore
Be
fore
44-- 55
--600
600
1100
1100
39
39
80
80
So
up
So
up
pH
pH
SS
SS
BO
DB
OD
55C
OD
CO
DT
.PT
.PT
.NT
.NS
am
ple
Sa
mp
le
Befo
re
Aft
er
Res
ult
s:
All u
nits i
n m
g/L
(P
PM
),
excep
t p
H.
Soup w
aste
s F
erm
ente
d S
oybea
ns
G
round s
oybea
ns
Con
stru
ctio
n a
pp
lica
tion
s
Oth
er p
rosp
ecti
ve
are
as:
Ag
o-P
~5 %
600m
3of
dre
dg
ed
sedim
ents
Aft
er
trea
tmen
t
Bu
lld
oze
r (b
ool-
doh
-zer)
40%
40%
Aft
er
Aft
er
Befo
reB
efo
re70
70
-- 80
80
Dre
dged
Dre
dged
sed
ime
nt
sed
ime
nt
W.C
(%)
W.C
(%)
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
Res
ult
s:
Mic
roel
ectr
on
ics
Oth
er p
rosp
ecti
ve
are
as:
Res
ult
s:
W.C
. in
th
e
slu
dg
e 6
5%
All u
nits i
n m
g/L
(P
PM
),
excep
t p
H.
Flo
ck
s con
dit
ion
in
sid
e t
he
reacto
r
11
11
-- 12
12
<100
<100
12
12
<20
<20
<1
<1
88aft
er
aft
er
Be
fore
Be
fore
11
11
-- 12
12
18,0
00
18,0
00
14
14
<20
<20
<1
<1
88
pH
pH
SS
SS
BO
DB
OD
CO
DC
OD
T.P
T.P
T.N
T.N
Sa
mp
leS
am
ple
Aft
er
Bef
ore
Pain
t, i
nk
& d
ye
ind
ust
ries
Oth
er p
rosp
ecti
ve
are
as:
All u
nits i
n m
g/L
(P
PM
)
Res
ult
s:
Bef
ore
A
fter
<20
<20
<100
<100
<20
<20
<100
<100
<20
<20
<100
<100
After
After
After
After
After
After
Befo
reB
efo
re
Befo
reB
efo
re
Befo
reB
efo
re
Nano
Nano
-- siz
esiz
e>
2000
>2000
Dye
Dye
Nano
Nano
-- siz
esiz
e>
1000
>1000
Ink
Ink
Nano
Nano
-- siz
esiz
e>
1000
>1000
Pain
tP
ain
t
S.S
.S
.S.
CO
DC
OD
Sam
ple
Sam
ple
― 114 ―
Co
ncl
usi
on
Co
ncl
usi
on
a) B
ases
for
a) B
ases
for
Z. m
ari
na
Z. m
ari
na
ger
min
ati
on
ger
min
ati
on
Sed
imen
ts t
reat
ed w
ith p
aper
slu
dge
was
tes
and m
ixed
wit
h d
iffe
rS
edim
ents
tre
ated
wit
h p
aper
slu
dge
was
tes
and m
ixed
wit
h d
iffe
r ent
ent
har
den
ers
sho
w h
igher
an
d f
aste
r ger
min
atio
n r
ate
for
har
den
ers
sho
w h
igh
er a
nd
fas
ter
ger
min
atio
n r
ate
for
Z. m
ari
na
Z. m
ari
na
com
par
ed t
o t
he
sedim
ent
only
.co
mpar
ed t
o t
he
sedim
ent
only
.
San
d o
pti
mu
m r
atio
is
30
%,
sin
ce o
ther
rat
ios
(10
, 5
0 &
70
%),
gS
and
opti
mu
m r
atio
is
30
%,
sin
ce o
ther
rat
ios
(10
, 5
0 &
70
%),
giv
e iv
e
low
er l
eaf
area
s.lo
wer
lea
f ar
eas.
Alt
hou
gh b
ases
mad
e fr
om
mu
d o
nly
sh
ow
hig
h g
erm
inat
ion r
ate,
th
Alt
hou
gh b
ases
mad
e fr
om
mu
d o
nly
sh
ow
hig
h g
erm
inat
ion r
ate,
th
ee
tim
es w
as d
elayed
for
alm
ost
one
wee
k.
tim
es w
as d
elayed
for
alm
ost
one
wee
k.
By u
sin
g H
I B
IAH
SY
ST
EM
we c
ou
ld r
edu
ce t
he w
ate
r con
ten
t in
th
eB
y u
sin
g H
I B
IAH
SY
ST
EM
we c
ou
ld r
edu
ce t
he w
ate
r con
ten
t in
th
edre
dged s
edim
en
ts f
rom
90%
to 6
0%
. A
gocle
an
dre
dged s
edim
en
ts f
rom
90%
to 6
0%
. A
gocle
an
-- P w
as
use
d a
s P
wa
s u
sed a
s
coagu
lan
t.coagu
lan
t.
The
trea
ted s
edim
ents
wer
e use
d f
or
thre
e m
ain a
ppli
cati
ons:
The
trea
ted s
edim
ents
wer
e use
d f
or
thre
e m
ain a
ppli
cati
ons:
Co
ncl
usi
on
Co
ncl
usi
on
b)
Pel
lets
as
mic
rob)
Pel
lets
as
mic
ro-- h
abit
at c
arri
er
hab
itat
car
rier
Pel
lets
mad
e fr
om
dre
dged
sed
imen
t tr
eate
d w
ith p
aper
slu
dge
ash
Pel
lets
mad
e fr
om
dre
dged
sed
imen
t tr
eate
d w
ith p
aper
slu
dge
ash
es
es
show
its
poss
ibil
ity t
o b
e use
d a
s a
suit
able
car
rier
s fo
r bac
tsh
ow
its
poss
ibil
ity t
o b
e use
d a
s a
suit
able
car
rier
s fo
r bac
t eri
al
eria
l
imm
obil
izat
ion
imm
obil
izat
ion
SE
M d
ata
clea
rly s
how
that
pel
lets
cav
itie
s ra
nge
bet
wee
n 1
~5
S
EM
dat
a cl
earl
y s
how
that
pel
lets
cav
itie
s ra
nge
bet
wee
n 1
~5
µµm
, m
,
wher
eas
bac
teri
a si
ze a
bout
1w
her
eas
bac
teri
a si
ze a
bout
1µµ
m w
hic
h m
eans
suit
able
hab
itat
s fo
r m
whic
h m
eans
suit
able
hab
itat
s fo
r
the
Sc5
1 s
trai
n, th
eref
ore
hig
h r
emoval
eff
icie
ncy w
as o
bta
ined
.th
e S
c51 s
trai
n, th
eref
ore
hig
h r
emoval
eff
icie
ncy w
as o
bta
ined
.
