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International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of theMadagascar Pond-heron
Ardeola idae
TECHNICAL SERIES
No. 20 (CMS)No. 39 (AEWA)
Unbenannt-5 2 28.01.2010 12:30:51 Uhr
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA)
International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
Ardeola idae
CMS Technical Series No. 20
AEWA Technical Series No. 39
December 2008
Prepared with funding from the Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea
09-31595_Inhalt.indd 1 07.01.2010 10:15:44 Uhr
Compiled by: Paul Kariuki Ndang’ang’a1 and Eric Sande2 1BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat P.O. Box 3502, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya 2Zoology Dept., Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. E-mail for correspondence: [email protected] List of contributors Alfred Owino (Kenya Wildlife Service), Charlie Marsh, Claudien Nsabasagani (Association pour la Conservation de la Nature au Rwanda – ACNR and Karisoke Research Center), David Stroud (UK, JNCC - AEWA TC observer), Dieudonné Bizimana (Association Burundaise pour la Protection des Oiseaux), Frank Hawkins (Conservation International), Fred Barasa (National Museums of Kenya), Gérard Rocamora (Island Conservation Society - Seychelles), Henry Ndithia (National Museum of Kenya), Jarton Shawa (South Luagwa Area Management Unit, Zambia), Jasson John (University of Dar Es Salaam), Jean Rushemeza (Management & Ecotourism in Protected Areas, Burundi), Jelena Kralj (Croatia, AEWA Technical Committee), Julien Ramanampamonjy (ASITY Madagascar), Justin Gerlach (Nature Protection Trust for Seychelles), Lindsay Chong-Seng (Seychelles Islands Foundation), Lizanne Roxburgh (Zambian Ornithology Society), Luca Borghesio, Marc Salamolard (Société d'études ornithologiques de la Réunion - SEOR), Michel Clément, Michel Louette (Royal Museum for Central Africa), Mzamiru Kaita (Wildlife Division - Tanzania), Neil Baker (Tanzania Bird Atlas), Niels Kanstrup (Denmark, CIC, AEWA Technical Committee member), Potiphar Kaliba (National Museums of Malawi), Rivo Rabarisoa (ASITY Madagascar), Roger Safford (BirdLife International), Samuel Kamoto (Wildlife and Environment Society of Malawi), Sergey Dereliev (UNEP/AEWA Secretariat), Tim Dodman (Wetlands International) Milestones in the production of the plan Workshop: 14 -16 April 2008 in Nairobi, Kenya First draft: 10 June 2008, presented to experts Second draft: 29 July 2008 presented to Range States and AEWA Technical Committee Third draft: September 2008, adopted by the 4th session of the Meeting of the Parties to AEWA in September 2008 and the 9th session of the Conference of the Parties to CMS in December 2008 Geographical Scope This International Single Species Action Plan requires implementation in the following countries regularly supporting Madagascar Pond-heron: Burundi, Comoro Islands, Democratic Republic of Congo, France (Europa - Iles Eparses, administered from Réunion and Mayotte - eastern Comoro Island), Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles (Aldabra), Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Reviews This International Single Species Action Plan should be revised in 2018. An emergency review will be undertaken if there are sudden major changes liable to affect the population. Recommended citation: Ndang’ang’a, P.K. and Sande, E. (Compilers). 2008. International Single Species Action Plan for the Madagascar Pond-heron (Ardeola idae). CMS Technical Series No. 20, AEWA Technical Series No. 39. Bonn, Germany. Picture on the cover: Madagascar Pond-heron Ardeola idae © Ray Tipper Drawing on the inner cover: Madagascar Pond-heron Ardeola idae © Sarah Plazzotta Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP/CMS and UNEP/AEWA concerning the legal status of any State, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers and boundaries.
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International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 3
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
CONTENTS
Preface ........................................................................................................................................ 4
List of Acronyms......................................................................................................................... 5
Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 6
1. Biological Assessment ............................................................................................................ 7
2. Available Key Knowledge ...................................................................................................... 11
3. Threats . ................................................................................................................................... 14
4. Policies and Legislation Relevant for Management ................................................................ 19
5. Framework for Action ............................................................................................................. 23
6. Monitoring and Evaluation...................................................................................................... 29
References ................................................................................................................................... 30
Annex 1: Localities where the Madagascar Pond-heron has been recorded ............................... 32
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4 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Preface
This International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron (Ardeola idae) was commissioned to the BirdLife International Africa Partnership Secretariat and compiled by the Species Programme Manager, Mr. Paul Kariuki Ndang’ang’a and Eric Sande, Lecturer at the Zoology Department of the Makarere University in Kampala, Uganda. The drafts of the plan went through rigorous consultations including comments from experts, governmental officials from the Range States, CMS Scientific Council Members and the AEWA Technical Committee. The third draft was adopted by the 4th session of the Meeting of the Parties to AEWA in September 2008 and the 9th session of the Conference of the Parties to CMS in December 2008. The Action Plan follows the format for Single Species Action Plans approved by the 2nd Session of the Meeting of the Parties to AEWA in September 2002.
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International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 5
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
List of Acronyms
ABO: Association Burundaise pour la Protection des OiseauxAEWA: Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory WaterbirdsASITY: ASITY Madagascar / the Malagasy League for Bird Conservation CBD: Convention on Biological Diversity CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and FloraCMS: Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild AnimalsDRC: Democratic Republic of Congo EIA: Environmental Impact AssessmentIBA: Important Bird Area INECN: Institut National pour l’Environnment et la Conservation de la Nature (Burundi) MEEFT: Ministère de l’Environnement, des Eaux et Forêts et du Tourisme (Madagascar) MINITERE: Ministry of Land, Environment, Mines and Water Resources (Rwanda) MPH: Madagascar Pond-heron NP: National Parks ORTPN: Rwanda Office of Tourism and National Parks PBZT: Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza (Madagascar) Ramsar: The Convention on Wetlands, signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971SIF: Seychelles Islands Foundation SSG: Site Support Group WHC: Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1972 ZICOMA: Zones d'Importance pour la Conservation des Oiseaux a Madagascar. Antananarivo
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6 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Executive Summary
The Madagascar Pond-heron Ardeola idae is listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List. This is because it has a very small population (estimated at 2,000 – 6,000 individuals) which is undergoing a continuing decline. Whilst it remains fairly widespread in Madagascar, populations are low. It breeds from October to March in Madagascar, Aldabra (Seychelles), Mayotte (eastern Comoro Island, France) and Europa (Iles Eparses, administered from Réunion, to France). It has a large non-breeding range in Central and East Africa including the Comoro Islands, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, the United Republic of Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo; and is also a vagrant in Angola and Somalia.
The main threats directly or indirectly affecting the Madagascar Pond-heron include habitat destruction and degradation; human disturbance at nesting sites; reduced nesting sites leading to competition for nesting, feeding and roosting sites; and collection of eggs and young birds. In Madagascar, there is increasing evidence of hybridisation with the much more common Squacco Heron A. ralloides, although the latter does not breed on Mayotte, Aldabra or the Comoros.
The purpose of this action plan is to improve the current conservation status and knowledge base of the Madagascar Pond-heron within the next 10 years. The following are among the priority conservation actions recommended to address the identified threats in order to achieve this purpose: (1) regulate access to sites during the breeding season, including designing and implementing community-run control, (2) develop and/or support the implementation of existing management plans of the known breeding sites, (3) prevent development which will reduce the species’ breeding habitat, (4) designate all breeding sites under national protected area legislation and as Ramsar sites, (5) implement EIA studies in the species habitats before any development, (6) make the status, threats and the species’ priority actions more known and appreciated by the general public, (7) perform coordinated censuses in all countries and conduct training for data collectors in identification and survey techniques in order to determine the actual population size and trends, (8) undertake research to determine the extent, impacts and causes of hybridisation of A. idae with A. ralloides, (9) implement field surveys to identify all breeding colonies in Madagascar and key sites in the non-breeding range, and (10) study the habitat requirements of the species.
Emphasis for site conservation activities will focus on Madagascar, Mayotte, Aldabra and Europa where the species breeds, because the main threats to the species’ survival appear to relate to breeding.
