International scientific conference of the Carpatho-Balkan ... · 14,05-14,20 VITOVIČ Ladislav, Jozef MINÁR ... 17,00-19,00 Geo-walk at Szeged ... Application of a low-cost drone

International scientific conference of the

Carpatho-Balkan-Dinaric Geomorphological Commission

Programme

Abstracts

Field trip guides

June 24-27, 2019

Szeged

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Edited by:

Kiss, Tímea

Organised by:

Geomorphological Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences

Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, University of Szeged

Carpatho-Balkan-Dinaric Geomorphological Commission

Scientific committee

Mezősi, Gábor (Hungary) head of the SC

Faivre, Sanja (Croatia)

Macka, Zdenek (Czech Republic)

Markovic, Slobodan (Serbia)

Minar, Jozef (Slovakia)

Mykhnovych, Andriy (Ukraine)

Urdea, Petru (Romania)

Zawiejska, Joanna (Poland)

Zorn, Matija (Slovenia)

Organising committee

Kiss, Tímea

Blanka, Viktória

Gesztes, Olympia

Sipos, György

Front page: LiDAR image of the Maros: the southern floodplain section is divided into lower

and higher floodplain areas. On the northern floodplain the natural levee is dissected by a

crevasse system, which drains the flood water towards the distal part of the floodplain.

Geo-artistic interpretation of these fluvial forms: redish colours refer to actively forming areas:

the channel, the low floodplain and the crevasse-system. Green colours indicate the less active

high floodplain areas. (© T. Kiss)

CBD conferences:

1963 Kraków-Bratislava

1966 Sofia

1970 Bucharest

1975 Budapest

1982 Presov

1987 Debrecen

1989 Baile Herculane – Orsova

2003 Bratislava

2007 Pécs

2011 Ostravice

2013 Stara Lesna

2016 Postojna

2019 Szeged

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Programme

Monday, June 24, 2019

12:00-13:00 Registration

13:00-13:30 Opening ceremony T. KISS (Geomorphological Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences)

Z. KÓNYA (University of Szeged, vice-rector)

G. MEZŐSI (USZ, Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics)

Session 1 Special techniques in Geomorphology.

Session chair: Jozef Minár

13,30-13,50 MINÁR Jozef, Peter BANDURA (keynote lecture) Interpretation of results of physically based morphostructural segmentation of the Western

Carpathians

13,50-14,05 VÍG Balázs, Szabolcs Á. FÁBIÁN Quantitative analysis of small catchments in the Mecsek Mountains using formulae and GIS

tools

14,05-14,20 VITOVIČ Ladislav, Jozef MINÁR

Morphometric analysis of the Podtatranska Kotlina Basin and ist neotectonic interpretation

14,20-14,35 ONACA Alexandru, Mircea VOICULESCU, Florina ARDELEAN, Emil GACHEV, Petru URDEA,

Brigitte MAGORI, Flavius SÎRBU

Thermal and morphological characteristics of rock glaciers in the Rila and Pirin

Mountains

14,35-14,50 PRELOVŠEK Mitja, Andrej MIHEVC

Rates of geomorphic processes in Škocjan Caves, Classical Karst

14,50-15,05 BARTYIK Tamás, György SIPOS, Dávid FILYÓ, Gergő MAGYAR

Application of quartz luminescence sensitivity to distinguish the sediments of different rivers in the Carpathian Basin

15,05-15,30 Coffee break

15,30-16,30 Workshop on EU project possibilities moderators: Gábor MEZŐSI, György SIPOS

16,30-17,00 Meeting oft he Carpatho-Balkan-Dinaric Geomorphologicla Commission Petru URDEA, Head of the CBD Commission

17,00-19,00 Geo-walk at Szeged

guided byTímea KISS

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Tuesday, June 25, 2019

Session 2 Quaternary evolution of the CBD region.

Session chair: Slobodan Marković

9,00-9,20 MARKOVIĆ S.B., LEHMKUHL F., VANDENBERGHE J., GAVRILOV M.B., LUKIĆ T., SIPOS GY., MEZŐSI G., RADAKOVIĆ M., MARKOVIĆ R.S., BASARIN B.

(keynote lecture)

Geomorphology of the Vojvodina region, Northern Serbia – following Bukurov’s research vision

9,20-9,35 SIPOS György, TÓTH Orsolya, KISS Tímea, MEZŐSI Gábor

Reconstruction of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene shift of the Danube on the

Hungarian Great Plain

9,35-9,50 NICULIŢA Mihai, Mihai C. MĂRGĂRINT, Nicuşor NECULA, Valeriu STOILOV-LINU

Upper Pleistocene landslide evidences at Costeşti (Moldavian Plateau, Romania)

9,50-10,05 HORÁČKOVÁ Šárka, Vladimír FALŤAN, Juraj PROCHÁZKA, Peter PIŠÚT, Martin

BAČA, Malvína ČIERNIKOVÁ, Martin ANDREJKA Temperate woodland expansion during Middle Holocene in sand dune environment

(Vienna basin)

10,05-10,20 VASS Róbert Development of fluvial landforms in the Bereg Plain, Upper Tisza Region, Hungary


Session 3 Long-term evolution and human impact in the CBD region. Session chair: Petru Urdea

10,40-11,00 PETRU Urdea, Alexandru HEGYI, Dragoş DIACONESCU, Victor BUNOIU

(keynote lecture)

The relevance of the geoarchaeological approach to the knowledge of the archaeological sites of the tumuli type: illustrations from the South-West of

Romania

11,00-11,15 VICZIÁN István, György SIPOS, Dávid G. PÁLL, Farkas M. TÓTH, Gábor SZILAS, Zsuzsanna M. VIRÁG, Máté SZABÓ, János BALOGH, Csilla KIRÁLY, Tamás

BARTYIK, Dávid FILYÓ

Prehistoric environmental reconstruction and Holocene floodplain development of

NW Budapest

11,15-11,30 GALIA Tomáš, Václav ŠKARPICH, Stanislav RUMAN, Tereza MACUROVÁ, Jan

HRADECZKÝ

Morphological response of mountain streams to long-term human interventions in the Czech Carpathians

11,30-11,45 BLANKA Viktória

Morphological response of the Hernád River on various natural and human impacts

11,45-12,15 Poster session Session chair: Petru Urdea

ALSENJAR Omar: Hydrological changes related to climate change on the Fehér-

Körös and Hernád Rivers based on a centurial data set

CRIŞU Lavinia, Cristian RĂDUCĂ, Sandu BOENGIU: Expansion of urban space and its geomorphological implications in Băileşti Plain.

DJUROVIĆ Mirela, Violeta GAJIC, Nebojša VASIĆ, Predrag DJUROVIĆ: Filling up

dolines by Aeolian sediments in the high mountainous karst on Durmitor (Montenegro)

HAJDUKIEWICZ Maciej, Bartłomiej WYŻGA, Hanna HAJDUKIEWICZ, Paweł MIKUŚ:

Photogrammetric reconstruction of changes in vertical river position using archival

aerial photos: case study of the Czarny Dunajec River, Polish Carpathians

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HAMED Elsayed Diaa, György SIPOS, Sándor KOVÁCS, Gergő GÁL: Mapping

structural defects and subsidence zones along the artificial levees of the Tisza River,

Hungary ISMAILOV Yerlan: Using InSAR technique to study inland excess water problems on

the example of South-Eastern Hungary

JULA Mihai, Mircea VOICULESCU: Tourist trails assessment using dendro-

geomorphological approach and topographic parameters in the Făgăraș Massif, Southern Carpathians, Romanian Carpathians

KIS Éva, Dénes LÓCZY, Ferenc SCHWEITZER, István VICZIÁN: Paleo-environmental

change research on the IV. and V. Terraces of Red Hill (Moravia) LIRO Maciej, Paweł MIKUŚ: Application of a low-cost drone and SfM

photogrammetry for high resolution mapping of a river channel

MATSHAKENI Zine: Long-term land cover changes on cross-border floodplain sections of the Middle Danube River: Do country borders influence land cover

processes?

MIKUŚ Paweł, Bartłomiej WYŻGA: Long term monitoring of the recruitment and

dynamics of large wood in Kamienica Stream, Polish Carpathians TLAPÁKOVÁ Lenka, Tonáš PÁNEK: Holocene valley floor evolution in the forested

headwater catchment of the Outer Western Carpathians

VAVERKA Lukáš, Václav ŠKARPICH: Fluvial system diversity in relation to confluence hydrodynamic zone – a review study

VICZIÁN István, Farkas M. TÓTH, Máté SZABÓ, János BALOGH, Csilla KIRÁLY, Éva

KIS, József SZEBRTÉNYI: Natural and human induced geomorphological processes during the Holocene along the Danube at the foot of the Castle Hill in Budapest

VÍG Balázs, Szabolcs Á. FÁBIÁN:Field survey protocol and GIS tools on quantitative

analysis of streams: a case study on the Öreg Stream, Pécsvárad (Hungary)

12,30-13,40 Lunch (at the Department)

Session 4 Active fluvial processes in the CBD region. Session chair: Mácka Zdeněk

13,40-14,00 MÁČKA Zdeněk

(keynote lecture) Active channel dynamics and oxbow lake development in lowland freely meandering

rivers with artificial training history, Central European perspective

14,00-14,15 STOILOV-LINU Valeriu, Mihai NICULITĂ, Dan DUMITRIU, Nicuşor NECULA Vertical and horizontal adjustments of Bistricioara River channel (Eastern

Carpathians, Romania) in the last 100 years

14,15-14,30 AMISSAH Gabriel J., Tímea KISS

Morphological evolution of a large alluvial river channel under human impacts: a case ofthe Lower Tisza River, Hungary

14,30-14,45 HRADECKÝ Jan, Václav ŠKARRPICH, Tomáš GALIA, Lukáš VAVERKa, Václav

GUROVSKÝ: Morphological effects of long-term low sediment inputs – the Elbe river

14,45-15,00 KIS Éva, Dénes LÓCZY, Ferenc SCHWEITZER, István VICZIÁN Natural and anthropogenic factors generating riverbank with erosion hazard on the

Lower Tisza River

15,00-15,15 HAJDUKIEWICZ Hanna, Bartłomiej WYŻGA

Causes and impacts of twentieth century expansion of riparian forest in the valleys of Polish Carpathian rivers

15,15-15,30 LIRO Maciej, Paweł MIKUŚ, Edward WALUSIAK, Karol PLESIŃSKI, Bartłomiej

WYŻGA Response of riparian vegetation to backwater fluctuation: an example of a Polish

Carpathian stream


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Session 5 Hydro-geomorphological assessment and management of surface waters

Session chair:Bartłomiej Wyżga

16,00-16,20 WYŻGA Bartłomiej (keynote lecture)

Twentieth century incision of Polish Carpathian Rivers: assessment, effects and

possibilities of mitigation

16,20-16,35 MARTINIĆ Ivan, Ivan ČANJEVAC Hydromorphological research of natural lakes in Croatia

16,35-16,50 POLEDNIKOVÁ Zuzana, Tomáš GALIA:

Public perception of gravel bed rivers. A case study from the Czech Carpathians

16,50-17,05 MACUROVÁ Tereza, Václav ŠKARPICH, Tomáš GALIA, Stanislav RUMAN, Jan HRADECKÝ

Possibilities for stopping of further degradation gravel-bed Morávka River

17,05-17,20 ČANJEVAC Ivan, MARTINIČ Ivan

Hydromorphological monitoring of rivers in Croatia – mainissues and challenges

17,20-17,35 ŠKARPICH Václav, Tomáš GALIA, Jan HRADECKÝ

Conceptual framework for restoration of Czech Carpathian Rivers

17,35-17,50 NAGY Judit

Floodplain aggradation and related flood risk: case study on the Lower Tisza River (Hungary)

18,00-20,00 Gala Dinner

Wednesday, June 26, 2019

Field trip I.

Processes along the Maros/Mures River from Lipova (RO) to Szeged (HU)

guided by György SIPOS The aim of the fieldtrip is to describe the downstream morphological changes of the Maros/Mures River

from the apex of its alluvial fan to its confluence. We will see channel pattern changes (e.g. meandering,

braided), extreme incision related to in-channel gravel mining, floodplain forms, and various effects of river regulation.

Starts at 7,00 at the University. Slight walks. Sandwiches for lunch will be provided. To cross the border, an ID card or passport is needed!

Thursday, June 27, 2019 Fieldtrip II. Lower Tisza floodrisk and solutions: from Szeged to Csongrád guided by Tímea KISS

The fieldtrip is organised around the increasing extremities of the Tisza River, and the related flood

hazard. We discuss the local and catchment-scale causes of floods, and their consequences, the way of river regulations, and the causes of striking differences between the two visited rivers. Simultaneously,

we have a chance to see some Quaternary floodplain features and to understand the Late Pleistocene –

Holocene evolution of the area.

Starts at 8,00 at the University. Slight walks. Sandwiches for lunch will be provided.

Please, bring long trousers and long-sleeved shirt to protect yourself from mosquitos.

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Abstracts

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS OF PHYSICALLY-BASED

MORPHOSTRUCTURAL SEGMENTATION OF THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS

Jozef MINÁR, Peter BANDURA

Comenius University in Bratislava, Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Slovakia E-mail: [email protected]

The physically-based land surface segmentation builds on the general geomorphological theory that is directly incorporated in the segmentation algorithm through input variables. The multiscale object-based land surface

segmentation (Drăguţ& Eisank, 2011) adapted for the morphostructural segmentation (Bandura et al., 2017,

2018) was used for the segmentation of the Western Carpathians. Unit endogenous and exogenous geomorphic work (EnW, ExW) and relief brake force (RBF) were used in the following form as input variables:

EnW = EES.g.ρ / 2; ExW = (EES-Em).g.ρ / 2; RBF = GAR.g / 4DSmean;

where EES is envelope surface of maximum altitudes, g is gravitational acceleration, ρ is core rock density, Em

is mean altitude, GAR is Glock’s available relief and DSmean is mean distance of points to the stream. A closeness of resultant automatic segmentation to the traditional geomorphological division of the

territory points to the interpretational value of results. Even the differences can by meaningfully interpreted as

an alternative view on morphostructural division that point to important aspects of morphotectonic evolution. The physically based input variables can be used for typification of the territory, e.g. by originally derived index

of steady state (Minár et al., 2018). Comparison with distribution of planation surfaces, geophysical and

thermochronological data, elevation and age of river terraces and cave levels help to reveal mechanisms, stages and regional differences in neotectonic (postcollisional) development of the Western Carpathians.The

hypothesisconnecting the idea ofdistributed delamination and convective removal of over-thickened

lithosphere, Quaternary climatic changes and related isostatic response fitswell with segmentation results and

supplementary data.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the

contract No. APVV-15-0054 and by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, science, research and sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences (VEGA) under the contract No.

1/0602/16.

References Bandura, P., J. Minár, L. Drăguţ, and T. Harciníková, 2017. "Evaluation of object-based image analysis for

morphostructural subdivision of the Western Carpathians". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 61 (Suppl. 2): 121-135

Bandura, P., J. Minár, L. Drăguţ and M. Bielik, 2018. Physically-based segmentation of the Western Carpathians (Central

Europe). Geomorphometry Conference Proceedings, Boulder CO.

Drăguţ, L. and C. Eisank, 2012. Automated object-based classification of topography from SRTM data. – Geomorphology,

141–142: 21–33.

Minár, J., Bandura, P., Drăguţ, L., Evans, I.S., Gallay M., Hofierka, J., Kaňuk, J., Popov, A., 2018: Physically based land

surface segmentation: Theoretical background and outline of interpretations. Geomorphometry Conference

Proceedings, Boulder CO.

