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8/4/2019 International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.14 No.6
1/40
8/4/2019 International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.14 No.6
2/40
IRRN GUIDELINES
The International Rice Research
Newsletterobjective is:
To expedite communication among
scientists concerned with the
development of improved technologyfor rice and for rice-based cropping
systems. This publication will report
what scientists are doing to increase
the production or rice, inasmuch as
this crop feeds the most densely
populated and land-scarce nations in
the world ... IRRN is a mechanismto help rice scientists keep each other
informed of current research
findings.
The concise reports contained in
IRRN are meant to encourage rice
scientists and workers to communicate
with one another. In this way, readers
can obtain more detailed information on
the research reported.
guidelines, and research categories thatfollow.
please write the editor, IRRN, IRRI,
P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. We
look forward to your continuing interest
in IRRN.
Criteria for IRRNresearch reports
Please examine the criteria,
If you have comments or suggestions,
has international, or pan-national,
has rice environment relevance advances rice knowledge uses appropriate research design
and data collection methodology
reports appropriate, adequate data applies appropriate analysis, usingappropriate statistical techniques
reaches supportable conclusions
relevance
Guidelines forcontributorsThe International Rice Research
Newsletteris a compilation of research
briefs on topics of interest to ricescientists all over the world.
Contributions to IRRN should be
reports of recent work and work-in-
progress that have broad interest and
application. Please observe these
guidelines in preparing submissions:
The report should not exceed twopages of double-spaced typewritten
text. No more than two figures
(graphs, tables, or photos) may
accompany the text. Do not cite
references or include a
bibliography. Items that exceed the
specified length will be returned.
research objectives and project
design. The discussion should bebrief, and should relate the results
of the work to its objectives.
Report appropriate statisticalanalysis.
Provide genetic background fornew varieties or breeding lines.
Specify the environment (irrigated,rainfed lowland, upland, deep
water, tidal wetlands). If you must
use local terms to specify landforms
or cropping systems, explain or
define them in parentheses.
Specify the type of rice culture(e.g., transplanted, wet seeded, dry
seeded).
weather (wet, dry, monsoon) andby months. Do not use national or
local terms for seasons or, if used,define them.
When describing the rice plant andits cultivation, use standard,
internationally recognized
designators for plant parts and
growth stages, environments,
management practices, etc. Do not
use local terms.
Include a brief statement of
Specify seasons by characteristic
When reporting soil nutrientstudies, be sure to include standard
soil profile description,
classification, and relevant soil
properties.
diseases, insects, weeds, and crop
plants; do not use common namesor local names alone.
Survey data should be quantified(infection percentage, degree of
severity, sampling base, etc.).
When evaluating susceptibility,resistance, tolerance, etc., report the
actual quantification of damage due
to stress used to assess level or
incidence. Specify the
measurements used.
Use international measurements.Do not use local units of measure.
Express yield data in metric tons
per hectare (t/ha) for field studiesand in grams per pot (g/pot) or per
row (g/row) for small-scale studies.
Express all economic data in termsof the US$. Do not use national
monetary units. Economic
information should be presented at
the exchange rate $:local currency
at the time data were collected.
Use generic names, not tradenames, for all chemicals.
When using acronyms orabbreviations, write the name in full
on first mention, following it with
the acronym or abbreviation in
parentheses. Thereafter, use the
abbreviation.
Define in a footnote or legend anynonstandard abbreviations orsymbols used in a table or figure.
