International Spinach Conference 2015 · 2018. 8. 27. · 3 Renegade Bejo . 4 Responder Bejo . 5 Revere Bejo . 6 Spiros Bejo . 7 Escalade Enza Zaden . 8 Pacer Enza Zaden . 9 Camaro

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International Spinach Conference

2015

Yuma, AZ

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Welcome to the 2015

International Spinach Conference Yuma, AZ

February 24-25, 2015

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter from Organizing Committee……………………………………………………11 Map of Yuma………………………………………………………………………………13 Program Sponsors………………………………………………………………..… 15-20 Field Day Sponsors…………………………………………………………………. 21-24 Spinach Statistics ………………………………………………………………………25 Program Itinerary..……………………………………………………………………27-30 Field Day Information ……………………………………………………………… 31-36 List of Contributed Abstracts …………………………………………………….. 37-62 Conference Participants ………………………………………………………….. 63-76 Spinach Website Directory ……………………………………………………….. 77-92

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Department of Plant Pathology

217 Plant Science Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701-1201 479-575-2445 ∙ Fax 479-575-7601 ∙ http://plantpathology.uark.edu/

February 24, 2015 On behalf of the organizing committee, we would like to welcome everyone to Yuma, Arizona for the 2015 International Spinach Conference dedicated to the international exchange of information for the benefit of the spinach “community”. We have over 200 participants and have an exciting program and field day planned. This should be a valuable venue for anyone interested in spinach. We would like to thank the many people for their time and effort in convening the meeting and the dedicated sponsors for their financial support. In particular, we would like to thank Christina Hawkey and the Western Ag College for their tireless effort in making many of the arrangements and the Southwestern Ag Summit for allowing us to partner with them this year. Kristan Sheppeard was also invaluable in the meeting organization. We would also like to thank Scott Richards, Justin Mai, Chris Hoppe and Jeremy Toney, of Gowan Seed, for organizing and conducting the variety trial in at the commercial field. We would also like to thank Dr. Kurt Nolte, Dr. Mike Matheron, Janine Lane, and Matt McGuire for organizing and conducting the variety trial and the biofungicide trial at the University of Arizona Experiment Station. Special assistance from Jay Schafer is also gratefully acknowledged. A special thanks is extended to JV Farms for hosting the Tuesday night reception. In addition, we would like to thank Craig Stahl and the Hilton Garden Inn for the accommodations and the hospitality. Welcome to the meeting and welcome to Yuma! We hope everyone enjoys the meeting and finds it productive. Sincerely, Jim Correll, Shelby Hanson, Cindy Morley, Kim Keeney, Chunda Feng Department of Plant Pathology University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR 72701

http://plantpathology.uark.edu/

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Map of key locations in Yuma

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2015 International Spinach Conference Program Sponsors

Gold

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Silver

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Bronze

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2015 International Spinach Conference Field Day Sponsors

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Spinach Production in the United States

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Yuma, AZ

PROGRAM

Monday, February 23, 2015

7:00-9:00 pm Welcome reception at the Hilton Garden Inn

Tuesday February 24, 2015 Arizona Western College

7:45 am Buses depart for Arizona Western College from the Hilton Garden Inn 8:00-9:00 am Schoening Conference Room Pick up registration packets, and final registration Coffee and light snacks 9:00-9:15 am Welcome to Yuma, AZ, the Southwestern Ag Summit, and the

International Spinach Conference 9:15-10:30 am General – Jim Correll, presiding 9:15-9:30 am California Leafy Greens Research Program: origin, goals, and progress Mary Zischke, California Leafy Greens Research Board 9:30-9:45 am Snapshot of the Spinach Seed Committee Steve Ray 9:45-10:00 am Overview of Agricultural Production in the Yuma/Imperial Area Kurt Nolte, University of Arizona 10:00-10:15 am Nutrient and Water Use of Fresh Market Spinach Richard F. Smith, T. Love, and A. Heinrich 10:15-10:30 am An Overview of Diseases Affecting Spinach Production in

California/Arizona Steve Koike 10:30-11:00 am Break 11:00 am-12:30 pm Breeding and Downy Mildew – Jan DeVisser, presiding 11:00-11:15 am The Challenges of Spinach Breeding Jan DeVisser, Pop Vriend Seed

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11:15-11:30 am Update on the Variation of the Downy Mildew Pathogen Jim Correll, C. Feng, K. Kammeijer, S. Koike 11:30-11:45 am Methods and Idiosyncrasies for Working with Spinach Downy Mildew Sierra Hartney 11:45-12:00 pm Genetic Diversity of the Spinach Downy Mildew Pathogen Becky Lyon, J. Correll, C. Feng, B. Bluhm, K. Lamour 12:00-12:15 pm Efforts to Develop a Reference Genome of the Spinach Downy

Mildew Pathogen Chunda Feng, B. Bluhm, K. Lamour, J. Correll 12:15-12:30 pm Quantification of Airborne Peronospora for Downy Mildew Disease

Warning Steve J. Klosterman, A. Anchieta, N. McRoberts, S.T. Koike, K.V.

Subbarao, H. Voglmayr, Y.-J. Choi, M. Thines and F.N. Martin 12:40 pm Group Photo – Location will be announced 12:45 – 2:00 pm Lunch 2:00-3:30 pm Molecular Efforts and Management – Larry Stein, presiding 2:00-2:15 pm SNP Discovery, Genetic Diversity, and Association Analysis in

Spinach Ainong Shi, B. Mou, J. Ma, J. Correll, D. Motes 2:15-2:30 pm Technical Advances in the Molecular Sequencing Efforts with Spinach Chunda Feng, A. Shi, B.Bluhm, J. Correll Management 2:30-2:45 pm Challenges and Emerging Solutions to Food Safety Compliance for

Spinach Growers and Handlers Trevor Suslow, A. Sbodio, and J. Pinzon 2:45 – 3:00 pm High Density Spinach Production in Texas and Disease Management Larry Stein 3:00 – 3:15 pm Comparison of Chemical Management Tools for Spinach and Lettuce

Downy Mildew Mike E. Matheron, M. Porchas 3:15 - 3:30 pm Evaluation of Biofungicides for Downy Mildew Control Jason Pavel, C. Feng, S. Koike, J. Correll

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3:30 – 4:00 pm Break 4:00 – 5:30 pm Management – Lindsey du Toit, presiding 4:00 – 4:15 pm Evaluation of Management Practices for Fusarium Wilt in Spinach Brian D. Collins, M.R. McDonald, L.J. du Toit, S.M. Westerveld 4:15 – 4:30 pm Progress towards an Effective Organic Seed Treatment to Prevent

Early Damping Off Diseases Dalie Krolikowski, D. Cross, E.Tang, Y. So, B.A. Garcia 4:30 – 4:45 pm Suppression of Fusarium Wilt in Spinach Seed Production using

Compost Lindsey J. du Toit, M.L. Derie, C.P. Youngquist, B.J. Holmes 4:45 – 5:00 pm Phomopsis and Spinach Seed: History, Concerns, and Research Update Lindsey J. du Toit, M.L. Derie, J.C. Correll, and C. Feng 5:00 – 5:15 pm Recent Herbicide Trials in Spinach Seed Crops Tim W. Miller, and C.R. Libbey 5:15 – 5:30 pm ThermoSeed – a Sustainable Way to Control Fungal Pathogens in

Spinach Seed Victor Sanchez-Sava, Barry Hoff, Gustaf Forsberg 6:30 – 8:30 pm Spinach Reception (Hosted by J.V. Smith Companies) The reception will be held at the Yuma Territorial Prison 1 Prison Hill Road Yuma, AZ 85364 928-783-4771 The prison is only about 1 mile away from the hotel. The hotel shuttle

will begin taking groups of 9 people over at 6:15. If you need a ride, meet the shuttle in the hotel lobby.

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Wednesday, February 25, 2015 International Spinach Conference Field Day

7:30 am Buses will depart hotel for Arizona Western College 8:00 – 9:00 am Burrito Breakfast and tour Arizona Western College Field Plots and

Equipment 9:00 am Board Buses to go to Spinach Variety Trial in a commercial field 11:00 am Return to Arizona Western College 11:15 am Depart for University of Arizona Experiment Station (~30 minutes) 6425 W. 8th St. Yuma, AZ 85364 11:45 am Introduction to the station 12:00 – 1:30 pm Lunch and short introduction to the Spinach Variety Trial and

Biofungicide Evaluation 11:45 – 1:00 pm Catered lunch at U of Arizona Field Station 1:00 – 3:00 pm Visit trials – Variety Trial/Biofungicide Trial 3:00 pm Buses depart to hotel 4:00 pm Buses depart to hotel 6:00 pm Ag Summit Dinner/Reception (cash bar) Western Ag College

Thursday February 26th, 2015 Ag Summit

See Ag Summit website for program https://www.swagsummit.com/ 6:00 pm Harvest Dinner ($100 – not included in registration fee)

Friday 27th, 2015 Ag Summit

Lettuce Days – Community Outreach (on your own)

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Commercial Field Trial The commercial field trial includes 65 varieties and two different wet dates. The wet dates were January 14th (clip) and January 17th (baby). Seeding rates were approximately 3.0 million seed per acre. Variety Variety Seed Number Company 1 Reflect Bejo 2 Remake Bejo 3 Renegade Bejo 4 Responder Bejo 5 Revere Bejo 6 Spiros Bejo 7 Escalade Enza Zaden 8 Pacer Enza Zaden 9 Camaro Enza Zaden 10 Shelby Enza Zaden 11 Yabi Enza Zaden 12 EO3D.0808 Enza Zaden 13 Yukon Enza Zaden 14 PV-1390 Pop Vriend 15 Cello Pop Vriend 16 Guitar Pop Vriend 17 PV-1028 Pop Vriend 18 Piano Pop Vriend 19 Violin Pop Vriend 20 Amazon Pop Vriend 21 Ashley Pop Vriend 22 Bassoon Pop Vriend 23 Bongo Pop Vriend 24 Castanet Pop Vriend 25 Hudson Pop Vriend 26 Stanton Pop Vriend 27 PV-1135B Pop Vriend 28 Mandolin Pop Vriend 29 Tambourine PopVriend 30 Carmel Pop Vriend

Variety Variety Seed Number Company 31 Banjo Pop Vriend 32 Tasman Pop Vriend 33 PV-1029 Pop Vriend 34 Br. Toucan Rijk Zwann 35 Woodpecker Rijk Zwann 36 Marabu Rijk Zwann 37 Whale Rijk Zwann 38 Silverwhale Rijk Zwann 39 Mandril Rijk Zwann 40 51-710 RZ Rijk Zwann 41 Kookaburra Rijk Zwann 42 51-338 RZ Rijk Zwann 43 51-343 RZ Rijk Zwann 44 Meerkat Rijk Zwann 45 Gazelle Rijk Zwann 46 Platypus Rijk Zwann 47 Coati Rijk Zwann 48 Seaside Sakata 49 Lakeside Sakata 50 Riverside Sakata 51 Oceanside Sakata 52 XSPK 353 Sakata 53 XSPK 356 Sakata 54 Caladonia Seminis 55 SV2157VB Seminis 56 SV2146VB Seminis 57 Avenger Seminis 58 Lanazarote Seminis 59 SV1846VC Seminis 60 Molakai Seminis 61 El Rancho Syngenta 62 El Real Syngenta 63 El Ruedo Syngenta 64 El Tajin Syngenta 65 LDSD 948 Syngenta

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Commercial Field Trial Plot

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The University of Arizona Station Trials The station has 3 distinct trials planted: Trial 1: Variety trial: The first trial is similar to the commercial trial in that there are 70 varieties planted. There are 3 replications of each variety demarcated by the white, yellow, and red colors on the plot map. Replication 1 contains the 70 varieties in order. Replication 2 and 3 contain the 70 varieties, but they are randomized. The wet date for the variety trial was January 17th and was planted at approximately 3.5 million seed per acre.