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mailto:[email protected]

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QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SMALL CATCHMENTS

IN THE MECSEK MOUNTAINS USING FORMULAE AND GIS TOOLS

BalázsVÍG1, SzabolcsÁkosFÁBIÁN

2

1Doctoral School of Earth Sciences, University of Pécs, Hungary; 2Institute of Geography an Earth Sciences,

University of Pécs, Hungary

E-mail: [email protected]

Quantitative analysis of mountainous catchments is primarily based on geometric, hydro-geomorphologic and

morphometric approaches, which have become faster and more accurate with the help of GIS tools recently

(Strahler, 1957; Masoner & March, 2006). Today, these studies are internationally accepted and have been supplemented by field exploration of small watercourses (Kamykowska et al., 1999). The fundamental question

in this study is how these quantitative (GIS-based) and semi-quantitative (field-based) methods can be applied

to a geomorphic environmentof low mountains. Previous studies have failed to address this issue because of the general morphological character of

Hungary. The essence of our study is to apply the previously published methods in an integrated way into a

low-mountain area in Hungary. The results were obtained by GIS analyses (ArcGIS and Arc Hydro), mathematical calculations and field protocols. Our research can provide a best practice for other

hydromorphological studies of similar Hungarian landscapes.

Acknowledgement. The study was financed by the Higher Education Institutional Excellence Programme of the Ministry of Human Capacities in Hungary, within the framework of the 20765-3/2018/FEKUTSTRAT

Innovation for sustainable and healthy living and environment thematic programme of the University of Pécs.

References Strahler, A. N. (1957). Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. AGU Transactions, 38(6), 913.

Kamykowska, M., Kaszowski, L., & Krzemien, K. (1999). River channel mapping instruction. Key to the river bed

description. In K. Krzemien (edts), River channels. Pattern, structure and dynamics, Krakow, 9–25.

Masoner, J. R., & March, F. (2006). Geographic Information Systems Methods for Determining Drainage-Basin Areas,

Stream-Buffered Areas, Stream Length, and Land Uses for the Neosho and Spring Rivers in Northeastern Oklahoma.

MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE PODTATRANSKÁ KOTLINA BASIN

AND ITS NEOTECTONIC INTERPRETATION

Ladislav VITOVIČ, Jozef MINÁR

Comenius University in Bratislava, Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Slovakia E-mail: [email protected]

The Podtatranská kotlina Basin and adjacent mountains belong to the most neotectonically active

morphostructures of the Western Carpathians (Halouzka 1993; Halouzka et al 1999). More detailed morphostructures were delineated in the Neotectonic map of Slovakia in scale1: 500 000 (Maglay et al 1999),

which was later partiallyspecified for the territory of the Liptovská kotlina Basin a part of the Podtatranská

kotlina Basin (Vitovič and Minár 2018; Vitovič 2019). The morphometric analysis of the Podtatranská kotlina Basin and adjacent mountains was carried out

toidentifyamore precise neotectonic structure of the area.Within the morphometric analysis,the normalized

stream length-gradient index (SLK), mountain front sinuosity (Smf), drainage basin asymmetry factor (AF), analysis of faceted slopes as well as object-based image analysis (OBIA) were applied.To quantify the intensity

of vertical neotectonic activity, vertical dissection of georelief together with local maximum elevations were

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investigated too. Moreover, in order to interpret the morphometric results within the neotectonics framework,

the tectonic faults and morpholineaments were analysed as well.

Based on results of partial analysis, potential neotectonically active faults were delineated for the study area. The neotectonic blocks of different hierarchy levels limited by the faults were identified as well.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. APVV-15-0054 andby the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, science, research

and sport of the Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of Sciences (VEGA) under the contract No.

1/0602/16.

References Halouzka R. 1993. Neotektonické štruktúry a pohyby (vrchný pliocén – kvartér) vybraných kotlín a dolín slovenských

karpát. In Maglay, J., Baňacký, V., Halouzka, R., Horniš, J., Pristaš. (edts). Geodynamický vývoj regiónov Slovenska

v období vrcný pliocén – kvartér. Bratislava (Geologický ústav Dionýza Štúra), Geofond: 78841, p. 51.

Halouzka R., Maglay J., Baňacký V., Pristaš J., Janočko J., Hók J. 1999. Vysvetlivky k neotektonickej mape Slovenska 1 :

500 000. Bratislava (GS SR). p. 48.

Maglay J., Halouzka R., Baňacký V., Pristaš J., Janočko, J. 1999. Neotektonická mapa Slovenska v mierke 1 : 500 000. Bratislava, MŽP SR – GS SR.

Vitovič L. 2019. Tectonic tilting detection based on analysis of drainage basin asymmetry: A case study of the Vrbovský

Creek (Western Carpathians). In: Študentská vedecká konferencia PriF UK: zborník recenzovaných príspevkov, 1225-

1230.

Vitovič L., Minár J. 2018. Morphotectonic analysis for improvementof neotectonic subdivision of the Liptovská kotlina

Basin (Western Carpathians). Geografický časopis, 70/3, 197-216.

THERMAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCK GLACIERS

IN THE RILA AND PIRIN MOUNTAINS

Alexandru ONACA1, Mircea VOICULESCU

1, Florina ARDELEAN1, Emil GACHEV

2, Petru URDEA1, Brigitte

MAGORI1, Flavius SÎRBU

1

1West University of Timisoara, Romania; 2South-West Uiversity Neofit Rilski, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]

Rock glaciers are considered the most visible morphological expression of mountain permafrost occurence (Barsch, 1996). These outstanding landforms are widespread in the alpine environment of Rila and Pirin

Mountains, but received limited attention in the scientific literature. Altough, they were previously reported

sixty years ago (Glovina, 1959), scientific evidences concerning their genesis, evolution, morphological

characteristics and present-day activity is sparse. Based on field activity and analysis of remote sensing available data we inventoried 122 rock glaciers,

accounting for 4.81 km2.Most of the rock glaciers are tongue-shaped and occur betweeen 2100 and 2700 m.

The mean elevation of the front is a valuable morphological proxy for the lower limit of discontinuous permafrost and lies at 2343 m, much higher than in Southern Carpathians, Tatra Mountains, Dinaric Alps or

Pindus Mountains. Based on the analogy between present climate and rock glacier activity we were able to

reconstruct their genesis and evolution since the Lateglacial and to interpret the evolution of discontinuous

permafrost in the highest mountains of Bulgaria. To gain insights into rock glaciers present-day activity we started systemathic measurements of their

thermal characteristics, internal structure and kinematics. The thermal measurements were used to examine the

near-surface energy exchange fluxesand if the microclimatic conditions at the rock glacier surface are suitable for permafrost preservation. Miniature thermistorswere scattered at the surface of rock glaciers and recorded

temperature variations for two consecutive seasons (2016-2018). In addition, measurements of the temperature

at the bottom of snow cover (BTS) were conducted in late winters and measurements of temperature of springs

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seeping from rock glacier fronts, in order to map permafrost distribution. The preliminary thermal results

indicate that permafrost occurrence is likely in the north-facing rock glaciers situated above 2400 m.

Aknowledgement: This work was supported by a grant of Ministery of Research and Innovation, CNCS -

UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2016-0172, within PNCDI III.

References

Barsch, D. (1996). Rockglaciers.Indicators for the present and former geoecology in high mountain

environments. Berlin: Springer.

Glovnia, M., 1959.Otnosnoperiglacialniarelef v Balgaria (On the periglacial relief in Bulgaria).Proceedings of the Bulgarian Geographic Society 2(12), 15-23 (In Bulgarian).

RATES OF GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES IN ŠKOCJAN CAVES, CLASSICAL KARST

Mitja PRELOVŠEK, Andrej MIHEVC

KarstResearch Institute ZRC SAZU, Postojna, Slovenia


Quantification of geomorphic processes is an objective approach that provides improved understanding and

comparison of different geomorphic processes. Škocjan Caves are extraordinary example of cave system

developed close to the contact between impervious siliciclastic rocks (catchment area) and Cretaceous

limestone; as such the caves are influenced by high variation of discharge (from 0.05 to over 387 m3/s) and vast amount of fluvial suspended and bed load material (30,000 m3/a). To define crucial rates that impact present-

day development of the cave (speleogenesis), special emphasis has been put on quantitative determination of

mechanical action of fluvial material (corrasion rates), dissolution rates, and calcite precipitation rates. Initial measurements using MEM (micro(erodi)meter) started in 1992 and included determination or

corrasion, dissolution, and percolation calcite precipitation rates at 17 locations along main underground stream

passage (gorge). In 2006, dissolution rates have been targeted with use of limestone tablets since MEM is useless when rates are <10 μm/a; measuring network encompasses 3 underground and 2 surface measurement

areas with all together 32 limestone tablets. Data from at least four measurement periods are available up to

now. The highest corrasion rates were found at places where siliciclastic pebbles are hitting a bedrock (from -

160 to -40 μm/a) and much lower rates (about -20 μm/a) for surfaces polished by bed load material. Underground channel that is flooded during average-high discharge and not affected by corrasion is dominated

by calcite precipitation from the main underground river with rates from +0.2 to +2.2 μm/a. General dissolution

rates were found to be very weak (-0.2 μm/a) as a result of calcite supersaturated water even at average discharge (8.5 m3/s) that becomes calcite undersaturated (aggressive) for several hours per year when discharge exceeds

109 m3/s. Higher rates caused by poorly known processes occur at places with scallops characterized by lack of

visible corrasion but impacted by high suspended sediment flux; at such places, wall retreat (caused by corrasion and/or enhanced dissolution) of -5 μm/a was measured by MEM. Calcite precipitation rate at places with

percolation water, which can extend over several tens of m2, is estimated to be as high as several hundreds of

μm/a. The most intensive present-day process (corrasion) and shape of about 90 m high underground passage

(gorge) suggests vertical incision by corrasion as the most plausible mechanism of underground channel growth in case of Škocjan Caves. Highly supersaturated percolation water with high Ca2+ content significantly obstructs

water flow at some places.

Since quantitative geomorphic approach provides detailed and relevant present-day rates of geomorphic processes, thickness of calcite coating in the underground channel (several mm) when compared

with calcite precipitation rates suggests different rates some thousands of years before (during colder periods of

Pleistocene?) with tendency toward weak (if any) calcite precipitation and more intensive dissolution rates.

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APPLICATION OF QUARTZ LUMINESCENCE SENSITIVITY TO DISTINGUISH

THE SEDIMENTS OF DIFFERENT RIVERS IN THE CARPATHIAN BASIN

BARTYIK Tamás, György SIPOS, Dávid FILYÓ, Gergő MAGYAR

University of Szeged, Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, Szeged, Hungary E-mail: [email protected]

The lowlands of the Carpathian Basin and the Hungarian Great Plain are mostly formed of alluvial fans, which have been built by rivers with catchments of different petrographical background. Consequently, the

composition and mineralogy of sediments is also different. Thedynamics of fluvial activity, the development of

forms and thus sedimentation characteristics, such as transportation distance or the number of sedimentary

cycles, are also changing from site to site. All these factors mentioned abovecan have a significant effect on the luminescence behaviour of

mineral grains used for Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating. It has been clearly shown by earlier

research that in terms of the most frequently used mineral, i.e. quartz, bothmineralogical differences and repetition of sunlight exposure can influence the so called luminescence sensitivity, i.e. the luminescence

intensity given in response to a unit radioactive dose. This feature can be examined and quantified during the

dating procedure and has a not yet fully explored potential in reconstructing sediment history and geomorphological development.

The aim of the present study therefore is to analyse and compare the luminescence sensitivity of coarse-

grained quartz samples from several sites along the Danube, Tisza, Szamos and Maros Rivers and their alluvial

fans. Detailed measurements were made on 20 fluvial samples of identical grain size (90-150 µm) using both TL and OSL, and applying continuous wavelength CW-OSL, linear modulated LM-OSL techniques

concerning the later. Weight normalised total intensity (base sensitivity value) and sensitivity change through 9

cycles were compared to explore the differences. Results show thatin case of all fluvial samplesthe TL 110 °C peak, CW-OSL results and fast

component intensity correlate well. The total base sensitivity of Danube quartz can be well distinguished from

that of Tisza, Szamos and Maros Rivers, as their sensitivity values are about half as much as the values of the other two areas, Danube quartz has the smallest fast component ratio. Meanwhile, Tisza and Maros quartz

values can only be slightly separated. Based on these findings, sensitivity parameters of quartz can be used later

as a tool for determining the source area of sediments in questionable situations.

Acknowledgement: The research was supported by the Hungarian Research, Development and Innovation

Office; under Grant K 119309, by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of

Sciences and by the European Regional Fund in the framework of the HURO/1101/126/2.2.1 project.

GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE VOJVODINA REGION, NORTHERN SERBIA –

FOLLOWING BUKUROV’S RESEARCH VISION

MARKOVIĆ S.B.1, LEHMKUHL F.2, VANDENBERGHE J.3, GAVRILOV M.B.1, LUKIĆ T.1, SIPOS Gy.4, MEZŐSI G.4, RADAKOVIĆ M.1, MARKOVIĆ R.S.1, BASARIN B.1

1University of Novi Sad, Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, 2Department of Geography, RWTH

Aachen University; 3Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit; 4Department of Physical Geography and

Geoinformatics, University of Szeged


Academician Branislav Bukurov did a first comprehensive approach to basic understanding of the Vojvodina

region relief in 1950’s. Since this time many significant research improvements occurred, especially those one

related to more sophisticated investigations of Aeolian and fluvial landforms and landscapes. We would like to highlight the importance of contemporary developments in loess relief investigations in the Vojvodina region,

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during the last two decades. Similar as Bukurov, we mostly focused our research to predominantly dispersed

lowland zone characterized by relative monotonous topography, but with surprisingly large geomorphic

diversity. During this time span, some of loess landform evolution models in the investigated region became recognized worldwide.

Following Bukurov’s footsteps we would like that our geomorphologic investigations can be useful

also to many other scholars from different fields, investigating their specific research topics in Vojvodina. In the future we would like to intensify investigations of well developed fluvial land forms, sand dunes area, as

well as two mountain zones of Fruška Gora and Vršačke planine.

RECONSTRUCTION OF THE LATE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE

SHIFT OF THE DANUBE ON THE HUNGARIAN GREAT PLAIN

SIPOS György, TÓTH Orsolya, KISS Tímea, MEZŐSI Gábor

University of Szeged, Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics


The course of the Danube, being the largest river in the Carpathian Basin, has always been of key importance

concerning the structure and development of the Hungarian Great Plain fluvial network. Consequently, channel

shifts, floodplain and terrace development along the river is still in the forefront of Hungarian geomorphological

research. The timing of channel shifts, incision and terrace development phases was mostly determined through geomorphological analysis and comparative sedimentological or climatic studies. Recently, there has been a

considerable advance in the application of numerical dating methods for the reconstruction of terrace

development along the Danube, but restricted mostly to older terraces on the Mountainous section of the river. In the meantime, hardly any dates are available for the Hungarian Lower Danube, where

floodplain surfaces are just slightly distinguishable, but provide a key to the investigation of the westward

shift of the river during the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene. Consequently, the aim of this study is to reconstruct geomorphological changes by dating palaeo-channels located on different morphological

levels along the river.

The reconstruction was based on 30 sediment samples dated bay the means of optically stimulated

luminescence (OSL). Samples were collected from channel sediments, point bars and back swamp areas. Considering the possibility of incomplete bleaching and the expected age range the coarse grain quartz fraction

was subjected to the measurements.