Provide scientific names for
Categories of researchreportedGERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
genetic resources
genetics
breeding methods
yield potentialgrain quality and nutritional value
disease resistance
insect resistancedrought tolerance
excess water tolerance
adverse temperature tolerance
adverse soils tolerance
integrated germplasm improvement
seed technology
research techniques
data management and computer
modeling
CROP AND RESOURCE
MANAGEMENTsoils and soil characterization
soil microbiology and biological N
physiology and plant nutrition
crop management
soil fertility and fertilizer managementdisease management
insect management
weed management
managing other pests
integrated pest management
water management
farm machinery
environmental analysis
postharvest technologyfarming systems
research methodologydata management and computer
fertilizer
modeling
SOCIOECONOMIC AND
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
environment
production
livelihood
EDUCATION AND
COMMUNICATION
training and technology transfer
communication research
information storage and retrieval
research
8/4/2019 International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.14 No.6
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CONTENTSGERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Genetic resources
4 Diseases and mycoflora ofOryza indandamanica Ellis.
Genetics4 External budding in rice aleurone grains
5 Genetic diversity in rice Oryza sativa L.
Yield potential
5 Effect on rice yield of root damage to seedlings
6 Source-sink relationship at postflowering of rices under low light
stress
Grain quality and nutritional value
7 Effect of pyrile and NPK on nutritional quality of rice
7 Milling characteristics of aromatic rices
Disease resistonce
8 Reaction of rice germplasm to sheath blight (ShB)
8 Genetic sources for resistance to rice blast (Bl) caused by
Pyricularia oryzae Cav. in Guilan Province, Iran
Insect resistance
9 Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera (Horvath)
9 Reaction to brown planthopper (BPH) of varieties originating from
survival and nymph emergence on some rice varieties
Oryza officinalis
varieties
Adverse soils tolerance
10 Leaffolder (LF) damage and yield loss on some selected rice
10 Performance of selected rice genotypes in alkaline, saline, and
11 Extragenic basis of salt tolerance in rice Oryza sativa L.
normal soils and their interaction with climate factors
Integrated germplasm improvement
12Release of new rice cultivar Jasmine 85 in USA
12 TTB15-1, a promising rice variety for Assam
12 Medium-duration Taichung Sen Yu 285 released in Sichuan as
Chuan Mi 2
13 TTB14-1 fits ahu (autumn) season in double-cropped areas of
Assam
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer
13 Effect of boiling water treatment on germination and growth of
Sesbania rostrata
Physiology and plant nutrition
14 Effect of herbicides on nutrient leaching from rice leaves
15Effect of aqueous azolla extract and NaCl stress on rice
Crop management
15 Physiological characteristics of seedlings grown in dry-wet nursery
(DWN)
16 Effect of N application timing on ratoon rice
16 Yield of rice sown in standing water
17 Herbage production from deepwater rice in farmers' fields
Soil fertility and fertilizer management
17 Effect of topdressing potash on rice nutrient uptake and yield
18 Influence of rate and time of N application on growth and yield of
18 Effect of humic acid on wet season rice
rice in Pakistan
19 Influence of potassium-kinetin synergism on rice grain weight
20 Effect on rice of partial substitution of N by azolla
20 Response ofrice to sources, methods, and levels of N
21 Effect of azolla and N on rice grain and straw yield
Disease management21 Effect of N on bacterial leaf streak (BLS) and bacterial blight (BB)
diseases in some scented rice varieties
22 Rhizoctonia solani: an agent of rice boot blight
22 Effect of roguing on rice tungro virus (RTV) incidence and rice
23 Use of phytoalexin-inducing chemicals to control rice sheath bligh
23 Sensitivity of three sclerotial rice pathogens to plant oils
24 Fungicide timing to control rice sheath blight (ShB)
24 Influence of rice plant density and spacing on brown leaf spot
24 Effect of N on false smut (FS) in upland rice
yield
(ShB)
incidence
Insect
25
26
27
28
28
29
30
30
30
32
32
33
33
management
Using fluorescent dye to map dispersal pattern of rice green
Effect of neem seed and leaf bitters on oviposition and developmen
of green leafhopper (GLH) and brown planthopper (BPH)
Color morphism of rice swarming armyworm larvae
Feeding behavior of threeNephotettix species on selected rices and
graminaceous weeds
Effect of neem oil on courtship signals and mating behavior of
brown planthopper (BPH) females
Functional response ofLycosa pseudoannulata on brown
planthoppers (BPH) and green leafhoppers (GLH)
Insects feeding on rice grain in Bhutan
Predatory coccinellids in ricefields at Agricultural College and
Research Institute, Madurai
Vertical distribution of two hopper species on rice plantsRice leaf minerHydrellia griseola in Australia
Yield loss caused by rice stem borers (SB) in southern Bhutan
Crop losses due to hispa beetle damage in deepwater rice (DWR)
Predation of wolf spider on mirid bug and brown planthopper
leafhopper (GLF)
(BPH)
Managing other pests
34 Control ofHirschmanniella oryzae nematodes in rice
Farming system
34 Introducing high-yielding rice into a jute cropping system with
limited nutrient supply
SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Livelihood
35 Profitability of urea supergranules in rice
EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION
Training and technology transfer research
35 Information gaps in transmitting rice recommendations to farmers
ANNOUNCEMENTS
36 IRTP now INGER
36 New IRRI publications
8/4/2019 International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.14 No.6
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GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Genetic resources
Diseases and mycoflora of
Oryza indandamanica Ellis.