1 Reflect Bejo 2 Remake Bejo 3 Renegade Bejo 4 Responder Bejo 5 Revere Bejo 6 Spiros Bejo 7 Escalade Enza Zaden 8 Pacer Enza Zaden 9 Camaro Enza Zaden 10 Shelby Enza Zaden 11 Yabi Enza Zaden 12 EO3D.0808 Enza Zaden 13 Yukon Enza Zaden 14 PV-1390 Pop Vriend 15 Cello Pop Vriend 16 Guitar Pop Vriend 17 PV-1028 Pop Vriend 18 Piano Pop Vriend 19 Violin Pop Vriend 20 Amazon Pop Vriend 21 Ashley Pop Vriend 22 Bassoon Pop Vriend 23 Bongo Pop Vriend 24 Castanet Pop Vriend 25 Hudson Pop Vriend 26 Stanton Pop Vriend 27 PV-1135B Pop Vriend 28 Mandolin Pop Vriend 29 Tambourine Pop Vriend 30 Carmel Pop Vriend 31 Banjo Pop Vriend 32 Tasman Pop Vriend 33 PV-1029 Pop Vriend 34 Bright Toucan Rijk Zwann 35 Woodpecker Rijk Zwann

36 Marabu Rijk Zwann 37 Whale Rijk Zwann 38 Silverwhale Rijk Zwann 39 Mandril Rijk Zwann 40 51-710 RZ Rijk Zwann 41 Kookaburra Rijk Zwann 42 51-338 RZ Rijk Zwann 43 51-343 RZ Rijk Zwann 44 Meerkat Rijk Zwann 45 Gazelle Rijk Zwann 46 Platypus Rijk Zwann 47 Coati Rijk Zwann 48 Seaside Sakata 49 Lakeside Sakata 50 Riverside Sakata 51 Oceanside Sakata 52 XSPK 353 Sakata 53 XSPK 356 Sakata 54 Caladonia Seminis 55 SV2157VB Seminis 56 SV2146VB Seminis 57 Avenger Seminis 58 Lanazarote Seminis 59 SV1846VC Seminis 60 Molakai Seminis 61 El Rancho Syngenta 62 El Real Syngenta 63 El Ruedo Syngenta 64 El Tajin Syngenta 65 LDSD 948 Syngenta 66 20 Differential varieties 67 Hybrid SL Johnny’s 68 Racoon Johnny’s 69 Red Kitten Johnny’s 70 Donkey Johnny’s

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Trial 2: Differential variety trial: There is a single row of 20 differential varieties planted that are commonly used to differential races of the downy mildew pathogen. There are 4 replications and these plots are marked with flags and demarcated by the purple color on the field plot map. The wet date for this trial was January 17th. The differential cultivars are:

1 Viroflay 2 Resistoflay 3 Califlay 4 Clermont 5 Campania 6 Boeing 7 Lion 8 Lazio 9 Whale 10 Pigeon 11 Caladonia 12 Coati 13 E03D.0579 14 Mandril 15 Meerkat 16 Platypus 17 Plover 18 PV-1053 19 Scorpius 20 SSR-Sp-29

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Trial 3: Biofungicide Trial: The biofungicide trial cultivar is Viroflay. The wet date for this trial was January 17th. The seeding rate was approximately 3.5 million seed per acre. The trial consists of 20 treatments replicated 3 times. The trial is demarcated in blue on the plot map. 1. Water control 2. Aliette* 3. Revus* 4. Blockade* 5. Nordox 6. Gowan 10320 7. Sea Shield 8. Serenade Max 9. T-22HC 10. Actinovate AG 11. Biospecific 1 12. Cueva 13. Oxidate 14. Oxiphos 15. Double Nickel 16. Timorex EC 17. Zampro* 18. Ranman* 19. Mildecut 40 fl oz/A* 20. Mildecut 30 fl oz/A* *Conventional Material

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University of Arizona Trials

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PROGRAM ABSTRACTS

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California Leafy Greens Research Program: origin, goals, and industry data

Mary Zischke California Leafy Greens Research Board

512 Pajaro Street, Salinas, CA 93901

The California Leafy Greens Research Program was established in 2008 when the California leafy greens industry voted to expand the lettuce marketing order to include spinach and spring mix. The original marketing order dates back to 1973. Leafy greens handlers pay mandatory assessments to support production research. Industry production trends are tracked using assessment report data. The program funds research on a wide range of topics including food safety, plant pathology, plant breeding, water quality, and postharvest issues. A brief review of research efforts specific to spinach will be reviewed

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Snapshot of the Spinach Seed Committee

Steve Ray El Ray Seed Inc.

The Spinach Seed Committee is a working group within the California Seed Association. The working group is composed of various industry personnel involved in breeding, seed production, seed sales and includes public sector representatives. The Spinach Seed Committee was formed out of a need to supplement and enhance support from the CLGRB directed at spinach industry priorities. The Spinach Seed Committee is developing a funding mechanism to solicit proposals to fund industry priorities on spinach.

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Overview of agricultural production in the Yuma/Imperial area

Kurt Nolte Yuma Agricultural Center, University of Arizona, Yuma, AZ, USA

Because of the region-wide combination of weather, available irrigation water, deep rich soils, ample labor and highly skilled producers, the desert southwest has always been a mecca for agricultural production. In fact, agriculture contributes to a year-round economic influence in the region and is the major sector of the Yuma, Riverside and Imperial County economy. According to the U.S. Commerce Department, Yuma’s 2011 gross domestic product alone was $5.3 billion, with $3.2 billion derived directly from agriculture, the largest private sector contributor to the Yuma economy and over 8 times the national average comparing all US agricultural counties. Amazingly, if the desert southwest was a country all within itself, it would economically outperform over 50 countries in the entire world! Unknown to many US consumers, Yuma, Riverside and Imperial Counties are one of the important agricultural areas in the country. And while more than 850,000 acres of land are cultivated annually in the region, the multi-crop pattern of production has essentially tripled the use of available land. Accordingly, there has been greater emphasis on increased yield per unit area and growing more crops per year on the same available land area. Truly a remarkable display of efficient land use and a production model that many envy worldwide. During the last ten years, the desert southwest has consistently ranked nationally as leaders in the production of fresh market winter vegetables. This tri-county area supplies much of the US with fall and winter grown head lettuce, leaf and Romaine lettuce, broccoli, cauliflower, spinach, peppers, dates and citrus. Spring and summer cropping includes wheat, cotton, table grapes, a wide selection of fruits including melons, table grapes and strawberries, wheat and barley, alfalfa, and a variety of niche crops such as landscape plants, turfgrass and a number of herbs. For decades after it was built, the Colorado River Canal system was considered an engineering marvel around the world. Water travels down the network of canals and ditches entirely by gravity flow, eliminating all electricity costs normally associated with pumping. This energy savings is passed on to canal customers in the form of lower water rates. In fact, the water that flows through these canals travels several hundred miles, beginning at the Imperial Dam, located 18 miles north of Yuma. The desert agricultural industries have developed many of the production practices used in the region and, above all, growers have something rare to offer the world. Very few places can grow agricultural crops during the winter months, and the Imperial, Riverside and Yuma tri-county region is the only spot in the US that's managed it successfully. Ask any desert grower about crop production, and he’ll deliver this eternal message, We can grow anything and ship it anywhere."

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Mineral nutritional evaluations of fresh market spinach

R.F. Smith1, T. Love1 and A. Heinrich2

1University of California, Salinas, CA; 2Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Fresh Market spinach requires sufficient nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation to ensure optimal growth and to meet high quality criteria such as leaf size and deep green leaf color. These production practices combined with a shallow root system, exclusive use of sprinkler irrigation and short production cycle (~ 30 days) increases the risk of nitrate leaching from production fields. Growers in the coastal production district of California have come under increasing regulatory pressure to improve crop N use efficiency and thereby minimize nitrate losses. Fresh market spinach, production methods have greatly changed in the last 10-15 years, and there have been few studies on nutrient uptake by spinach grown with modern production methods. We evaluated nutrient uptake and water use by spinach to provide strategies to better manage N fertilizer and irrigation applications. We conducted numerous fertilizer trials and nutrient surveys of commercial spinach fields grown on high density plantings on 80-inch beds from 2011 to 2014. During the first 2 weeks of the crop cycle, N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake was 7.0, 0.6, and 7.2 lb/acre, respectively. In the subsequent 2 to 3 weeks prior to harvest the N, P, and K uptake rate was linear and was 4.3, 0.6, and 7.8 lb/acre per day, respectively. Total N uptake by the spinach crop at harvest for the three commercial size categories, baby, teenage, and bunch was 74, 91, 120 lb/acre N, respectively. Results from these trials showed that first crops of the season had low initial soil nitrate concentrations (≤10 ppm), and an at-planting fertilizer application was necessary for maximum yields. For fields following a previous crop (2nd crop of the growing season) with initial soil nitrate concentrations >20 ppm, at-planting and midseason fertilizer applications can be greatly reduced or eliminated without jeopardizing yield. Controlled release fertilizers such as polymer coated urea can allow spinach growers to apply 25-30% less N and achieve the same yield as the standard N application. The use of controlled release fertilizers and other nitrogen technologies show promise for spinach production, presumably because they help retain N in the shallow root zone of spinach for a longer period of time.

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An overview of diseases affecting spinach production in California

Steven T. Koike University of California Cooperative Extension, Salinas CA, USA

Spinach continues to be an important fresh leafy green commodity for California, with the majority of the acreage grown in the coastal counties from Santa Cruz in the north to Ventura in the south. The state continues to be known for large volumes of uniform, high quality spinach that is produced over a very long growing period. While downy mildew remains the major, most significant disease issue for California, growers and field personnel must recognize and deal with a number of other pathogens. Damping-off and root rot diseases are caused by a complex of pathogens: Pythium species, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizoctonia solani. Phytophthora cryptogea has been confirmed as a root rot pathogen on California spinach but cases of this disease are very rare. Spinach is also a host to cyst nematode (Heterodera species) but appears for the most part to tolerate this pest. Leaf spots caused by Stemphylium botryosum and Cladosporium variabile are two foliar diseases that periodically occur in the state, while bacterial leaf spot (Pseudomonas syringae) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum dematium) are rarely found. Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) of spinach has been found only one time in California. For coastal spinach crops, virus diseases are not a production issue although the following viruses have been found infecting this crop: Cucumber mosaic virus, Impatiens necrotic spot virus, Tobacco rattle virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus. Disease diagnosis should be handled via a combination of field observations and laboratory testing because a number of abiotic factors can cause similar symptoms. Such abiotic factors include uneven irrigation, burn from chemicals, and heat damage.

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The challenges of spinach breeding

J. de Visser Pop Vriend Seeds B.V., Middenweg 52, 1619 BN Andijk, The Netherlands

If this had not been the title of a presentation but of a book, what would we say about the title ‘The challenges of spinach breeding’ after reading this book? Probably something like: “Spinach breeding is equal to challenges” or “This phrase is a pleonasm, like white snow”. Breeding is dealing with all challenges that exist in the world of spinach. Or, in other words, with all topics that are covered during this International Spinach Conference by the different speakers. This presentation therefore contains ‘chapters’ like Production, Diseases, Genetic Resources, covering issues as downy mildew, leaf spot and soil borne diseases and items as crop rotation, crop management and sustainability. Up to you, at the end, to decide what kind of genre we are dealing with. Maybe a novel, a comedy, a thriller, Science Fiction? Maybe all… But likely a good read just the same…

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Update on the variation of the downy mildew pathogen

Jim Correll1, Chunda Feng1, Kat Kammeijer2, Steve Koike2 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701

2University of California Cooperative Extension, Salinas, CA 93901

Downy mildew disease, caused by the obligate pathogen Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae (Pfs) (= P. effusa), is the most economically important disease of spinach. The fast emergence of new races of Pfs continue to be a threat to the spinach industry thwarting the best efforts of spinach breeders to develop complete robust and durable resistant to all of the known races of the pathogen. Currently, 15 races of Pfs have been identified, 12 of which were found in the past 25 years. The emergence of new races in recent years may be the result of a more favorable environment for the pathogen in the current spinach production system, the selection pressure of modern resistant hybrids, and the point mutation or sexual reproduction of the pathogen. We continue to evaluate the virulence variation of the pathogen based on disease reactions on differential sets of spinach germplasm with known resistance genes, as well as novel germplasm with uncharacterized resistance genes. Fortunately, many of the known sources of resistance are effective against a subset of the races of Pfs including the most recently characterized races. Novel strains which aggressively attack all known sources of resistance have not been identified. Examination of isolates in recent years has indicated that quite a few “novel” or “deviating races were the result of a mixture two or more known races. However, deviating isolates of Pfs continue to be identified. One isolate in particular, UA1014APLP, was able to infect cotyledons and true leaves of all of the standard differentials, the cotyledons of most lines tested, but only infect the true leaves of certain spinach lines. In addition, observations indicate the disease reactions are somewhat temperature sensitive and the qualitative disease reaction can vary depending on temperature.