Over
80%
rem
oval
eff
icie
ncy
was
ach
ieved
for
the
pel
lets
sin
tere
Over
80%
rem
oval
eff
icie
ncy
was
ach
ieved
for
the
pel
lets
sin
tere
d a
t d a
t
300
300
ooC
, pre
sum
ably
due
to t
he
cle
avag
e of
the
chem
ical
org
anic
C
, pre
sum
ably
due
to t
he
cle
avag
e of
the
chem
ical
org
anic
bon
ds
(mai
nly
hu
mic
subst
ance
s).
bon
ds
(mai
nly
hu
mic
subst
ance
s).
For
the
sam
ple
s tr
eate
d a
t 800
For
the
sam
ple
s tr
eate
d a
t 800
ooC
rem
oval
eff
icie
ncy w
as t
he
low
est,
C
rem
oval
eff
icie
ncy w
as t
he
low
est,
this
cou
ld b
e re
ferr
ed t
o t
he
lack
of
carb
on a
t h
igh t
emp
erat
ure
this
cou
ld b
e re
ferr
ed t
o t
he
lack
of
carb
on a
t h
igh t
emp
erat
ure
..
Org
anic
car
bon i
s nee
ded
for
den
itri
fica
tion b
acte
ria.
Org
anic
car
bon i
s nee
ded
for
den
itri
fica
tion b
acte
ria.
Co
ncl
usi
on
Co
ncl
usi
on
c) M
arin
e blo
ck m
anufa
cturi
ng
c) M
arin
e blo
ck m
anufa
cturi
ng
Bas
ed o
n t
he
dat
a obta
ined
fro
m t
his
stu
dy,
the
foll
ow
ing c
on
clusi
ons
can b
e dra
wn:
•S
ince
, dre
dged
sed
imen
t conta
ins
hig
h c
hlo
ride
con
tent
bes
ides
oth
er
org
anic
mat
ters
, th
e ap
pli
cati
ons
could
be
dir
ecte
d t
ow
ards
makin
g
con
cret
e to
b
e u
sed
for
mari
ne
blo
cks
pro
du
ctio
n
rath
er
than
buil
din
gs
and o
ther
rei
nfo
rced
concr
ete
appli
cati
on.
In a
qua-
cult
ura
l in
dust
ry b
lock
s ar
e use
d a
s fi
sher
y h
abit
ats
in l
arge
quan
titi
es.
•H
igh W
/C (
>1)
cause
s si
gnif
ican
t ch
ange
in c
om
pre
ssiv
e st
rength
,sh
rin
kage
and c
han
ge
in t
he
mass
val
ues
due
to t
he
extr
a w
ater
. •
Mix
ing
was
d
iffi
cult
w
hen
lo
w
conte
nt
of
coar
se
aggre
gat
e w
as
added
(ru
n 6
). S
o s
uit
able
am
ount
of
coar
se a
ggre
gat
e is
nec
essa
ry i
n
ord
er t
o g
et r
easo
nab
le s
tren
gth
. •
When
W
/C ra
tio w
as hig
her
th
an 1,
the
air
conte
nt
was
h
igh b
y
alm
ost
2 t
imes
, th
e sl
um
p w
as l
ow
er t
han
ord
inar
y c
on
cret
e th
eref
ore
, m
ixin
g w
as d
iffi
cult
.
Th
an
k Y
ou
Th
an
k Y
ou
ve
ry m
uc
hve
ry m
uc
h
― 115 ―
Restoration of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) bed by filling up a
borrow pit with natural sediment
Kenji SUGIMOTO1*, Kiyonori HIRAOKA
1, Toshinobu TERAWAKI
2 &
Mitsumasa OKADA3
1 Hiroshima Environment and Health Association, 9-11, Hirosekitamachi Naka-ku,
Hiroshima 730-8631 Japan
*E-mail: [email protected]
2 Toyama Prefectural Agricultural,Forestry & Fisheries Research Center, 364, Takatsuka,
Namerikawa, Toyama 936-8536 Japan
3 Graduate school of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1, Kagamiyama,
Higashihiroshima, 739-8527 Japan
The objective of this study is to evaluate restoration technology of eelgrass (Zostera
marina L.) bed by filling up borrow pit by the coast of Iwakuni, the Seto Inland Sea,
Japan. We constructed eelgrass habitat at the edge of a previous borrow pit within
eelgrass bed by filling up with natural sediment. We monitored sand movement,
underwater irradiance and eelgrass shoot density at the constructed and natural habitats.
Sand movement at the constructed habitat was from -8 cm to 9 cm showing little
difference from that of natural habitats. The daily averaged underwater irradiance at the
constructed habitat was more than 3 mol photons m-2 day-1 necessary for eelgrass.
Eelgrass disappeared after typhoon attacks in 2004-2006, whereas seedlings of eelgrass
appeared both at the constructed and natural habitats every winter. These results suggest
that restoration of eelgrass habitat by filling up borrow pit is a useful technique for
eelgrass bed restoration.
― 116 ―
5 Poster Session
Proper Management of Fishery Resources Using a Bivalve Growth
Model which Included Fishery Catch and Feeding Damage
----------------------------------------------------------------------------119
Akihiko FUJII , Japan
Monitoring of Macrobenthos and Bivalve for Biologically Productive
Artificial Tidal Flats, Ago Bay, Japan ---------------------------------------120
Daizo IMAI , Japan
Nutrients, Organic Carbon and Oxygen Budget in Semi-Enclosed Ago Bay,
Japan ----------------------------------------------------------------------------121
Satoshi CHIBA , Japan
Evaluation of Restoration Effect in the Coastal Unused Reclaimed Area
by Promoting Sea Water Exchange in Ago Bay, Mie Prefecture, Japan
----------------------------------------------------------------------------123
Hideki KOKUBU , Japan
Approach to Improve Nutrient Situation in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
----------------------------------------------------------------------------124
Satoru TAKAHASHI , Japan
Nutrients Transfer between the Sea and Artificially Enclosed
Waters/Feature of the Nutrient Flow in the Catchments Area in Ago-Bay
----------------------------------------------------------------------------126
Masaaki TAKAHASHI , Japan
Possible Bottom-up Control of Fisheries Production in the Seto Inland
Sea, Japan ----------------------------------------------------------------------127
Kenji TARUTANI , Japan
Evaluation on Pb Contamination in Algae in Osaka Bay, Japan
---------------------------------------------------------------------------128
Mika YAMADA , Japan
― 117 ―
Durability of Sand Capping Effect in the Inner Area of Ariake Bay
-------------------------------------------------------------------------129
Osamu KATO , Japan
The Improvement of the Bay Environment Recorded in a Sediment Core
at Asou Bay in the Tsushima Island, Southwestern Japan ---------------130
Shigenori KAWANO , Japan
The Project for Establishment of a Monitoring System and Continual
Utilization of Fishing Ground in the Bays of Parana Coastal Area, Brazil
------------------------------------------------------------------------131
Hiroshi KAWAI , Japan
Up-to-date Technology for Treatment Watery Sediments ----------------133
Tadaya KATO , Japan
Appendix
THE SHANGHAI DECLARATION -----------------------------------------137
― 118 ―
Proper management of fishery resources using a bivalve
growth model which included fishery catch and feeding
damage
Akihiko FUJII 1*
2, Yoshihiro YOKOYAMA
1, Masataka NAKASHIMA
1,
Tadashi UCHIDA 1, Masahiko SEKINE
2 & Hiroshi NAKANISHI
3
1 Kyushu Environmental Evaluation Association, Matsukadai Higashiku 1-10-1, Fukuoka,
813-0004 Japan
* E-mail: [email protected]
2 Graduate school of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai 2-16-1,
Ube,Yamaguchi, 755-8611 Japan
3 Emeritus Professor of Yamaguchi University, Higashisue 987-18, Ube, Yamaguchi,
759-0206 Japan
Ariake Bay, which is one of the most prominent fishing grounds, is located in
southwest Japan. The area is about 1700 km2 with a tidal flat of about 190 km2. Since the
1980’s, fishery catch has decreased year by year. Among the suspected causes of the
decrease, there are outbreaks of red tide, rise of water temperature, excessive fishery
pressure and feeding damage by predators. Especially, as a cause of the feeding damage,
it is reported that longheaded eagle rays (Aetobatus flagellum) have been seen in Ariake
Bay since the 1990's, and prey on large amounts of bivalves. The eagle ray is more than 1
m in body width and 10 kg in weight. In Ariake Bay, a large number of rays appear in
April and disappear in December. In this study, a simple numerical simulation model
based on the bivalve growth considering fishery catch and feeding by the rays is
developed and applied to assist with the proper management of fishery and extermination
of predators.