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International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 7
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
1. Biological Assessment
General Information The Madagascar Pond-heron Ardeola idae is a small (45-48 cm) white heron with reddish legs. In breeding plumage it is all white, with long crest and scapular plumes. It has a blue bill and bare orbital skin, the former with dark tip. In non-breeding plumage, it is dark brown on crown and streaked dark brownish on mantle and underparts. It is found singly or in small groups, often with Squacco Heron A. ralloides or egrets. It nests colonially with other herons.
It is listed as Endangered in the 2008 IUCN Red List because it has a very small population that is undergoing a continuing decline as a result of many of its breeding colonies being heavily and increasingly exploited for eggs and young (BirdLife International 2008). This exploitation is exacerbated by pressures on its wetland habitats.
Currently, the Madagascar Pond-heron is listed in Appendix II (Migratory species conserved through Agreements) of CMS1 and in Column A, Categories 1b and 1c of the AEWA Table 12.
Taxonomy and Systematics
Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Ciconiiformes Suborder: Ardeae Family: Ardeidae Subfamily: Ardeinae Genus: Ardeola (Boie) Species: Ardeola idae (Hartlaub, 1860) Ardea idae Hartlaub, 1860. Journal of Ornithology 8, p. 167; east coast of Madagascar. Alternative names: Malagasy Pond Heron, Madagascar Squacco HeronTaxonomic sources: Dowsett and Forbes-Watson (1993), Sibley and Monroe (1990, 1993)
1 Migratory species that have an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international cooperation organised by tailored agreements are listed in Appendix II to CMS. For this reason, the Convention encourages the Range States to conclude global or regional Agreements for the conservation and management of individual species or, more often, of a group of species listed on Appendix II. 2 AEWA provides for coordinated and concerted action to be taken by the Range States throughout the migration system of waterbirds to which it applies.
Category 1: (a) Species which are included in Appendix I to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory species of Wild Animals;
(b) Species which are listed as threatened in Threatened Birds of the World (BirdLife International 2008); or
(c) Populations, which number less than around 10,000 individuals.
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8 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Population Development There is one population which breeds in small colonies in many places in Madagascar (F. Hawkins per Dodman, 2002), on Aldabra, where the main known breeding site is, Ile aux Aigrettes (Betts 2002), in Mayotte (2 breeding sites known: Clément com. pers.) and on the atoll of Europa in the Mozambique Channel. F. Hawkins (per Dodman 2002) believes that colony size in Madagascar is often less than 10 pairs, and there might be 100-200 colonies or perhaps substantially fewer, giving a maximum estimate of some 6,000 birds, and minimum of 2,000. One of the highest counts is from Lac Alarobia or Tsarasaotra near Antananarivo, where there were 162 individuals in January 1998 (Dodman et al. 1999). However, no other sites meet the previous 1% level of 100 (a threshold used for instance in the IBA programme, determined before the more recent, lower population estimate of 2,000-6,000). This is despite its occurrence at a large number of sites. This indeed suggests that numbers in Madagascar are considerably lower. The population on Mayotte is estimated to be between 50 and 100 individuals, with variation over the years; up to 10 nests were found in 2007 in mixed colonies with Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis), but total nests of Madagascar Pond-heron were surely >10 (Clément com. pers.).Rocamora and Skerrett (2001) estimate the Aldabra population to be 20-50 pairs. The population on Europa numbered up to 15 pairs in 1996 (Le Corre and Safford 2001). The population estimate of 2,000-6,000 was therefore proposed, based mainly on this breeding information.
Whilst the species remains fairly widespread, populations are low, and increasing exploitation at breeding sites is likely to increase the rate of population decline (ZICOMA 1999). As a result, a rapid and on-going population decline is suspected (BirdLife International 2008).
Distribution throughout the Annual Cycle
It breeds on Madagascar, Aldabra in Seychelles, Mayotte (Comoro Island, France), and Europa (France). It has a large non-breeding range in Central and East Africa including the Comoro Islands, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, United Republic of Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (BirdLife International 2008); and is also a vagrant in Angola and Somalia (Dean 2000). Details of exact localities where the species has ever been recorded are provided in Figure 1 and Annex 1. It is present almost throughout Madagascar, but is always uncommon (ZICOMA 1999). It is rare in the south and probably commonest in suitable wetlands in the west (Morris and Hawkins 1998).
Survival and Productivity
No data.
Life History: Breeding It breeds from October to March, beginning around the start of rains (rains begin around November). It is colonial, usually in mixed colonies, in Madagascar especially with A. ralloides and with Bubulcus ibis in Mayotte; colonies formerly contained up to 1,000 nests of present species.
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International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 9
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
It nests in trees, bushes or shrubs near water, 0.5-4 m up; in mixed colonies, nests of present species tend to be higher than those of A. ralloides in Madagascar; in Mayotte, nests tend to be in the middle and lower than the nests of Bubulcus ibis in a mixed breeding colony located in a mangrove (Clément com. pers.); the nest is made of interlaced twigs. Normally 3 eggs (2-4); incubation c. 20 days; chicks have buffy yellow down; start to leave nest at c. 15 days, and can feed alone at under 4 weeks old. Normally single clutch, but a second may be laid in February-March. Afterwards dispersing to mainland Africa to spend the non-breeding season.
Life History: Feeding It feeds on small fish, reptiles (lizards and geckos), amphibians (frogs) and small invertebrates including grasshoppers and beetles. Mostly in fresh water habitat, usually at pond edges, dams and sluggish rivers in wooded areas or fringing vegetation. In Mayotte, despite breeding colonies being found in mangroves, feeding is in fresh water (M. Salamolard pers. com). It is a secretive, solitary feeder, only rarely forming flocks. On Aldabra, birds feed mainly alongside other heron species. Prey is caught mainly by walking slowly or standing motionless at the water’s edge, in shallow water or on floating vegetation. Most of the feeding observations have been done from the breeding range.
Life History: Outside Breeding Season
No data.
Habitat Requirements: Breeding
Shallow water bodies fringed with vegetation or with floating vegetation, including marshes, lakes, ponds, slow-flowing rivers, rice fields; mangroves on Aldabra and Mayotte. Typical forest species which takes refuge in trees when disturbed.
Habitat Requirements: Feeding
See below – outside breeding season and above: in breeding season
Habitat Requirements: Outside Breeding Season
Outside the breeding season, it is found along the banks of small streams, including those inside forests. It is also found on rice paddies, and more rarely in mangroves and on the seashore. It is migratory but ad hoc data suggests some site fidelity and residence in suitable habitat; in Tanzania largely restricted to small wetlands, ponds, dams with adjacent bushes or small trees.
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10 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Figure 1: Distribution of Madagascar Pond-heron – localities where recorded (Neil & Elizabeth Baker)
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International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 11
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
2. A
vaila
ble
Key
Kno
wle
dge
Tab
le 2
.1:
Glo
bal P
opul
atio
n es
tim
ates
of M
adag
asca
r P
ond-
hero
n
Bre
edin
g ra
nge
Win
teri
ng, o
r co
re n
on-b
reed
ing
rang
e E
stim
ate
Tre
nd
Mad
agas
car,
Ald
abra
(S
eych
elle
s), E
urop
a (R
éuni
on)
May
otte
(Fr
ance
) B
urun
di, C
omor
o Is
land
s, D
RC
, Ken
ya, M
alaw
i, M
ozam
biqu
e,
Rw
anda
, Uni
ted
Rep
ubli
c of
Tan
zani
a, U
gand
a, Z
imba
bwe
and
Zam
bia.
Vag
rant
in A
ngol
a an
d So
mal
ia
2,00
0-6,
000
Dec
lini
ng
Tab
le 2
.2:
Nat
iona
l pop
ulat
ion
esti
mat
es o
f Mad
agas
car
Pon
d-he
ron
Cou
ntry
Bre
edin
g no
.N
on-b
reed
ing
no.
Qua
lity
Yea
r(s)
of
esti
mat
eP
opul
atio
n tr
end
Bas
elin
e po
pula
tion
Ref
eren
ces
Mad
agas
car
2,00
0-6,
000
N/A
? 20
02D
ecli
neN
o da
taF.