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Methods and idiosyncrasies for working with spinach downy mildew

S. L. Hartney

Sakata Seed America – PNW Research, Mount Vernon, WA

An obligate plant pathogen needs a living host in which to live and reproduce. Spinach downy mildew disease is caused by the obligate pathogen Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae (P. effusa). The symptoms include yellowing of the spinach leaf and sporulation which appears as a greyish downy growth primarily on the lower leaf surface. Conditions that favor the development of this disease in a field setting are cool to warm wet conditions where a layer of moisture forms on the leaf tissue. Increases in spinach fresh market production and increased plant populations have coincided with increased outbreaks of downy mildew. Before 1990 three races of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae had been identified and resistance in spinach germplasm had also been identified. In the following years U.S. spinach production increased along with the identification of new races of spinach downy mildew. Testing methods have been developed to grow spinach downy mildew in a lab setting to test and screen spinach germplasm for the development of resistant varieties to new races. The testing methods involve growing healthy spinach plants in a growth-room that will be inoculated with P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae spores to establish sufficient inoculum. To promote disease the inoculated plants are placed in a dew chamber at 18-20˚C with 100% humidity for 24 hr., after which the plants are placed in a growth chamber at 18-20˚C with 12 hr. of light. If infection is successful the downy mildew will begin to sporulate 5 days post inoculation. To maximize sporulation after 6 days the infected spinach plants are placed back into the dew chamber at the same conditions needed for infection. This talk will address into some of the key factors for optimization of spinach downy mildew sporulation such as, healthy susceptible spinach plants, viable downy mildew spores at an infective dose, temperature control, and leaf moisture. Deficiencies at these points can result in an insufficient disease reaction that is not conducive for the identification of resistant spinach plants.

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Genetic diversity of spinach downy mildew

Becky Lyon1, Jim Correll2, Chunda Feng2, Burt Bluhm2, and Kurt Lamour1 1Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA 2Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701

USA

Downy mildew on spinach is caused by the oomycete Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spiniacae. An important control measure for this pathogen is to breed for resistance to specific downy mildew races. P. farinosa is race typed using a panel of commercial cultivars, a process which uses a significant amount of resources and time. The rate of race identification has increased in recent years making it difficult for breeders to keep up. The goal of this research is to look at the population structure of downy mildew in the field. To accomplish this, the first step is identification of molecular markers. We sequenced two isolates representing two races in order to find single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the isolates. The SNPs chosen are silent, genic, and ranging across multiple contigs. Targeted sequencing is used to assess these SNPs in isolates on a variety of spinach cultivars from Arizona and California. The results and implications will be discussed.

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Draft genomes of spinach downy mildew pathogen Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae

Chunda Feng1, Burt Bluhm1, Kurt Lamour2, and James Correll1

1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 2 University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996

Downy mildew disease, caused by the obligate pathogen Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae (Pfs), is the most economically important disease of spinach. The fast emergence of new races of Pfs continue to be a threat to the spinach industry. Thus far, 15 races of Pfs have been identified, 12 of which were found in the past 25 years. The emergence of new races in recent years may be the result of a more favorable environment for the pathogen in the current spinach production system, the selection pressure of modern resistant hybrids, and the point mutation or sexual reproduction of the pathogen. Little is known about the genome of Pfs. Sequencing the genome of this pathogen could provide valuable insights into the race diversity of the pathogen as well as allow for the development of molecular markers that can be used to better understand the population diversity of Pfs. The genomes of three new races of Pfs, 12 (isolate UA2209), 13 (UA510c), and 14 (UA4410) have been sequenced using the next generation sequencing technique of the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. The raw sequence data represented 142, 427 and 268 Mb for each isolate, respectively, and was assembled into contigs with an average size of 651, 381 and 793 bp, and a maximum size of 367, 214 and 171 kb. There were hundreds of repetitive sequences identified in the Pfs genomes examined. The copy number of retrotransposable elements was about six times that of the transposable elements, while long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons were predominant. Virulence factors, secreted effector peptides and sporulation proteins were identified among the sequences. Further studies of these genes will provide insights about the evolution and pathogenicity of this pathogen. More than one thousand simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and nine thousand single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found in the three sequenced genomes of Pfs. These markers will be valuable for comparing genetic diversity within and between races and for analyzing the global population structure of this important pathogen.

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Quantification of airborne Peronospora for downy mildew disease warning

S. J. Klosterman1, A. Anchieta1, N. McRoberts2, S. T. Koike2, K. V. Subbarao2, H. Voglmayr3, Y.-J. Choi4, M. Thines5, and F. N. Martin1

1USDA ARS, Salinas, CA, 2University of California, 3University of Vienna, Vienna; 4Goethe University and the Biodiversity & Climate Research Center (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany;

5BiK-F, Frankfurt, Germany.

The primary aim of this study was to develop a real-time quantitative PCR assay for detection of airborne inoculum of the spinach downy mildew pathogen, Peronospora effusa. This type of assay, in combination with weather forecasting to determine disease-conducive conditions, may be helpful to time fungicide applications for downy mildew disease management. Among oomycete ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences examined for the purpose of developing this assay, the highest nucleotide sequence identity was observed between rDNA sequences of P. effusa and Peronospora schachtii, the cause of downy mildew on Beta vulgaris (beet and Swiss chard). An allele-specific probe and primer amplification method was applied to determine the frequency of both P. effusa and P. schachtii rDNA target sequences in pooled DNA samples, enabling quantification of rDNA of P. effusa from spore trap samples. The coupling of the spore traps and the DNA-based assay was validated in the field. The levels of airborne P. effusa, as determined by quantification of the DNA, were over 3000-fold higher near a downy mildew-infected spinach field as compared to those levels recorded a separate location where there was no nearby spinach field. Analyses of the levels of downy mildew inoculum relative to weather and seasonal growing trends in the Salinas Valley of California are ongoing.

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SNP discovery, genetic diversity and association analysis in spinach

Ainong Shi1, Beiquan Mou2, Jianbing Ma1, Jim Correll1, and Dennis Motes1 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. U.S.A, 2 USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA, U.S.A.

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L., 2n=2x=12) is an economically important vegetable crop worldwide and one of the healthiest vegetables due to its high concentration of nutrients and health-promoting compounds. The objective of this research was to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using a genotyping by sequencing (GBS) platform and conduct genetic diversity and association analysis of a collection of world-wide spinach germplasm using SNP markers. A total of 462 spinach genotypes were used in this study including 365 USDA-GRIN germplasm lines originally collected from 33 countries. Approximately 475,000 SNPs were postulated from the 462 spinach genotypes using GBS by de novo assembly and about 204,000 SNPs were discovered by use of the spinach genomic sequences AYZV01.1.fsa_nt.gz as a reference (the total assembled sequence length is 474,077,292 bp, equal to about half of the spinach genome size) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/wgs/?val=AYZV01#contigs). The genetic diversity analysis indicated that there was a geographic (country) factor during spinach variety development and spinach production. The spinach germplasm from China, India, Iran, Japan, and Nepal were generally grouped together; the majority of the spinach lines from Europe belong to the same group but lines from Turkey separated into two distinct groups. Most of the lines from the U.S. belonged to one large group but the spinach lines developed from University of Arkansas were generally very closer to each other but distinct from other U.S. spinach lines. QTLs and associated SNP markers were identified for leaf morphological traits (leaf texture and leaf base color), bolting, height and mineral components (copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn), phosphorus (P), and nickel (Ni)). This research will provide useful information for breeders to select parents and select plants through marker-assisted selection in spinach breeding program.

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Technical advances in the molecular sequencing efforts with spinach

Chunda Feng1, Ainong Shi2, Burt Bluhm1, Jim Correll1

University of Arkansas, 1Department of Plant Pathology and 2Horticulture Fayetteville, AR 72701

Spinach downy mildew disease, caused by the obligate pathogen Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae (Pfs) is the most important disease of spinach. Thus, 15 races of Pfs have been described with 12 identified in last 25 years. A considerable degree of race diversity has been recognized with most races having a global distribution. A set of differential spinach cultivars containing none, one, or two, known resistance loci, has been used to differentiate races of Pfs. Ongoing efforts continue to develop molecular tools to help better understand the resistance to Pfs. One focus is to compare the transcriptomes of the commonly used differential cultivars and a wild species Spinacia turkestanica, RNA was extracted from one-month old spinach leaves and sequenced using the Illumina Hiseq-2000 platform. There were 30 to 48 M 100-bp paired-end reads obtained from these cultivars, which were assembled into 44 to 123 k contigs with average lengths of 359 to 651 bp and total lengths of 26 to 45 M bp for each cultivar. The GC content in spinach was approximately 40%. The transcripts of the cultivars Viroflay and Califlay have been annotated. About half of the 50 k transcripts of each cultivar had no similarities with sequences in Genbank (e value < 10-3). Spinach sequences were identified as putative genes for responses to environmental stresses (heat, cold, salt, and wound) and reproduction (sex determination, self-incompatibility, pollen specific protein, and fertility restorer). Hundreds of putative disease resistance genes, containing nucleotide biding-site leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) domains were identified from both Viroflay and Califlay, Additional resistance genes, were also identified, including pathogenesis-related protein genes such as chitinases (classes I to IV), genes. Hundreds of genes were differentially expressed among the eight genotypes examined. About 1800 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), and over 6000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found in the RNA sequences examined. Continued efforts are underway to build a database of molecular markers for trait selection.

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Challenges and emerging solutions to food safety compliance for spinach growers and handlers

Trevor Suslow, Adrian Sbodio, and Janneth Pinzon

University of California. Department of Plant Sciences. Davis., CA 95616

As the finalization of regulations under the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), specifically the ‘Produce Rule’ and ‘Preventive Controls Rule’, are imminent and the Foreign Supplier Verification Program (FSVP) finalization will follow closely the fresh spinach industry will be challenged to establish more rigorous validation and verification systems. Two key areas that remain clouded by uncertainty are agricultural water and non-synthetic soil amendment compliance standards. Our on-going research projects focus on 1) narrowing the knowledge-gap in irrigation water indicator testing correlation to pathogen presence in water sources and survival on the irrigated crop, and 2) practical methods for minimizing the persistence of human bacterial pathogens in contaminated soil to allow for short planting or replanting of tender greens. Research progress in each area will be presented but focus will be given to two open environment field trials conducted to evaluate the efficacy of three cover crop selections in accelerating die-off of an inoculated attenuated Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium. Thermally-treated chicken manure pellets (TCMP) inoculated with our attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium into a loamy-clay soil. Replicated plot treatments included no TCMP:no cover crops; TCMP: no cover crop; TCMP with either black mustard, oilseed rape, or buckwheat. Interval soil samples were taken and Salmonella survival was detected in all plots at the earliest time-points. Salmonella populations progressively fell below quantitative detection though not qualitative detection following enrichment. After 30 days, Salmonella was quantifiable in one fallow plot and qualitatively prevalent in all fallow plots. At 55 days, the control plots had 100% of plots positive for Salmonella while the buckwheat incorporated plots had only 16% of plots positive. At termination of the trial, plots with canola cover crop residues had a lower number of qualitatively positive plots than controls (33% vs. 100%) and buckwheat plots had no detectable survival. Baby spinach planted in fallow and cover crop residue plots had no detectable Salmonella at harvest.

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High density spinach production in Texas and disease management

Larry Stein Extension Horticulture, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, Uvalde, TX 78802-1849

Both fresh market and processing spinach production has shifted to 80 inch beds. Since this spinach is now mechanically harvested, field rotation is critical to minimize former crop field stubble from ending up in the harvested product which means in most cases spinach crops follow wheat, beans and in some cases corn. If following a high residue crop like corn, it is critical to bury the trash with deep plowing. Prior to bedding, pre-plant fertilizer is broadcast and incorporated; in most cases 110-80-0 per acre. Field rotation is also critical to reduce disease issues; ideally fields are planted to spinach every three years, though in some baby fields we go back to back, since it is a 45 day crop followed by immediate plow down. Prior to planting the beds are either rotovated or lightly worked and leveled with a small field cultivator. It is ultra-critical that the beds are properly built so as to have a flat-bed top on which to plant and harvest spinach. Spinach is seeded on these beds in either 8, 12, 18, 30 or 42 lines per bed with an average plant population of 550,000 (processing), 780,000 (curly), 1.5 million (teen) and up to 3.2 million (baby). Ridomil is applied in furrow as a liquid. Dual herbicide is applied to control the weeds. Typically Diazinon is applied along with the herbicide application for grub control. Most growers “set” their herbicide with about three tents of an inch of water and allow the field to set for another 12 hours before applying sufficient water to germinate the crop. If weather conditions are warm and wet 30 days after planting, then a fungicide application will be needed to keep potential disease in check in curly and processing fields. Baby and teen fields require more attention as the product has to be blemish free. Typically the first fungicide, insecticide application goes on these fields 2 weeks after emergence when the first true leaves are formed which are followed by weekly applications. The typical products used for the first spray are Quadris, Radiant, and Mustang; second spray, Fontelis, Intrepid and Perm-UP and third spray, Merivon, Coragen, and Perm-UP. Processing and curly fields are side dressed with a nitrogen application of either urea (broadcast) or N – 32 through the irrigation water, at the rate of 60 to 80 pounds of actual nitrogen per acre. Curly and processing spinach fields may be harvested one to three times, whereas baby leaf is a one cut operation. Baby fields typically receive no additional fertilizer and teen fields are only side dressed if they are being brought back to second cut for curly. The spinach is typically mechanically harvested with a modified Porter-way harvester which has a stainless steel cutting blade as opposed to a sickle bar cutter. The spinach is then packed in either “blue” or “rpc” containers. Some spinach is still shipped with ice whereas the baby spinach is usually vacuum cooled.