The growth of bivalves is simulated as a function of water temperature. The quantity
of natural resources of the bivalves is calculated by multipling recent population density
by habitation area. The fishery catch is estimated by summing up values of monthly catch
from statistical reports. Monthly catch amount is more than 500,000 tons in the big catch
years and equal to or less than 10,000 tons in the poor catch years. The biomass of the ray
is estimated to be more than 3,000 tons based on the amount of capture for extermination.
The daily amount of predation on bivalves by the rays is calculated to be 1% of the
biomass during the appearance period.
As a result of this simulation, the bivalve resources varied according to the biomass of
the rays. It was indicated that the predation pressure by the rays could be a serious factor
affecting bivalve resources. With the big catch amount of the past years, the bivalve
biomass of recent years was entirely consumed causing the exhaustion of the bivalve. It
clearly explains that the current bivalve resources cannot support the same amount of
― 119 ―
fishing as in the past. Under the conditions of both predations of the ray and past fishery
catch, bivalve resources were diminished. To maintain the resources with this predation
and catch, a biomass 4 times larger than recent bivalve populations is required. Our
simulation model has revealed that it is important to decrease the feeding damage and to
manage the fishery catch properly to maintain the bivalve resources.
Monitoring of macrobenthos and bivalve for biologically
productive artificial tidal flats,
Ago Bay, Japan
Daizo IMAI 1*,2
, Satoshi KANECO 2, Ahmed H. A. DABWAN
3, Hideyuki
KATSUMATA 2, Tohru SUZUKI
4, Tadaya KATO
3 & Kiyohisa OHTA
2
1 Fuyo Ocean Development & Engineering Company, Co., Ltd. Environmental Dept.,
Kuramae 3-15-7, Taithoku, Tokyo, Japan
*E-mail: [email protected]
2 Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie
University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507 Japan
3 Anotsu Research Institute for Environmental Restoration, Ano 2630-1, Anocho, Tsu,
Mie, 514-2302 Japan
4 Environmental Preservation Center, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507 Japan
Ago Bay in Japan is a typical enclosed coastal sea, which is connected to the Pacific
Ocean through a very narrow and shallow entrance. The bay has been extremely
contaminated by the practice of culturing pearls, which has been ongoing for the past 110
years. Because sediment eutrophication, oxygen deficient water and harmful algal blooms
have occurred in recent years, the pearl culture industries were damaged. To address this
problem, many attempts are being tried in order to improve the natural self-cleaning
capability in the bay region by forming artificial tidal flat, shallow water area and sea
algae and/or sea-grass bed inside the bay. To clean up the dredged sediments accumulated
at the bottom of the sea, where the contamination is progressive, we are exploring the
technologies to decompose the organic materials. This new technology—the
Hi-Biah-System (HBS)—was developed in 2005. This system could dewater muddy
dredged sediments and coagulate them to the solidified sea bottom sediments for
constructing an artificial tidal flat.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental conditions of the
constructed tidal flat over two years after it was built. We monitored the biological
characteristics (restoration of macrobenthos and growth of bivalve) and physico-chemical
parameters (oxidation-reduction potential, acid volatile sulphide, loss on ignition, water
― 120 ―
content, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, and particle size) for five types
of constructed tidal flats and a natural tidal flat. At the same tidal situation, the
physico-chemical parameters were almost similar among the five constructed and natural
tidal flats. However, the biomass and macrobenthic population in the constructed flats
was higher compared to the natural one. Moreover, it was observed that the results for the
young short-necked clam indicated remarkably larger growth in the artificial tidal flat
relative to that obtained in the natural one. From this result, it was supported that the
muddy solidified sea bottom sediments were very effective for the excellent growth of the
young clams. These observations may be considered to be attributable to the minerals
which were supplied from the solidified sea bottom sediments. These solidified materials
would give the good ecological conditions to benthic animals. The muddy dredged
sediments generated by the HBS could provide useful materials for enhancing the
productivity of the tidal coast in order to create new environment.
The present study is a part of the Ago Bay Environmental Restoration Project under
the program of Japan Science and Technology Agency.
Nutrients, organic carbon and oxygen budget in semi-enclosed
Ago Bay, Japan
Satoshi CHIBA 1*, G.A.Anggara KASIH
2, Yoichi YAMAGATA
3 & Osamu
MATSUDA 4
1 Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Yokkaichi University, Kayocho,
Yokkaichi, Japan
* E-mail: [email protected]
2, 4 Mie Industry Enterprise Support Center, Sakae-machi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
3 Fisheries Research Div., Mie Prefectural Sci. and Tech. Promotion Center, Ugata,
Shima, Mie, Japan
Ago Bay is a small semi-enclosed coastal water body of Japan and is well known as
the birth place of the pearl culture. The culture began about a century ago and the
production reached a peak point about 40 years ago. Since then, the production has
declined and the present production had fallen down to the one fifth of its peak point. The
deterioration of the marine environment has become serious in recent years, but it is
unclear whether the long usage of the water body by the culture is the cause. The
sediment quality in terms of COD at the bay head area has increased and had exceeded
far the local regulation limit. The settlement of hypoxic water mass in the bay head area
continues during warm season, every year.