Haw
kins
(in
litt)
per
D
odm
an (
2002
)M
adag
asca
r1,
000
N/A
?
2008
No
data
N
o da
ta
Ren
e de
Rol
and,
L.A
per
s.
com
.E
urop
a (F
ranc
e)15
pai
rs10
-50
2003
? 19
96; 2
003
No
data
N
o da
ta
Le
Cor
re a
nd S
affo
rd
(200
1); S
alam
olar
d pe
rs.
com
.M
ayot
te
(Fra
nce)
15 p
airs
(20
03);
0
(200
5)
10-2
0 pa
irs
(200
7)
50-1
00?
2003
, 200
5, 2
007
Stab
le to
in
crea
sing
R
ecen
tly f
ound
(2
003)
as
bree
ding
po
pula
tion
Roc
amor
a 20
04;
Clé
men
t per
s co
m.
Ald
abra
(Sey
chel
les)
20-5
0 pa
irs
N/A
? 20
01?
No
data
N
o da
ta
Roc
amor
a &
Ske
rret
t (2
001)
Bur
undi
- N
o da
ta a
vaila
ble
on n
atio
nal p
opul
atio
n es
tim
ates
-C
omor
os-
No
data
ava
ilabl
e on
nat
iona
l pop
ulat
ion
esti
mat
es -
DR
C-
No
data
ava
ilabl
e on
nat
iona
l pop
ulat
ion
esti
mat
es -
Ken
ya-
No
data
ava
ilabl
e on
nat
iona
l pop
ulat
ion
esti
mat
es -
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12 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Cou
ntry
C
olon
y Y
ear
of
bree
ding
N
o. o
f B
reed
ing
pair
s
Oth
er s
peci
es in
mix
ed
colo
nies
B
reed
ing
succ
ess
(no.
fl
edgi
ngs/
BP
)
Leg
alst
atus
of
the
site
Con
serv
atio
n pr
oble
m
Mad
agas
car
Lac
Am
pari
hibe
, M
akir
a20
04
6 ad
ults
T
achy
bapt
us p
elze
nii
n= 3
T
empo
rary
Pr
otec
tion
(N
ew
Prot
ecte
d A
rea)
Nat
ural
cat
astr
ophe
(c
yclo
ne)
Mad
agas
car
Parc
Bot
aniq
ue e
t Z
oolo
giqu
e de
T
sim
baza
za
1996
19
97
2006
20
07
2008
4 pa
irs
8 pa
irs
2 pa
irs
3 pa
irs
5 pa
irs
Ard
eola
ral
loid
es, B
ubul
cus
ibis
, Egr
etta
alb
a, B
utor
ides
st
riat
us, N
ycti
cora
x,
nyct
icor
ax, E
gret
ta d
imor
pha,
M
elan
opho
yx a
rdes
iaca
, Ix
obry
chus
min
utus
n =
16;
unkn
own;
5; 9
; 14
Bot
anic
al
& Zoo
logi
cal
Park
Dis
turb
ance
by
visi
tors
; Si
te m
odif
icat
ion
in a
n at
tem
pt to
reh
abili
tate
it
(200
7)
May
otte
(F
ranc
e)
Bou
éni B
ay
2003
(N
ov);
20
07
15 p
airs
; 10
-20
pair
s B
ubul
cus
ibis
un
know
n no
ne
Dis
turb
ance
; No
lega
l pr
otec
tion
for
site
; pr
obab
le c
olle
ctio
n of
yo
ung
bird
s (R
ocam
ora
2004
) M
ayot
te
(Fra
nce)
T
sing
oni B
ay
2005
; 200
6 (1
- ?)
B
ubul
cus
ibis
un
know
n no
ne
Dis
turb
ance
Seyc
helle
s
Ald
abra
, Ile
aux
A
igre
ttes
-
no in
form
atio
n av
aila
ble
-
Reu
nión
(F
ranc
e)
Eur
opa
- no
info
rmat
ion
avai
labl
e -
09-31595_Inhalt.indd 12 07.01.2010 10:15:53 Uhr
International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 13
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Cou
ntry
Bre
edin
g no
.N
on-b
reed
ing
no.
Qua
lity
Yea
r(s)
of
esti
mat
eP
opul
atio
n tr
end
Bas
elin
e po
pula
tion
Ref
eren
ces
Mal
awi
- N
o da
ta a
vaila
ble
on n
atio
nal p
opul
atio
n es
tim
ates
-M
ozam
biqu
eN
o da
ta
100’
sL
ow
2008
N
o da
ta
No
data
L. B
orgh
esio
(pe
rs. c
om)
Rw
anda
- N
o da
ta a
vaila
ble
on n
atio
nal p
opul
atio
n es
tim
ates
-U
gand
a-
No
data
ava
ilabl
e on
nat
iona
l pop
ulat
ion
esti
mat
es -
Uni
ted
Rep
ublic
of
Tan
zani
aN
o da
ta
100’
s to
low
th
ousa
nds
Low
(bes
tgu
ess
from
237
re
cord
s ov
er 3
0 ye
ars)
1980
-200
7D
ecli
ne
No
data
Bak
er &
Bak
er (
in p
rep)
Zam
bia
- N
o da
ta a
vaila
ble
on n
atio
nal p
opul
atio
n es
tim
ates
-
Tab
le 2
.3:
Info
rmat
ion
from
bre
edin
g co
loni
es o
f Mad
agas
car
Pon
d-he
ron
Cou
ntry
C
olon
y Y
ear
of
bree
ding
N
o. o
f B
reed
ing
pair
s
Oth
er s
peci
es in
mix
ed
colo
nies
B
reed
ing
succ
ess
(no.
fl
edgi
ngs/
BP
)
Leg
alst
atus
of
the
site
Con
serv
atio
n pr
oble
m
Mad
agas
car
A
laro
bia
or
Tsa
rasa
otra
Lak
e 19
96
1997
23
4 pa
irs
70 p
airs
A
rdeo
la r
allo
ides
, Bub
ulcu
s ib
is, E
gret
ta d
imor
pha,
E
gret
ta a
lba,
Nyc
tico
rax
nyct
icor
ax, B
utor
ides
str
iatu
s,
Ana
s er
ythr
orhy
ncha
, Ana
s ho
tten
tota
, Sar
kidi
orni
s m
elan
otos
, Den
droc
ygna
vi
duat
a
Unk
now
n -
Dif
ficu
lt to
co
unt y
oung
bi
rds
- m
ixed
Priv
ate
Park
; R
amsa
r si
te
Nes
ting
hab
itat s
mal
l an
d hi
gh c
ompe
titio
n fr
om s
peci
es in
the
colo
ny; s
ome
youn
g M
PH e
aten
by
Nyc
tico
rax
nyct
icor
ax
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14 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
3. Threats
The Madagascar Pond-heron is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species because it has a very small population which is undergoing a continuing decline due to a combination of factors. The main ones include: (1) its wetland habitats are facing large-scale ecological transformation due to drainage especially for agriculture; (2) there is increased competition from other herons (especially the more common A. ralloides in Madagascar); (3) in Madagascar, there is increasing evidence of hybridisation with the much more common Squacco Heron A. ralloides,although the latter does not breed on Mayotte, Aldabra or the Comoros; (4) many of its breeding colonies are heavily and increasingly exploited for eggs and young especially in Madagascar; and (5) disturbance especially at breeding sites.
The inability to identify the species properly in the field, and differentiate it from the A. ralloides is another problem facing field workers and is likely to affect any legislation in non-breeding countries. Knowledge on the species is generally limited, especially regarding the following aspects (1) population size and trends; (2) location of all breeding sites in Madagascar; (3) details regarding extent, impact and causes of hybridisation with A. ralloides; (4) habitat requirements especially in the non-breeding range; and (5) ecology of the species. These knowledge gaps are obvious research priorities which need to be filled in order to conserve the species.
The threats facing this species are analysed in detail using a problem tree (Figure 2).