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Comparison of chemical management tools for spinach and lettuce downy mildew

M.E. Matheron and M. Porchas

Yuma Agricultural Center, University of Arizona, Yuma, AZ, USA

Downy mildew on spinach and on lettuce is caused by the oomycete pathogens Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae and Bremia lactucae, respectively. Downy mildew can cause significant losses in spinach and lettuce production fields in Arizona when environmental conditions favor disease development. Fungicide trials have been conducted at the Yuma Agricultural Center to evaluate and compare fungicides for management of downy mildew on these crops. In 2010, a spinach ‘PV-0510F1’ planting was seeded February 5, with 16 rows of plants on beds with 84 inches between bed centers. Treatments were replicated five times, with each treatment consisting of a 15-foot length of bed, and applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer that delivered 50 gallons of spray mixture per acre. Disease severity was assessed on April 8 by counting the number of infected spinach plant leaves within a 1-foot-square area within each replicate plot. Compared to nontreated plots, the number of diseased spinach leaves in plots treated with mefenoxam+copper hydroxide, mefenoxam alternated with mandipropamid, or cyazofamid was reduced 70, 68, and 43%, respectively. Five lettuce downy mildew fungicide evaluation trials have been conducted over the past several years. In each trial, lettuce ‘Winterhaven” was seeded in early November, with two rows of plants on beds with 42 inches between bed centers. Treatments were replicated five times, with each treatment consisting of a 25-foot length of bed, and applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer that delivered 50 gallons per acre. Depending on the trial, disease severity was assessed in early March by either counting the number of infection sites on plants or the number of infected plants per plot. The mean reduction of downy mildew on lettuce by oxathiapiprolin, fosetyl-Al, fluopicolide, acibenzolar-S-methyl, mandipropamid, fenamidone, propamocarb, azoxystrobin, ametoctradin+dimethomorph, mancozeb, dimethomorph, pyraclostrobin, and cymoxonil was 96, 75, 74, 72, 68, 68, 67, 66, 65, 65, 63, 61, and 56%, respectively, for fungicides in at least two trials. Fungicide rates evaluated in all trials were the highest rates allowed for registered products or recommended rates for nonregistered fungicides.

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Evaluation of biofungicides for downy mildew control

Jason Pavel1, Chunda Feng1, Steve Koike2, Jim Correll1 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701

2University of California Cooperative Extension, Salinas, CA 93901 Fresh market spinach in the United States is a popular and nutritious vegetable with one of the highest per capita consumptions in the United States. The convenience of spinach for prepared, prepackaged salads and mixes has contributed to the overall increased popularity of fresh spinach in the past two decades. More recently, there has been an increased demand for organic spinach in the marketplace and this sector of the industry has increased significantly. Although disease resistance is an effective way to manage spinach diseases, including downy mildew, the occurrence of downy mildew races that can overcome resistance in contemporary spinach cultivars is a major concern. Although there are some efficacious conventional fungicides available to manage downy mildew in spinach, cost effective and efficacious organic materials are not readily available. In an effort to evaluate various organic materials for their effect on downy mildew disease, a greenhouse screening procedure was evaluated. Various biofungicides and organically certified materials were evaluated in a standardized downy mildew disease screening procedure. The materials evaluated included Actigard, Actinovate AG, Aliette, Gowan-10320, Green and Grow, Nordox, Sea Shield, Serenade Max, and T-22 HC. These materials were compared to the conventional fungicide Revus and water, as positive and negative controls, respectively. Spinach seedlings received two treatments of each material, 1 and 2 weeks after planting, and then were challenged with the pathogen by inoculating the seedlings 24 hrs after the second treatment. The seedlings were evaluated for disease incidence 1 week after inoculation. Of the materials evaluated under greenhouse conditions, Revus and Nordox (Cu) consistently reduced disease incidence. Actigard reduced disease incidence in some tests, but the disease reduction was not consistent.

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Evaluation of management practices for Fusarium wilt in bunching spinach in Ontario, Canada

B. D. Collins1, M. R. McDonald1, L. J. du Toit2, and S. M. Westerveld3

1University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CA, 2Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA,

and 3Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Simcoe, ON, CA Fusarium wilt, caused by the soilborne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, is a destructive and persistent disease in spinach production. Currently, there are few effective control methods for Fusarium wilt. Field trials were conducted in July and August of 2012-14 in naturally infested soils in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. In 2012, 25 commercial cultivars were screened for susceptibility to Fusarium wilt, eight of which were evaluated again in 2013. The cultivars Norgreen, Unipack 12 and Greyhound developed the most severe Fusarium wilt in both years, averaging 28, 23 and 19% severity of wilt, respectively. In contrast, C2606, Carmel, Sardinia, POH-0438 and Imperial Green had <14% Fusarium wilt severity in both years. Chemical and biological seed treatments and soil drenches were evaluated annually from 2012-14. Results were highly variable with limited disease suppression and no significant differences among treatments in 2013 and 2014. Pre-plant soil fumigants and amendments were evaluated for control of Fusarium wilt in 2013-14. In 2014, spinach in plots treated with Perlka (calcium cyanamide) and compost (75t/ha) had 13.3% and 14.6% wilt severity, respectively, which did not differ from wilt severity in control plots (14.1%). Application of MustGrow (Brassica juncea) increased Fusarium wilt severity to 24.7%. Busan 1236 (metam sodium) and a nitrogen (200 kgN/ha) treatment reduced disease severity to 7.2 and 6.3%, while Basamid (dazomet) and Pic-Plus (chloropicrin) reduced disease severity to 3.1 and 1.0%, respectively. The population of F. oxysporum in soil was reduced by pre-plant applications of Busan 1236, Basamid, and Pic-Plus to 162, 75 and 0 CFU/g soil, respectively, vs. 9750 CFU/g in control plots. Through the use of an integrated pest management system it should be possible to suppress Fusarium wilt in spinach production in this region.

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Organic seed treatment for the protection of spinach from early damping off disease

D. Krolikowski, D. Cross, E.Tang, Y. So, B.A. Garcia

Germains Seed Technology, Inc Gilroy California Organic spinach production throughout the state of California faces numerous production challenges to meet the growing market demand. Second to downy mildew, diseases such as damping off, are a constant battle that organic growers face in the region. Failed efforts to control pathogenic soil fungi which causes damping off such as Pythium (several species), Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizoctonia solani can contribute to 30 – 40% losses in plants pre and post emergence. Several biological pesticides have been trialed over the past several years and a couple of products actively sold in the market are reported to have sporadic or no efficacy against the soil pathogens. Germains Seed Technology has been developing organic seed treatments to improve the seedlings’ ability to overcome pressure from existing soil-borne pathogens in order to minimize production losses from damping off diseases and to provide seed which are free from seed-borne pathogens to reduce their introduction into the soil.

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Suppression of Fusarium wilt in spinach seed production using compost

L. J. du Toit1, M. L. Derie1, C. P. Youngquist1, and B. J. Holmes1

1Washington State University Mount Vernon NWREC, Mount Vernon, WA

Western Washington and western Oregon are the only regions of the USA suitable climatically for spinach seed production. However, the acid soils of this region are highly conducive to spinach Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, necessitating rotations of 10 to 15 years between spinach seed crops to avoid major losses to this disease. Field trials in the Skagit Valley, WA from 2006-2012 demonstrated that annual applications of agricultural limestone for 2-3 years could reduce spinach seed crop rotation intervals by ≤50%, depending on susceptibility of the parent lines to Fusarium wilt. Soil amendment with compost was evaluated as an additional tool to reduce the rotation interval, using a biosolids compost applied to replicated plots in which three proprietary female spinach inbred lines (highly susceptible, moderately susceptible, and partially resistant to Fusarium wilt) were planted in 2013 in Skagit Co., WA in a randomized complete block, factorial design. The field had previously been planted to a spinach seed crop in 2007. Spinach plant stand was greater in plots amended with compost than in control plots. By 2 July, 96.7, 40.1, and 14.7% of the susceptible, moderate, and partially resistant female plants were wilting, respectively; with mean wilt severity ratings of 1.40, 0.55, and 0.18 (0-to-5 scale), respectively. Incidence and severity of wilt were less in compost plots than control plots on 2 July (40.6 vs. 55.6% wilt incidence and 0.53 vs. 0.77 wilt severity, respectively). By 24 July, wilt severity was still less in compost vs. control plots (2.98 vs. 3.37, respectively). The compost treatment increased spinach biomass by 32% averaged across the three female lines, and by 62% for the susceptible female. Marketable seed yield was 35% greater in compost vs. control plots. Three weeks after planting, soil in compost plots averaged 231% more nitrate (NO3-N), 56% more sulfur (SO4-S), 48% more Zn, 33% more sodium (Na), and 192% greater EC than the control plots. At seed harvest, compost plots had 30% greater cation exchange capacity (CEC), 25% more NO3-N, 23% more potassium (K), and 5% more Na than control plots. Soil organic matter (OM) and pH were not affected by compost. Compost increased concentrations of K (15%), copper (Cu, 15%), Zn (13%), and SO4-S (8%) in spinach plants compared to control plants. There was no interaction between soil treatments and spinach lines for soil and plant nutrients, soilborne populations of Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae, or seed germination and health assays. However, compost increased soilborne Verticillium tricorpus by 192% (to 140 CFU/g soil from 48 CFU/g in control plots). This species can be antagonistic to V. dahliae, which causes spinach Verticillium wilt. An average 12% of seeds harvested from the susceptible female were infested with Fusarium spp. vs. 3.7 and 1.9% for the moderate and resistant females, respectively. In contrast, 30.5 to 37.0% of seeds were infested with Verticillium spp. for the latter two female lines compared to 13.8% for the Fusarium wilt-susceptible female. This study demonstrates the potential for compost to suppress spinach Fusarium wilt, and the influence of parent line on severity of this disease. Multi-year compost amendments may also suppress Verticillium wilt by promoting fungi antagonistic to V. dahliae, such as V. tricorpus. Limestone and compost amendments, combined with a spinach Fusarium wilt soil bioassay developed to quantify the risk of Fusarium wilt in growers’ fields, could readily double annual spinach seed production in the USA.