Based on the results the development of 1 distinctive terrace level, and 3 chronologically and morphologically distinguishable floodplain surfaces could be reconstructed. As a matter of the longitudinal

divergence of floodplains the major role of tectonic subsidence downstream of the site and concomitant

headward incision is clear. For the formation of the terrace (94-95 m asl) only a minimum age could be identified, as the fluvial sediments on this level could be substantially reworked by postformational aeolian

processes, therefore we suggest that incision started between 23 and 17 ka. The formation of the oldest stripe

(91-92 m asl) on the 20-30 km wide floodplain developing after this event was dated to 9-10 ka. Subsequently

the river started accumulation and formed a convex floodplain between 9 and 6 ka, by which a higher floodplain surface (92-93 m asl) developed. Finally, by 3 ka another incision phase took place and the youngest part of the

floodplain (91-92 m) evolved. Results suggest that the intensity of subsidence, governing both the westward

shift and the development of floodplain levels was changing considerably through time.

Acknowledgement: The research was supported by the Hungarian Research, Development and Innovation

Office; under Grant K 119309, by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of

Sciences and by the European Regional Fund in the framework of the HURO/1101/126/2.2.1 project.

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UPPER PLEISTOCENE LANDSLIDE EVIDENCES AT COSTEŞTI

(MOLDAVIAN PLATEAU, ROMANIA)

Mihai NICULIŢĂ, Mihai C. MĂRGĂRINT, Nicuşor NECULA, Valeriu STOILOV-LINU

1Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Romania


Pleistocene landslides deposits are not so frequent around the world (Panek, 2015). In the North-Eastern

Romania hilly area known as the Moldavian Plateau, there are many Holocene and actual landslides (Niculiță

et al., 2016a), favoured by the geology, geomorphology and climate (Mărgărint and Niculiță, 2017). For several sites, the usage of landslide mapping and landslide morphology analysis in connection with known

archaeological sites morphology was used to hypothesize the possible Upper Pleistocene age of some landslide

deposits (Niculiță et al., 2016ab). One such site is the Costeşti complex landslide (Iaşi County). The radiocarbon dating of three samples, two of wood and one of organic material, from the floodplain deposits that covers the

landslide deposit showed that this floodplain deposited in the 45-20ky cal. BP period. In this situation the age

of the landslide is older than 45ky cal. BP, without being able to say exactly yet (due to the lack of datable

material in the landslide deposit) the age of the failure. To our knowledge this is the oldest landslide deposit in Romania, this finding increasing the geoheritage value of the site (Niculiţă, 2018).

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by a grant of Ministery of Research and Innovation, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2016-0154, within PNCDIIII.

References

Mărgărint M.C., Niculiţă M., 2017. Landslide type and pattern in Moldavian Plateau, NE Romania. In: Rădoane M.,

Vespremeanu-Stroe A. (edts), Landform dynamics and evolution in Romania. Springer, 271-304.

Niculiță M., Mărgărint M.C., Santangelo M., 2016a. Archaeological evidence for Holocene landslide activity in the eastern Carpathian lowland. Quaternary International 415, 175–189.

Niculiță M., Mărgărint M. C., Santangelo M., 2016b. Pleistocene landslides in the Moldavian Plateau, Eastern Romania,

Georeview, 26/2, 67.

Niculiță M., 2018. Bahluieț Valley at Costești village (Romania) geoarchaeosite: the need for its protecting, promoting and

managing, In: Głowniak E., Wasiłowska A. 2018. Leonowicz P. (edts), Geoheritage and Conservation: Modern

Approaches and Applications Towards the 2030 Agenda. 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, Programme and

Abstract Book, p. 166.

Pánek T., 2015. Recent progress in landslide dating: A global overview, Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and

Environment 39(2), 168–198.

TEMPERATE WOODLAND EXPANSION DURING MIDDLE HOLOCENE

IN SAND DUNE ENVIRONMENT (VIENNA BASIN)

HORÁČKOVÁ Šárka1, Vladimír FALŤAN2, Juraj PROCHÁZKA2, Peter PIŠÚT2, Martin BAČA3,

Malvína ČIERNIKOVÁ4, Martin ANDREJKA

5

1 Institute of Geography, Slovak Academy of Sciences; 2Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Comenius

University, 3Department of Archaeology, Comenius University,4Department of Pedology, Comenius University, 5Department of Cartography, GIS and Remote Sensing, Comenius University

Use of multi-proxy approach presents appropriate ability for hypothesis verification about vegetation

development in the postglacial vegetation development. Several proxies (palynology analysis, macrofossil

analysis, radiocarbon dating, sedimentary analysis, microprobe chemical analysis) were used to characterize changes of vegetation cover during Holocene in the Zelienka protection area (Slovakia). Lithological changes

together with magnetic susceptibility and Loss-on Ignition (LOI) suggests disturbances in the Early/Middle

Holocene as well as local changes in the vegetation composition of the wetland area. Regional vegetation cover consisted of the open steppe area with several forest stands. Forested area was dominated by Pinus type in the

Early Holocene. While in the Middle Holocene we observed dramatic increase of woodland species with

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Quercus, Corylus and Fagus that infiltrated the Pinus taxa. However, the Middle Holocene temperate taxa

expanded in this area later than in the surrounding areas, which is probably because of specific geology

conditions with sandy substrate forming georelief with sand dunes. Consequently, causing higher temperature amplitudes (lower specific heat capacity of sands) this substrate effected different climatic conditions. The

problematic was sedimentary hiatus, that occurred in the soil profile, suggesting local changes in the mire.

Absence of the peat sediment during middle Holocene occurred in this region, suggesting different climatic conditions. Human interaction with landscape and first settlements around this area started in Eneolithic.

Archaeological records showed fully developed culture functioning around this area at the beginning of Late

Bronze Age (Urnfield Culture) and further anthropogenic changes later during Modern Age.

Aknowledgements: This research was supported by the Scientific grant Agency of the Ministry of Education,

Science and Sport of the Slovak Republic (VEGA 1/0421/16, VEGA 1/0781/17, VEGA 2/0023/18 and

VEGA 1/0100/19) and the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-14-0550).

DEVELOPMENT OF FLUVIAL LANDFORMS

IN THE BEREG-PLAIN, UPPER TISZA REGION, HUNGARY

Róbert VASS

University of Nyíregyháza Intitue of Tourism ang Geography, Hungary


The Bereg Plain has highest density of active and paleo-channels in the NE part of the Pannonian Plain, because the rivers had various courses and directions. The Bereg Plain was part of the alluvial fan built by the Tisza and

its tributaries during Pleistocene. As a result of tectonic movements ca. 22,000 years ago the Bereg Plain and

the neighbouring Szatmár Plain sinked, which caused changes in landscape evolution: the Tisza and its

tributaries eroded large proportion of the alluvial fan and later accumulated silty/clayey floodplain deposits. The paleo-channel structure of region at the Late Pleistocene is not fully understood, therefore we aimed to

reconstruct the landscape evolution of the Bereg Plain, applying detailed analysis of the terrain, sedimentary

analysis, OSL and radiocarbon dating, and pollen analysis. The elevation of the Bereg Plain (area: 500 km2) ranges between 94 and 114 m. Four natural levees

were identified on the DEM. The largest of these is located on the SE part of the plain and was built by the

Tisza. The other three run approximately parallel direction alongside the natural levee of Tisza. Their length is several tens of kilometers; their width is 800-1000 m; and their height is 0.5-2m. The near-surface deposits of

the natural levees consist of very fine grained sandy and clayey silt. The structure of these levees was well

visible in 4-5 artificial pits which were several hundred-meter-long and 2-3.5 m deep. The most characteristic

features were black paleosol layers at 60-200 cm depth, indicating organic-rich environment. Between the paleosol layers 10-70 cm thick silty inclusions can be detected. On distal parts of the floodplain 10-15 cm thick,

dark-grey layers were observed. Towards the proximal part of the floodplain only one layer of well-developed

plaeosol layer was found in a thickness of 40-80 cm. The age of the paleosol is between 7150–7510 cal BP year and 6830–7270 cal BP year. The age of the uppermost layer of the distal floodplain is 5052–4081 cal BP year.

The age of the inorganic-rich layers in a depth of 350 cm is 21-25 ky (by OSL method). No paleosols were

found in the backswamp areas between the levees, probably because greater water depth. The palynological

study referred to 32,000, 12,000 and 7,000 year old paleo-channels in the backswamps. The data suggest that the sandy-clayey silt layers were deposited in Bereg Plain until 7500 years ago;

and later then the back swamps started to form as a result of decreasing energy of the river system. On the higher

parts of the distal swamp areas a well-developed paleosol layer formed out (between the levees). This paleosol layer splits into three, brighter coloured and thinner layers towards the proximal floodplain areas. The endpoint

of this back swamp condition was in the Atlantic phase, which was followed by natural levee formation

processes.

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by the European Union and the State of Hungary, co-financed by the European

Social Fund in the framework of TÁMOP 4.2.4. A/2-11-1-2012-0001 ‘National Excellence Program’.

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THE RELEVANCE OF THE GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACH

TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

OF THE TUMULI TYPE: ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE SOUTH-WEST OF ROMANIA

PETRU Urdea1, Alexandru HEGYI2, Dragoş DIACONESCU2, Victor BUNOIU3

1West University of Timişoara; 2National Museum of Banat, Timişoara; 3Culture Direction of Timiş County, Timişoara


Starting from the idea that any archaeological site is characterized by a certain external and internal

configuration of the terrain, ie it is constituted as the geomorphological structure, from the perspective of

geosciences relations with archeology the interdisciplinarity is identified by the term geoarheology. From this position our attention goes to the geoarchaeological specifics (morphological, morphometric, structural-

stratigraphic) of the tumuli – in Banat being identified 400 funerary tumuli tombs, with examples from the

Silvaşu (Hunedoara county) and Jupani (Timiş County) archaeological sites. The funeral complex in the area of Silvaşu de Jos, is located at the southern tip of Hunedoara Hills, approximately 7 km north of Haţeg, and

occupies a small plateau at the meeting area of three interfluves, oriented towards S, NV and ENE. Ten mounds

(M1-M10) were traced in the area, and archeologically investigated were M1, M3, M4 and M7.

From a geological point of view, the study area belongs to Haţeg-Strei Basin and is made up of Badenian and Sarmatian age deposits, represented here by the upper horizon of marine facies with often

thick gravels, with rounded elements, sands with lenticular bedding, gravel and microconglomerates with

sandy marls. The M3 mound's complementary geophysical investigations - magnetometry and electrical resistivity

tomography (ERT) - were the premises of a subsequent archeological investigation. C14 dating established the

absolute necropolis chronology. So far, 8 absolute dating (AMS), highlighting two distinct chronological phases, have been performed: 3322-3062 cal. BC (culture of Coţofeni, phase 3b) and 2810-2642 cal. BC.

The tumulus Grămurada –Jupani is situated on the large Holocene alluvial plain of Bega river and his

tributary river, Glaviţa, it has a height of 3.5 m and a maximum diameter of 44 m, with specific shape and

internal structure. The archaeological investigations reveal that it is a multi-layered structure, with Bronze and Iron age artifacts, more precisely Hallstatt A.

Our study results show that geomorphological approaches and geophysical applications can be of real

help even with these archeological structures. Indeed, measurements made by us and other such sites confirm that in most cases, the complementary use of the different methods is a real success.

PREHISTORIC ENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION AND

HOLOCENE FLOODPLAIN DEVELOPMENT OF NW BUDAPEST

István VICZIÁN1, György SIPOS2, Dávid Gergely PÁLL2, Farkas Márton TÓTH3, Gábor SZILAS3, Zsuzsanna M. VIRÁG3, Máté SZABÓ4, János BALOGH1, Csilla KIRÁLY1, Tamás BARTYIK2, Dávid

FILYÓ2

1 Geographical Institute RCAES HAS, Hungary; 2University of Szeged, Dept. of Physical Geography and

Geoinformatics; 3Aquincum Museum of the Budapest History Museum; 4Institute for Geological and Geochemical

Research RCAES HAS, Hungary


The research area is found on the Danube’s alluvial plain in the north-western part of Budapest. This flat area is densely built-in, except for a marshy and peaty spot in a distance of about 1.5-2 km from the Danube in

Mocsárosdűlő district. The importance of the location’s environmental history is emphasized by the numerous

prehistoric sites, dated from the Middle Neolithic to the Late Iron Age, surrounding it. This area is considered to be the last remain of a former Early Holocene Danube riverbed. The landforms of further sections of the

former side-branch are partly recognizable on old maps. The studies concluded that the riverbed acted as the

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Danube’s side branch only until the Copper Age. Later the stream direction changed in the abandoned riverbed,

carrying the surface and subsurface waters derived partly from the hills and karst spring waters towards the

Danube (Csillaghegy channel). This stream, no longer existing, played an exceptional role in attracting settlements in the prehistoric times.

The geomorphological and environmental historical studies were carried out in relation to the

archaeological excavations in the past years along the western edge of Mocsárosdűlő and on the Danube’s approx. 5 km long bank section. The study involved sedimentological and XRD mineralogical analysis and

geomorphological mapping of the site’s wider area. Shallow drillings were carried out at specific points along

the bed of the Csillaghegy channel. The samples were malacologically analysed and dated by OSL and

radiocarbon methods. Interpreting the geomorphological, climatic and environment historical changes together with the

archaeological research results lead to a better understanding of the settled communities’ relation to the

landscape and adaptation to the natural environment as well as their land use and survival strategies optimizing the geographical characteristics of the area during the Neolithic, the Copper Age and the Bronze Age. With

regard to the archaeological sites on the Danube’s riverbank, the determining role of the study area’s two former

side waters was revealed.

MORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF MOUNTAIN STREAMS

TO LONG-TERM HUMAN INTERVENTIONS IN THE CZECH CARPATHIANS

Tomáš GALIA, Václav ŠKARPICH, Stanislav RUMAN, Tereza MACUROVÁ, Jan HRADECKÝ

Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic


Mountain streams are integral and sensitive part of fluvial net, which are generally perceived as relatively unimpacted by man activities compared to streams located in lowland urbanised areas. However, this perception

is somehow contradicted by long-term anthropogenic pressure on the valleys of the most of European mountain

ranges. Our contribution summarises five hundred years of human effects on mountain streams by using the example of the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts. (Western Carpathians). Deforestation since the beginning of

Wallachian colonisation (16th century) likely together with climatic oscillations accelerated sediment supply

from adjacent hillslopes consisted of well erodible flysch lithology into local channels, which in turn influenced deposition-erosion cycles in the valleys. The present dense canopy of heavily managed forests decreases not

only the intensity of hillslope-channel coupling, but regular timber harvesting also limits recruitment of large

wood into streams as important components driving longitudinal sediment fluxes and in-channel geomorphic

and hydraulic processes. The beginning of direct human impacts on local streams was connected with timber floating, which

took place before the construction of road infrastructure and railways in the valleys (Polášek, 2006). The

channels with annual transport of logs were cleaned of obstructions (i.e., large boulders, instream wood, riparian vegetation) and short-term increased discharges during timber floating together with the loss of natural

hydraulic roughness elements resulted into gradual channel incision.Nevertheless, the most significant

alterations of channel morphology are observed in streams managed by transversal structures (check dams)

with additional bank stabilisations, which have been constructed here since the beginning of 20th century. These channel control works decrease the potential for biota migration and disturb both longitudinal and lateral

sediment connectivity. We also found degradation tendencies in several dimensions of channel complexity

(longitudinal, cross-sectional, bed sediments) in the intermediate reaches that were located between subsequent check dams (Galia et al., 2016, 2019).