09-31595_Inhalt.indd 14 07.01.2010 10:15:54 Uhr
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 15
Fig
ure
2: T
he P
robl
em T
ree
(a)
Ana
lysi
s of
pri
mar
y th
reat
s
09-31595_Inhalt.indd 15 08.01.2010 12:54:56 Uhr
16 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
(b)
Ana
lysi
s of
thr
eats
rel
ated
to
unna
tura
l dec
reas
e in
pro
duct
ivit
y (
Key
: ***
*=C
riti
cal,
***=
Hig
h, *
*=M
ediu
m, *
=L
ow, ?
– u
nkno
wn)
09-31595_Inhalt.indd 16 07.01.2010 16:17:24 Uhr
International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 17
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
(c)
Ana
lysi
s of
thr
eats
rel
ated
to
unna
tura
l inc
reas
e in
adu
lt m
orta
lity
09-31595_Inhalt.indd 17 08.01.2010 12:54:57 Uhr
18 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
(d)
Ana
lysi
s of
kno
wle
dge
gaps
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International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 19
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
4. P
olic
ies
and
Leg
isla
tion
Rel
evan
t fo
r M
anag
emen
t
Tab
le 4
.1:
Inte
rnat
iona
l Con
vent
ions
and
Agr
eem
ents
rat
ifie
d by
the
Ran
ge S
tate
s
Cou
ntry
C
BD
C
ITE
S A
EW
A
CM
S R
amsa
r W
HC
Bur
undi
X
X
X
X
Com
oros
X
X
X
X
DR
C
X
X
XX
X
Réu
nion
(Fr
ance
) X
X
XX
XX
K
enya
X
X
X
XX
X
Mad
agas
car
X
X
XX
XX
M
ayot
te (
Fran
ce)
XX
X
XX
X
Moz
ambi
que
X
XX
XR
wan
da
X
X
XX
X
Mal
awi
X
X
XX
Se
yche
lles
X
X
XX
X
Uga
nda
X
X
X
X
X
X
Uni
ted
Rep
ublic
of
Tan
zani
a X
X
XX
XX
Z
ambi
a X
X
X
X =
yes
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20 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Tab
le 4
.2:
Nat
iona
l leg
isla
tion
rel
evan
t to
the
Mad
agas
car
Pon
d-he
ron
Cou
ntry
St
atus
in
Nat
iona
l R
ed D
ata
Boo
k
Nat
iona
l pr
otec
tion
stat
us
Law
pro
tect
ing
spec
ies
Leg
al
prot
ecti
on f
rom
ki
lling
, egg
ha
rves
ting
and
ne
st d
estr
ucti
on
Pen
alti
es
Hig
hest
res
pons
ible
au
thor
ity
Bur
undi
N
one
Non
e D
ecre
e N
br 1
/6 o
f 3r
d M
arch
19
80 a
rtic
le 6
whe
re it
is
stip
ulat
ed th
at h
untin
g is
pr
ohib
ited
in B
urun
di
prot
ecte
d ar
eas;
Env
iron
men
t A
ct-
envi
ronm
enta
l Cod
e ad
opte
d by
edi
ct n
br 1
/010
of
30th
Jun
e 20
00 a
rtic
les
89,9
0 an
d 14
7; F
ores
t Cod
e of
25t
h M
arch
198
5
Yes
N
o in
form
atio
n IN
EC
N
Com
oros
N
o in
form
atio
n A
llA
rdei
dae
are
“par
tly
prot
ecte
d sp
ecie
s»
No
info
rmat
ion
No
info
rmat
ion
No
info
rmat
ion
No
info
rmat
ion
DR
C
Non
e N
one
N
atio
nal B
iodi
vers
ity
Stra
tegy
N
o in
form
atio
n N
o in
form
atio
n M
inis
try
of
Env
iron
men
t, N
atur
e C
onse
rvat
ion
and
Tou
rism
E
urop
a (F
ranc
e)
- N
o in
form
atio
n av
aila
ble
on n
atio
nal l
egis
latio
n -
Ken
ya
Non
e W
ith
othe
r th
reat
ened
sp
ecie
s in
the
Wil
dlif
e A
ct
No
info
rmat
ion
Yes
No
info
rmat
ion
Ken
ya W
ildl
ife
Serv
ice
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International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 21
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Cou
ntry
St
atus
inN
atio
nal
Red
Dat
a B
ook
Nat
iona
l pr
otec
tion
stat
us
Law
pro
tect
ing
spec
ies
Leg
al
prot
ecti
on f
rom
ki
lling
, egg
ha
rves
ting
and
ne
st d
estr
ucti
on
Pen
alti
es
Hig
hest
res
pons
ible
au
thor
ity
Mad
agas
car
EN
C
ateg
ory
I,
Cla
ss I
: pr
otec
ted
anim
als
(=st
rict
pr
otec
tion
)
Dec
ree
N°2
006-
400
on th
e cl
assi
fica
tion
of s
peci
es o
f w
ild f
auna
Yes
E
quiv
alen
t of
€19,
200
to €
38,5
00
Eur
o fi
ne a
nd/o
r 1
to 5
yea
rs o
f pr
ison
ME
EFT
(M
inis
tère
de
l’E
nvir
onne
men
t, de
s E
aux
et F
orêt
s et
du
Tou
rism
e) u
nder
the
auth
ority
of
the
Min
iste
r
Mal
awi
Non
e Pr
otec
ted
spec
ies
Nat
iona
l Par
ks a
nd W
ildlif
e A
ctN
o in
form
atio
n M
K 4
000
in d
efau
lt
2 ye
ars
impr
ison
men
t
Dep
artm
ent o
f N
atio
nal
Park
s
May
otte
(Fr
ance
)
Non
e Pr
otec
ted
spec
ies
in
May
otte
Ord
er n
°347
/DA
F/lis
t of
prot
ecte
d sp
ecie
s in
May
otte
Y
es
Unk
now
n M
inis
try
of
Env
iron
men
t, M
inis
try
of A
gric
ultu
re a
nd
Préf
ectu
re o
f M
ayot
te
Moz
ambi
que
- N
o in
form
atio
n av
aila
ble
on n
atio
nal l
egis
lati
on -
R
wan
daN
one
Pr
otec
ted
Are
a de
cree
(19
74)
Not
yet
Fi
ne f
or il
lega
l hu
ntin
g is
bei
ng
disc
usse
d by
pa
rlia
men
t
Rw
anda
Off
ice
of
Tou
rism
and
Nat
iona
l Pa
rks
(OR
TPN
) an
d M
inis
try
of L
and,
E
nvir
onm
ent,
Min
es
and
Wat
er R
esou
rces
(M
INIT
ER
E)
Se
yche
lles
Non
e N
o in
form
atio
n N
o in
form
atio
n N
o in
form
atio
n N
o in
form
atio
n N
o in
form
atio
n U
gand
a -
No
info
rmat
ion
avai
labl
e on
nat
iona
l leg
isla
tion
-
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22 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Cou
ntry
Stat
us in
N
atio
nal
Red
Dat
a B
ook
Nat
iona
l pr
otec
tion
stat
us
Law
pro
tect
ing
spec
ies
Leg
alpr
otec
tion
fro
m
killi
ng, e
gg
harv
esti
ng a
nd
nest
des
truc
tion
Pen
alti
esH
ighe
st r
espo
nsib
le
auth
orit
y
Uni
ted
Rep
ublic
of
Tan
zani
a N
one;
N
atio
nal
SSA
P fo
r
spec
ies
in
prep
arat
ion
Wil
d an
imal
ca
tego
ry/ n
ot
with
in th
e hu
ntin
g qu
ota;
Pr
otec
ted
due
to
Glo
bal R
ed L
ist
stat
us &
AE
WA
Wil
dlif
e C
onse
rvat
ion
Act
(W
CA
) C
AP
283
R. E
. 200
2;
Wil
dlif
e Po
licy
200
7
Yes
N
ot s
et. U
nkno
wn
Wil
dlif
e D
ivis
ion
with
in M
inis
try
of
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
es a
nd
Tou
rism
Zam
bia
Non
e N
o in
form
atio
n W
ildl
ife
Act
N
o in
form
atio
n N
o in
form
atio
n Z
ambi
a W
ildli
fe
Aut
hori
ty
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International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 23
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
5. F
ram
ewor
k fo
r A
ctio
n
Goa
l: T
o en
sure
fav
oura
ble
cons
erva
tion
stat
us o
f th
e M
adag
asca
r Po
nd-h
eron
P
urpo
se:
Impr
ove
the
curr
ent c
onse
rvat
ion
stat
us a
nd k
now
ledg
e ba
se o
f th
e M
adag
asca
r Po
nd-h
eron
wit
hin
the
next
10
year
s
Tab
le 5
.1:
Obj
ecti
ves
and
indi
cato
rs
Obj
ecti
ves
Indi
cato
rs
Obj
ecti
ve 1
: T
o re
duce
and
man
age
hum
an d
istu
rban
ce a
t bre
edin
g si
tes
No
hum
an d
istu
rban
ce d
urin
g th
e pr
esen
ce o
f sp
ecie
s at
site
s ot
her
than
man
aged
vi
sits
Obj
ecti
ve 2
: T
o li
mit
and
reve
rse
hum
an a
ctiv
ities
that
red
uce
or
degr
ade
the
spec
ies’
hab
itat
Man
agem
ent a
ctio
ns o
n th
e gr
ound
aim
ed a
t mai
ntai
ning
the
spec
ies’
hab
itat i
n at
le
ast 5
0% o
f ke
y si
tes
in 1
0 ye
ars.