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Phomopsis (Diaporthe) and spinach seed: History, concerns, and research update

L. J. du Toit1, M. L. Derie1, J. C. Correll2, and C. Feng2

1Washington State University Mount Vernon NWREC, Mount Vernon, WA;

2University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR Since 2011, some E.U. spinach seed lots have been restricted at U.S. ports of entry as a result of fungal pycnidia observed on the seed. The pycnidia were confirmed microscopically by the USDA Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection Quarantine (PPQ) to be Phomopsis (Diaporthe) species. Multi-locus sequence analysis (ITS rDNA, TEF, TUB2, and RPB2) by PPQ mycologists showed that isolates from four intercepted lots belonged to species not known to occur in the U.S., i.e., Diaporthe viticola, an opportunistic grapevine pathogen in Germany and Portugal (van Niekerk et al., 2005); and D. melonis var. brevistylospora, which caused a postharvest melon rot (Ohsawa and Kobayashi, 1989) and berry drop of grape (Kinugawa et al., 2008) in Japan. APHIS PPQ then imposed a quarantine on imported spinach seed on which Phomopsis is found. Lots restricted since 2011, worth >$20 million, have included non-treated and fungicide-treated lots. All were returned to the E.U. or destroyed, at the expense of seed companies, and were infested at 0.01 to 0.03% incidence. E.U. spinach seed lots with pycnidia were assayed to identify those with the quarantine species (confirmed by APHIS PPQ). Seed with pycnidia were picked to create a lot for each quarantine fungus infested at ~50% incidence to: 1) evaluate 11 conventional and organic seed treatments for eradicating the fungi from seed; and 2) test the isolates for pathogenicity on spinach, grapevine, and other potential hosts. The lot with D. melonis var. brevistylospora also had 50% Alternaria, 8% Stemphylium, 41% Colletotrichum, 21% Fusarium, and 54% Verticillium, but 97% germination, demonstrating that the fungi did not affect seed quality. However, the other fungi affected the ability to observe cirrhi produced by Phomopsis pycnidia as evidence of fungal viability after treatment. A 1.2% chlorine soak for 40 min, and the proprietary Seed Support II (licensed by Germain’s Seed Technology) were the only treatments that reduced the incidence of seed with pycnidia. However, by 14 and 21 days, Phomopsis was observed on more seed treated with chlorine, Tsunami (peroxyacetic acid+hydrogen peroxide), or Oxidate (hydrogen dioxide+peroxyacetic acid) than non-treated seed, probably as a result of disinfectant treatments eradicating fungi that compete with Phomopsis. No treatment significantly reduced the incidence of seed on which Phomopsis developed. Only Seed Support II adversely affected seed germination. The lot infested with D. viticola will be evaluated. No isolates of D. viticola (n = 9) or D. melonis subsp. brevistylospora (n = 20) inoculated onto spinach plants using a spore suspension, colonized agar, or stabbing petioles with colonized toothpicks, caused symptoms. Likewise, inoculation of wounds on grapevine cuttings with isolates of each species did not cause cane mortality or wound lesions, and isolations from the inoculation sites did not recover Phomopsis. Therefore, none of the isolates appeared pathogenic on spinach or grapevine. Many spinach seed lots produced in the U.S. have been assayed for Phomopsis. Seven isolates found on spinach seed lots grown in Washington in 2014 were identified by APHIS PPQ as in the D. eres species complex (sensu Udayanga et al., 2014), but an undescribed species based on a “lack of comparative molecular data” for the isolates. In 2013, Urbez-Torres et al. (2013) showed that D. viticola occurs on olive trees with twig and branch dieback in several counties in California. APHIS PPQ indicated the quarantine status will be maintained for this and other Diaporthe species on spinach seed imported into the U.S. “until and unless they can be proven to not be regulated”.

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Recent herbicide trials in spinach seed crops

T.W. Miller1 and C.R. Libbey1

1Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA Standard weed control in spinach seed production in the Pacific Northwest currently features cycloate (preplant-incorparated) or s-metolachlor (preemergence, PRE) followed by asulam applied once or twice (postemergence, POST). While this program is usually effective, testing of additional herbicides is an on-going effort in order to provide new products that control a wider spectrum of weeds or better control the most problematic species. Herbicide selectivity in spinach is a difficult challenge, due in part to the close taxonomic relationship between spinach and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). A herbicide’s ability to control common lambsquarters is considered mandatory by producers of most crops, so this species is nearly always used by agricultural chemical manufacturers to determine which molecules are moved forward in their herbicide screening protocols. Unfortunately, this means that most commercial herbicides cause unacceptably high injury to spinach and are unlikely to become labeled in this crop. In recent years at the WSU Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, several herbicides that provide only limited control of common lambsquarters have been tested alone and in combination/sequence with herbicides currently registered in spinach seed crops. Nonregistered herbicides included clomazone, flufenacet, fomesafen, quinclorac, and rimsulfuron, while other registered products included clopyralid, ethofumesate, and phenmedipham. Results from these trials indicate that flufenacet, fomesafen, and quinclorac remain good candidates for eventual registration in spinach seed production, and that several combinations with other products will provide excellent weed control with little crop injury. Quinclorac PRE was safe to spinach, but weed control was very poor, indicating that combination treatments or a higher rate needs to be tested. Flufenacet has sometimes slowed spinach growth depending on the year, while fomesafen PRE was selective but POST applications resulted in severe crop damage. Clomazone has nearly always caused some level of injury to spinach, although spinach plants usually recover, but rimsulfuron either PRE or POST resulted in excessive damage to spinach seedlings.

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ThermoSeed- a sustainable way to control fungal pathogens in spinach seed

Victor Sanchez-Sava1, Barry Hoff1, Gustaf Forsberg2 1INCOTEC R&D, The Netherlands; 2 INCOTEC R&D, Sweden

ThermoSeed™ (TS) is a patented technology for thermal seed disinfestation. It was originally developed to address seed-borne fungi in field crop seeds. Since 2002, it is used commercially in cereals. The ThermoSeed process is a combination of optimized parameters. This combination expose seeds to a meticulously controlled hot humid air environment which results in a significant reduction/suppression of seed-borne fungal pathogens without loss of seed quality. To reach the optimized treatment parameters, each seed lot undergoes specific tests before the final process values are determined. The results are used to calculate the best (process) recipe.

In 2007, the research was extended to address seed-borne pathogens in vegetable and other crops. In addition to the cereals, TS is now commercially used against fungal pathogens in onion and for the control of fungi and nematodes in rice. Currently TS treatments for spinach, corn salad (lamb lettuce) and carrot seed are under development. Research data indicates that TS has a significant suppressing/deactiving effect against their main fungal seed-borne pathogens; eg Verticillium, Stemphylium, Cladosporium & Colletotrichum (spinach) and Phoma (corn salad). The TS throughput on vegetable seed ranges between 75-200kg/h, crop & seed size dependent, and up to 15ton/h in the cereals. Although the TS process can be used as an organic treatment, TS treated seed can be combined with both organic and conventional plant protection products to maximize yield potentials.As the process leaves no residue on the seeds, ThermoSeed is a sustainable method to control fungal (and other) pathogens in many crops - including spinach.

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Conference Participants

- REGISTERED CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS - 2015 International Spinach Conference

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Alameda, Daniel Topflavor Farms

PO Box 2784 Yuma, AZ 85366 [email protected]

Alameda, Steve Topflavor Farms


Anecito, Pete Rava Ranches, Inc.

PO Box 1600 King City, CA 93930 [email protected]

Arkell, Paul Emmett UK Limited

Washway Road Fosdyke, Spalding, Lincolnshire PE12 6LQ [email protected]

Atchley, Brian Holaday Seed

4 Elvee Circle Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected]

Avila, Carlos Texas A&M University

2415 W Business 83 Weslaco, TX 78596 [email protected]

Bache, Randy JV Farms 701 W. 16th St. Yuma, AZ 85364 [email protected] Baxter, Brian Gowan Seed PO Box 195 Chualar, CA 93925 [email protected]

Becker, Margaret Alf Christianson Seed

400 Dallas St. Mount Vernon, WA 98274 [email protected]

Bennett, Nicholas Syngenta Seeds B.V.

Westeinde 62 Enkhuizen, Noord Holland 1601 BK [email protected]

Bennett, Rick University of Arkansas

Dept of Plant Pathology AGRI 219 Fayetteville, AR 72701 [email protected]

Bloemendaal, Marcel Pop Vriend Seeds

135 Bella Vista Ln. Watsonville, CA 95076

Brooks, Ben Keithly-Williams Seeds

5702 W. County 8 ½ St. Yuma, AZ 85364 [email protected]

Brooks, Davie Holaday Seed

820 Park Row #616 Salinas, CA 93901

[email protected] Brooks, Justin Gowan Seed

PO Box 197 Chualar, CA 93925 [email protected]

Bushong, Neil Bejo Seeds

227 S. 2nd Ave, Ste. C Yuma, AZ 85364 [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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Cain, Charlie Seed Dynamics, Inc.

PO Box 1664 Yuma, AZ 85366 [email protected] Cargo, Elyse Bayer CropScience Vegetable Seeds

507 Abbott St. Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected]

Carpenter, Louise Mission Ranches

910 Duncan Ave. San Juan Bautista, CA 95045

[email protected] Cavalli, Brian Holaday Seed 4 Elvee Cir. Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected] Celis, Diego Bayer CropScience Vegetable Seeds 181 Driftwood Ct. Aptos, CA 95003 [email protected] Cerda, Cecilia AdvanSeed ApS

Dahlsvej 43 Odense, Denmark 5260 [email protected]

Choudhury, Robin University of California - Davis One Shields Ave. Davis, CA 95616 [email protected] Christianson, Eric Rijk Zwaan 701 La Guardia St., Ste A Salinas, CA 93905 [email protected]

Clay, David Jain Irrigation 1698 N. Osmun Ave. Clovis, CA 93619 [email protected] Coburn, Steve Santa Maria Seeds PO Box 7739 Santa Maria, CA 93456 [email protected] Colfer, Ramy Earthbound Farm

1721 San Juan Hwy. San Juan Bautista, CA 95045 [email protected]

Collins, Brian University of Guelph

50 Stone Rd. E Guelph, Ontaria Canada N1G 2W1 [email protected]

Collins, Ken Collins Farm Produce 961 Concession 8 West, RR3 Puslinch, Ontario Canada N0B 2J0 [email protected] Collins, Patrick Dole Fresh Vegetables 3725 S. Ave 3E Yuma, AZ 85365 [email protected] Compton, Pete Bejo Seeds, Inc. PO Box 859 Oceano, CA 96475 [email protected] Cooley, Pat Keithly-Williams Seeds

5702 W. County 8 ½ St. Yuma, AZ 85364

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Correll, Jim University of Arkansas

Dept of Plant Pathology, PTSC 217 Fayetteville, AR 72701

[email protected] Courand, David Syngenta

Westeinde 62 Enkhuizen, The Netherlands 1601 BK [email protected]

Crawford, Jimmy J&K Farms

HCR 34, Box 914 Uvalde, TX 78801 [email protected]

Crummey, Brian Bejo Seeds, Inc. 1972 Silver Spur Place

Oceano, CA 93445 [email protected] Davis, Britt Santa Maria Seeds

PO Box 7739 Santa Maria, CA 93456

Deleuran, Lise Aarhus University

Forsoegsvej 18 Slagelse, Sjaelland Denmark [email protected]

Delgado, Cuco TLC Custom Farming Company

11455 S. Avenue D Yuma, AZ 85365 [email protected]

Delgado, Pablo J-V Farms, Inc. 703 W. 16th St. Yuma, AZ 85364 [email protected]

Dempsey, Tim TLC Custom Farming Company

11455 S. Avenue D Yuma, AZ 85365

[email protected] DeYoung, Alan Van Drunen Farms

3878 Vincennes Trail Momence, IL 60954

[email protected] DiCori, Matt Keithly-Williams Seeds


Dijkstra, Jan Bayer

PO Box 4005 Haelen, The Netherlands 6080 AA

[email protected] Domingos, Paul Bejo Seeds, Inc.

PO Box 859 Oceano, CA 93475

[email protected] Donangelo, Matt Gowan Seed

PO Box 202 Chualar, CA 93925

[email protected] Drawve, Brett Syngenta

1310 Primavera St. Salinas, CA 93901

[email protected] du Toit, Lindsey Washington State University

16650 State Route 536 Mt. Vernon, WA 98273

[email protected]

68

Dugan, Jackie Keithly-Williams Seeds


Eisenberg, Barry BASF

10181 Avenue 416 Dinuba, CA 93618

[email protected] Ewert, Jenna Sakata Seed America

16943 Dike Rd. Mt. Vernon, WA 98273

[email protected] Feng, Chunda University of Arkansas

Dept of Plant Pathology, PTSC 217 Fayetteville, AR 72701

[email protected] Flores, Filipe Monsanto

4595 W. 27th St. Yuma, AZ 85364

[email protected] Flynn, Mike BioSpecific

1909 Mayfield Richfield, WI 53076

[email protected] Foletta, Wes Santa Maria Seeds


[email protected] Fowler, Mark Gowan Seed

PO Box 198 Chualar, CA 93925

[email protected]

Franklin, Lyle Monsanto/Seminis

5 W. 6th St. Yuma, AZ 85364

[email protected] Garcia, Bobby Germains Seed Technology

8334 Swanston Ln. Gilroy, CA 95020

[email protected] Grigg, Stuart SG Ag-Hort Consulting

48 Joping St. Ballan, Victoria Australia 3342

[email protected] Grizzle, Brent Materra Farming Company

PO Box 9732 Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92065

[email protected]

Groen, Wim in’t Rijk Zwaan

701 La Guardia St., Ste A Salinas, CA 93905

[email protected]

Hall, Sean Keithly-Williams Seeds


Hanson, Shelby University of Arkansas

Dept. of Horticulture, PTSC 316 Fayetteville, AR 72701

[email protected] Harbolt, Jimmy Keithly-Williams Seeds


69

Harold, Brandon Holaday Seed

4 Elvee Cir. Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected]

Hartney, Sierra Sakata Seed America

16943 Dike Rd. Mt Vernon, WA 98273 [email protected]

Hefner, Chad Santa Maria Seeds

PO Box 7739 Santa Maria, CA 93456 [email protected]

Hegelund, Erling AdvanSeed ApS

Dahlsvej 43 Odense, Denmark 5260 [email protected]

Hewitt, John Syngenta

7240 Holsclaw Rd. Gilroy, CA 95020 [email protected]

Higgins, Pine Enza Zaden

7 Harris Pl. Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected]

Holaday, Brian Holaday Seed


Holaday, Nate Holaday Seed


Holzwart, Kollin Holaday Seed


Hoppe, Chris Gowan Seed


Hughes, Eifion Syngenta Seed

7240 Holsclaw Rd. Gilroy, CA 95020 [email protected]

Jackwitz, Desley Imperial Produce Pty Ltd

996 Tenthill Creek Rd. Gatton, Queensland, Australia 4343 [email protected]

John, Johnathan Santa Maria Seeds


Johnson, David Gowan Seed


Jungers, Daniel D A Jungers Inc.