Acknowledgement: The study was supported by an internal grant of the University of Ostrava (SGS02/PřF/2019-2020)

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References

Galia, T., Škarpich, V., Hradecký, J., Přibyla, Z., 2016. Effect of grade-control structures at various stages of

their destruction on bed sediments and local channel parameters. Geomorphology 253, 305–317. Galia, T. Škarpich, V., Ruman, S., Macurová, T., 2019. Check dams decrease the channel complexity of

intermediate reaches in the Western Carpathians (Czech Republic). Sci. of the Tot. Envi. 662, 881-894.

Polášek, J. 2006. Tradice výroby a zpracovánı́ železa v Beskydech a Pobeskydı́: Plavenı́ dřeva a zaniklé výrobnı́ objekty v oblasti Moravskoslezských a Slezských Beskyd. Beskydian Museum, Frýdek-Mı́stek. (in Czech)

MORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF THE HERNÁD RIVER

ON VARIOUS NATURAL AND HUMAN INDUCED HYDROLOGICAL CHANGES

Viktória BLANKA, Tímea KISS

University of Szeged Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, Hungary


Climate change and the increasing extent of human activities had notable effects on hydrological and

morphological parameters on the Hungarian section of the River Hernád since the 1950s. The aim of this study

is to analyse the hydrological changes on the river caused by climate change and human impacts and to evaluate the long term morphological responses of this river and the rate of bank erosion of meanders along a short reach

of the Hungarian section of the meandering River Hernád.

The longer term analysis of the morphological changes was carried out on the basis of aerial photographs and satellite images. Based on the assessment, considerable morphological changes were observed in the

studied river section, driven by the alteration of the water regime, which was caused by precipitation change

and engineering works. The main morphological change was the evolution of secondary bends on large

meanders. The active bank erosion was measured between 2008 and 2018 by field measurements using RTK

GPS/GPS. The location of the outer bank line of the meanders was surveyed 9 times within the 10-year period.

The observed bank retention and the hydrograph characteristic of the studied period were compared to assess the effect of different stages and extreme hydrological events on bank erosion. The meander development on

the River Hernád is relatively fast, therefore the pattern of the channel changes and the dynamics of meander

evolution could be analysed. A good connection between the water stages and the rate of bank erosion, furthermore a significant effect of local boundary conditions (e.g. bank material and height) and the stage of

meander development could be identified.

HYDROLOGICAL CHANGES RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE

FEHÉR-KÖRÖS AND HERNÁD RIVERS BASED ON A CENTURIAL DATA SET

ALSENJAR Omar



Climate change and human impact have massive effects on the hydrological process, therefore it is important to understand these effects on stream-flow and to quantify the degree of their influence, thus their unfavorable

consequences could be mitigated in the future. The climate change in Europe already alters the hydrological

parameters of rivers, as it is reflected by the drop of water stages, changing frequency and magnitude of floods

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and droughts (Donat et al., 2013; Seneviratne et al., 2014). The aim of the present study is to compare the

hydrological changes of two similar, medium-size rivers entering to the Hungarian Great Plain from north

(Hernád River) and from east (Fehér-Körös). Their 116 year-long daily stage and shorter discharge data set was applied to reveal their hydrological changes.

Based on the results, between 1901 and 2017, floods were more frequent on the Fehér-Körös (occurred

in 87 years) than on the Hernád River (occurred in 50 years). Besides, the flood level increased more on the Fehér-Körös (by 258 cm; 2.2 cm/y), than on the Hernád (by 204 cm; 1.7 cm/y). On the Fehér-Körös all

characteristic stages (annual highest, mean and annual lowest) increased, however the mean discharge

decreased in the 21st c. compared to the 20th century. In contrary, on the Hernád River though the highest stages

and frequency of rapid floods increased, the mean and low stages drastically decreased, and at the same time the mean discharge slightly increased compared to the 20th century. The most characteristic changes were

detected in flood parameters. On both rivers the average number of overbank flood days increased: Fehér-Körös

(3.5 d/y) from (11.5 d/y) in the 20th century to (15 d/y) in the 21st c, Hernád River (2.4 d/y) from (3.2 d/y) to (5.6 d/y) in the 21st c. The timing of the floods had also changed, as on the Hernád River floods appeared just in

the spring season (March-May) in the 21th century. On the Fehér-Körös River, floods were typical between

February and April in the 21th century and they disappeared from September to November compared to the 20th century. These hydrological changes on both the Fehér-Körös and the Hernád rivers refer to the role of climate

change, and the increase in flood hazard.

The results could be applied in future water management. Considering flood safety, the increasing

height of floods on both rivers points on the fact, that artificial levees should be built higher and stronger. The flood safety could be a key issue on the Hernád River, where the average number of overbank flood days

increases though the artificial levee system is not complete. From the point of view of low stages, their height

increased in the Fehér-Körös River, while they decreased in the Hernád River related to water retention. In conclusion, though both rivers have almost similar catchment characteristic (slope and discharge),

but the combined effects of climate change and human impact have slightly different signals.

Acknowledgement: The research was supported by the Hungarian Research Found (OTKA 119 193).

References

Donat, M.G., Alexander, L.V., Yang, H., Durre, I., Vose, R., Caesar, J., 2013. Global land-based datasets for monitoring climatic extremes. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 94 (7), 997–1006.

Seneviratne, S.I., Donat, M.G., Mueller, B., Alexander, L.V., 2014. No pause in the increase of hot temperature

extremes. Nat. Clim. Change 4 (3), 161–163.

EXPANSION OF URBAN SPACE AND ITS GEOMORPHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS IN

BĂILEŞTI PLAIN

Lavinia CRIŞU1, Cristian RĂDUCĂ2, Sandu BOENGIU3

1CFR Technological Highschool, Romania, 2Bucovăț School Dolj, Romania, 3Department of Geography,

Faculty of Science, University of Craiova,


Băileşti Plain is an area where the dominant feature of the relief is the morphology created by the Danube, a succession of terraces divided into different heights mainly shaped by alluvial deposits, covered with loess,

loessoid deposits and wind sands. (Coteţ, 1957).

Placed in one of the most fertile regions of Romania, the Băileştilor Plain has provided favorable conditions for living even from the Neolithic Stone Age (Dumitrescu, 1968), with continuity in the Bronze Age

(Petrescu, Dâmboviţă, 1978) and nowadays. Over the time, the human settlements in the plain developed on

the terraces, on the valleys of the rivers (Jiu, Danube, Desnăţuiul) and at the contact with the Getic Piedmont

and the Blahniţa Plain.

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The study analyzes the pattern of intravillan expansion, in relation to the hydrological,

geomorphological, and sustainable management of the territory. The analysis of the existing data leads to the

fact that in cities as Băileşti and Segarcea the urban area has expanded, although there is a descending demographic evolution. For rural settlements, the evolution of the intravillan area does not change greatly, but

there is an obvious decrease in the number of inhabitants, especially in some villages. Given these two

characteristics, expanding the long-term intravillan would entail high costs for the administration, and from the point of view of the territorial management, it is justified to adopt the compact city model by increasing the

density of the constructions within the existing limits.

References Avijit G., Ahmad R., 1999. Geomorphology and the urban tropics: Building an interface between research and usage,

Journal of Geomorphology, Vol. 31, pp. 133–149.

Dolj County Council, 2015. Dolj County's Economic and Social Development Strategy for 2014-2020.

Kometa S. S., Akoh N. R., 2012. The Hydro-geomorphological Implications of Urbanization in Bamenda. In: Journal of

Sustainable Development; Vol. 5, No. 6; 64-73, Canadian Center of Science and Education.

Pop I., 2007. The Small Towns of the Romanian Plain. Urban Structures and Functionalities, The University Publishing

House (in Romanian).

Coteț P., 1957. Oltenia Plain: Geomorphological Study, (with special reference to the Quaternary), Bucharest, Scientific

Publishing House Dumitrescu V., 1968. Neolithic Art in Romania, Bucharest (in Romanian).

Petrescu-Dîmboviţa M., 1978. Short History of Pre-Roman Dacia, Iaşi (in Romanian).

FILLING UP DOLINES BY AEOLIAN SEDIMENTS

IN THE HIGH MOUNTAINOUS KARST ON DURMITOR (MONTENEGRO)

Mirela Djurović1, Violeta Gajic2, Nebojša Vasić2, Predrag Djurović3

1 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Archeology, 2University of Belgrade, Faculty

of Mining and Geology, Department of Mineralogy, Crystallography, Petrology and Geochemistry,

3University of Belgrade, Faculty of Geography, E-mail: [email protected]

In order to understand the origin of sand and filling up processes in the high mountainous karst doline on Mount

Durmitor (NE Dinarids), largely filled up by sand, has been studied. The domination of karst geomorphological process on the mountain allowed the development of high mountainous karst of holokarst features. The average

air temperature in the highest parts of the mountain is 0.3oC, and the mean monthly temperatures are negative

during 6 months. The annual precipitation is about 2600 mm. Regarding geology, the mountain is dominantly built by Mesozoic limestones and carbonate, Cretaceous-Paleogene flysch, including the less distributedclastic

rocks (Djurović, 2011).

On the broad limestone ridge Šljeme surrounded by Pleistocene cirques, which denotes the central part of

the mountain, occur several wide and very deep dolines. In one of them, with a bottom at 2380 m a. s. l., was discovered the accumulation of sandy material that is the subject of this study. The recorded lithological column

is 270 cm thick. According to results obtained for 13 analyzed samples these sandy sediments consider very

fine-grained homogenous and unstratified sand, well-sorted and of the average grain size of 0.098 mm. The lack of vertical differences in the grain size and structural properties within the column reflects on even

conditions during sedimentation. Mineral composition is uniform, with the domination of quartz and quartzite

(exceeding 90%). On the basis of sedimentology and geology of the broader area it is unlikely that modern

geomorphological processes are responsible for origin and transport of sandy sediments implying that other

process, most probably the aeolian one, is at work. The determined direction of the winds blowing from the

Sahara (Blanco et al., 2003) supports such statement. The specific morphology of dolines makes them suitable for accumulation of aeolian sand and prevent from subsequent erosion (Babić et al., 2013). This is the proof for

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the role of aeolian processes in filling up and evolution of dolines in the high mountainous karst, while the

preserved aeolian deposits permit the reconstruction of the aeolian processes and their scale during the post-

glacial period.

References

Babić, Lj., Zupanič, J., Vidović, J.,Razum, I.,Lužar-Oberiter, B. and Crnjaković, M., 2013. Preservation of hanging aeolian

deposits in insular karst depressions: Sediment sources and implications for the Pleistocene palaeogeography of the

SE Adriatic archipelago,Aeolian Research,vol. 11, 171–189.

Ballut, C. & Faivre, S., 2012. New data on the dolines of Velebit mountain: an evaluation of their sedimentary archive

potential in the reconstruction of landscape evolution, Acta Carsologica, vol. 41(1), 59–74.

Blanco, A., De Tomasi, F., Filippo, E., Manno, D., Perrone, M. R., Serra, A., Tafuro, A. M. and Tepore, A., 2003.

Characterization of African dust over southern Italy. Atmos. Chem. Phys., vol. 3, 2147–2159.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC RECONSTRUCTION OF CHANGES IN

VERTICAL RIVER POSITION USING ARCHIVAL AERIAL PHOTOS:

CASE STUDY OF THE CZARNY DUNAJEC RIVER, POLISH CARPATHIANS

Maciej HAJDUKIEWICZ1, Bartłomiej WYŻGA2, Hanna HAJDUKIEWICZ2, Paweł MIKUŚ2

1Department of Environmental Engineering, Geomatics and Energetics, Kielce University of Technology, Poland, 2Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland


Rivers of the Polish Carpathians incised deeply during the twentieth century (Wyżga 2008; Wyżga et al. 2016), but detailed information about the timing and amount of incision of their channels exists only for water-gauge

cross-sections. Applicability of photogrammetric extraction of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) from archival

aerial photos for reconstructing changes in vertical river position was verified in the study of a 3-km reach of the Czarny Dunajec River, where the river incised deeply during the second half of the 20th century. DEMs

extracted from a few sets of archival aerial photos from the years 1964–1994 together with recent orthophotos

and DEMs were used in the analysis. Measurements performed in river cross-sections spaced at 100 m intervals indicated that on average the lowest point of the channel bed lowered between 1964 and 2009 by 1.74 m, low-

flow water surface by 1.57 m, active river channel by 1.54 m and the belt of river migration by 1.03 m. However,

the change in vertical river position during the years 1964–2009 varied greatly along the reach, with the

elevation of low-flow water surface lowered by up to 3.61 m in the upper part of the reach and increased by up to 1.34 m in its lower part. Combining the information about changes in vertical river position and the width of

river migration belt yielded data about the change in sediment volume in the reach, with an average annual loss

of sediment amounting to 256 m3 per 100 m channel segment. The study indicated that DEMs generated from archival aerial photos can be a useful tool in analyzing recent vertical channel changes outside water-gauge

stations.

References Wyżga B. 2008. A review on channel incision in the Polish Carpathian rivers during the 20th century. In: Habersack H,

Piégay H, Rinaldi M (edts): Gravel-bed rivers VI: From process understanding to river restoration. Elsevier,

Amsterdam, 525-555.

Wyżga B., Zawiejska J., Radecki-Pawlik A. 2016. Impact of channel incision on the hydraulics of flood flows: Examples

from Polish Carpathian rivers. Geomorphology 272, 10-20.

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MAPPING STRUCTURAL DEFECTS AND SUBSIDENCE ZONES

ALONG THE ARTIFICIAL LEVEES OF THE TISZA RIVER, HUNGARY

Diaa ELSAYED HAMED1, György SIPOS1, Sándor KOVÁCS1, Gergő GÁL1

1University of Szeged, Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, Hungary


Artificial levees along alluvial rivers are major components of flood risk mitigation. This is especially true in case of Hungary, where more than one third of the country is threatened by floods and protected by an over

4200 km long levee system. Most of the levees were built in the 19th century, and since then several natural and

anthropogenic processes, such as compaction, erosion, etc. could contribute to the slow, but steady deformation

of these earth structures. Meanwhile, as construction works were scarcely documented the structure and composition of artificial levees is not well known. The aim of the present analysis was therefore to map

structural differences, possible compositional deficiencies and sections where elevation decrease is significant

along a 40 km section of the Lower Tisza River. Investigations were made by using ground penetrating radar (GPR) and RTK GPS measurements.

GPR was applied along the levee crown and levee foot using a 200 MHz antenna. 100 m long profiles were

acquired and analyzed to map different features referring to: 1) animal burrows, 2) layer discontinuities or cracks, 3) palaeochannles below the levee and 4) changes in levee material. For locating zones of subsidence

the following datasets were combined and compared: 1976 levelling data on the levee crown; 2003 RTK GPS

data on the levee crown and levee foot, both datasets provided by the Lower Tisza Water Directorate

(ATIVIZIG); and our own RTK GPS survey made on the levee crown and the levee foot in 2017/2018. GPR data have shown that levee structure can significantly vary even in a few km on sections with the

same construction history. Anomalies were identified and they exhibited a variable spatial frequency, meaning

that some sections are affected greater by deficiencies than others. Penetration depth varied between 3 and 4 m, but showed an increasing trend going upstream, referring to an increase of grainsize concerning levee material.