Obj
ecti
ve 3
: T
o pr
even
t exp
loita
tion
of
the
spec
ies’
egg
s an
d yo
ung.
N
o un
man
aged
acc
ess
by p
eopl
e an
d an
imal
s in
cor
e ar
eas
duri
ng b
reed
ing
seas
on
Obj
ecti
ve 4
: T
o ra
ise
the
spec
ies’
pro
file
in th
e ra
nge
stat
es
At l
east
one
new
Mad
agas
car
Pond
-her
on s
ite g
ets
lega
l pro
tect
ion
stat
us (
Prot
ecte
d A
rea,
or
Com
mun
ity-b
ased
con
serv
atio
n in
the
firs
t 5 y
ears
)
Obj
ecti
ve 5
: T
o de
term
ine
the
actu
al p
opul
atio
n si
ze a
nd tr
ends
and
un
dert
ake
appr
opri
ate
trai
ning
in p
rope
r fi
eld
iden
tific
atio
n of
A. i
dae.
Popu
lati
ons
and
tren
ds d
eter
min
ed
Obj
ecti
ve 6
: T
o de
term
ine
the
exte
nt, i
mpa
cts
and
caus
es o
f hy
brid
isat
ion
of A
. ida
e w
ith
A. r
allo
ides
.R
esea
rch
outp
uts
of s
cien
tific
inve
stig
atio
ns
Obj
ecti
ve 7
: T
o es
tabl
ish
the
exte
nt o
f th
e sp
ecie
s’ r
ange
and
di
stri
buti
on w
ith
a fo
cus
on id
entif
ying
all
bree
ding
loca
litie
sR
ange
and
dis
trib
utio
n m
appe
d
Obj
ecti
ve 8
: T
o st
udy
the
spec
ies’
sur
viva
l and
pro
duct
ivity
, as
wel
l as
life
hist
ory
outs
ide
the
bree
ding
sea
son
Res
earc
h ou
tput
s of
sci
entif
ic in
vest
igat
ions
Obj
ecti
ve 9
: T
o de
term
ine
the
spec
ies’
hab
itat r
equi
rem
ents
and
re
fere
nces
R
esea
rch
outp
uts
of s
cien
tific
inve
stig
atio
ns
09-31595_Inhalt.indd 23 07.01.2010 10:15:59 Uhr
24 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Tab
le 5
.2:
Act
ions
, the
ir r
elat
ive
impo
rtan
ce, t
ime
scal
e an
d le
ad a
genc
ies
Act
ion
Pri
orit
y T
ime
Scal
e L
ead
agen
cy
Obj
ecti
ve 1
: T
o re
duce
and
man
age
hum
an d
istu
rban
ce a
t br
eedi
ng s
ites
1.1
Des
igna
te k
ey b
reed
ing
site
s as
Ram
sar
site
sC
ritic
al
5 ye
ars
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies
1.2
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t site
vis
itati
on p
roto
col f
or b
irdw
atch
ers
at th
e sp
ecie
s’ s
ites
Low
2 ye
ars
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s
1.3
Reg
ulat
e ac
cess
to s
ites
duri
ng th
e br
eedi
ng s
easo
n, in
clud
ing
desi
gnin
g an
d im
plem
enti
ng c
omm
unity
-run
con
trol
of
acce
ss.
Cri
tical
O
ngoi
ng
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s, C
omm
unity
-bas
ed lo
cal
cons
erva
tion
gro
ups
1.4
Dev
elop
and
or
supp
ort t
he im
plem
enta
tion
of e
xist
ing
man
agem
ent p
lans
of
the
know
n br
eedi
ng s
ites
Cri
tical
O
ngoi
ng
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s
1.5
Prev
ent d
evel
opm
ent w
hich
will
red
uce
spec
ies’
bre
edin
g ha
bita
tC
ritic
al
Ong
oing
G
over
nmen
t age
ncie
s, C
onse
rvat
ion
NG
Os
1.6
Pur
chas
e so
me
site
s th
at h
old
key
bree
ding
col
onie
s/ h
eron
ries
as
res
erve
s M
ediu
m
Med
ium
G
over
nmen
t age
ncie
s, C
onse
rvat
ion
NG
Os
Obj
ecti
ve 2
: T
o lim
it a
nd r
ever
se h
uman
act
ivit
ies
that
red
uce
or d
egra
de t
he s
peci
es’
habi
tat
2.1
Ana
lyse
the
exis
ting
hab
itat i
mag
es to
est
ablis
h th
e te
mpo
ral
chan
ges
of th
e sp
ecie
s’ h
abita
ts in
key
site
s us
ing
rem
ote
sens
ing
Med
ium
2
year
s G
over
nmen
t age
ncie
s, C
onse
rvat
ion
NG
Os
2.2
Des
igna
te a
ll br
eedi
ng s
ites
unde
r na
tiona
l pro
tect
ed a
rea
legi
slat
ion
Cri
tical
5
year
s G
over
nmen
t age
ncie
s
09-31595_Inhalt.indd 24 07.01.2010 10:16:00 Uhr
International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 25
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Act
ion
Pri
orit
y T
ime
Scal
e L
ead
agen
cy
2.3
Prev
ent d
evel
opm
ent w
hich
will
red
uce
spec
ies’
hab
itat
Cri
tical
O
ngoi
ng
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies
2.4
Impl
emen
t EIA
stu
dies
in s
peci
es h
abita
ts b
efor
e an
y de
velo
pmen
tC
ritic
al
Ong
oing
G
over
nmen
t age
ncie
s, C
onse
rvat
ion
NG
Os
2.5
Prev
ent h
arve
stin
g of
Typ
ha a
t spe
cies
’ ro
osti
ng s
ites
Hig
h O
ngoi
ng
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s
2.6
Eng
age
com
mun
itie
s in
con
serv
atio
n of
spe
cies
’ ha
bita
t thr
ough
su
ppor
t and
exp
ansi
on o
f lo
cal c
onse
rvat
ion
grou
ps, e
.g. S
SGs
and
thei
r ac
tiviti
es
Med
ium
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s, C
omm
unity
-bas
ed lo
cal
cons
erva
tion
gro
ups
2.7
Dev
elop
and
or/
supp
ort t
he im
plem
enta
tion
of
exis
ting
m
anag
emen
t pla
ns o
f th
e kn
own
non
bree
ding
sit
es
Hig
h O
ngoi
ng
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s
Obj
ecti
ve 3
: T
o pr
even
t ex
ploi
tati
on o
f th
e sp
ecie
s’ e
ggs
and
youn
g.