PO Box 4294 El Centro, CA 92244 [email protected]

Kanda, Takuya Takii Seed

Higashi 4, Kita 17, Naganuma-cho Yubari-gun, Hokkai-do, Japan 06-1302 [email protected]

70

Kaupp, Garlin Gowan Seed


Keeney, Kim University of Arkansas

Dept. of Plant Pathology, PTSC 217 Fayetteville, AR 72701 [email protected]

Kelly, Leo Seminis

37437 State Hwy. 16 Woodland, CA 95695 [email protected]

Klosterman, Steve USDA

1636 E. Alisal St. Salinas, CA 93905 [email protected]

Knight, Tyler Del Monte Foods, Inc.

2205 Old Uvalde Hwy. Crystal City, TX 78839 [email protected]

Kock, Vincent Rijk Zwaan


Koike, Steven University of California


Krolikowski, Dale Germains Seed Technology

8335 Swanston Ln. Gilroy, CA 95020 [email protected]

Lagan, Marc Gowan Seed


Lales, Anne-Claire Sakata Seed America

11857 Bay Ridge Dr. Burlington, WA 98233 [email protected]

Lamour, Kurt University of Tennessee

370 Plant Biotechnology 2505 EJ Chapman Dr. Knoxville, TN 37996 [email protected]

Linder, Matt Sakata Seed America

105 Boronda Rd. Salinas, CA 93907 [email protected]

Lopez, Teressa Arizona Department of Agriculture

1688 W. Adams St. Phoenix, AZ 85007 [email protected]

Lyerly, Eric Keithly-Williams Seeds


Lyon, Rebecca University of Tennessee

2505 EJ Chapman Dr. 430 Plant Biotech Building Knoxville, TN 37996 [email protected]

Mai, Justin Gowan Seed


71

Marmor, Fred Valent BioSciences

PO Box 656 Litchfield Park, AZ 85340 [email protected]

Martinez, Sergio Syngenta

1101 W. Kingbird Dr. Chandler, AZ 85286 [email protected] Matheron, Michael University of Arizona

6425 W. Eighth St. Yuma, AZ 85364 [email protected]

McAbee, Lindsay Rijk Zwaan


McDonald, Mary Ruth University of Guelph

50 Stone Road East Guelph, Ontaria Canada N1G 2W1 [email protected]

McGuire, Matt J-V Farms, Inc.

701 W. 16th St. Yuma, AZ 85364 [email protected]

McMillen, Ryan Bayer CropScience Vegetable Seeds


Meyer, Marc Monsanto

590 Brunken, Ste F Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected]

Miller, Chris Rijk Zwaan


Miller, Tim Washington State University

16650 State Route 536 Mt. Vernon, WA 98273 [email protected]

Morales, Israel JV Farms Organics


Moreno, Joshua Dole Fresh Vegetables

3725 S. Ave 3E Yuma, AZ 85365 [email protected]

Morgan, Russell Seminis/Monsanto

590 Brunken Ave., Ste F Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected]

Morrison, Athon TLC Custom Farming Company


Muldoon, Jerry Dole Fresh Vegetables

3725 S. Ave 3E Yuma, AZ 85365 [email protected]

Myers, Neil Germains Seed Technology


72

Pardue, Delita Sakata Seed America

11857 Bay Ridge Dr. Burlington, WA 98233 [email protected]

Pasquinelli, Mike Nature Fresh Farms


Pavel, Jason University of Arkansas

Dept of Plant Pathology, PTSC 217 Fayetteville, AR 72701 [email protected]

Peters, Douglas Mundial Seeds Inc.

1130 E. Clark Ave., Ste 150 Box 157 Santa Maria, CA 93455 [email protected]

Prieto, Ricardo Keithly-Williams Seeds


Quello, Kacie Monsanto Vegetable Seeds

500 Lucy Brown Ln. San Juan Bautista, CA 95045 [email protected]

Rademacher, Rick Germains Seed Technology


Raine, Mike Gowan Seed


Rava II, Jerry Rava Ranches, Inc.

PO Box 1600 King City, CA 93930 [email protected]

Ray, Steve El Ray Seed Inc.

PO Box 1632 Carmel Valley, CA 93924 [email protected]

Razo, Eric Keithly-Williams Seeds


Renick, Kaylee Gowan Seed


Restrepo, Carlos Vert Nature Inc.

147, rang St-Paul Sherrington, QC J0L 2N0 [email protected]

Reynolds, Richard Emmett UK Limited

Washway Road Fosdyke, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK PE12 6LQ [email protected]

Rianda, Matt Gowan Seed


Richardson, Scott Gowan Seed


73

Ritchie, Ed Tiro Tres Farms

PO Box 186 La Pryor, TX 78872 [email protected]

Ritchie, Paige Tiro Tres Farms

PO Box 186 La Pryor, TX 78872 [email protected]

Roberts, Alec Tozer Seeds

Bryn View Llanymynech, Powys SY22 6PA [email protected]

Robledo, Katelyn Enza Zaden

7 Harris Pl. Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected]

Rodriguez, Daniel Bayer CropScience

3362 Oak Knoll Dr. Paso Robles, CA 93446 [email protected]

Romero, Richard TS&L Seed

538 Brunken Ave., Unit 4 Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected]

Ruffoni, Mike Santa Maria Seeds


Saito, Katsunori University of Arkansas

Dept of Plant Pathology, PTSC 217 Fayetteville, AR 72701 [email protected]

Sanchez-Sava, Victor Incotec Holding B.V.

Westeinde 107 Enkhuizen, Noordholland 1601BL [email protected]

Schafer, Jay Schafer Ag Services

11184 Walker Rd. Mt. Vernon, WA 98273 [email protected]

Schill, Lee Monsanto

1103 Hackberry Dr. Weslaco, TX 78596 [email protected]

Schoneman, Dave Materra Farming Company

PO Box 9731 Rancho Santa Fe, CA 92065 [email protected]

Schwartz, Eric PO Box 7656 Spreckels, CA 93962 [email protected]

Sefick, Brett Holaday Seed Company

820 Park Ave 616 Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected]

Sgheiza, Brian Gowan Seed


Sgheiza, Daniel Gowan Seed


74

Shaddy, Tyler Holaday Seed

820 Park Ave 616 Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected]

Shi, Ainong University of Arkansas

Dept of Horticulture, PTSC 316 Fayetteville, AR 72701 [email protected]

Shill, Dusty Santa Maria Seeds


Silacci, Dave Gowan Seed


Silva, Manny Santa Maria Seeds


Slocum, Keith Seed Science

820 Park Row #691 Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected]

Slocum, Steve Gowan Seed


Smith, Richard University of California


Smith, Vic JV Farms


Solorzano, Jose American Takii, Inc.


Sousa, Doug Mission Ranches Company

117 North First St. King City, CA 93930 [email protected]

Stein, Larry Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

PO Box 1849 Uvalde, TX 78802 [email protected]

Stewart, Kevin Jain Irrigation

2851 E. Florence Ave. Fresno, CA 93721 [email protected]

Stoffel, Jerrett Taylor Farms Retail, Inc.

947-B Blanco Cir. Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected]

Stover, Calvin Seminis


Stroud, Heather El Ray Seed Inc.

PO Box 1632 Carmel Valley, CA 93924 [email protected]

75

Tanaka, Hideto Sakata Seed Corp.

11857 Bay Ridge Dr. Burlington, WA 98233

Tanaka, Shu Sakata Seed Corp.

11857 Bay Ridge Dr. Burlington, WA 98233

Tichinin, Nicholas Universal Seed Company

1285 N. Main St. Independence, OR 97361 [email protected]

Torres, Sergio Radicle Seed Co.

4860 Monterey Rd. Gilroy, CA 95020 [email protected]

Trebino, Mike Radicle Seed Co.

4860 Monterey Rd. Gilroy, CA 95020 [email protected]

Valdez, Victor TLC Custom Farming Company


van Veldhuizen, Henning Jensen Seeds A/S

Oerbaekvej 761 Odense, Denmark 5220 [email protected]

Vandiver, Joe Rijk Zwaan


Vanmatre, Chad JV Farms


Vidal, Jesus Seminis


Villanueva, Albert Keithly-Williams Seeds


de Visser, Jan Pop Vriend Seeds

135 Bella Vista Ln. Watsonville, CA 95076 [email protected]

Volin, Ray Monsanto/Seminis


Walker, Corey Keithly-Williams Seeds


Walser, Karlen Mission Ranches

117 N. First St. King City, CA 93930 [email protected]

Wells, Cindy TS&L Seed Co.

538 Brunken Ave. #4 Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected]

76

White, Bethany Jain Irrigation

2851 E. Florence Ave. Fresno, CA 93721 [email protected]

Whitmer, Samuel Keithly-Williams Seeds


Wilcoxson, Doc Pop Vriend Seeds USA

135 Bella Vista Ln. Watsonville, CA 95076 [email protected]

Williams, Danny Keithly-Williams Seeds


Williams, Jim Keithly-Williams Seeds

373 Akaloa Dr. Bastrop, TX 78602 [email protected]

Wofford, Boyce Sager Creek Vegetable Company

4333 Dean Springs Rd. Alma, AR 72921 [email protected]

Wojewoda, Terence Gowan Seed


Zischke, Jeff Sakata Seed America

105 Boronda Rd. Salinas, CA 93950 [email protected]

Zischke, Mary CA Leafy Greens Research Program

512 Pajaro St. Salinas, CA 93901 [email protected]

77

Spinach Website Directory www.spinach.uark.edu

78

79

Last First Company City State E-Mail

Aarnoudse Ab Germains Seed Technology Aalten Netherlands [email protected]

Aardise Aernoudt San Juan Bautista

CA

Abbas Magda Harris Moran Seed

San Juan Bautista

CA

Aarup Steen Vikima Seed Holeby Denmark [email protected]

Adams Steve HerbThyme Farms

Salinas CA [email protected]

Adams Marvin Tiro Tree Farms Eagle Pass TX

Agehara Shinsuke Texas AgriLife Research

Uvalde TX [email protected]

Agerskov Henrik Odense S V Denmark

Akamatus Toyokuzu

Sakata Seed Chiba Japan

Allan John Emmett Nottinghamshire LTD

Newark UK [email protected]

Allen Josh Allens, Inc. Siloam Springs AR [email protected]

Anciso Juan Texas AgriLife Extension Service

Weslaco TX [email protected]

Anderson Andy Agri Link Foods San Antonia TX Andrade Kristen SLO County

Organics Paso Robles CA [email protected]

Andrade Zack SLO County Organics

Paso Robles CA [email protected]

Antonise Rudie Keygene NV [email protected]

Aoki Melvin Alf Christianson Seed Co.


Ardoin Ronald Acadian Family Farm

Moulton TX [email protected]

Armburst Craig Ag Alternatives/Vikima Seeds

Albany OR [email protected]

Aselage John Gerber Products, Inc.

Fort Smith AR

Atkinson Dennis Payette ID Badger Thomas Arkansas

Children’s Nutrition Center

Little Rock AR

Badura Alan Tozer Seeds Limited

Cobham, Surrey

UK [email protected]

Baerends Ben Monsanto Wageningen Netherlands [email protected]

Ball Shane Rutgers Agri Research & Ext. Ctr.