M. M. Ansari, Central Agricultural Research
Institute (CARI), Port Blair (present address:
Plant Pathology Division, Central Rice
Research Institute, Cuttack 753006); and T.
V. R. S. Sharma, CARI, Port Blair, India
A new species of wild rice O.
indandamanica was recently reported
from Rutland, a small island of South
Andaman in the Andaman and Nicobar
group. To enable its use in breeding,
knowledge of its tolerance or resistance
to various diseases and pests is needed.
Samples of O. indandamanica
collected from the Rutland locality
exhibit typical symptoms of blast (Bl)
and sheath blight (ShB) as well as
necrotic areas on the leaves.
Isolations from ShB- and Bl-
affected samples produced cultures of
Rhizoctonia solani and Pyricularia
oryzae. In addition, isolations from
necrotic leaves revealed the presence o
Pestalotia, Fusarium, and Curvularia
spp.
Pathogenicity of R. solani and of
P. oryzaewere proved on O.
indandamanica and on cultivated rice
C14-S. However, the Fusarium sp.,
Curvularia sp., and Pestalotia sp. failed
to produce typical necrotic
symptoms.
Genetics
External budding in rice
aleurone grains
N. E. Alyoshin, E. R. Avakyan, E. V. Lebedev,
V. E. Lebedev, and E. P. Alyoshin, All-Union
Rice Research Institute, P.O. Belozernoe,
Krasnodar 353204, USSR
The nature of aleurone grains
(aleurone protein bodies) is an
important problem in Poaceae
cytology: Are the subcellular particles
of vacuolar or plastid origin?
We have produced electron
microscopy pictures that confirm
plastid origin; they show external
budding of rice aleurone grains.
15-35 d after flowering were used.
Ultramicrosections of the aleurone
layer were fixed with gluteraldehyde
and osmiate, contrasted with uranyl
acetate, stained with lead-
citrate, andstudied under the electron microscope.
Some aleurone grains showed external
buds (see figure). In some sections, the
ultramicrotomic knife went through
the bud and made visible the
connection of the grain and bud
matrices.
feature of the semi-autonomous Electron microscopy pictures of the aleurone layer of Krasnodarsky 424 endosperm. a and b show external headcompartments (mitochondria, plastids,
c shows connection of grain and bud matrix.
Caryopses of Krasnodarsky 424 at
Budding is the characteristic
3 IRRN 14:5 (December 1989)
8/4/2019 International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.14 No.6
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etc.) that have their own genetic
material.
The aleurone grains may be
regarded as a specific type of plastids
(alongside with chloroplasts,
chromoplasts, amyloplasts,
proteoplasts, etc.).
Genetic diversity in rice Oryza
sativa L.
Bui Chi Buu and Tran Minh Tuan, Cuu
Long Delta Rice Research Institute, Omon,
Haugiang, Vietnam
Divergence analysis was performed to
identify diverse genotypes for
hybridization and to generate crosses
that give transgressive segregants in
later generations.