(Act
ivit
ies
as in
obj
ecti
ve 1
)
Obj
ecti
ve 4
: R
aise
the
spe
cies
’ pr
ofile
in t
he r
ange
sta
tes
4.1
Mak
e th
e st
atus
, thr
eats
and
the
spec
ies’
pri
ority
act
ions
mor
e kn
own
and
appr
ecia
ted
by th
e ge
nera
l pub
lic
Cri
tical
M
ediu
m
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s
4.2
Dev
elop
and
dis
trib
ute
advo
cacy
mat
eria
ls e
.g. p
oste
rs, l
eafl
ets
and
put i
nfor
mat
ion
on w
ebsi
tes
to r
aise
aw
aren
ess
abou
t the
sp
ecie
s in
the
publ
ic a
t nat
iona
l and
reg
iona
l lev
els
Cri
tical
M
ediu
m
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s
4.3
Cap
ture
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
spe
cies
in f
ield
wor
kers
’ pe
riod
ic
repo
rts
in a
dditi
on to
oth
er g
loba
lly th
reat
ened
, CM
S/A
EW
A
spec
ies
Med
ium
O
ngoi
ng
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s
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26 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Act
ion
Pri
orit
y T
ime
Scal
e L
ead
agen
cy
4.4
Incl
ude
Mad
agas
car
Pond
-her
on in
med
ia c
ampa
ign
(rad
io, T
V,
new
spap
ers)
toge
ther
with
oth
er th
reat
ened
, CM
S an
d A
EW
A
spec
ies
Med
ium
O
ngoi
ng
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s
4.5
Incl
ude
Mad
agas
car
Pond
-her
on in
exi
stin
g sp
ecia
l eve
nts
for
thre
aten
ed, C
MS
and
AE
WA
spe
cies
e.g
. Wor
ld W
etla
nds
Day
and
W
orld
Mig
rato
ry B
ird
Day
(W
MB
D)
etc.
Hig
h O
ngoi
ng
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s
4.6
Incl
ude
the
spec
ies
in r
elev
ant s
take
hold
er m
eetin
gs a
t loc
al,
nati
onal
and
reg
iona
l lev
els
Hig
h O
ngoi
ng
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s
4.7
Incl
ude
the
spec
ies
and
othe
r w
ater
bir
ds in
the
ongo
ing
trai
ning
pr
ogra
ms
for
staf
f, c
onse
rvat
ioni
sts
and
stud
ents
to im
prov
e sp
ecie
s id
entif
icat
ion
skill
s, s
urve
y te
chni
ques
, etc
Med
ium
O
ngoi
ng
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s
4.8
Sup
port
and
exp
and
com
mun
ity
cons
erva
tion
gro
ups
and
thei
r ac
tiviti
es
Med
ium
O
ngoi
ng
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s
Obj
ecti
ve 5
: T
o de
term
ine
the
actu
al p
opul
atio
n si
ze a
nd t
rend
s an
d un
dert
ake
appr
opri
ate
trai
ning
in p
rope
r fi
eld
iden
tifi
cati
on o
f A
. ida
e.
5.1
Dev
elop
iden
tific
atio
n ki
t and
gui
de f
or h
eron
s M
ediu
m
1 ye
ar
Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
, Bir
ding
or
gani
sati
ons,
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
C
onse
rvat
ion
NG
Os
5.2
Iden
tify
and
inve
stig
ate
all o
f th
e su
itab
le s
ites
thro
ugho
ut
Mad
agas
car
Hig
h 2
year
s R
esea
rch
inst
itutio
ns, B
irdi
ng
orga
nisa
tion
s, G
over
nmen
t age
ncie
s,
Con
serv
atio
n N
GO
s
5.3
Dev
elop
a s
uita
ble
cens
us te
chni
que
Hig
h3
year
sR
esea
rch
inst
itutio
ns, G
over
nmen
t ag
enci
es,
09-31595_Inhalt.indd 26 07.01.2010 10:16:01 Uhr
International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 27
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Act
ion
Pri
orit
y T
ime
Scal
e L
ead
agen
cy
5.4
Org
anis
e an
d co
nduc
t tra
inin
g fo
r da
ta c
olle
ctor
s in
id
enti
fica
tion
, sur
vey
tech
niqu
es a
nd d
ata
man
agem
ent
Hig
h O
ngoi
ng
Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
, Gov
ernm
ent
agen
cies
, Wet
land
s In
tern
atio
nal
5.5
Perf
orm
coo
rdin
ated
cen
suse
s in
all
coun
trie
sC
ritic
al
Ong
oing
Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
, Gov
ernm
ent
agen
cies
, Wet
land
s In
tern
atio
nal,
Oth
er
NG
Os
Obj
ecti
ve 6
: T
o de
term
ine
the
exte
nt, i
mpa
cts
and
caus
es o
f hy
brid
isat
ion
of A
. ida
e w
ith
A. r
allo
ides
6.1
Des
ign
and
impl
emen
t a s
cien
tific
stu
dy, e
.g. g
enet
ic s
tudi
esC
ritic
al5
year
s R
esea
rch
inst
itutio
ns, G
over
nmen
t ag
enci
es
Obj
ecti
ve 7
: T
o es
tabl
ish
the
exte
nt o
f th
e sp
ecie
s’ r
ange
and
di
stri
buti
on w
ith
a fo
cus
on id
enti
fyin
g al
l bre
edin
g lo
calit
ies
7.1
Impl
emen
t a f
ield
pro
gram
me
to id
entif
y al
l the
bre
edin
g co
loni
es in
Mad
agas
car
Cri
tical
3
year
s R
esea
rch
inst
itutio
ns, G
over
nmen
t ag
enci
es
7.2
Iden
tify
key
site
s in
non
-bre
edin
g ra
nge
C
ritic
al
3 ye
ars
Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
, Gov
ernm
ent
agen
cies
7.3
Initi
ate/
stre
ngth
en w
ater
bird
dat
abas
es in
ran
ge s
tate
s an
d en
sure
th
at th
e M
adag
asca
r P
ond-
hero
n is
incl
uded
H
igh
Ong
oing
R
esea
rch
inst
itutio
ns, G
over
nmen
t ag
enci
es
7.4
Cre
ate
an in
tern
atio
nal n
etw
ork
of p
eopl
e an
d in
stit
utio
ns
inte
rest
ed in
the
Mad
agas
car
Pond
-her
on a
nd s
hare
info
rmat
ion
thro
ugh
the
netw
ork
Med
ium
1
year
R
esea
rch
inst
itutio
ns, G
over
nmen
t ag
enci
es
7.5
Enc
oura
ge b
irdw
atch
ers
to s
ubm
it re
cord
s to
the
netw
ork
Med
ium
O
ngoi
ng
Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
, Gov
ernm
ent
Age
ncie
s
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28 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Act
ion
Pri
orit
y T
ime
Scal
e L
ead
agen
cy
Obj
ecti
ve 8
: T
o st
udy
the
spec
ies’
sur
viva
l and
pro
duct
ivit
y, a
s w
ell a
s lif
e hi
stor
y ou
tsid
e th
e br
eedi
ng s
easo
n
8.1
Des
ign
and
impl
emen
t a s
cien
tific
stu
dyM
ediu
m
10 y
ears
R
esea
rch
inst
itutio
ns, G
over
nmen
t ag
enci
es
8.2
Und
erta
ke p
opul
atio
n m
odel
ing
Med
ium
10
yea
rs
Res
earc
h in
stit
utio
ns, G
over
nmen
t ag
enci
es
Obj
ecti
ve 9
: T
o de
term
ine
the
spec
ies’
hab
itat
req
uire
men
ts
9.1
Des
ign
and
impl
emen
t a s
cien
tific
stu
dy to
und
erta
ke d
etai
led
rese
arch
on
the
habi
tat r
equi
rem
ents
of
the
spec
ies
Cri
tical
10
yea
rs
Gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies,
Res
earc
h in
stitu
tion
s
9.2
Initi
ate
a pi
lot p
rogr
amm
e fo
r cr
eatio
n of
art
ific
ial b
reed
ing
site
s/st
ruct
ures
M
ediu
m
5 ye
ars
Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
, Gov
ernm
ent
agen
cies
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International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 29
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
6. Monitoring and Evaluation
This will be done through tracking the level of implementation of various activities as outlined in the Actions table. A column will be added to this table in which assessment of progress (activity compared to indicator) will be explained. This table will be circulated to the Madagascar Pond-heron network for completion twice a year.