Bridgeton NJ

Ballentine Bob Frio Spinach Co. Pearsall TX [email protected]

Baron Mick Salinas CA Barreras Matt Salinas CA Barron Rodney Willamette Plant City FL
















80

Industries, Inc.

Bassi Robert Tanimura and Antle

Salinas CA

Bassi Susan AgriCoat LLC Soledad CA [email protected]

Beck Steve Five Points CA Becker Margaret Alf Christianson

Seed Co. Mount Vernon WA [email protected]

Benfield John Langmead Farms Chichester

West Sussex UK johnbenfield@langmeadfarms.

com Bennett Nicholas Syngenta Sydney Australia [email protected]

m Bennett Rick University of

Arkansas Fayetteville AR [email protected]

Bentley Traven Alf Christianson Seed Co.

Mount Vernon WA [email protected]

Bertrand Eric Seminis [email protected]

Bibi Zuhair May Seed Group Bursa 16280 Turkey [email protected]

Binnendijk Corina Plantum [email protected]

Black Mark Texas AgriLife Extension Service


Blackbourn Rory Sakata Sutterton Boston


Boerries Christian Dieskau Saat GmbH

Gottingen Germany [email protected]

Boor Janine MB Harvester Manchester NY [email protected]

Booth Jeremy Monsanto Cambridge UK [email protected]

Borregaard Anders Jensen Seeds A/S Odense Denmark [email protected]

Brandenberger Lynn Oklahoma State University, Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Department

Stillwater OK

[email protected] Brenner David Iowa State

University Ames IA [email protected]

Breum Tyler Washington State University


Briggs Bill Syngenta Seeds 1600 AA Enkhuizen

The Netherlands

[email protected]

Brink Kevin Castroville CA Brissey Louise WSU - Mount

Vernon NWREC Mount Vernon WA [email protected]

Brown Steve Allen's Inc. Siloam Springs AR [email protected]

Brown Russ Huron CA Brown Michael Glory Foods Columbus OH Brown Allison Texas Tech

University Lubbock TX

Brown Philip Alf Christianson Seed Co


Brown Steve Allen Canning Co. Lowell AR [email protected] Bruno Peter BASF Richmond TX



















81

Buchert Kenneth Rohm and Haas Waller TX Bulloch Hugh Herb Fresh LLP Hersham,

Surrey UK [email protected]

Burbee Atlee Sakata Seed America, Inc.

Conshohocken PA [email protected]

Burgos Nilda UofA, Crop, Soil & Enviromental Science

Fayetteville AR [email protected]

Buter Peter Bejo Zaden B.V. Warmenhuizen

Netherlands [email protected]

Butler Mark Germain’s Technology Group

Gilroy CA

Calhoon George Magic Valley Frozen Foods

McAllen TX

Campbell Serena Hedlin Farms Mount Vernon WA Cantwell Marita University of

California Davis CA

Cavalli Brian Holaday Seed Company


Carpenter Andrew Seabrook Brothers & Sons, Inc.

Seabrook NJ

Cerda Cecelia AdvanSeed Santiago Chile [email protected] Charlesworth Mark Germains Seed

Technology Aalten NL [email protected]

Chounet William Silverado Ranch Supply

Yerington NV

Clark John U of A Fayetteville AR [email protected] Clark Tyler Mount Vernon WA Clarkson Graham Vitacress Salads

Ltd. Southampton Hampshire [email protected].

uk Clarkson Shaun Vitacress Salads

Ltd. Chichester West Sussex


Coffey David University of Tennessee

Coleman Marty Del Monte Foods Crystal City TX [email protected]

Colley Micaela Organic Seed Alliance

Port Townsend

WA

Collier Dwight Champion Seed Co.

McAllen TX [email protected]

Collins Jim E & J Collins Ltd. Orangeville Ontario, CA Compton Gary Masterton New

Zealand

Constant Carol Sakata [email protected]

Cooper Paul Cooper Seed Correll Jim UofA, Dept Plant

Pathology Fayetteville AR [email protected]

Courtney Michael Shammrock Seed Co., Inc.


Courtney David Courtney Farms Lucedale MS Courtney Eddie Courtney Farms Lucedale MS





















82

Crabtree Matt Allen Canning Co. Van Buren AR [email protected] Crawford Jimmy Crawford Farms Uvalde TX [email protected] Croon Kent Monsanto St. Louis MO [email protected] Crummey Brian Bejo Seeds, Inc. Salinas CA [email protected] Cuesta Alonso Emilia P. Oklahoma State

University Stillwater OK emilia.p.cuesta_alonso@okstat

e.edu Dainello Frank College Station TX [email protected] Dalrymple Allen Brenham TX Dalrymple Bryson AgriLife

Extension Uvalde TX [email protected]

Damicone John Oklahoma State University

Stillwater OK [email protected]

Davis R. Mike University of California - Davis

Davis CA [email protected]

Davis Michael IFCO Systems N. America, Inc.

Tampa FL

de Haas Jan Syngenta Seeds [email protected] de Jong Ir. Kees ENZA-ZADEN Holland de Jong C. ENZA-ZADEN Enkuizen Netherlands de Lange Michel Syngenta Seeds Netherlands [email protected] de Lange Jan Bejo Seeds, Inc. Oceano CA [email protected] DeYoung Alan Van Drunen

Farms Momence IL [email protected]

de Visser Jan Pop Vriend Seeds B.V.

Andijk Netherlands [email protected]

Deleuran Lise University of Aarhus

Slagelse Denmark [email protected]

den Braber Jan Rijk Zwaan 2678 ZG De Lier

Holland [email protected]

Derie Mike Washington State University


Deryckx Woody Mt. Baker Organic Seed Growers

Concrete WA [email protected]

Dijkstra Jan Nunhems Netherlands Nunhem


Dobler Craig Moss Landing CA

Dodson Hallie UW-Madison Middleton WI [email protected]

Domingos Paul [email protected]

Drawve Brett Salinas CA

Driggs Keith Ciba-Geigy Corporation

Sherwood AR

du Toit Lindsey Washington State University


Edleson Jonathan Wes Watkins Ag Res & Ext Ctr

Lane OK

Egelmeers Pieter Rijk Zwaan [email protected]

Eline Ms. De Burgh [email protected]

Espinosa Adriana Seminis Salinas CA [email protected]

Essex Ted Seed Research Equipment

S. Hutchinson KS


























83

Solutions

Everts Kathryne University of Maryland College Park

Salisbury MD [email protected]

Faulkner Bonnie North Carolina State University Centennial Campus

Raleigh NC

Fellows Kennon Independence OR Feng Chunda UofA, Plant

Pathology Fayetteville AR [email protected]

Fery Michael Stahlbush Island Farms

Corvallis OR [email protected]

Filardo Crhis Eat 5 A Day Wilmington Denmark Fisher Dave PicSweet Frozen

Foods Santa Maria CA

Fleming Greg Greenfield CA Fletcher Jacquelin

e Oklahoma State University


Fonseca Anabela Monsanto Holland BV Enkhuizen

North Holland

[email protected]

Ford Kevin Yuma AZ

Furuki Toshi Sakata Seed America

Morgan Hill CA

Garcia Bobby Gilroy CA Garcia BJ Salinas CA Garrett Edith International

Fresh-cut Produce

Alexandria VA

Garrison Stephen Rutgers Ag Res & Ext Ctr

Bridgeton NJ

Gatch Emily Washington State University


Gautney Larry Salinas CA Gebhardt Bill Allen Canning Co. Alma AR [email protected]

Geraats Bart Nunhems Netherlands BV

6080 AA Haelen

The Netherlands

[email protected]

Gerlach Bill Melissa’s World Variety Produce, Inc.

Los Angeles CA

Germain’s Technology Group

Gilroy CA

German Carl University of Delaware Coop Ext

Newark Denmark

Ghidiu Gerald Rutgers Agricultural Research & Ext Ctr

Bridgeton NJ

Gibson Darryn Progency Advanced

Salinas CA









84

Genetics

Gilles Tijs Syngenta Seeds Enkhuizen Netherlands [email protected]

Gillow Kim University of Arkansas Survey Research Center

[email protected]

Gisler David Gisler Farms Porterville CA [email protected]

Godfrey Thomas Seabrook Brothers & Sons, Inc.

Seabrooke NJ

Gragg Sara Tedas Tech University

Lubbock TX [email protected]

Griffin Vernon Arkansas State Plant Board

Little Rock AR

Groves Russ UofWI, Department of Entomology

Madison WI [email protected]

Grusak Michael USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Ctr

Houston TX [email protected]

Gutierrez Eduardo UC Davis Davis CA [email protected]

Hake Ted Universal Seed Co.

Independence OR

Halkjaer Merete University of Aarhus

Flakkebjerg, DK-4200 Slagelse

Denmark [email protected]

Hammontree Bob Allen Canning Co. Spiro OK [email protected]

Hansen Bjarne Vikima Seed Holeby Denmark [email protected] Harrison David South Pacific

Seeds Pukekohe New

Zealand [email protected]

Hartz Tim University of California Dept of Vegetable Crops

Davis CA

Hausbeck Mary Michigan State Univ

East Lansing MI [email protected]

Hayashi Hironobu Higashi 8, Kita 17, Naganuma

Yubari Hokkaido

Japan

Hayes Hengry Daehnfeldt Albany OR Hazlett Michelle Moran Stanley Monterey CA [email protected]

Hedlin Dave Hedlin Farms Mount Vernon WA [email protected]

Hegelund Erling AdvanSeed ApS Odense Denmark [email protected]

Hembree IV Lawsom Trans American Tire

Fort Smith AR

Henk Mr. Nunhems [email protected]

Hensley David Univ. of Arkansas Fayetteville AR [email protected]

Hewitt John Syngenta Seeds Gilroy CA [email protected]

Higgins Pine Nunhems Aromas CA [email protected]

Hillyer Michael WalMart Bentonville AR

Hodge Ken Fresh Cut Yakima WA Hoffman Craig Logan Zenner Canby OR [email protected]



















85

Seeds

Holaday Brian Holaday Seed Co Salinas CA [email protected]

Holland Francis Vitacress Salads Ltd.

Hampshire United Kingdom

[email protected]

Holt Herman VPI Eastern Shore Ag Experiment Station

Painter VA

Hoppe Chris Yuma AZ Houston C.A. Glory Foods Columbus OH Hovmoller Mogens

Stovring University of Aarhus Research Centre Flakkebjerg Forsogsvej 1

Slagelse Denmark [email protected]

Hulbert Jack Hulbert Farms/Skagit Seed Services

LaConner WA [email protected]

Hulbert Rene Hulbert Farms/Skagit Seed Services


Hulbert Tom Hulbert Farms/Skagit Seed Services


Hummel Eric Salinas CA Huston Drew Enza Zaden USA San Juan

Bautista CA [email protected]

Iglesias Angela UofA Dept Plant Pathology


Ingram Earl Shamrock Salinas CA Ivey Ralph Allen Canning Co. Siloam Springs AR [email protected]

J-V Farms, Inc. Yuma AZ Jacques Gautier Gautier Grianes

BPI Eyragues France

Jensen Norm Edcouch TX Jimenez Manuel American Takii,

Inc. Salinas CA [email protected]

Jimenez-Gasco Maria del Mar

Pennsylvania State University

University Park PA [email protected]

Johnson Kirby LaConner WA [email protected]

Karthuis Tracey Osborne International Seed Co.

Mount Vernon WA

Kemp Heather Valley Starr Seed Templeton CA [email protected]

Key Mike Keithly Williams Seeds

McAllen TX [email protected]

Kimura Ryo Sakata [email protected]

Kinsey Graham Germain's Technology Group

Gilroy CA [email protected]
















86

Klapwijk Ad T S Seeds Ambacht Holland Kleinhenz Matthew Ohio Ag Res &

Dev Ctr Hort & Crop Science

Wooster OH

Koger Chris The Packer Lenexa KS Koike Steven University of

California Cooperative Ext


Kopsell Dean The University of Tennessee

Knoxville TN [email protected]

Kothmann Roy First State Bank of Uvalde

Uvalde TX

Krolikowski Dale Germain's Technology Group

Gilroy CA [email protected]

Krouwers Miranda Plantum [email protected]

Kruithof Peter Bejo Seed, Inc. Mount Vernon WA Kuchta Corey Fress Express, Inc Salinas CA Laffere Brandon Gowan Seed Chular CA [email protected]

Lagan Marcel Salinas CA LaGrange David Sakata Seed

America, Inc. McAllen TX [email protected]

Lamont William The Pennsylvania State University Dept of Horticulture

University Park PA

Laury Angela Texas Tech University

Lubbock TX

Lazcano Carlso J & D Produce Edinburg TX Leasure Jim Allen Canning Co. Alma AR [email protected]

Lee Jerry McCall Farms Effingham SC [email protected]

Leili Helmut Cardinal Seed Co Kingsville Ontario, CA Leskovar Daniel Texas AgriLife

Research Uvalde TX [email protected]

Lewis Justin Yuma AZ Libbey Carl Washington

State University Mount Vernon WA [email protected]

Lindenborn Dondee Pentagon Produce, Inc.