Based on elevation results the mean height of the levee crown in 1976 was 85.29 m asl., while in 2017 it was

85.15 m asl. meaning a 14 cm general decrease in crown elevation. However, at some locations elevation decrease could reach up to 30 cm. Sections affected both by structural anomalies and increased subsidence are

considered to be especially sensitive to flood risk.

USING INSAR TECHNIQUE TO STUDY INLAND EXCESS WATER PROBLEMS

ON THE EXAMPLE OF SOUTH-EASTERN HUNGARY

ISMAILOV Yerlan

Doctoral School of Geosciences, University of Szeged, Hungary


Recent research of inland excess water (IEW) incidence on the Great Hungarian Plain (GHP) shows that

commonly, on the local flat areas, phenomenon of IEW occurs independently from river floods and surface

water networks. In this presentation we will focus on some constant factors affecting the IEW incidence such as geological structure, soil conditions, relief, and dead river beds. In this case, using the InSAR technique to

obtain precise DEM with satisfactory resolution will be main task of this work. Other results, such as estimates

of erosion, deposition, soil moisture, water level change, and net volumetric change of discharges may be achieved by using this technique.

It is planned to compare obtained results with radar altimetry data, ground measurements and results

of previous researches.

References Bozán Cs., Takács K., Körösparti J., Laborczi A., Túri N., Pásztor L., 2018. Integrated spatial assessment of

inland excess water hazard on the Great Hungarian Plain. LDD, Volume 29, Issue 12, 4373-4386.

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TOURIST TRAILS ASSESSMENT, USING DENDROGEOMORPHOLOGICAL

APPROACH AND TOPOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS

IN THE FĂGĂRAȘ MASSIF-SOUTHERN CARPATHIANS, ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS

Mihai JULA, Mircea VOICULESCU

Department of Geography, West University of Timișoara, Romania


Tourist trails are an important component of the touristic infrastructure (Boller et al. 2010), represent opportunities for recreation and form together a network with an important role in preventing uncontrolled

tourist dispersion (Tomczyk and Ewertowski 2013). Under the impact of tourists, in the forest area, the erosion

processes evolve revealing exposed roots. The aim of our study is to estimate the erosion rate along tourist trails by combining

dendrogeomorphological techniques (Pelfini and Santilli 2006) and topographic parameters, with a special

emphasis on the slope (Svajda et al. 2016). Our study was performed along 2 tourist trails in the Făgăraș massif-Southern Carpathians: Bâlea Hotel-

Bâlea Waterfall (BH-BC) and Bâlea Hotel-Bâlea Lake (BH-BL). The 21, respectively 11

dendrogeomorphological samples, were taken from the tree stem and also from its exposed roots, being encoded

afterwards. Through laboratory processing the field data, following tree coordinates were obtained: age, height, circumference, aspect and altitude. The instruments we used during the field stage were a tape measure, a

Garmin GPS76CSx., a clinometer and compass (Suunto Tandem).

The achieved results are: for the BH-BC trail, erosion was between 0.023-2.56 mm/year (average 1.11 mm/year), considering that this trail has high slopes, between 20o-40o, especially in its upper part; for the BH-

BL trail, erosion was between 0.43-1.49 mm/year (average 0.64 mm/year), considering that this trail has smaller

slopes.

Our study highlighted that the high mountain environment is sensible to tourist impact. The dendrogeomorphological approach proves to be a very useful tool in the process of assessing the rate of erosion

of tourist trails. Our results are similar to others (Pelfini and Santilli, 2006). The obtained results could be

validated also by the number of tourists trekking these trails every year, however keeping track of them is extremely difficult.

Acknowledgement: We thank our colleague, Dr. Ana Ianăș, who helped us take tree samples on the field.

References

Boller F., Hunziker M., Conedera M., Elsasse, H., Krebs P., 2010. Fascinating Remoteness: The Dilemma of

Hiking Tourism Development in Peripheral Mountain Areas. Mountain Res. and Developm. 30/4, 320-331. Pelfini M., Santilli M., 2006. Dendrogeomorphological analyses on exposed roots along two mountain hiking

trails in the Central Italian Alps. Geografiska Annaler, 88A/3. 223-236.

Svajda J., Korony S., Brighton I., Esser S., Ciapala S., 2016. Trail impact monitoring in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA, Solid Earth 7(1): 115-128.

Tomczyk A.M, Ewertowski M., 2013. Quantifying short-term surface changes on recreational trails: The use

of topographic surveys and ‘digital elevation models of differences’ (DODs), Geomorphology 183, 58-72.

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PALEO-ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE RESEARCH

ON THE IV. AND V. TERRACES OF RED HILL (MORAVIA)

Éva KIS1, Dénes LÓCZY2, Ferenc SCHWEITZER1, István VICZIÁN1

1Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences of the HAS, Hungary 2Department of Physical and Environmental Geography, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Science,

University of Pécs, Hungary

E-mail: kis.eva@csfk,mta.hu

The variations of the paleogeographic environment were investigated using sedimentological parameter values of

samples from the northwestern fringe of the Carpathian Basin. In this paper we want to provide refined relative

chronological data to loess-paleosol section situated on the IV. and V. terraces of Red Hill (Southern Moravia), based on a comparison with Heinrich events, North and South hemispheric ice core records. The section is located

on Devonian red sandstone and pebbles, and Miocene sandstone. The last glacial-interglatial loess section (Fink

and Kukla 1977, Zeman 1992) is almost complete, all of the interstadial soils can be identified in the series of the eroded upper part of the PK I complex. The double paleosols equivalent with the MF1 soils (according to the

Hungarian loess terminology) can be found together only in some places. In most of the sections only some part

of the complex remained (e.g. the chernozen soil in Dolni Vestonice with an age of 30.9 ky BP; the forest soil in

Red Hill–Bohunice-type culture: 40.2 ky BP). The MF2 paleosol is situated in the lower part of the section and it was formed during the MIS 5 (Marine Isotope Stage).

The newest ice core and deep sea drillings provide new insight into dynamics of Plio-Pleistocene

paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes. These new databases of ice cores and deep sea sediments allow us to correlate the climatic fluctuations and the terrestrial, oceanic and atmospheric relationships with various

proxies from different environments (e.g. loess deposits). The onset of the formation of recent soil can be

parallelized to H0 event (~12 000), the double structural soils to H1 and H2 events, the eroded soils of PK I to H3

and H4, while the lower part of the complex has been correlated with H5 and H6 events (~63 ka BP). The loess series above PK I has been classified into Würm-3, the strata between PK I and PK II belong to the Würm-2. The

lower part, under PK II is mostly clayey, cannot be regarded as a cold climate deposit. After the Riss/Würm

interglacial the climate has changed slowly, and the typical glacial climate has started only after 75 ka BP.

References

Fink J., Kukla G.J. 1977. Pleistocene climate in Central Europe at least 17 interglacials after Olduvai event. Quaternary Research 7, 363-371.

Zeman A. 1992. New data on the Quaternary at Cerveni kopec Hill in Brno.Scripta, Geology 22, 123-131.

APPLICATION OF A LOW-COST DRONE AND SfM PHOTOGRAMMETRY

FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION MAPPING OF A RIVER CHANNEL

Maciej LIRO, Paweł MIKUŚ

Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland


In the last decade the increasing availability of low-cost, consumer-grade drones (UAV) and structure from

motion (SfM) photogrammetry revolutionized the way of topographic data collection in geomorphology and other sciences. The SfM photogrametry allows for easy and low time-consuming production of centimetre-

scale digital elevation models (DEMs) and orthoimages from a set of photos taken using UAV (Rusnák et al.

2018). We used 1247 images taken by a consumer-grade drone equipped with 1' digital camera (DJI Phantom

4, price 1200 Euro) and SfM software (Agisoft Photoscan, price 400 Euro) to produce DEMs and orthoimages

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of a 4-km-long section of the gravel-bed Dunajec River (Polish Carpathians). The obtained resolution ranged

from 3.4 to 9.2 cm/pixel for DEMs and from 2 to 4.5 cm/pixel for orthoimages, depending on flight height and

speed and light conditions. The RMS errors for produced models ranged from 0.7 to 1.7 cm for z coordinate and from 1.1 to 9.9 cm for xyz coordinates. The RMS errors between model and independent GCPs (Ground

Control Points) measured in the field using RTK GPS ranged from 3.5 to 5.5 cm for z coordinate and from 5.5

to 9.9 cm for xyz coordinates. The obtained DEM and orthoimages allowed for measurement of bed sediments grain-size, channel form, woody debris and riparian vegetation with the accuracy not available up to now using

traditional aerial photos and DEMs.

References Rusnák, M., Sládek, J., Kidová, A., & Lehotský, M. 2018. Template for high-resolution river landscape

mapping using UAV technology. Measurement 115, 139-151.

LONG-TERM LAND COVER CHANGES ON CROSS-BORDER FLOODPLAIN

SECTIONS OF THE MIDDLE DANUBE RIVER:

DO COUNTRY BORDERS INFLUENCE LAND COVER PROCESSES?

Zine MATSHAKENI

Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, University of Szeged, Hungary


On floodplains, various land cover categories play an important role in ecosystem equilibrium and in river

management, particularly in flood control, as the vegetation cover influences the flood conveyance of the

floodplain by altering its roughness. European country borders usually developed in centuries, thus they often follow the divides of catchments, therefore a river-system is usually managed by one country. However, after

the First World War the Treaty of Trianon dissected the Austro-Hungarian empire and the Middle Danube

Basin creating new countries. The Treaty of Trianon dissected the unified flood-control system of the historical

Hungary, thus nowadays the neighboring countries practice various flood and floodplain management strategies.

Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the long-term land cover changes in the cross-border floodplain

zones of Southern Slovakia and Northern Hungary. The Military Surveys maps (1782, 1842, 1840 and 1882) and the ArcGIS basemap (2017) were used to evaluate land cover changes on floodplain sections shared by

Slovakia and Hungary in two study areas at Ács – Zlatná na Ostrove and Szob – Chľaba.

The results indicate that before the river regulations (in 1782) at Ács – Zlatná na Ostrove area the dominant (63%) land cover was grassland (meadows and pastures), but its area decreased to 27% (1840), as it

was replaced by riparian forests. However, later the area of riparian forests also decreased by 38% between

1840 and 1882. After the Trianon Treaty, riparian forests became the dominant land cover, however in the

Hungarian side they are more common (63%) than in Slovakia (34%). In the Szob–Chľaba area before the Trianon treaty, meadows and pastures occupied 23% (1782) of the

area, but until 1840 they were reduced to 10%, though later (1882) their territory increased again (38%). The

total area of arable land was always the most common landuse category (1782: 56%; 1840: 66% and 1882: 47%). Major changes observed in this area is the presence of artificial surfaces (in the 18th century: 1%), but in

the 20th c. there was an increase of (12% in Szob and 5% inChľaba).

Based on the results, the land cover has changed considerably in the two study areas. The border change

has influenced land cover uses on the floodplain particularly on the Hungarian side which shows expansion of artificial surfaces. Therefore, it is important for cross-border countries country to have harmonized floodplain

management strategies to support flood protection.

Acknowledgement: The research was supported by the Hungarian Research Found (OTKA 119 193).

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LONG-TERM MONITORING OF THE RECRUITMENT AND DYNAMICS

OF LARGE WOOD IN KAMIENICA STREAM, POLISH CARPATHIANS

Paweł MIKUŚ, Bartłomiej WYŻGA

Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. A. Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland E-mail: [email protected]

Understanding of large wood dynamics requires numerous observations with proper methods depending on

stream size. One of such studies has been conducted in second- to fourth-order reaches of Kamienica Stream within the Gorce Mountains National Park, Polish Carpathians. In the autumn of 2009, 429 living trees growing

along three reaches of the stream were tagged with numbered metal plates (the highest reach – aluminium plates;

middle reach – copper; the lowest reach – steel). The different metals would enable us to find a tagged tree in the case of its burial in sediments. The timing and mechanisms of tree recruitment to the stream and their

displacement in the channel have been monitored regularly. During nearly ten years of observations, 93 trees

(21,7% of total) were delivered to the channel as a result of bank erosion (58 trees), windthrow (27 trees), snow overload (2 trees) and landslide (1 tree). This indicates the turnover period of riparian trees below 50 years,

which seems very short in the light of the fact that the riparian area of the stream supports trees with ages up to

~160 years. This may reflect acceleration of the delivery of trees to the stream in the last 10 years caused by

bark beetle infestation of spruce stands in the valley (Mikuś et al., 2016). The bark beetle infestation caused significant weakening of 13 trees, making them easier to break during strong wind. Poor initial state of

preservation of trees infected by bark beetles caused rapid fragmentation of fallen trees and easy transport of

these small pieces, also during medium water stages. By contrast, high living trees, toppled by wind or bank erosion on the opposite channel edge, are large enough to form wood dams. Complete dams can be quite stable

channel forms that are able to survive small and medium floods in Kamienica Stream.

Monitoring of wood mobility indicates that most of large wood is transported only during medium and

large floods, which took place three times during the observation period. As channel width and flow depth increase downstream, so does the transport of wood. During two major floods in the summer of 2016 and 2018

the average distance of large wood transport was 15 m in the uppermost reach, 14 m in the middle reach and

317 m in the lowest reach. The transported trees were preferentially deposited on gravel bars in wider channel sections. Flood hazard to downstream, inhabited valley reaches, that might result from a sudden delivery during

floods of considerable amounts of large wood stored in the upstream course of the stream in the national park,

seems to be rather limited (Mikuś et al., 2016).

References

Mikuś P., Wyżga B., Ruiz-Villanueva V., Zawiejska J., Kaczka R.J., Stoffel M. 2016. Methods to assess large

wood dynamics and the associated flood hazard in Polish Carpathian watercourses of different size. In: Kundzewicz Z.W., et al. (eds): Flood Risk in the Upper Vistula Basin. Springer, Cham, 77-101.

HOLOCENE VALLEY FLOOR EVOLUTION IN THE FORESTED HEADWATER

CATCHMENT OF THE OUTER WESTERN CARPATHIANS

Lenka TLAPÁKOVÁ, Tonáš PÁNEK

Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic


Fluvial terraces of headwater streams in mountainous forested areas are poorly investigated due to their

fragmentary preservation, incompleteness of the fluvial archives and difficulties with mapping caused by the dense canopy cover. We utilize high-resolution LiDAR data, field mapping, geophysical soundings,

sedimentology and radiocarbon dating to reconstruct the evolution of a forested valley floor in the highest part

of the Czech Outer Western Carpathians. The studied reach of the Černá Ostravice River provides a unique

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sequence of three Holocene floodplain terraces set within older alluvial fans and flysch bedrock. The oldest

(TH) terrace has a minimum age of ~8.5 ka, but the age of its topmost fill reveals possible aggradation until the

beginning of the last millennium. In the alluvial record of the middle terrace (TM), Subboreal (~4.3–2.6 ka) gravel deposits predominates. Radiocarbon data suggest possible high-magnitude flood(s) during the Subboreal

(~4.3 ka) and Subboreal/Subatlantic (~2.9–2.6 ka) transition, which caused erosion and resedimentation of older

gravel deposits and deposits of organic debris. This evolution phase is revealed in middle terrace (TM) and partly in the basal sequence of the low terrace (TL). The TL terrace is dominated by <500-yr-old fine-grained

overbank deposits, which we interpret as legacy sediments due to deforestation and shepherd activity during

the so-called Wallachian colonization of the Outer Western Carpathians. Our study reveals peculiarities in the

development of river terraces of small mountainous forested catchments, which are exemplified by the flysch Outer Western Carpathians and involve (i) limited preservation of pre-Holocene river terraces and (ii) the

decisive role of anthropogenic land-use changes in sediment delivery during the last several centuries. We

support a growing body of studies suggesting the high sensitivity of fluvial systems to perturbations caused by the transformation of nearly pristine mountainous landscapes to those largely controlled by grazing and forest

management.