Activity Priority Time Lead Agencies Progress made (compare to indicators)
Twice per year, national contacts will evaluate progress nationally. The Africa Secretariat of BirdLife International in liaison with AEWA Secretariat will provide the global lead and the Madagascar Pond-heron network (working virtually by email) will fill in the table. The key drivers for this process will be Julien Ramanampamonjy (breeding range) and Neil Baker (non-breeding range).
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30 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
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References
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Benson, C.W. and Penny, M.J. 1971. The land birds of Aldabra. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. BBiol. Sci. 260: 417-527.
Betts, M. 2002. A systematic list of the birds of Aldabra. ABC Bulletin 9(1): 32-42. BirdLife International. 2008. Species factsheet: Ardeola idae. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on Chapin, J.P. 1953. Birds of the Belgian Congo. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 75A, Part 3. Clément, M., P. de Grissac & R. Rolland. 2008. Les Oiseaux de Mayotte. (Ed.: Naturalistes de
Mayotte, Les guides naturalistes). Dean, W.R.J. 2000. The Birds of Angola: An annotated checklist. BOU Checklist No. 18. British
Ornithologists’ Union, Herts, U.K. Dee, T.J. 1986. The Endemic Birds of Madagascar. International Council for Bird Preservation
(ICBP), Cambridge, U.K. Dodman, T. 2002. Waterbird Population Estimates in Africa . Wetlands International consultation
draft.Dowsett-Lemaire, F. & Dowsett, R.J. 2006. The Birds of Malawi: an Atlas and Handbook. Tauraco
Press.Dowset-Lemaire, F. & Dowset, R.J. 2006. The birds of Malawi - An Atlas and Hand book, Tauraco
Press and Aves a.s.b.l Belgium. Hantanirina, I. 2006. Suivi écologique et socio économique dans les sites de conservation des zones
humides au sein de la ZICO Complexe lac Ihotry – delta de la Mangoky. ASITY internal report for BirdLife International Madagascar.
Irwin, M. P. S. 1981. The birds of Zimbabwe. Salisbury: Quest Publishing. Langrand, O. 1990. Guide to the Birds of Madagascar. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. Langrand, O. and Wilmé, L. 1993. Protection des zones humides et conservation des espèces
d’oiseaux endémiques de Madagascar. Proceedings VIII Pan-African.Ornithological.Congress201-208.
Le Corre, M. & Safford, R.J. 2001. La Réunion and Iles Eparses. Pp. 693-702 in Fishpool, L.D.C. and Evans, M.I., eds. Important Bird Areas of Africa and associated islands: Priority sites for conservation. Newbury and Cambridge, UK: Pisces Publications and BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No.11)
Louette, M. 1988. La conservation des oiseaux à Mayotte. In (eds Thibault & Guyot) Livre Rouge desOiseaux menacés des régions françaises d'Outre-Mer. ICBP. Monographie n°5. pp.: 197-207.
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Martinez-Vilalta, A. & Motis, A. 1992. Family Ardeidae (Herons) In: pp 376-429 del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A. and Sargatal, J. eds. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1. Edicions, Barcelona.
Morris, P. & Hawkins, F. 1998. Birds of Madagascar: a photographic guide. Robertsbridge, UK: Pica Press.
Parker, V. 2005. Atlas of the Birds of Central Mozambique. Endangered Wildlife Trust & Avian Demographic Unit. Johannesburg and Cape Town.
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the Madagascar pochard Aythya innotata. African Bird Club. Vol 14 (2): Pp 171-173. Rio Tinto and BirdLife International. 2006. Birdwatch Event report 2006. Birds species list at Fort
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Salvan, J. 1972. Statut, recensement, reproduction des oiseaux dulçaquicoles aux environs de Tananarive. L'Oiseau et R.F.O. 42: 35-51.
Salvan, J. 1970. Remarques sur l'évolution de l'avifaune Malgache depuis 1945. Alauda 38: 191-203. Salvan, J. 1971. Observations nouvelles à Madagascar. Alauda 39: 37-42. Wetlands International. 2002. Waterbird population estimates. 3rd. Wageningen, Netherlands:
Wetlands International. Wilmé, L. & Jacquet, C. 2002. Census of waterbirds and herons nesting at Tsarasaotra (Alarobia),
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32 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Annex 1: Localities where the Madagascar Pond-heron has been recorded.
Site IBA No. of records / notes References
Madagascar-41 sites
Montagne d'Ambre NP MG003 ZICOMA 1999 Analamera SR MG004 ZICOMA 1999 Akarana SR MG006 ZICOMA 1999 Nosy Be MG011 ZICOMA 1999 Masoala NP MG017 ZICOMA 1999 Sahamalaza Bay MG018 ZICOMA 1999 Ankobohobo wetlands MG022 ZICOMA 1999 Mahavavy delta MG025 ZICOMA 1999 Baly Bay NP MG026 ZICOMA 1999 Ankarafantsika SNR MG027 ZICOMA 1999 Marotandrano SR MG029 ZICOMA 1999 Namoroka Tsingy SNR MG030 ZICOMA 1999 Bemaraha Tsingy NP MG037 ZICOMA 1999 Bemamba wetlands MG038 ZICOMA 1999 Manambolomaty wetlands MG039 ZICOMA 1999, Rabarisoa 2001 Anjanaharibe CF MG040 ZICOMA 1999 Upper Rantabe CF MG041 ZICOMA 1999 Mananara-North NP MG042 ZICOMA 1999 Ambatovaky SR MG043 ZICOMA 1999 Lake Alaotra MG046 ZICOMA 1999 Mantadia NP MG054 ZICOMA 1999 Lake Itasy MG058 ZICOMA 1999 Tsiribihina Delta MG059 ZICOMA 1999 Menabe Forest complex MG060 ZICOMA 1999 Lake Ihotry HR MG062 ZICOMA 1999 Zombitse-Vohibasia NP MG065 ZICOMA 1999 Saint Augustin Forest MG067 ZICOMA 1999 Tsitongambarika CF MG072 ZICOMA 1999, Rabarisoa & all pers
obs.Bongolava wetland complex - BirdLife Madagascar 2005 Antongomena forest - Ramanampamonjy pers comm. * Bekapika river rice fields - Ramanampamonjy & all per obs. Betsiboka River - Ramanampamonjy pers comm. PBZT - Ramanampamonjy pers comm. Tsarasaotra Lake - Wilmé, L. and Jacquet, C. 2002 Road to Isorana - Lavaraty - Rabarisoa (2007) Sanira - Rabarisoa (2007) Lagune of Fort Dauphin - Rio Tinto/BirdLife International
Madagascar. BirdWatch Event report 2006.