― 121 ―
Mie Prefecture, which is the local government,
had conducted the corresponding research project
called CREATE for five years. The outline of the
project was presented on the EMECS 7 conference1)
to 4). This article reports a conclusive result for the
material budget around the bay. Nutrients, organic
carbon and oxygen are the materials of subject,
since the cause of the environmental deterioration
was presumed to relate to the change of organic
matter pathway in the bay.
The data for standing stock, flux and reaction rate
of regarding materials were gathered by the extensive
observations and the laboratory experiments
performed during the project. Then, these data were utilized to set up numerical models,
which played a role to produce data for material budget. The models consist of the
catchments area model, the hydrodynamic model of seawater, the pelagic water quality
model and the sedimentation model. Many features of the material flow in the bay were
disclosed through the analysis. An important result is that the contribution of organic
matter load to the seabed by the pearl cultivation was
quantified. Fig.1 shows the Particulate Organic
Carbon (POC) depositioning flux from the pearl oyster
is 50 ton yr-1 which corresponds to only 3% of total
POC depositioning flux. This result, therefore,
changes our view of the deterioration process of the
sediment in the shell cultivating sea area. Fig.2 shows
Organic Carbon (OC) budget in the sediment, which
brought us the information about the degradation
pathway for OC in the sediment at the different
location in the bay. We will show comprehensive
results for material budget of Ago Bay in the
conference, including some results for evaluation of the future restoration activity.
References for EMECS 7; 1) S.Chiba, Session 1-7, 2) Anggara Kasih, Session 1-8, 3)
T.Kato, Session 3-4, 4) S.Chiba, Session 3-5
Outer Sea1840
679Outer Sea
Outer Sea173
Zoo Plank.
Pearl Oyst.
Diatom
Dino Flage.
POC
DOC
Land
Land
692Outer Sea
164Outer Sea
126
126
Sediment
499
1710
Sediment
Sediment
50
1770
340782
113
4150
477
144
Stock 32.8
NP 6510
Stock 17.1
NP 1090
7.0
24.2
299
175
3380
175
DIC
DIC
DIC674
DIC
212
+4175
75
Foreshore TF
Area 0.81km2
Backland TF
Area 0.31km2
7.5
3.5
0.7
0.5 Outer Sea1840
679Outer Sea
Outer Sea173
Zoo Plank.
Pearl Oyst.
Diatom
Dino Flage.
POC
DOC
Land
Land
692Outer Sea
164Outer Sea
126
126
Sediment
499
1710
Sediment
Sediment
50
1770
340782
113
4150
477
144
Stock 32.8
NP 6510
Stock 17.1
NP 1090
7.0
24.2
299
175
3380
175
DIC
DIC
DIC674
DIC
212
+4175
75
Foreshore TF
Area 0.81km2
Backland TF
Area 0.31km2
7.5
3.5
0.7
0.5
Fig.1 Yearly budget of organic carbon in
the entire bay (ton year-1
); the data is the
sum of the transport, production and
consumption. TF means tidal flat
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
Fig.2 Yearly budget of organic carbon
in the sediment (mmol m-2
day-1
); the
values with parenthesis are for the bay
center area and those without
parenthesis are for the bay head area,
respectively
― 122 ―
Evaluation of restoration effect in the coastal unused reclaimed
area by promoting sea water exchange in Ago Bay, Mie
Prefecture, Japan
Hideki KOKUBU 1* & Yuriko TAKAYAMA
2
1 Fisheries Research Division, Mie Prefectural Science and Technology Promotion
Center, Ugata 3098-9, Shima, Mie 517-0501, Japan
*E-mail: [email protected]
2 TAISEI Co.Civil and Environment Research Department Taisei Research Institute,
Nase 344-1, Totsuka, Yokohama 245-0051, Japan
Ago Bay is located in Ise-Shima National Park, Mie prefecture, Central Japan. This
bay is famous for cradle of the pearl culture and it has been continued for more than 100
years. However, harmful algal blooms and infectious diseases make the pearl oyster
culture for whole year difficult. Furthermore, sediment eutrophication and frequent
occurrence of oxygen-deficient water has caused the deterioration of benthic ecosystem
and decrease of biological productivity in recent years. It is considered that one of the
major causes of these phenomena is stagnation of the material circulation by reclamation
of shallow coastal area including a tidal flat, sea glass and sea weed beds. The reclaimed
coastal areas were made clear by the multi-spectrum aerial picture analysis. In detail,
more than 50 years ago approximately 70% of tidal flats and shallow area were reclaimed
for constructing rice fields in Ago Bay. But now these reclaimed areas are given up
cultivation and changing the unused wetland. Therefore, for environmental restoration of
Ago Bay, it is necessary to enhance the biological productivity and natural purification
capacity which these areas provided, and to recover a smooth material circulation around
the shallow area. Then in this study, attempts were made to enhance the biological
productivity, by promoting water exchange between unused reclaimed area and outer sea
using pumps, pipeline system was set up in an experimental reclaimed wetland.
Improvements were evaluated by monitoring sediment quality, benthic abundance and
species diversity every season.
1) Present state in unused reclaimed area
The total reclaimed areas are about 185 ha, however almost of these areas were given
up cultivation and changed hypertrophic unused wetland in Ago Bay. Such areas add up
to about 153 ha. The sediment of unused wetlands are too muddy and contain high
organic matter, because the dykes which were constructing for reclamation, lead to
accumulation of the nutrient and organic matter run off from the land. In these wetlands,
the abundance and diversity of benthos are quite poor.
2) Seasonal changes of the sediment quality, abundance and species diversity of benthos
in experimental field by promoting the water exchange
― 123 ―
The sediment samples from experimental field with promoting water exchange and
natural tidal flat in front of the reclaimed areas were measured for COD, TOC, TN, IL,
AVS, particle size, chl.a and benthic abundance and species were counted every season
for 2 years. Now these monitoring are continuing. Before water exchange, sediment was
hypertrophic and anaerobic state. Capitella sp. and Chironomidae were dominant species,
because wetland was brackish. And more both wet weight and diversity were quite small.
After water exchange, the macrobenthos were changed from brackish to sea water. The
diversity and wet weight were gradually increased and after two years they became same
level of the natural tidal flat in front of the reclaimed area. The COD and AVS in
sediment were decreased too. These results indicate that the sediment statuses in wetland
were gradually changed to the aerobic condition by promoting the decomposition of the
hypertrophic sediment under the water exchange. Continuous water exchange would
provide enhancement of the biological productivity. This method would lead to wise use
of the coastal environment and enhance the biological productivity around the unused
reclaimed areas.