Fair oaks Ranch

TX [email protected]

Linder Vickie Alliance Rubber Co

Hot Springs AR

Lockwood Alan Tozer Seeds Limited

Cobham, Surrey


Love Anthony Gowan Seed Chular CA [email protected]

Lyerly Eric Keithly Williams Seed

Hotville CA [email protected]

Lyons Milo Alf Christianson Seed co.


Majure Keith Gowan West Monroe LA

Marr Chuck Kansas State University

Manhattan KS
















87

Marsh Lurline University of Maryland - Eastern Shore

Princess Anne MD

Martin Ryan Goodyear AZ May Matt Seminis

Vegetable Seeds Woodland CA [email protected]

McBride Tom Royal Sluis Inc-Asgrow

Oxnard CA

McCaa Pat Del Monte Foods Laphrop CA [email protected]

McGlynn William Oklahoma State university


McKay Denney Enza Coastal Seeds, Inc.

Yuma AZ [email protected]

McLeod Paul University of Arkansas


McMoran Don Washington State University, Skagit Co. Extension

Burlington WA [email protected]

Medina Ruben Allen Canning Co. Mt. Vernon MO [email protected]

Midyett Ron Dole Fresh Vegetabls, Inv

Salinas CA

Miller Brittany Salinas CA

Miller Chris Rijk Zwaan Seed Co


Miller Rhonda Dept of Animal Science, TAMU

College Station TX

Miller Tim Washington State University


Minton Brad Novartis Cypress TX

Mize Allen Del Monte Foods Crystal City TX [email protected]

Mizokami Brian Pentagon Produce, Inc

Glendale AZ

Monsno Paul & Heidi

Salinas CA

Moore Darren TAES Uvalde TX

Moreau Bernard S.G. Semences S.A.

Sarrians France

Moreno Paul Holaday Seed Company


Morgan Russell L. Monsanto San Juan Bautista

CA [email protected]

Motes Dennis University of Arkansas - Research Station

Alma AR [email protected]

Mou Beiquan USDA-ARS Salinas CA [email protected]

Mount Brandi Salinas CA Muench Lynn Stokes Seeds, Inc Buffalo NY Mulkey Bill Dawson Farms Delhi LA Munyak Frank Allen Canning Co. Van Buren AR [email protected]

Murray Dave Delta BC, CA













88

Murray Bill Harris Moran Seed

Yuma AZ

Musah Rabi Suny-Albany Albany NY Nelms Don Fayetteville AR Nielsen Kim Vikima Seed Holeby Denmark kim-nielsen@vikima-

seed.dk O’Brien Tim Biomedical

Biotechnology Ctr

Little Rock AR

Ohara Brenda Delta BC, CA Osborne Chris Osborne

International Seed Co.


Ottewell Nick Vitacress Salads Ltd.

United Kingdom [email protected]

Oxford Lee Anne L & M Companies, Inc. Raleigh

NC

Pagles Tom Asgrow/Seminis Seed

Vineland NJ

Palrang Drew Bayer, Inc. Austin TX

Parker Danny Uvalde TX

Pasquinelli Jon Monsanto Vegetable Seeds

Yuma AZ [email protected]

Peeters Gerald Haelen Netherlands

Pena Jose Texas AgriLife Extension Service


Perez Manual Tozer Seeds Limited

Cobham, Surrey


Peterson Bruce WalMart Bentonville AR Petty Alisa Texas Agrilife

Research Lubbock TX [email protected]

Phillips David Seminis Clarkridge AR [email protected]

Phillips Aaron Del Monte Foods Crystal City TX Pivik R.T. Arkansas

Children’s Nutrition Center

Little Rock AR

Pivonka Elizabeth Eat 5 A Day Wilmington DE Plymale Matt Tanimura &

Antle, Inc. Spreckels CA [email protected]

Prewett Ray Texas Citrus Mutual

Mission TX

Purcell John Seminis Rainey Ron U of A,

Cooperative Extension Service

Little Rock AR [email protected]

Rainey Mike Salinas CA [email protected]

Rath David Arkansas Department of Heatlh

Little Rock AR

Rava Jerry King City CA [email protected]










89

Rawl Ashley Walter P. Rawl & Sons, Inc.

Gilbert SC

Ray Steve T&C Supplies Carmel Valley CA [email protected]

Remde Steve Moss Landing CA Rianda Matt Salinas CA [email protected]

Richards Scott Yuma AZ

Ritchie E W Uvalde TX

Ritchie Ed Tiro Tres Farms Eagle Pass TX

Ritichie Charlie Tiro Tres Farms Eagle Pass TX

Rivas Mario Germain’s Technology Group

Gilroy CA

Rivera Bernie Metz Fresh, LLC King City CA

Robason Jim Siloam Springs AR Roberts Alec Tozer Seeds

Limited Cobham, Surrey


Rochon Gilbert Purdue University

West Lafayette

IN

Rodibaugh Rosemary

UofA, Cooperative Extension Service

Little Rock AR

Rodriguez Steven Melissa’s World

Variety Produce, Inc

Los Angeles CA

Romero Tony TS&L Seed Co. Salinas CA [email protected] Rousonelos Emmanu

al Rousonelos Farms, Inc.

Plainfield IL

Rucjstuhl Christine Laval Quebec, CA Russell William Allen Canning Co. Centerton AR [email protected]

Rutz Jack California Agri Statistics Service

Sacramento CA

Ryder Edward US Agri Research Station

Salinas CA

Salamanca Mauricio Cornell University Dept of Ag & Bio Eng

Ithaca NY

Saldana Javier Genecorp Seeds Gonzales CA Sanchez-Sava Victor Incotec Holding

B.V. Enkhuizen The


Schad Andy Pixall Clear Lake WI

Schafer Jay Schafer Ag Services LLC


Schaffner Donald Rutgers University Food Science-Cook

New Brunswick

NJ

Schantz Merlin & Lillian

Schantz Farm Hydro OK

Schwartz David Cutter's Edge Hamburg NY [email protected]

Scttini Steve Templeton CA Sefick Brett Holaday Seed Co Salinas CA dgiven@holadayseedcompany.












90

com

Shapiro Michael Mount Vernon WA Shi Ainong University of

Arkansas Fayetteville AR [email protected]

Siccardi Frank Coenco, Inc Fayetteville AR Silacci Kevin T S & L Seed Salinas CA [email protected]

Silacci David Gowan Seed Salinas CA [email protected] Sintenie Cees Warmenhuize

n The Netherlands

Slocum Keith Universal Coating [email protected]

Slocum Steve Gowan Seed Salinas CA

Smilde Diederik Naktuinbouw Roelofarendsveen


Smith Barbara Arkansas Department of Education

Little Rock AR

Smith Justin Bejo Seeds, Inc. Yuma AZ [email protected]

Smith Jim USDA Washington DC Smith Dean Hydro OK Smith Ron HEB Grocery San Antonio TX Solorzano Jose American Takii,

Inc. Yuma AZ [email protected]

Solorzano Cesar Oklahoma State university


Sorenson Palle Vikima Seed Holeby Denmark [email protected]

Sousa Doug King City CA Stafne Eric U of A Fayetteville AR Stam Elly Bejo Seeds, Inc. Oceano CA [email protected]

Stein Larry Texas AgriLife Extension Service


Stewart Richard Woodland CA Stout Cliff Classic Baby

Vegetables Salinas CA

Strand Steve Alf Christianson Seed Co.

Mount Vernon WA

Summerour Jenny Progressive Grocer

New York NY

Suslow Trevor Univ. of California - Davis

Davis CA [email protected]

Sutherland Albert OSU, Cooperative Extension

Chickasha OK

Swann Doug Little Rock Crate & Basket

Little Rock AR

Talbert Ron UofA Fayetteville AR [email protected]

Teague Paul Delta Fresh, Inc. Jonesboro AR Teyker Robert Del Monte Foods Rochelle IL Thacher George Enza Coastal

Seeds Salinas CA [email protected]















91

Thompson Tim Yuma AZ Tichinin Nick Universal Seed

Co. Monmouth OR [email protected]

Timmerman Lara Pop Vriend Seeds B.V.

Andijk The Netherlands

[email protected]

Todd Larry Agreno College Station TX Torres Javier Gowan Seed Chular CA [email protected]

Ufere Adam Keda Export Mankato MN Unieda Kai University of

Arizona Phoenix AZ

Valdez Marcel Texas AgriLife Extension Service

Crystal City TX [email protected]

Van De Bunt Gerthon Pop Vriend Seeds B.V.


[email protected]

Van den Hurk Anke Plantum [email protected]

van der Arend A. [email protected]

Van der Velden

Ton Enza Zaden USA Inc


Van Derwerken

Joseph Seabrook Brothers & Sons, Inc.

Seabrook NJ

Van Diemen Marcel [email protected]

Van Drunen R.J. Van Drunen Farms

Momence IL

Van Eijk Manuel Enkhuizen Netherlands van Kuijk Jan Enza Zaden Enkhuizen The


Van Kuijk Johannes Enkhuizen Netherlands Van Selling Trinette Enza Zaden Enkhuizen The

Netherlands [email protected] van Veldhuizen Henning Jensen Seeds A/S 5220 Odense

SO Denmark [email protected]

Vaughan Mark Vaughan Foods Moore OK Veenstra Roel Bejo Seed, Inc [email protected]

Veitenheimer Gary Pure Line Seeds, Inc.

Moscow ID

Verbakel Henk Nunhems Netherlands BV

6080 AA Haelen

The Netherlands

[email protected]

Vernor Eddie Uvalde TX

Vestal Tom TAMU, Institute of FDSC & Engr

College Station TX

Vilchez Miguel University of California Plant Pathology

Riverside CA

Vriend Arwin Pop Vriend Seeds B.V.


Wagner Al Texas AgriLife Extension Service

College Station TX [email protected]

Walker Sally Rutgers Cooperative

Millville NJ














92

Extension

Walser Karlen Mission Ranches King City CA [email protected]

Walser Karlen Mission Ranches Mount Vernon WA [email protected]

Warren Bob Valdosta GA Warren Bob Agri-

Technologies Clinton NC

Warringa Johannes Nunhems Netherlands

Haelen Netherlands [email protected]

Wells Cindy TS&L Seed Co. Salinas CA [email protected] Wenzing Claudia Eat 5 A Day Wilmington DE

Wever Mariska Incotec Enkhuizen Netherlands [email protected]

Whalen Joanne University of Delawarde Cooperative Extension

Newark DE

Whitaker Robert NewStar Salinas CA

Whitaker Sid Hart MI

White Jonas White Seed Oxnard CA

White Kenneth P.O. Drawer 1708 Uvalde TX

Wilcoxson Doc Pop Vriend Seeds B.V.

Watsonville CA [email protected]

Wiley Robert Champion Seed Coachella CA

Williams Fred Willaims/Crawford & Associates, Inc.

Fort Smith AR

Wilson Grant Pukekohe New Zealand

Winterbottom Steven Tozer Seeds Limited

Cobham United Kingdom

[email protected]

Wofford Boyce Allen Canning Co. Alma AR [email protected]

Woods Roy Value Frozen Edcouch TX Woods Roy Westand TX Woodward Jackson Horton Fruit Louisville KY Yanamala Sundeep Texas Tech

University Lubbock TX

Zimmerhanzel Kenneth Gowan Lubbock TX Zischke Mary CLGRB Salinas CA [email protected]

Zittel Dave Amos Zittel & Son’s, Inc.

Eden NY









Documents

International Spinach Conference 2015 · 2018. 8. 27. · 3 Renegade Bejo . 4 Responder Bejo . 5 Revere Bejo . 6 Spiros Bejo . 7 Escalade Enza Zaden . 8 Pacer Enza Zaden . 9 Camaro