Acknowledgement. This study was conducted within the framework of the University of Ostrava project

SGS05/PřF/2017–2018.

FLUVIAL SYSTEM DIVERSITY IN RELATION TO

CONFLUENCE HYDRODYNAMIC ZONE – A REVIEW STUDY

Lukáš VAVERKA, Václav ŠKARPICH

Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava


Fluvial systems can be interpreted as a networks of channels and their environment with specific water and

sediment transport dynamics. Due to the differences in the water flow, organic and sediment matter transport in each channel, their junctions can create unique zones. These zones have specific conditions, which

additionally affect morphological diversity of fluvial system. This review study is mainly focused on description

of dynamics and factors which affect formations and occurences of typical morphological attributes in open

channel confluences. Also, it highlights their role in the distribution of morphological diversity in the fluvial system. Subsequent studies (Best 1986, Roy et al. 1988) found correlation between geometrical setting of an

open channel confluence (e. g. angle) and hydrodynamics. Specifically its effect on intesity of erosion-

accumulation processes and therefore confluence morphology. Morphological processes at confluence also affect flow hydrodynamics of upstream and downstream the river with e. g., channel aggradation iduced by

increased sediment supply. The most recent researches in this field are predominantly focused on turbulent flow

dynamics and how it affects confluence morphology on local scale, such as generation of secondary currents and sediment deposition (Yuan et al. 2018). In the contrast to these researches at the local scale processes with

detailed numerical modelling, there are many unresolved subjects considering channel heterogeneity and effect

of different flows and material inputs in confluence zone. Combined with differences in parameters of the river

network geometry (e.g., shape, pattern) (Benda et al. 2004) this issue provides other possibilities for future research.

References Benda, L., Poff, N. L., Miller, D., Dunne, T., Reeves, G., Pess, G., Pollock, M. (2004): The Network Dynamics

Hypothesis: How Channel Networks Structure Riverine Habitats. BioScience, 5, 54, 413.

Best, J. L. (1986): The morphology of river channel confluences. Progress in Phys. Geography, 2, 10, 157-174.

Roy, A. G., Roy, R., Bergeron, N. (1988): Hydraulic geometry and changes in flow velocity at a river confluence

with coarse bed material. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 7, 13, 583–598.

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Yuan, S., Tang, H., Xiao, Y., Qiu, X., Xia, Y. (2018): Water flow and sediment transport at open-channel

confluences: an experimental study. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 3, 56, 333–350.

NATURAL AND HUMAN INDUCED GEOMORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

DURING THE HOLOCENE ALONG THE DANUBE

AT THE FOOT OF THE CASTLE HILL IN BUDAPEST

István VICZIÁN1, Farkas Márton TÓTH2, Máté SZABÓ3, János BALOGH1, Csilla KIRÁLY1, Éva KIS1,

József SZEBERÉNYI1

1Geographical Institute RCAES HAS, Hungary; 2Aquincum Museum of the Budapest History Museum, Budapest, 1031, Hungary; 3Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research RCAES HAS, Hungary


Humans today are the major global geomorphological driving force and an important component of Earth

System processes in landscape evolution. Was this statement true on local or regional level in the previous ages, even several thousand years ago? Researches show that so far the largest geomorphological changes caused by

human impact in the study area took place during the Bronze Age.

The Holocene geomorphological evolution of the Castle Hill’s eastern footslope and the connected

floodplain of the Danube as well as the role of human-landscape interactions in surface development were studied in relation to the archaeological excavation at 2 Fő Street in the city centre of Budapest. The study

involved sedimentological and XRD mineralogical analysis, GIS modelling and geomorphological mapping of

the site’s wider area. The geomorphological development of the study area and its wider surroundings was significantly affected by natural forces, such as those climatic periods, which caused significant incisions of the

Danube’s river channel. Another natural event was perhaps a short-lived environmental deterioration and

climate change which may be associated with the Thera eruption in Santorini Islands (1600 BC). The almost 7000-year-old history of human presence was revealed by the studied sediment sequence

of the excavation; nevertheless, the sequence was deposited almost exclusively, in the Early and Middle Bronze

Age (ca. 2500–1600 BC). In these centuries the rate of the natural processes of erosion and colluvium

accumulation are highly increased, which could be attributed to deforestation and cultivation of the catchment slopes. The proportion of alluvial sediments decreases in the section from bottom to top, but a significant alluvial

impact is continuously present. This may be due to overall increase of areal erosion in the catchment area of the

river in connection to human impacts affecting other similar riverside areas.

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ACTIVE CHANNEL DYNAMICS AND OXBOW LAKE DEVELOPMENT

IN LOWLAND FREELY MEANDERING RIVERS

WITH ARTIFICIAL TRAINING HISTORY, CENTRAL EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE

Zdeněk MÁČKA

Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Czech Republic


Intact meandering lowland rivers that experience natural cutoffs are rare in Central Europe. Rather, the active channel dynamics and oxbow lake production are affected by direct channel modifications and indirect

consequences of human interventions in both reach and river basin scale. In-depth understanding of the

interactions of the processes that occur in various natural- and human-induced settings has remained a challenge in fluvial research. This study offers insight into the oxbow lake generation, their post-cutoff development and

morphological response of active channel to cutoffs on lowland rivers in the Outer Carpathian Depressions and

Vienna Basin. Process of oxbow lake generation was considerably accelerated during 19th and 20th century by channel

training works including channel straightening and artificial cutoffs. In the same time lake infilling and

extinction was also more rapid mostly due to reclamation for agricultural purposes. Several examples of natural

neck cutoffs on the lowland Morava, Svratka and Jihlava Rivers, which occurred in last two decades were studied. Rate of oxbow lake infilling in post-cutoff period was governed not only by frequency and magnitude

of successive floods, hydrological connectivity and diversion angle, but also by presence of obstructions in

active channel as large wood jams and depositional bars which affected hydraulic conditions at the entrances to cutoff channels.

Response of active channel to artificial and natural cutoff events was studied by analysing series of

aerial images. Enhanced rates of bank erosion were encountered in the post cutoff period as a response to

channel shortening. More profound effect on acceleration of floodplain erosion rates were found in the case of artificial cutoffs which affected longer reaches of the active channel. In some cases lateral erosional rates

returned to pre-cutoff levels not earlier than after two decades.

Acknowledgement: Research is an outcome of the project MUNI/A/1576/2018 Complex research of the

geographical environment on planet Earth.

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ADJUSTMENTS OF BISTRICIOARA RIVER CHANNEL

(EASTERN CARPATHIANS, ROMANIA) IN THE LAST 100 YEARS

Valeriu STOILOV-LINU, Mihai NICULIŢĂ, Dan DUMITRIU, Nicuşor NECULA

Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Romania E-mail: [email protected]

Bistricioara basin is located in Eastern Carpathians, draining 781.28 km2, between 1745.6 m a.s.l. (Grintieș

Peak) and 486.2 m a.s.l. (the confluence with Izvorul Muntelui anthropic lake). Given the temperate continental mountainous climate, with a mean multiannual temperature of 5.2 °C and mean multiannual precipitation of

719 mm, the mean discharge at Bistricioara hydrometric station (close to the outlet) is 6.38 m3/s (for the period

1951-2018). The highest mean daily discharge was in 18 August 1985 of 170 m3/s and the lowest in 28 January 1954 of 0.108 m3/s. The month with the highest discharge during the year is April, the period with high flow

being March to September, while during October –February is the low flow period, with January the month

with the lowest flow.

Topographic maps covering the period 1890-1984 and aerial imagery data covering 1984-2012 period were used to map the Bistricioara channel for six periods (1890, 1920, 1960, 1984, 2005, 2012). Remote sensing

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images from the Google Earth database were used to assess changes with a higher temporal accuracy for the

period between 2005 and 2018. A photogrammetric DEM at 5 m resolution was used to map the valley and

terrace extension, in order to evaluate the BRT classification (Rinaldi et al., 2013, 2016) of laterally confined and partly confined typology. The Bistricioara channel was assessed as alluvial single-thread type 7 (cobble-

gravel material and riffle-pool morphology) with sectors of wandering (type 11) and pseudo-meandering (type

12). Vertical stage and discharge measurement were used to reconstruct the vertical channel variations (Juracek and Fitzpatrick, 2009; Rădoane et al., 2013), which show a slow incision in the last 50 years of up to 0.5 m.

References

Juracek K.E., Fitzpatrick, F.A, 2009. Geomorphic applications of stream-gage information, River Research and Applications 25, 329-347.

Rădoane M., Obreja F., Cristea F., Mihăilă D., 2013. Changes in the channel-bed level of the eastern Carpathian

rivers: Climatic vs. human control over the last 50 years, Geomorphology 193, 91-111. Rinaldi M., Surian N., Comiti F., Bussettini M., 2013. A method for the assessment and analysis of the

hydromorphological condition of Italian streams: The Morphological Quality Index (MQI),

Geomorphology 180-181, 96-108. Rinaldi M., Gurnell A.M., González del Tánago M., Bussettini M., Hendriks D., 2016. Classification of river

morphology and hydrology to support management and restoration. Aquatic Sciences: research across

boundaries 78, 17-33.

MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF A LARGE ALLUVIAL RIVER CHANNEL

UNDER HUMAN IMPACTS: A CASE OF THE LOWER TISZA RIVER, HUNGARY

Gabriel J. AMISSAH, Timea KISS



River systems the world over have been subjected to various engineering works which have altered their

morphology. Understanding the hydro-morphological response of these rivers to such engineering works is vital to sustainable river management (Wyżga, 1993; Hamar et al., 2005; Scorpio and Rosskopf, 2016). The

Lower Tisza, which forms part of the lowland section of the Tisza River in Hungary has been the subject of

various human interventions. These include the construction of embanked levees which disconnected the river form its 10-20 km wide floodplain; artificial meander cut-offs which shortened the river by a third of its length;

the construction of revetments and groynes which reduced the active channel thereby reducing flood

conveyance; and the construction of lock-dams. To understand the long-term morphological response of the

river to various human interventions and the implications for future river management the following data were analised: hydrological surveys (1891, 1931, 1961, 1976 1999 and 2017) which mapped the channel,

Hydrological Atlas of the Tisza (1976) showing the river banklines (1891, 1931 and 1976) and the locations of

surveyed cross-sections and revetments; a DEM of the Lower Tisza produced from the merging of airborne LiDAR a high-frequency survey of the channel bathymetry; ADCP measurements at selected bends; bank

survey to map the erosional and depositional bank-forms; and RTK measurements of the banklines and point-

bars at selected bends (2013-2018).

The cross-sectional area of the channel increased from 1891-1961 in response to the regulation works as the channel tended towards a quasi-equilibrium. The construction of revetments to stop lateral erosion which

threatened the levees eliminated most active bars (reduction from 140 ha to 4 ha), while the initial response of

the river to the regulation works was distorted with accelerated incision and reduced channel cross-section. Nowadays erosional processes dominate the river, thus some revetted sections (17.5 km) also eroded/collapsed.

Probably the river will continue to increase its cross-sectional area to achieve a new equilibrium, although this

adjustment seems asymptotic currently with the initially meandering river transforming into an ingrown meandering river. Conversely, the erosional processes suggest that if the revetment are not well managed, the

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river may re-establish a form similar to that before the regulations, but with increased flood hazards associated

to possible damage to the levees related to accelerated lateral erosion.

Acknowledgement: The research was supported by the Hungarian Research Found (OTKA 119193).

References Harmar, O.P.; Clifford, N.J.; Thorne, C.R.; Biedenharn, D.S. 2005: Morphological changes of the Lower Mississippi River:

Geomorphological response to engineering intervention. River Res Appl, 21, 1107-1131.

Scorpio, V.; Rosskopf, C.M. 2016: Channel adjustments in a Mediterranean river over the last 150 years in the context of

anthropic and natural controls. Geomorphology, 275, 90-104. 35.

Wyżga, B. 1993: River response to channel regulation: case study of the Raba River, Carpathians, Poland. Earth Surf.

Process. Landf. 18, 541–556. 54.

MORPHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM LOW SEDIMENT INPUTS

– THE ELBE RIVER

Jan HRADECKÝ, Václav ŠKARPICH, Tomáš GALIA, Lukáš VAVERKA, Václav GURKOVSKÝ



The Elbe belonging to main European catchments is a river basin heavily influenced by anthropogenic activity. Extensive medieval river regulations were followed by intensive channel transformations in the 18th, 19th and

20th centuries. The most important damming started to take place within the Vltava branch in the 1930s. The

whole (430 km long) Vltava River is influenced by 9 large dams where a huge amount of transported sediments is blocked (bedload is transformed totally). The Elbe River begins in the Giant Mountains and the whole channel

is heavily affected. The upper and middle parts (in the Czech Republic) of the channel are influenced by more

than 60 large weirs and lock chambers (the damming started in the 1910s) (e.g. Raška et al. 2017). Both branches have river embankments and other types of water management structures. The complexity of the river

transformation is a significant threat to the sustainability of riverine landscape. (e.g. Škarpich et al. 2013).

The study brings new data on gravel bar parameters in the lower part of the Elbe River in the Czech

Republic (from Střekov lock chamber – to the border of the Czech Republic with Germany). The transport of bedload sediments has completely been transformed and due to the management of catchment and navigation

authorities, the particle size composition and morphology of gravel bars have changed. All the studied river

reach belongs to the biotopes of 3,270 rivers with muddy banks with Chenopodion rubri p. p. and Bidention p. p. vegetation (Chytrý et al. 2010). The presence of such biotopes is based on the remnants of gravel bars that

have specific gravel size distribution and typical longitudinal and transversal profiles. In the study, the results

are interpreted with regard to the river management and future river behaviour (Hradecký et al. 2019) as well as with respect to high natural value of the study area.

Acknowledgement: The research was supported by the National Park Bohemian Switzerland (SNPCS

0540U2018)

References Chytrý M., Kučera T., Kočí M., Grulich V., Lustyk P. (eds.) 2010. Katalog biotopů České republiky. AOPK, Praha, 76-79.

Hradecký J., Škarpich V., Galia T., Gurkovský V., Vaverka L. 2019. Štěrky, štěrky, šterky…(ne)valící se kameny po Labi.

Ochrana přírody, 74(2), 28-31.

Raška P., Dolejš M., Hofmanová M. (2017): Effects of Damming on Long‐Term Development of Fluvial Islands, Elbe

River (N Czechia). River Research and Applications 33(4), 471-482.

Škarpich V., Hradecký J., Dušek R. 2013. Complex transformation of the geomorphic regime of channels in the forefield

of the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts: case study of the Morávka River (Czech Republic). Catena 111, 25-40.