Approach to improve nutrient situation in the Seto Inland Sea,
Japan
Satoru TAKAHASHI 1, Seiko YOSHIKAWA
2, Yasuko SASADA
3, Shinichi
ONODERA 4, Hiroshi TAKANO
5, Hidehiro TAKAHASHI
2& Ichiro
YUASA 1
1 AIST, Coastal Environment & Monitoring Research Group, Hiro-Suehiro 2-2-2, Kure,
Hiroshima, 737-0197 Japan
E-mail: [email protected]
2 National Agricultural Research Center for Western Region, National Agricultural
Research Organization, Ikano 2575, Zentsuji, Kagawa, 765-0053 Japan
3 Research Center for Environment and Health, Kagawa Prefecture, Asahi-Cho5-3-105,
Takamatu, Kagawa, 760-0065 Japan
4 Laboratory of Biogeochemistry, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-7-1,
Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521 Japan
5 Center for Environment and Health, Okayama Prefecture, Uchio 739-1, Okayama,
701-0298 Japan
The nutrient load from the land influences the nutrient concentration in enclosed
coastal sea. On the other hand, even if the fishery damage that the nutrient state relates is
caused, it is difficult to solve such problems, because extent where the nutrient load from
the land influences the sea area water quality is not revealed yet. Then, in Bisan-Seto
― 124 ―
(central area of the Seto Inland Sea), a research project is started to clarify the behavior of
the nutrient from the source (land) to coastal sea consistently. In this project, we are
trying to specify the region where the possibility that the fishery damage occurs is high.
And, by recycling underground water, we are aiming at technological development to
decrease the nutrient concentration of the underground water at the farmland that is the
nutrient source. This time, the outline of this project and the characteristics of Bisan-Seto
are explained.
1. Outline of this research
This study project is composed of the
item chiefly shown as follows, and shows
the image in Figure1.
1)Calculation of behavior of nutrient
that discharged from river and
underground.
2)Calculation of amount of nutrient
purified in soil and tidal flat.
3)Presumption of behavior of nutrient
in coastal sea.
4)Development of recycling technique
of nutrient contained in underground water in farmland
2. Characteristic of Bisan-Seto
In order to clarify the characteristic of Bisan-Seto, we analyze the water quality data
observed by Kagawa Prefecture and Okayama Prefecture. And using these data,
numerical model experiments are carried out to calculate water flow field. As a result, the
following fact was clarified.
1)The stratification doesn't develop enough even in summer, because tidal current is
strong.
2)The nutrient concentration is usually low, except near the shore.
3)The nutrient concentration reaches the maximum value in autumn, though the cause
cannot be clarified.
4)Because the stratification doesn't develop in summer, the seasonal variation of
residual current is not found except around river mouth.
― 125 ―
Nutrients transfer between the sea and artificially enclosed
waters
Masaaki TAKAHASHI 1, Mikihiro IOKA
1, Satoshi CHIBA
1& Hideki
KOKUBU2
1 Yokkaichi University, Kayou-Chou1200, Yokkaichi, Mie, Japan
E-mail: [email protected]
2 Mie Science and Technology Promotion Center, Fisheries Research Division,
Hamajima-Chou 3564-3, Shima, Mie, Japan
Ago-Bay has several enclosed water bodies surrounded by concrete dykes which were
artificially constructed for rice cultivation, and almost of the nutrients from the land flow
down to the sea through these enclosed waters. In order to estimate the amount of
nutrients discharged into the sea, evaluation of the waters enacting on the nutrients flow
is regarded very important. Therefore, the nutrients flowing into the Ishibuchi-pond and
Tateishi-pond have investigated in this study.
Area of Ishibuchi-pond is estimated to be ca. 15000 m2, and the bottom sediments in
this area are in extremely anaerobic condition. Tateishi-pond has no river flowing into
them, and surrounded by natural forest. The total area of the Tateishi-pond is estimated to
be 850 m2 at the low-tide (0 cm to 30 cm above sea level), and ca. 2000 m2 at the
high-tide (higher than 30 cm above sea level). Few benthos and shells inhabit the area.
In investigation of Ishibuchi-pond, survey was conducted at the water gate of the
dyke and the mouth of the river flowing into the pond (two points). Tateishi-pond, survey
was also conducted at the water gate. The measurements were carried out during
spring-tide 2 or 3 days consecutively.
Usually sea is alternating high-tide and low-tide twice in a day, however contrary to
this, the water level in the pond was witnessed to have high-tide and low-tide only once a
day. Furthermore, a time lag of ca. 3 h was recorded between the high tide in the pond
and that observed in the outer sea. However, the time lag was only ca. 30 minutes in case
of low tides in the pond and outer sea. It was considered that the water gate has a kind of
structure of check valve, which is hindering the up-flow from the sea. The sea level
fluctuates from spring tide to neap tide in two weeks. As may be expected, while moving
from neap tide to the spring tide, usually sea water levels become higher at the high tide,
and lower at the low-tide. Contrary to this, although water level in the pond on the same
occasion becomes lower at the low-tide, it tends to remain/become lower at the high-tide
as well. This phenomenon is regarded as an influence of the structure of the water gate
which is hindering the water flow from the sea.
Regarding outflow and inflow of T-N and T-P between the outer sea and the waters,
no significant difference was observed in Tateishi-pond, however, the outflow of T-N and
― 126 ―
T-P to the sea in case of Ishibuchi–pond was bigger than the inflow from the sea. So far, it
has been presumed that the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus will be reduced by the
processes like sedimentation and/or de-nitrification in the pond, however, results from the
present study do not support this hypothesis. However, survey time in our investigation
was rather limited, and therefore, much more accumulation of the data over a longer
period is require.
Possible bottom-up control of fisheries production in the Seto
Inland Sea, Japan
Kenji TARUTANI 1*, Kazuhiro HARADA
2 & Makoto YAMASAKI
1
1 Coastal Productivity and Environment Division, National Research Institute of
Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Maruishi 2-17-5, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima,
739-0452 Japan
* E-mail: [email protected]
2 Fisheries Technology Institute, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries, Minami-Futami 22-2, Futami, Akashi, Hyogo, 674-0093 Japan
In recent decades, anthropogenic nutrient discharges into the Seto Inland Sea of Japan
have reduced as a result of a set of measures for environmental conservation. On the
other hand, several fish catches and/or stocks have collapsed in this area. Shifts in
seawater quality and fisheries landings were accompanied by modifications in structure
of marine communities. Alteration of resource availability represents a "bottom-up" effect
on marine ecosystems, whereas removal of consumer biomass through fishing represents
a "top-down" effect. Therefore, an understanding of how bottom-up and top-down
processes influence the structure and dynamics of marine communities is necessary for
effective management of fisheries production and marine ecosystems in the face of
environmental variability and human impacts. In this study, we addressed the question of
bottom-up versus top-down control of marine ecosystem trophic interactions by using
long-term nutrients and phytoplankton biomass data and annual fish catch data (1973 –
2005) in Harima-Nada, located in the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea of Japan. Linear
regression model showed a significant relationship between dissolved inorganic nitrogen
concentration and phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a concentration) for the period
1991 to 2005. A positive relationship was also found between mean annual phytoplankton
biomass and annual yield of pelagic plankton feeders for the same period. These results
demonstrate close linkages between nutrients (especially dissolved inorganic nitrogen),
phytoplankton, and pelagic plankton-feeding fishes, suggesting that bottom-up control
regulates fisheries production in Harima-Nada during recent decades. Our findings have
― 127 ―
also an important bearing for ecosystem approaches to fisheries, particularly for the
estimation of the carrying capacity with regard to sustainable exploitation.