Andranobe Lake - Ramanampamonjy pers comm. Amparihibe Lake - Volcanic Lake inside intact
forest Lily-Arison and Sam The Seing
Matsaborimaitso Lake - Volcanic Lake inside intact forest
Lily-Arison and Sam The Seing
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International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron 33
CMS Technical Series No. 20 / AEWA Technical Series No. 39
Site IBA No. of records / notes References
Comoros - Mayotte (France) breeding sites
Baie de Boueni YT004 Found in 2003; 10-20 pairs in 2007
Rocamora (2004); Clément (pers com)
Baie de Tsingoni Clément com.pers
Comoros – Mayotte (France) non-breeding sites
Lake Dziani Karehani Many records – year & no: :1958 -4; 1983 -5; 1985 - 3; 1992 -7; 1993 -7; 1995 -7; 1996 - 7; 2003 -12; 2004 -37
Loutte 2004; Clément (pers. com); Salamorand (pers com)
Pamandzi 1 in 1965 Clément and Salamorand (pers coms)Near White Island 1 in 1985 Clément and Salamorand (pers coms)Near Mramadoudour 1 in 1994 Clément and Salamorand (pers coms)Dzoumonyé 1 in 1994; 6 in 2003 Clément and Salamorand (pers coms)Retenue de Combani 2 in 2003; 5 in 2004 Clément and Salamorand (pers coms)Vasières des Badamiers 1 in 2004 Clément and Salamorand (pers coms)Miréréni >1 in 2004 Clément and Salamorand (pers coms)Chirongui >1 in 2004 Clément and Salamorand (pers coms)Tsimkoura >1 in 2004 Clément and Salamorand (pers coms)Mzouazia >1 in 2004 Clément and Salamorand (pers coms)Mounyambani >1 in 2004 Clément and Salamorand (pers coms)Dembéni >1 in 2004 Clément and Salamorand (pers coms)Ironibé >1 in 2004 Clément and Salamorand (pers coms)
Comoros – non breeding sites
Grande Comore (Mitsamiouli) 1 in 1969 Louette, M (pers com) Mohéli (Dziani Boudouni) 2 in 1983; 1 in 1993 Louette, M (pers com) Anjouan (Pomoni) Seen frequently Louette, M (pers com)
Seychelles - Aldabra breeding sites
Aldabra atoll SC020 Betts (2002) French 'Iles Eparses' Europa atoll RE012 15 pairs 1996 Malawi 7 sites Lengwe NP MW021 no dates, sev records Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2006 Hynde Dam, Limbe - 1, 1984 Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2006 Lifu near Salima - 1988 Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2006 Lilongwe sewage ponds - 1989 Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2006 Namizimu, Liwonde NP - no dates Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2006 Blantyre - no dates, sev records Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2006 Elephant marsh - no dates, sev records Dowsett-Lemaire & Dowsett 2006 Rwanda 8 sites Akagera NP RW003 Gashora - Butare - 7 specimens; formally Prigogine 1976
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Site IBA No. of records / notes References Astrida
Gisagara - Prigogine 1976 Kisenyi - Prigogine 1976 Kigali ? Prigogine 1976 Burundi 3 sites Rwihinda Lake BI001 Rusizi NP BI004 Lake Tanganyika - Kenya 18 sites Arabuko-Sokoke KE007 Brian Finch pers comm. Sabaki river mouth KE019 1, 2007 Kenya Birdfinder Nairobi NP KE036 regular, many records Kenya Birdfinder Amboseli NP KE042 2 - Kenya Birdfinder Lake Baringo KE044 Brian Finch pers comm. Lake Naivasha KE048 Brian Finch pers comm. Lake Nakuru NP KE049 1 - Brian Finch pers comm. Masai Mara KE050 1, 1996 Brian Finch, Dave Richards pers
comm. Busia grasslands KE057 1, 2007 Kenya Birdfinder Manguo Swamp Limuru - 2, 2003, 06 Don Tuner pers comm. NAIROBI 8 SITES - multiple records many refs Ahero Rice Scheme - Brian Finch pers comm. Lake Jipe - Brian Finch pers comm. Eldoret - Brian Finch pers comm. Thika Gethumbwini Estate - 1, 1997 Don Tuner pers comm. Malindi Golf Course - 1, 1997 Kenya Birdfinder Mombasa Msambweni - 1, 1997 Kenya Birdfinder Mombasa Bamburi NT - 1, 1995 Kenya Birdfinder Uganda 3 sites Rwenzori Mts NP UG005 1, Turner (1980) Queen Elizabeth NP UG007 Lutembe Bay UG018
Zimbabwe 1 site
Chipinga 1, 29 Sept 1923 Irwin 1981
Zambia 7 Sites
Lochinvar NP ZM011 South Luangwa NP ZM019 >30 at 5 sites Shiwa Ngandu ZM023 Sumbu NP ZM035 Lukusui NP ZM041 Sinde-Nyanje - Nakode -
Mozambique 9 Sites (some overlap ?)
Vilanculos 1, Aug 1999 unnamed locality Parker 2005 unnamed locality Parker 2005 unnamed locality Parker 2005 unnamed locality Parker 2005
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Site IBA No. of records / notes References unnamed locality Parker 2005 Ilha Suafo 10-50 inds, May 2008 Luca Borgesio Mala Mala Branch & Branch 1998 Squacco Vlei Branch & Branch 1998
Democratic Republic of Congo 11 Sites
Merode ? 2 specimens Prigogine 1976 Lusambo ? Prigogine 1976 Kabinda ? Prigogine 1976 Kamituga ? 6 specimens Prigogine 1976 Lac Mokoto ? Prigogine 1976 Butembo ? Prigogine 1976 N. Kivu, région Kisenyi ? Prigogine 1976 Lulenga, Kivu ? Prigogine 1976 Moba, Katanga see Chapin 1954 Chapin 1932 Kasenga, Katanga see Chapin 1954 Prigogine 1976 Tshibati, Kivu see Chapin 1954 Prigogine 1976
United Republic of Tanzania 99 sites, 20 IBAs, note that 14 did not previously qualify for this species
Arusha NP TZ001 Baker & Baker 2002 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 7 records Katavi NP TZ002 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 1 record Mikumi NP TZ006 Baker & Baker 2002 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 13 records Ruaha NP TZ007 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 2 records Serengeti NP TZ009 Baker & Baker 2002 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 8 records Tarangire NP TZ010 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 3 records Mafia Island TZ012 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 3 records Ngorongoro CA TZ013 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 3 records Mkomazi GR TZ016 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 1 record Moyowosi-Kigosi GR TZ017 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 3 records but huge site Selous GR TZ018 Baker & Baker 2002 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 41 records Dar es Salaam coast TZ021 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 55 records Eluanata Dam TZ022 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 1 record Kilombero Valley TZ025 Baker & Baker 2002 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 17 records Nyumba ya Mungu dam TZ030 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 1 record Lake Natron TZ031 tanzaniabirdatlas.com sev records not yet entered Lake Rukwa TZ033 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 1 record but huge site Usangu Flats TZ038 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 1 record but huge site Litipo FR TZ051 tanzaniabirdatlas.com 1 record
non IBA sites (some overlap) referenced to centre 1/4 degree square. 44 squares (multiple sites in some squares)/many of these records are single observations of single birds
Lake shore camp tanzaniabirdatlas.com Malagarasi tanzaniabirdatlas.com Rungwa River tanzaniabirdatlas.com Smith Sound tanzaniabirdatlas.com Musoma tanzaniabirdatlas.com Mara forest tanzaniabirdatlas.com Grumeti River tanzaniabirdatlas.com Mbamba Bay tanzaniabirdatlas.com Kibebe tanzaniabirdatlas.com
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36 International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Madagascar Pond-heron
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Mufindi Itona tanzaniabirdatlas.com Olasiti tanzaniabirdatlas.com 16 records Tarangire NP south tanzaniabirdatlas.com Kilombero Sugar tanzaniabirdatlas.com Matundu FR tanzaniabirdatlas.com Igumbiro tanzaniabirdatlas.com Kilombero sth tanzaniabirdatlas.com Kivukoni tanzaniabirdatlas.com Ilonga tanzaniabirdatlas.com Mkuyu River tanzaniabirdatlas.com Moshi tanzaniabirdatlas.com Mwomero ANC tanzaniabirdatlas.com Morogoro tanzaniabirdatlas.com Nyamvisi River tanzaniabirdatlas.com Beho Beho tanzaniabirdatlas.com Madaba tanzaniabirdatlas.com Kibaoni tanzaniabirdatlas.com Luwele tanzaniabirdatlas.com Lulira tanzaniabirdatlas.com Unnamed small pond tanzaniabirdatlas.com Mkata tanzaniabirdatlas.com Bagamoyo tanzaniabirdatlas.com Ruvu Valley tanzaniabirdatlas.com Selous GR tanzaniabirdatlas.com Rufiji River camp tanzaniabirdatlas.com Ngarambe tanzaniabirdatlas.com Nahomba Tundu tanzaniabirdatlas.com Kandalawe tanzaniabirdatlas.com Matundu tanzaniabirdatlas.com Ngezi FR tanzaniabirdatlas.com Pangani tanzaniabirdatlas.com Bwawani tanzaniabirdatlas.com Ndege Beach tanzaniabirdatlas.com Lake Kitere tanzaniabirdatlas.com Probably within Selous GR ? tanzaniabirdatlas.com
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