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NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS GENERATING RIVERBANK

WITH EROSION HAZARD ON THE LOWER TISZA RIVER

Éva KIS1, Dénes LÓCZY2, Ferenc SCHWEITZER1, István VICZIÁN1

1 Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences of the HAS, Hungary

2 Department of Physical and Environmental Geography, Institute of Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Pécs, Hungary

E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]@adress.org

The heavily regulated Tisza River provides ample opportunities for the study of bank erosion, its circumstances,

rates and types. Bank erosion is a major driver a river channel processes worldwide. In the case of lange

meandering rivers, bend formation involves delicate patterns of undercutting and bank collapses. In the paper

particularly high rates and diverse types of bank erosion are presented from the Hungarian section of the Tisza River, between Csongrád and Mártély. It is observed that geomorphic selfregulation channel adjustments after

channelization) have also been influential in channel evolution. When identifying the origin, mechanisms and

types of mass movements along the riverbank natural geological (tectonic control, sedimentological buildup of banks and fluvial landforms) and hidrological (river regime and groundwater dynamics) factors are contrasted

with anthropogenic factors (river regulation, other built structures on the bank), which are locally of equal

significance. General predictions are given for the future occurrence of bank erosion, its expected frequency

governed by weather patterns and opportunities for mitigation. On the basis of landslide hazard assessment using the modified Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), bank protection measures can be located in view of the

ecology of the riparian zone. Structual interventions are only proposed where human structures are threatened

by riverbank erosion. General predictions of the future spatial and temporal distribution of bank erosion hazard and

opportunities for migration are also covered in the paper.

References Blanka V., Kiss T. 2011: Effect of different water stages on bank erosion, case study on River Hernád, Hungary.

Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 6. 2, 101-108.

Florsheim J.L., Mount J.F., Chin A. 2008: Bank Erosion as a Desirable Attribute of Rivers. BioScience 58/6, 519-529.

Lawler D.M., Thorne C.R., Hooke J.M. 1997: Bank erosion and instability. In: Thorne C.R, Hey R.D., Newson M.D. (eds):

Applied Fluvial Geomorphology for River Engineering and Management. Wiley, Chichester, 137-172.

Lóczy D., Kis É., Schweitzer F. 2009. Local flood hazards assessed from channel morphometry along the Tisza River in

Hungary. Geomorphology 113/3-4, 200-209.

CAUSES AND IMPACTS OF TWENTIETH-CENTURY EXPANSION OF

RIPARIAN FOREST IN THE VALLEYS OF POLISH CARPATHIAN RIVERS

Hanna HAJDUKIEWICZ, Bartłomiej WYŻGA

Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland E-mail: [email protected]

In the twentieth century and especially in its second half, forest development occurred in the valleys of Polish Carpathian rivers (Wyżga et al. 2012). Trees encroached not only on floodplains but also on some mid-channel

bars, turning them into islands. Two principal causes of the riparian forest expansion in the mountain valleys can

be indicated. Catchment-wide, land use and climatic changes reduced water and sediment dynamics of the rivers,

decreasing the rate and lateral extent of turnover of their active zones. Channel narrowing and bank reinforcement in the course of channelization works stabilised river position on the valley floors and left extensive areas of the

former, wide channels available for spontaneous development or planting of forest. Moreover, the emergence of

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new sources of income for the previously purely agricultural society enabled a decline of pastoral and agricultural

pressures on riparian areas and the resultant growth of trees and shrubs.

The twentieth-century expansion of riparian forest is illustrated by changes in the middle course of the Czarny Dunajec River draining the Inner Polish Carpathians. In the second half of the nineteenth century, forest

grew only on a few islands in a short river section and no forest occurred on the river banks. By the mid-

twentieth century forest was already well developed in some sections of the middle river course but still absent in the others. Currently forest grows along almost the whole length of the river banks and many emerged

surfaces within the multi-thread river sections are overgrown with trees and shrubs (Hajdukiewicz and Wyżga

2018). The most apparent effect of the forest development on the valley floors is the delivery of considerable

quantities of large wood to the channels, that mostly occurs during floods. The wood debris may increase flood risk to bridges and intensively managed valley reaches, but it also beneficially influences riverine and riparian

ecosystems.

Acknowledgement: This study was performed within the scope of the Research Project 2015/19/N/ST10/01505

financed by the National Science Centre of Poland.

References

Wyżga B., Zawiejska J., Radecki-Pawlik A., Hajdukiewicz H. 2012. Environmental change,

hydromorphological reference conditions and the restoration of Polish Carpathian rivers. Earth Surface

Processes and Landforms 37, 1213-1226. Hajdukiewicz H., Wyżga B. 2019. Aerial photo-based analysis of the hydromorphological changes of a

mountain river over the last six decades: The Czarny Dunajec, Polish Carpathians. Science of the Total

Environment 648, 1598-1613.

RESPONSE OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION TO BACKWATER FLUCTUATION:

AN EXAMPLE OF A POLISH CARPATHIAN STREAM

Maciej LIRO1, Paweł MIKUŚ1, Edward WALUSIAK1, Karol PLESIŃSKI2, Bartłomiej WYŻGA1

1 Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

2Department of Hydraulics Engineering and Geotechnics, Agricultural University of Krakow, Kraków,

Poland E-mail: [email protected]

Backwater inundation of a river section upstream of a dam reservoir may be deeper and longer lasting than

those produced by the natural flow regime of river, which raises a series of open questions about the functioning

of riparian vegetation here (Liro 2019, Volke et al., 2019). We use hydraulic modelling, remote sensing data,

and field surveys to explore such adjustments on a small gravel-bed Smolnik Stream affected by backwater fluctuation of the Rożnów Reservoir (S Poland) since 1942. We documented distinct river hydrodynamics,

increased rate of fine sediments deposition (up to 10 cm/year) and specific river morphology (narrow, deep and

highly sinuous channel) in a lower part of the studied BF zone. These changes were accompanied by expansion of the medium-aged riparian forest (42.6% increase in area) on abandoned agricultural land and channel bars –

a process particularly fast in the first 30 years of BF influences. This forest supports a low number of vascular

plant species (from 8 to 25 species per 10x10 m plot), which probably reflects backwater-related water stress,

high sedimentation rate and a decreased potential for riparian vegetation rejuvenation during less energetic floods resulting from BF influences. The age structure of backwater forest is interpreted as an effect of temporal

clearing, which remains a major management option for abandoned agricultural land in this zone.

Acknowledgement: This study was carried out within the scope of the Research Project 2015/19/N/ST10/01526

financed by the National Science Centre of Poland

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References Liro M. 2019. Dam reservoir backwater as a field-scale laboratory of human-induced changes in river biogeomorphology:

a review focused on gravel-bed rivers. Science of the Total Environment 651:2899–2912.

Volke M. Johnson W.C., Dixon M.D., Scott M.L. 2019. Emerging reservoir delta- backwaters: biophysical dynamics and

riparian biodiversity. Ecological Monographs, e01363

TWENTIETH-CENTURY INCISION OF POLISH CARPATHIAN RIVERS:

ASSESSMENT, EFFECTS AND POSSIBILITIES OF MITIGATION

Bartłomiej WYŻGA

Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland


Channel incision occurs if a disrupted equilibrium between transport capacity of a river and its sediment load

cannot be reestablished through an increase in channel sinuosity and the resultant reduction in channel slope. Under such conditions, bed degradation induced by excess power of flood flows increases channel capacity and

the increase leads to the lowering of water stages at given discharges. Therefore, the lowering of water stages

associated with given discharges can be an indicator of river incision (Wyżga et al. 2016). As indicated by the lowering of minimum annual water stages at gauging stations, rivers draining the Polish Carpathians incised by

up to 3.8 m over the 20th century (Wyżga et al. 2016). Their incision has resulted from the increase in rivers’

transport capacity caused by channel regulation, and the concomitant decrease in sediment supply to the

channels, with in-stream gravel mining additionally reducing the amount of sediment available for fluvial transport in some rivers. Channel incision started earlier and was greater in scale in the foreland and foothill

reaches of the rivers than in their mountain reaches.

At a local scale, effects of channel incision encompass: an increase in unit stream power and bed shear stress facilitating transformation of alluvial channel beds into bedrock beds, undermining bridge piers and

channelization structures, facilitated retreat of channel banks, problems with the functioning of bank water

intakes, and a loss of groundwater resources. At the regional scale, channel incision has dramatically reduced

the potential for sediment and water storage in floodplain areas and has increased flood hazard to downstream river reaches. These effects of especially pronounced in the upper course of Carpathian rivers, where the relative

scale of channel deepening was particularly large in comparison to channel dimensions (Wyżga et al. 2016).

Last but not least, channel incision has negatively affected the three dimensions of connectivity of riverine ecosystems and the functioning of riparian ecosystems.

With numerous negative effects of incision of Polish Carpathian rivers, restoration measures are

needed that would arrest and reverse the rivers’ tendency to degrade their beds. This can be achieved by reducing excess transport capacity of the watercourses and/or increasing the delivery of sediment to their

channels (Wyżga et al. 2018). In narrow streams, incision can be mitigated by allowing spontaneous formation

of wood dams from fallen trees or construction of boulder ramps. For wider watercourses flowing far from

settlements and infrastructure, free channel migration within erodible corridors should be allowed.

References Wyżga B., Zawiejska J., Radecki-Pawlik A. 2016. Impact of channel incision on the hydraulics of flood flows: Examples

from Polish Carpathian rivers. Geomorphology 272, 10-20. Wyżga B., Kundzewicz Z.W., Konieczny R., Piniewski M., Zawiejska J., Radecki-Pawlik A., 2018. Comprehensive approach

to the reduction of river flood risk: Case study of the Upper Vistula Basin. Sci. Tot. Envi. 631-632, 1251-1267.

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HYDROMORPHOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF NATURAL LAKES IN CROATIA

Ivan MARTINIĆ, Ivan ČANJEVAC

Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Croatia


Since 2017 Department of Geography of the Faculty of Science (University of Zagreb) together with the private

company Elektroprojekt Consulting Engineers have been working on the hydromorphological monitoring of

lakes in Croatia. Monitoring includes all natural and artificial lakes with surface area bigger than 0.5 km². Seven natural lakes in Croatia have been monitored: Lake Prošće, Lake Kozjak (both part of

The Plitvice Lakes), Lake Vrana (island of Cres), Lake Vrana (Dalmatia), Lake Visovac, Lake Crniševo

and Lake Oćuša (both part of The Baćina Lakes). All lakes are situated in the Dinaric karst area of Croatia. Three lakes are part of national parks (Prošće, Kozjak and the Visovac Lake), while Vrana Lake

in Dalmatia is part of a nature park. In addition, the Vrana Lake on the island of Cres is protected due

to its water supply importance. Because of the nature protection levels, it is not a surprise that all mentioned natural lakes fall within the categories of very good and good hydrmorphological condition.

Nevertheless, the tourist exploitation of the natural lakes resulted in infrastructural changes. Those

infrastructural changes and objects have an impact on hydromorphological condition of lakes. Together

with the land use and land cover in lakes’ watershed, infrastructural changes are recognized as the most significant influence on the hydromorphological quality of the lakes.

PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF GRAVEL BED RIVERS.

A CASE STUDY FROM THE CZECH CARPHATIANS

Zuzana POLEDNIKOVÁ, Tomáš GALIA

Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Czech

Republic


Gravel bed rivers represent typical fluvial systems for the area of the Czech Carpathians and their foothills.

Most of these rivers were channelized during 20th century, which was accompanied by significant alterations of their longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles. These changes led to a degradation of their

hydromorphological state. Nowadays there should occur tendencies for improvement of this state, mainly

because of the Czech and European Union legislation (Just et al. 2010). The unsolved question is how do local rivers are perceived by the public? Are rivers in better hydromorphological state perceived more aesthetic than

others? Is there any preferable state of the river?

We tried to answer to these questions by using two sets of online surveys. The first survey was focused

on aesthetics and naturalness of the river channels. The photo set of 17 Czech Carpathians rivers was taken to evaluate aesthetics and perceived risk. Rivers were divided into three groups: close-to-nature, channelized and

channelized rivers with presented man-made constructions (e.g., weirs) on the photo. The main findings are that

close-to-nature rivers had better score in all metrics than both channelized ones. The second survey was focused on perception of the Lubina river in the urban area of the city Příbor, as a typical channelized gravel-bed river

in the area. The river was in bad hydromorphological state and thus, the river restoration efforts are needed.

Three options for potential river restoration were designated and a photo simulation was made. These photo

simulations were used in an online survey. It was found that there exists a direct relationship between aesthetics and hydromorphological state. Findings of online surveys correspond with the conclusions of Buchecker and

Junker (2008) and others who also described that there is a tight relationship between aesthetics and

hydromorphological state. Findings of both surveys are not surprising in the context of central Europe culture (Buchecker and Junker 2008). However, if we compare them with a different cultural setting, it brings out

interesting findings (for example Zhao 2012) which opens another possibility for future examination.

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References BUCHECKER, M., JUNKER, B. (2008): Aesthetic preferences versus ecological objectives in river restorations,

Landscape and Urban Planning, č. 85, pp. 141 – 154.

JUST, T. (2010): Přírodě blízké úpravy vodních toků v intravilánech a jejich význam v ochraně před povodněmi:

revitalizace sídelního prostředí vodními prvky. Agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny ČR, Praha.

ZHAO, J., LUO, P., WANG, R., CAI, Y. (2012): Correlations between aesthetic preferences of river and landscape characters. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 2, 21, 123-132.

POSSIBILITIES FOR STOPPING OF FURTHER DEGRADATION

GRAVEL-BED MORÁVKA RIVER

Tereza MACUROVÁ, Václav ŠKARPICH, Tomáš GALIA, Stanislav RUMAN, Jan HRADECKÝ

University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Czech

Republic


The Morávka River basin was originally drained by a multi-thread gravel-bar river, which is located in the

Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts. and Podbeskydská Pahorkatina Hilly land (Outer Western Carpathians, Czech

Republic). The Morávka R. has been modified by human interventions for the last 100 years. The river was

affected by the construction of the Morávka water reservoir, the Vyšní Lhoty weir, dozens of check dams and channel regulations. The research is focused on protected area of the Skalická Morávka National Nature

Monument (NNM), where the close-to-natural state of piedmont multi-thread channel is partly preserved. This

river section is protected due to occurrence of gravel bars which are linked with rare and endangered plant and animal species. In the last two decades, a gradual channel transformation (incision and channel narrowing) has

been observed in the upper part of the preserved short multi-thread river reach. The main identified problems

were sediment and water deficits, which are connected with hungry water effect and incision at Skalická

Morávka NNM (sensu Kondolf 1997). Moreover, gravel bars are quickly colonised by vegetation, which gradually decreases their mobility and dynamics. Based on the visual inspection of archival aerial photos, there

were distinguished two groups of the gravel bars: the potentially mobile gravel bars and stabilized gravel bars

by vegetation. The results shown that the area of the potentially mobile gravel bars was reduced of 85% (20 ha) between years 2000 – 2016. To prevent from gravel bars stabilization by vegetation there were identified

necessity of discharges with >20-year R.I. or application of management by artificial disturbing of bar surfaces.

The sediment budget calculation reveals ca. 35 000 m3 of the missing volume of the sediments to stop effect of hungry water and propagation of channel incision in the Skalická Morávka NNM. This volume of sediment

material was eroded by 20-year R.I. discharge in the upper part of the Skalická Morávka NNM in 2010.

Additional monitoring in the upper parts of the basin was started to obtain more detailed information about

sediment sources and sediment transport for comparison with the quantitative sediment budget of the lower (piedmont) part of the basin.

Acknowledgement: Supported by the project of the University of Ostrava Foundation SGS02/PřF/2019-2020 and by Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic.

References Kondolf, G.M., 1997. Hungry water: effects of dams and gravel mining on river channels. Envi. Managm. 21, 533–551.