Evaluation on Pb contamination in algae in Osaka Bay, Japan
Mika YAMADA 1*, Nguyen HOANG
1, Koshi YAMAMOTO
2,
Yasuhiro USHIHARA 3 & Hiroshi KAWAI
3
1 Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Central 7, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8567 Japan
*E-mail: [email protected]
2 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Environmental
Studies, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
3 Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Nadaku, Kobe 657-8501,
Japan
Heavy metal concentrations of the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida and the green alga
Ulva sp. collected at 15 and 6 locations, respectively, from Osaka Bay are measured with
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The data are compared in order
to evaluate the usefulness of a biomonitoring system for assessing the geographic
distribution of heavy metals in coastal seawaters.
The ports of Osaka Bay are located on the N side coast (e.g., Kobe Port, Osaka Port)
and the SE side coast (fishing ports). In contrast, Awaji Island, on the SW side of the bay
has a natural coast. We believe the port areas receive contamination from anthropogenic
sources such as shipping activities. Undaria from Kobe Port, a major industrial port, show
extremely high Pb concentrations (3.5±0.27 ppm, dry weight) and those from the SE area
are relatively high (0.43 1.4 ppm, dry weight), while those from the SW area are low
(0.14 0.36 ppm, dry weight). Geographical variation in Pb concentrations of Ulva in the
bay is different from that of Undaria. The Pb concentrations in Ulva from the SE area
show a variance of between 0.29 and 1.71 ppm (dry weight). These concentrations are
lower than those in the SW area (2.28 2.69 ppm, dry weight), although shipping activity
in the latter is much less extensive. The sources of Pb contaminations in Undaria and
Ulva are further investigated by Pb isotopic data and a factor analysis for heavy metal
components (Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) in Undaria.
Lead isotopic data for Undaria from two port localities, and two non-port localities
and Ulva from one port locality and one non-port locality are acquired by thermal
ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). 206Pb/207Pb values in Undaria from non-port
areas (Yura and Ikuho) are 1.1576 and 1.1638, respectively. These values are very
similar to those in Ulva from port (Tarui) and non-port (Yura) areas: 1.1574 and 1.1649,
respectively. However, Undaria from port areas (Kobe Port and Tarui) show 206Pb/207Pb
― 128 ―
ratios from 1.1372 to 1.1522, which are much lower ratios than those from non-port areas,
suggesting that Undaria from port areas and non- port areas receive Pb from various
sources and that Ulva and Undaria can maintain different Pb isotopic ratios in the same
habitat. With the exception of one sample from Tarui, 206Pb/207Pb values in Undaria
and Ulva (1.1486 1.1696) were similar to the ratios in the coastal seawater in Japan
(Miyazaki and Reimer, 1993); however 208Pb/204Pb ratios in the latter are much lower
(34.85 37.57) compared with the current report. Plots of 208Pb/206Pb versus
207Pb/206Pb ratios appeared to overlap with the field of airborne particulate in Osaka
City (Osaka City, 2007) and those ratios in most specimens overlap with the field of road
runoff in Osaka City (Osaka City, 2007).
Two significant factors accounting for about 77% of the variance were distinguished
for the analyzed data. The first factor was characterized by high levels of Pb and Cu and
the second factor was high level of Mn. Those scores of river water contaminated from
road runoff (Osaka Pref, 2004) in the first and second factors differ greatly from those of
Undaria. Those scores of Undaria from Amagasaki, where is near an abandoned industrial
area and a sewage plant, corresponded closely to those from the SE area.
These observations suggest that 208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb ratios in the algae
from the areas affected by human activities in Osaka Bay are lower than those from the
natural area and are controlled by mixing processes involving various components
including sewage water and seawater rather than one source such as road runoff.
Durability of sand capping effect in the inner area of Ariake
Bay
Tomokazu HARAGUCHI 1*, Osamu KATO
2 Masahiro SEGUCHI
1 &
Masumi KOORIYAMA 1
1 Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Honjo 1, Saga, 840-8502 Japan
*E-mail: [email protected]
2 Professor emeritus, Saga University, Honjo 1, Saga, 840-8502 Japan
The sand capping method appears to be useful for improving the environment of
bottom sediment in the inner area of the Ariake Sea. It is usually thought that its effect
becomes dull in only a few years. The present study investigates the secular change of the
bottom sediment environment in sand capped sections, which were constructed by Saga
Prefecture from 2001 to 2003. The relation between the habitation of benthos and the
grain size distribution was investigated.
Sediment sampling was conducted in nine sand capped sections for evaluating the
― 129 ―
profile of sediment environment in 2005 and 2006 and in three sections for investigating
benthos in 2007. Sediment column was taken with an acryl pipe. Three column samples
were taken from each section, two samples were taken inside and one sample was taken
outside a section. A sediment column was divided into pieces of 5 cm thick. The grain
size distribution of each piece was examined with sieves. A surface sediment sample was
taken using an Ekman-Birge type bottom sampler and put through a screen of 1mm
meshes. The residue was fixed with 10 % formalin solution and benthic organisms were
sorted, identified and weighed.
The ratio of fine sand (0.075-0.25 mm) of the surface sediment (0-0.05 m) increased
from 2005 to 2006 at most of sections. The apparent change in grain size distribution
might be occurred owing to huge disturbance of sea water caused by the typhoon (T0514)
which crossed the Ariake Sea on September 6 in 2005. The effect of sand capping on
grain size distribution was recognized except for section SW01, in which the ratio of sand
ranged 0.075-2 mm was larger from the surface to deeper layer for capped and
non-capped point, i.e. outside the section. Species, population and weight of benthos at
sand capped point were obviously larger than non-capped point in NE02 and NE03.
The improvement of the bay environment recorded in a
sediment core at Asou Bay in the Tsushima Island,
southwestern Japan
Shigenori Kawano 1*, Toshiaki Irizuki
1, Ritsuo Nomura
2
1 Department of Geoscience, Interdisciplinary Faculty of Science, Shimane University,
Nishikawatsu 1060, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504 Japan
*E-mail: [email protected]
2 Foraminiferal Laboratory, Faculty of Education, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu
1060, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504 Japan
The Tsushima Island is located between the Japanese Islands and the Korean
Peninsula, eastern Asia. Asou Bay is present in the middle part of the Tsushima Island.
The bay opens to the west and is connected to Miura Bay on the east through the
Manzeki-seto Strait, which is an artificial strait and was constructed by the Imperial
Japanese Navy in 1900. At that time, the strait was 40 m wide and 4.5 m deep. Afterward,
it was extended and dredged in 1975 (width: 40m, depth: 4.5m). We collected a sediment
core 18 cm thick in the inner part of Asou Bay (34° 18.069’ N, 129° 20.869’ E, 16 m in
water depth). The core was sliced in 5 mm thick, and 36 samples were obtained. We
conducted several analyses to reconstruct the temporal changes of depositional
environments; gamma spectrometry (210Pb and 137Cs) analysis, CHN (total organic
― 130 ―
carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN)) analysis, grain size analysis and meiobenthos
(Crustacea: Ostracoda) analysis.
As a result, the sedimentation rate based on 210Pb and 137Cs dating was 0.11
cm/year. Therefore, the estimated age for 18 cm level is about 150 years. The C/N ratio is
constant before the 1900s and afterward it has decreased up to the recent. Before the
1980s, grain size was constant, but it became coarser gradually after 1980s.
The result from the ostracode analysis reveals that the construction and extension of
the Manzeki-seto Strait have influenced the distribution and composition of ostracode
assemblages around the inner part of Asou Bay. Before the 1900s, Bicornucythere
bisanensis, which lives in oxygen-poor bottoms, was abundant. On the other hand
Nipponocythere bicarinata, which cannot tolerate anoxic or oxygen-poor bottoms, was
rare. Between the 1900s and 1970s, B. bisanensis decreased although N. bicarinata
increased gradually. Since the 1970s, there are no significant changes of the species
composition of ostracode assemblages, but the total number of individuals has increased
up to the present.
Thus, seasonal hypoxia was developed in the study site before the 1900s. The
construction and extension of the Manzeki-seto Strait, however, have promoted the
inflow of oxygen-rich waters from open seas and have improved the environment in the
inner part of Asou Bay.
THE PROJECT FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF A
MONITORING SYSTEM AND CONTINUAL UTILIZATION
OF FISHING GROUND IN THE BAYS OF PARANA
COASTAL AREA, BRAZIL
The team for the environmental technology exchange in Hyogo and Parana
The Japan side representation Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association
1,
The Brazil side representation Federal University of Parana2
1 3-1-31,Suma-ku,kobe,654-0037 Japan 2Rua XV de Novembro,1299 80060-000 Curitiba-Parana-Brazil
Background to environmental technology exchange
Paranagua Bay is located in Parana State in the south
of Brazil. The bay covers an area of 612 km2 and is a
classic shallow enclosed coastal sea that is prone to
environmental degradation. The bay can be generally
divided into two parts: a southern part with an international
port city, and a northern part with a national nature
preserve that marks the southernmost point of the Atlantic
rain forest.
― 131 ―
Mangrove forests also have a considerable area, there is a leading port, in one side
which is also many citizens' resort, culture of a shrimp, a crab, an oyster, etc. is also
carried out and various use is carried out in the inside of the bay. However, the common
problem in enclosed coastal area is discovered, due to increased pollution load resulting
from the centralization of population, development and so on in coastal zones in recent
years and the loss of natural ecosystems and so on, environmental preservation in the bay
has become a pressing issue.
1. Construction of the project by a JICA technical cooperation
JICA assistance was obtained in 2004 and 2006 - 2008 for these efforts as a
grass-roots technical cooperation project aimed at building monitoring systems in
Paranagua Bay. The project was conducted jointly by the Hyogo Environmental
Advancement Association and relevant organizations in Brazil.
The program will be executed in cooperation by the following institutions from Brazil
and Japan: Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association, Kobe University Research
Center for Inland Seas, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry
and Fishieries, Department of Marine Bioscience, Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui
Prefectural University, CEM/UFPR, IBAMA, IAP, SEMA and PUC/PR.
2. Composition of a project
The project framework can be generally divided into two
parts. One is a long-term program in which trainees from
Brazil are accepted and training is conducted by the Japanese
side, primarily in ocean monitoring technologies. The other
involves the dispatch of specialists from Japan to Brazil to
work with related personnel on the Brazil side in studying
the water quality in Paranagua Bay, the environment of
fishing grounds, the approach to biological monitoring and the methods that should be
used and so on.
3. Future sustainable efforts and approaches
Beginning in 2006 the Brazil side created an alliance of entities that would conduct
monitoring, and also established a venue for coordination and pursued organizational
efforts. Subsequently, the Brazil side personnel worked with the Japanese side to form
monitoring teams in each area (water quality, fishing ground environments and biology),
implement joint monitoring, create a website and so on. These model efforts were
conducted on an autonomous and independent basis and were widely praised both at
home and abroad.
This project has been conducted since FY 2006 with the goal of achieving long-term
monitoring in Paranagua Bay, and in this final year the framework, personnel
organization for promoting monitoring and construction of processes will be made even
more robust to help preserve the environment of Paranagua Bay.
― 132 ―
Up-to-date technology for treatment watery sediments
Tadaya KATO 1*, Ahmed H. A. DABWAN
1, Kiyoyuki EGUSA
1 & Daizo
IMAI 2
1 Anotsu Research Institute for Environmental Restoration, Co. Ltd., Ano 2630-1, Ano-cho,
Tsu-city,Mie Prefecture 514-2302, Japan
*E-mail: [email protected]
2 Fuyo Ocean Development & Engineering Company, Co.Ltd. 3-15-7, Kuramae,Taito-ku,Tokyo
111-0051, Japan
The Project of Environmental Restoration of Enclosed Coastal Seas in Agobay of Mie
Prefecture in Japan was carried out by a group of collaborative researchers assigned by
Japan Science and Technology Agency for five years since 2003. This project deals with
efforts to clean up the deteriorated sediments that are accumulated at the bottom of the
sea. Agobay is known as the starting bay on the culture of pearl oysters by Mr. Kokichi
Mikimoto and has been contaminated in the continuation of pearl culture spanning 110
years. Attempts are in order to enhance the self-cleaning capability of the natural water in
the bay by using the many kinds of artificial restoration technologies, that is, dredging
engineering, re-forming artificial tidal lands and seaweed beds.
As one of the innovated investigation results, new technologies for dewatering and
solidification of the dredged sediments were developed by the original coagulant, named
‘AGOCLEAN-P’, which was made of paper sludge ashes wastes and/or coal ashes as raw
materials.
The coagulating mechanism of AGOCLEAN-P is explained that ettringite crystallites
are firstly formed in the watery sediments when the powdered coagulant and wet
sediments are mixed. The mixture reacts with water to make soil particles by
cross-linkages of silicate networks. Soil particles are agglomerated to become diameter
several 10 µm and does not disperse into water as silts. The separation between
agglomerates and clear water is performed very well and sedimentation of agglomerates
is happened very short time. After dewatering by press, treatment dredged mud can reuse
for the raw materials of artificial tidal flats, granular micro-habitat beads for
microorganism, seaweed beds, and marine blocks. This treatment will improve the
turbidity of sea water in order to reach the sun light in the bottom of the sea.
This technique will be applied to the environmental cleaning about river catchment
and estuary areas in Asia. Wetland restoration actions, in general, for lagoons, lakes,
rivers, and reefs grow yearly on a point of view for global environmental problems.