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HYDROMORPHOLOGICAL MONITORING OF RIVERS IN CROATIA

– MAIN ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Ivan ČANJEVAC, Ivan MARTINIĆ

University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Geography, Croatia E-mail: [email protected]

With accession to the European Union in 2013 and prior acceptance and progressive implementation of the EU

Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD, 2000), Croatia undertook the commitment of monitoring and assessment of ecological status of surface and groundwater water bodies. Ecological status is mainly described

through the assessment of biological elements. In addition, supporting quality elements are physico-chemical

and hydromorphological which are precondition for the good and very good ecological status. The importance of hydromorphological status and assessment has been more and more recognized

within EU, as it is often a key element of healthy riverine environment (EN 2018; Rinaldi et al., 2015). In

Croatia hydromorphological research and research on the effects of river engineering on the hydrology and morphology of rivers is scarce and neglected. On the state level only recently, in 2015, the document

Methodology for monitoring and assessment of hydromorphological features was published (Croatian Waters,

2016). The presentation focuses on the challenges of the first national fieldwork hydromorphological

assessment which is in progress since the beginning of 2017 and have covered more than 300 water bodies. Results should be implemented in the monitoring scheme and river basin management plans for the period

2022-2027.

References Croatian Waters, 2016. Methodology for monitoring and assessment of hydromorphological features. Zagreb, Croatia, 26.

EN 146142018: Water quality – Guidance standard for assessing the hydromorphological features of rivers. Technical

Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis”. Bruxelles.

Rinaldi, M., Surian, N., Comiti, F., Bussettini, M., 2015. A methodological framework for hydromorphological assessment,

analysis and monitoring (IDRAIM) aimed at promoting integrated river management. Geomorphology251, 122-136.

Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC, European Parliament and European Council, Off. J. Eur. Communities, 2000.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR RESTORATION

OF CZECH CARPATHIAN RIVERS

Václav ŠKARPICH, Tomáš GALIA, Jan HRADECKÝ



The multi-thread rivers draining the Czech part of the Flysch Carpathians have undergone rapid morphological

changes due to the extensive human impact during the past centuries (Škarpich et al. 2013; 2016). It resulted in loss of ecological stability through decrease of biodiversity in aquatic and riparian ecosystems. The Czech

Republic implemented the Water Framework Directive which includes programs of restoration measures to

improve hydromorphological conditions of fluvial systems. This study has two main aims. The first is to demonstrate process-based conceptual framework for river restorations which integrates field observations of

the present hydromorphological stage of channels with river evolution trajectory. The second is to demonstrate

potential measures for river restoration in artificial modified landscape. Based on our field observations

(Škarpich et al. 2013; 2016), the main causes for transformation of Czech Carpathian rivers were associated with sediment deficit produced by land use changes, the presence of channel control works, damming and gravel

extraction. Limited sediment-supply conditions triggered ‘hungry water effect’ (sensu Kondolf 1997) and

incision of channels. Subsequently, transformed channels also showed further acceleration of their degradation due to increased flow energy during flood events, when flows are concentrated into narrower and deeper cross-

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sections without sufficient overbank flooding (Škarpich et al. 2016). With current management in Czech

Carpathian river basins where sediment supply to channels and movement by river network is significantly

limited, re-establishment of multi-thread rivers is feasible only in parts where such channels occurred under close-to-natural conditions. Nevertheless, artificial adding of coarse bed material to prevent further incision is

crucial in transformed and also in close-to-natural channel reaches. A sediment budget estimation as a most

valuable tool for taking measures of river management of multi-thread rivers is fundamental. On the other hand, it is necessary to mitigate against high energy of flood flows. These are influenced by transformed geometry of

channels together with lithological conditions of local flysch basins characterised by fast runoff response due

to generally low retention potential of flysch rocks. A good practice to prevent from incision caused by high

energy of flood flows could be an application of wide river erodible corridor sensu Wyzga et al. (2016).

Acknowledgement: Supported by the project of the University of Ostrava Foundation SGS02/PřF/2019-2020.)

References Kondolf G.M. 1997. Hungry water: effects of dams and gravel mining on river channels. Envi. Management 21, 533-551.

Škarpich V., Hradecký J., Dušek R. 2013. Complex transformation of the geomorphic regime of channels in the forefield

of the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts: case study of the Morávka River (Czech Republic). Catena 111, 25-40.

Škarpich V., Galia T., Hradecký J. 2016. Channel bed adjustment to over bankfull discharge magnitudes of the flysch

gravel-bed stream – case study from the channelized reach of Olše River (Czech Republic). Zeitschrift für

Geomorphologie 60(4), 327-341.

Wyzga B., Zawiejska J., Hajdukiewicz H. 2016. Multi-thread rivers in the Polish Carpathians: Occurrence, decline andpossibilities of restoration. Quaternary International 415, 344-356.

FLOODPLAIN AGGRADATION AND RELATED FLOOD RISK:

CASE STUDY ON THE LOWER TISZA RIVER (HUNGARY)

Judit NAGY

University of Szeged, Hungary


During the 19th century river regulation and flood protection works were carried out along the Tisza

River. The artificial levees were built to reduce floodplain with, but it led to accelerated floodplain

aggradation, and thus to an increase in flood stages. The aim of the present research is to reveal the local

factors influencing the pattern of overbank sedimentation on the 90-km-long Lower Tisza River based on the height difference of the protected and active floodplain sections, and to determine the rate of

flood conveyance capacity loss of the floodplain.

In the past ca. 150 years sediment with an average thickness of 120 cm accumulated in the floodplain of the Lower Tisza River. The actual sediment depth varies between 40 and 260 cm indicating the role of local

influencing factors of sedimentation:

1. Floodplain width: in narrow floodplain sections thicker (250-260 cm), while in broader floodplain areas thinner (40-50 cm) sediment has accumulated.

2. Tributaries with different sediment load: the Maros River transports a great amount of bedload and

suspended sediment, thus downstream of its confluence the accumulated sediment is 50-100 cm thicker

and coarser on the Tisza’s floodplain than in the upstream areas. 3. Meander and channel characteristics: they affect the sedimentation primarily on natural levees that

form adjacent to the channel. Along meanders with small radius of curvature (< 750 m) higher levees

by 50-150 cm have formed, while the width of the levees is affected by floodplain width, and the rate of accumulation on their surface is a function of the position of the thalweg.

4. Revetments: they affect primarily the formation of point-bars; as a result of revetment constructions

lateral accumulation has been replaced by vertical accumulation on the surface of the point bars.

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5. Riparian vegetation: long-term changes in land use (i.e. meadows and pastures have been replaced by

forest plantations), and the rapid spread of invasive plant species (e.g. Amorpha fruticosa) have caused

a 6-fold increase in vegetation roughness. Denser floodplain vegetation results in more intensive sediment accumulation, which resulted in a decrease in the flood conveyance capacity of the

floodplain, besides dense vegetation reduces flow velocities leading to an increase in flood levels.

Since the 19th century engineering works the flood conveyance capacity of the active floodplain has decreased by 22.6% on average, however, there are areas where this decrease exceeds 50%. In these sections unobstructed

flow of floods is recommended, which could not only decrease the flood risk but also could limit the sediment

accumulation. Therefore, we suggest to manage the floodplain vegetation by clearing forests from invasive

plant species and restoring former land-use categories (e.g. meadows and pastures).

Acknowledgement: The research was sponsored by the Hungarian Research Found (OTKA 119 193).

38

Field trip I. Processes along the Maros/Mures River

from Lipova (RO) to Szeged (HU) Stop 1.

Kövegy Palaeochanels, development of the Maros Alluvial Fan

Fig. 1: The catchment and the alluvial fan of River Maros.

Length: 750 km. Catchment area: 30 000 km2. Mean discharge ata Makó: 203 m3/s.

Fig. 2: Major channel generations on the Maros/Mureş alluvial fan and their age.

(Sipos Gy. (ed.) 2012: Past, Present, Future of the Maros/Mureş River. Szeged, Hungary. 212)

https://m2.mtmt.hu/gui2/?mode=browse&params=publication;2375803

39

Fig. 3: Development of the Lower Tisza region and the of the Maros alluvial fan. 1: present-

day river course, 2: possible course of a paleo-direction, 3: remnant of a Tisza paleo-channel,

4: Late Pleistocene floodplain, 5: paleo-channel zone (a-f) of the Maros, 6. Holocene floodplain

and its eroded rim. 7. Towns: Cs: Csongrád, Sz: Szeged, A: Arad, K: Kikinda.

(Kiss T., Sümeghy B., Sipos Gy. 2014: Late Quaternary paleodrainage reconstruction of the

Maros River alluvial fan. Geomorphology 204, 49–60.)

40

Stop 2.

Soimos Maros River entering the lowlands of the Pannonian Basin

Fig. 4: Temporal change of controlling parameters and channel pattern on the Maros

Alluvial Fan. (Blue boxes mark the major phases of glacial retreat in the Retezat Mountains).

Fig. 5: The course of the pre-regulation Maros/Mureş and zones of meander congestion

based on parameters of Laczay (1982) and Lancaster and Bras (2002).

(Sipos, Gy (ed.) 2012: Past, Present, Future of the Maros/Mureş River. Szeged, Hungary. 212

p. ISBN: 9789633062135)


https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=isbn%3A9789633062135

41

Stop 3.

Sambateni Gravel and sand extraction from the river

Fig. 6: Gravel and sand quarrying along the Sambateni-Cicir section of the river (Google

Earth image and photo from 2012).

Fig. 7: Very active channel development on the Sambateni-Cicir section since river

regulations.

42

Stop 4.

Mandruloc Consequences of in-channel mining activity

A) Lipova: Maros at the apex of the alluvial fan (2017)

B) Sâmbăteni: abandoned 20th c. meander and the gravel quarries (2019)

C) Mândruloc in-channel gravel quarrying in 2003 and 2018

Fig. 8: A closer look on main quarrying activities. Note former channels visible near the

river.

43

Study site km Height difference (cm) Area

(ha) at-a-site section

average

Pauliş 133-135 680

461

6.2

Sâmbăteni 120-122 620 22.6

Mândruloc 110-112 260 12.8

Fântânele 105-107 285 13.6

Zădăreni 78-80 291

208

5.6

Felnac 76-78 211 7.8

Pecica 75-76 195 6.8

Semlac 70-71 203 6.8

Seitin 60-62 140 10.8

Igriş 55-57 74

123

63.1

Nadlac 53-54 110 25.9

Bökény 40-42 124 19.8

Apátfalva I. 34-36 65 8.9

Apátfalva II. 33-34 238 16.7

Apátfalva III. 31-32 93 21.7

Makó 27-29 155 12.6

Ferencszállás 16-18 139 191 16.5

Klárafalva 11-13 243 3.9

Fig. 9: Main characteristics of 18 studied floodplain sites on the lowland section of the Maros

River. The height difference refers to the elevation difference between the high and low

floodplain levels, whilst the area refers to the size of the low floodplain.

44

Fig. 10: Changing sediment budgets between 2011 and 2015 at different sites along the river.

Stop 5.

Semlac River meandering, a robust response to cut-offs and regulations

Fig. 11: The Pecica-Semlak section of the Maros River at the time of regulations in the 19th

century (II. Military Survey).

45

Fig. 12: Development of meanders subsequent to cut-offs and training. A robust response to

human impact.

Stop 6.

Apátfalva River braiding, a sensitive response to cut-offs and regulations

Fig. 13: Braided forms on the previously straightened Apátfalva site.

46

Fig. 14: Cyclic development of the braided island system at Apátfalva.

Fig. 15: Mean width change between 1953 and 2006 along the lowland section of the Maros

River.

Fig. 16: 2005 evaluation of fluvial response to channelization and river training on the

Apátfalva section of River Maros.

47

Fig. 17: Prediction of channel pattern ont he basis of different contorlling parameters, using

the functions of Leopold and Wolman (1957) and van den Berg (1995)

48

Fieldrip II. Lower Tisza floodrisk and solutions

Hódmezővásárhely – Mártély – Mindszent – Szegvár – Csongrád – Dóc

I. Quaternary evolution and pre-regulation conditions

Fig. 18. Floodplain levels along the Lower Tisza (from the Körös to Danube rivers

Floodplain islands emerging from a floodplain level.

Surfaces of incised meanders, eroded higher floodplain level fragments

49

Fig. 19. Floodplain levels along the Tisza (between Csongrád and the Danubian

confluence, slope of the surfaces and their approximate OSL age

Fig. 20. Medieval settlement structure and hydrological conditions

(Blazovits L. 1985A Körös-Tisza-Maros-köz középkoritelepülésrendje)

50

Fig. 21. DEM of the northern part of the Lower Tisza Region, and examples on two

floodplain islands. The bold letters refer to geomorphological levels, and the black dots

represent the location of OSL sampling sites

51

II. River regulations and flood protection along the Tisza River

Fig. 22 A. Cut-offs an

d the artificial floodplain at Mártély

(A Tisza hajdan és most maps)

Fig. 22B. Digging the pilot channel of a cut-off

(Dunka et al. 1996: Verítékes honfoglalás)

Fig. 23. Structure of the artificial levee and the level of some great floods (Lászlóffy 1982: A Tisza)

Fig. 24. Comparison of European flood protected areas and artificial levees

(Dunka et al. 1996: Verítékes honfoglalás)

52

III.Consequences of regulation works

A) Hydrological changes

Fig. 25. A) Yearly highest, mean and lowest stages at Mindszent between 1921 and 2017

B) Stage-discharge curves of some great floods at Szeged gauging station.

Fig. 26. Slope frequency changes of the Tisza between Mindszent and Algyő (north of

Szeged)

(Kiss T.; Fiala, K.; Sipos Gy.; Szatmári G. 2019: Long-term hydrological changes after

various river regulation measures: Are we responsible for flow extremes? HYDROLOGY

RESEARCH 50/2, 417-430.)

-500

0

500

1000

15001

90

1

19

08

19

15

19

22

19

29

1936

19

50

19

57

19

64

19

71

19

78

19

85

1992

1999

20

06

20

13

Stag

e (c

m)

Year

Lowest Mean Max

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

1901- 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

slop

e (c

m/k

m)

decades

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

https://m2.mtmt.hu/gui2/?type=authors&mode=browse&sel=10001640





53

C) Floodplain aggradation

Fig. 27. Lidar image of two study areas north of Mindszent and at Mindszent, and

cross-sectional profiles of the floodplain

(Nagy J.; Kiss T.; Fiala K. 2017: Hullámtér-feltöltődés vizsgálata az Alsó-tisza mentén:

I. Hullámtér-szélesség és beömlő mellékfolyók hatása az akkumulációra. Hidrológiai

Közlöny, 97/4, 59-67.)

54

Fig. 28. Total amount of overbank accumulation since the construction of artificial

levees

(Nagy J.et al. 2017, Hidrológiai Közlöny, 97/4, 59-67.)

Fig. 29. Flood conveyance (volume) loss of the floodplain due to overbank aggradation

55

Fig. 30. Vegetation roughness changes of the Lower Tisza’s floodplain

Fig. 31. Modelled flood level and flow velocity changes in case of riparian vegetation

management (Scenario1: actual situation, Scenario2: clearance of invasive plants). The

graphs show the temporal change of a given parameter at a cross-section.

(Kiss T. et al. 2019: (Mis)Management of floodplain vegetation… Sci. Tot. Environ.)

56

D) Channel distortion (related torevetment constructions)

Fig. 32. Channel-cross sectional changes of the Tisza at Mindszent

(Kiss T. Fiala K., Sipos Gy. 2008: Altered meander parameters due to river regulation

works, Lower Tisza, Hungary. Geomorphology, 98/1-2, 96-110)

Fig. 33. Planimetric changes of the channel at a freemeander and at a revetmented one

(Kiss et al. 2008 Geomorphology, 98/1-2, 96-110)

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