― 133 ―
Akihiko FUJII
Proper Management of Fishery Resources Using a Bivalve Growth Model which Included Fishery Catch and Feeding Damage
Daizo IMAI
Monitoring of Macrobenthos and Bivalve for Biologically Productive Artificial Tidal Flats, Ago Bay, Japan
Satoshi CHIBA
Nutrients, Organic Carbon and Oxygen Budget in Semi-Enclosed Ago Bay, Japan
Hideki KOKUBU
Evaluation of Restoration Effect in the Coastal Unused Reclaimed Area by Promoting Sea Water Exchange in Ago Bay, Mie Prefecture, Japan
― 134 ―
Satoru TAKAHASHI
Approach to Improve Nutrient Situation in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Masaaki TAKAHASHI
Nutrients Transfer between the Sea and Artificially Enclosed Waters/Feature of the Nutrient Flow in the Catchments Area in Ago-Bay
Kenji TARUTANI
Possible Bottom-up Control of Fisheries Production in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Mika YAMADA
Evaluation on Pb Contamination in Algae in Osaka Bay, Japan
― 135 ―
Osamu KATO
Durability of Sand Capping Effect in the Inner Area of Ariake Bay
Shigenori KAWANO
The Improvement of the Bay Environment Recorded in a Sediment Core at Asou Bay in the Tsushima Island, Southwestern Japan
Hiroshi KAWAI
The Project for Establishment of a Monitoring System and Continual Utilization of Fishing Ground in the Bays of Parana Coastal Area, Brazil
Tadaya KATO
Up-to-date Technology for Treatment Watery Sediments
― 136 ―
THE SHANGHAI DECLARATION
Environmental Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas
EMECS 8
October 30, 2008
Staying the Course in Troubled Waters
We are more than 450 persons who participated in the 8th International Conference on Environmental
Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas in Shanghai, China, under the theme of “Harmonizing River
Catchment and Estuary.” We are researchers, policy makers, educators, students, businesspersons,
governmental officials, and members of non-governmental organizations. We have come from our
workplaces, academic institutions, schools, and homes in China and 36 other countries near and far.
We are here because we have a shared interest in a sustainable future for coastal seas around the world.
This is our conference declaration.
We applaud the fact that restoration, conservation, and management programs are underway on most of
the world’s coastal seas. We have learned that many have been in place long enough to demonstrate
some successes, among them reduction of the oxygen-depleted dead zone in the Black Sea, nutrient
pollutant reduction in the Delaware Estuary, and increased public awareness as a result of
environmental education for school children and citizens in every country represented at EMECS 8.
We are delighted with the increasing levels of commitment and intergovernmental cooperation that our
leaders have shown in addressing such critically important environmental matters.
Nevertheless, we recognize that we are navigating seriously troubled waters today. The recent
economic growth that is so beautifully reflected in the gleaming new buildings of Shanghai gives us
hope in our ability to accomplish great things. But we have seen in the past how economic
development can neglect environmental concerns because they are viewed as being inconsequential to
a country’s well-being. In stark contrast is the world-wide economic turmoil within which EMECS 8
has taken place. This, too, draws attention away from environmental quality as governments search for
immediate solutions to their economic problems. The consequences of both economic condition can
be serious for our coastal seas: decreasing water quality, loss of resource productivity, and even
complete ecosystem disruption.
We simply must not allow governments to neglect our coastal seas regardless of their economic
condition. To do so would not only erase the successes many of us have worked so hard to achieve, but
also threaten the environmental services that our coastal seas provide which are the foundation of the
well-being and prosperity of coastal communities. Further, we have learned through experience that
restoration of degraded coastal seas is far more expensive than the cost of implementing programs to
prevent that degradation in the first place. Finally, coastal seas, like other ecosystems, are dynamic and
changing. These changes have ecological, social, and political aspects, all of which are increasing in
rapidity. They require monitoring and adaptive management programs that are only possible through
continued vigilance. Global warming is an extreme aspect of this last concern. If effective responses
are not implemented, global warming and its consequent effect on sea-level rise could subject our
coastal seas to irreversible change with serious worldwide consequences.
We believe that advocacy for our coastal seas, no matter how vigorous and no matter how strongly
supported by scientific research, cannot be assumed to compete successfully with perceived economic
― 137 ―
concerns for the attention and action of our political leaders. We must convince those leaders that
healthy, productive, and sustainable coastal waters are vital to a country’s economic well-being. We
therefore encourage understanding and adoption of a perspective that correctly includes people as an
integral part of the system of coastal sea after coastal sea around the world, in every country and within
every political context. We identify the elements of this perspective as follows:
1. Coastal seas and their river catchments must be understood to be components of a single system
so that harmonization between them from both environmental and policy making perspectives
will benefit the entire system.
2. Similarly, the economics, cultural, and creative activities of coastal communities must be
understood and harmonized as integral components of that same coastal system.
3. Consequently, degradation of any component of a coastal system has negative effects on all
other components; activities that improve the condition of any component will improve the
system as a whole.
Past EMECS conference declarations introduced the term “working landscape” to indicate the
relationship between land, water, and human activity that generates sustainable economic return
through activities such as fishing, farming, commerce, and recreation that can be passed as an
economic and environmental asset from generation to generation. At EMECS 8 we learned an
informative new concept, sato-umi, which signifies “high productivity and biodiversity of a coastal sea
as a result of, and in harmony with, human activity.” Both of these concepts speak to the economic
value of a positive relationship between coastal communities and coastal seas. We understand that
relationship to our potential benefit; we neglect it to our peril.
Sato-umi places increased emphasis on promoting positive interaction between humankind and our
enclosed coastal seas. That interaction can take many forms. It may be realized through concerted,
continuous environmental conservation programs. Sustainable economic return through ecosystem-
based resource management and agricultural practices are other aspects of sato-umi. So are activities
that bring people in contact with coastal systems through recreation and artistic creativity. Especially
during these times of rapid economic and environmental change, governments, businesses, and
philanthropic organizations alike need to invest significant financial and intellectual resources in
programs that will have positive results according to sato-umi – projects that empower local
communities to undertake activities to improve water quality and manage living resources with
demonstrated success that will be sustainable into the future. Finally, sato-umi places a high premium
on an education that connects young people with the natural world and provides them opportunity to
learn through hands-on experiences how their sincere concern for the natural world relates to the well-
being of their community, family, and themselves. We hear their collective voice in the EMECS 8
Student Declaration. We strongly endorse what they have written. We promise that they will not be
disappointed with our response.
Our EMECS 8 Conference Declaration is simple: We must act on the principle that land, water, and
people are integral components of the world’s coastal seas. Economy and environment are intertwined
with art and nature. All are bound together by education. This is the lesson of sato-umi. This will help
us keep our course on today’s troubled waters. This is what we wish to pass to the next and future
generations. This is our commitment. This is our promise.
― 138 ―
Published in February 2009
International Workshop
Sato-UmiNew Concept that Increases
Biological Productivity and Biodiversity
This report was funded by the Japan Fund for Global Environment of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency.