The parental divergence study
used varieties released in Mekong
Delta. Materials came from IRRI (21),
India (3), Korea (l), Sri Lanka (l), and
Vietnam (6).
The experiment was conducted at
Omon in 1989 dry season, with 32
treatments in a randomized block
design with three replications. Plots
were 10 m2, spacing was 15 20 cm.
Clustering (Mahalonobis D2
statistics) was based on plant height,
days to 50% flowering, panicle length,
grains per panicle, unfilled grain
percentage, effective tillers per plant,
grain weight, and grain yield.
Table 1. Varieties partitioned into clusters on
the basis of eight characters. Omon, Vietnam,1989 dry season.
Cluster Varieties
I OM576, IR13240-10-1, IR25588-7-3-1, IR31868-64-2, IR19728, IR66,IR31802-48-2, OM296, IR17433-641-1, IR36, IR17434, IR9782-
111-2, OM91, IR1352, IR39357-133-3, IR65, IR64, IR74, IR9129-192-2, IR21015-80-3,OM201,IR13240-10-1, OM620, IR4265-269-4-2
II IR42, OM80, Bharain, Basmati 370
III A69-1, IR48
IV IR68
V Basmati 3 70
(mutant)
Table 2. Average intracluster and intercluster D 2 -values, showing divergence of variety clusters
Omon, Vietnam, 1989 dry season.
Cluster I II III IV V
I 7.1751 14.6391 16.5844 19.6446 21.3976II 9.0341 15.7413 23.3252 14.0877
III 8.9537 10.9978 21.4578IV 0.0000 27.1334
V 0.0000
The materials were grouped into Plant height (frequency 8-43%)
five clusters by Tochers method (Table and days to 50% flowering (frequency
1). Clusters separated by the largest 7-37%) contributed to divergence the
statistical distance (D2) show the most.
maximum divergence (Table 2).
Yield potential
Effect on rice yield of rootdamage to seedlings
used in a split- plot design with three
replications (see table). Plot size was
4 m2.
G. R. Das and T. Ahmed, Regional
Agricultural Research Station, Titabar
785630, India
During droughts, uprooting of rice
seedlings is difficult particularly in clay
soils. Seedlings sustain severe root
damage, in extreme cases losing almost
all their roots. We evaluated the effect
of different levels of root damage on
yield in a field experiment during 1986ahu (autumn). Six varieties and four
levels of seedling root damage were
Seedlings were pulled at 25 d afte
seeding and transplanted 29 May,
1 seedling/hill at 15- 20-cm spacing.
No fertilizer was applied.
variety and root damage for any of the
characters considered (see table).
Seedlings with 50% roots removed did
not differ from seedlings with intact
roots in survival, yield attributes, and
yield, but they flowered earlier.Seedlings with 98% roots removed by
cutting at the bottom nodes and
There was no interaction between
Effect of seedling root damage and variety on yield, yield components, hill mortality, and flowerinduration of rice. Titabar, India, 1986 autumn.
Grain Hill Panicle Days toPanicles
(t/ha) (%) (g) flowerin
Treatment yield mortalitya weight 50%
Seedling root damageIntact roots 2.4 24 287.1 0.88 9250% removed 2.2 24 310.3 0.71 9098% removed 1.7 35 232.2 0.78 94100% removed 0.4 69 67.4 0.50 98
LSD (0.05) 0.4 7 40.4 0.20 1
VarietyPusa 2-21 1.9 38 201.5 0.81 96IET6155 2.2 30 268.6 0.79 102IET6148 1.6IET7983
32 230.51.6 42
0.70 100217.7
IET76170.77 94
1.5 46 204.9 0.67 90Culture 1 1.3 39 222.5 0.56 80
LSD (0.05) 0.4 9 ns ns 2
aAngular transformed data.
IRRN 14:6 (December 1989) 5
(no./m2 )
8/4/2019 International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.14 No.6
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seedlings with all roots removed by
cutting at ground level showed
increased mortality and yield reduction.
Seedlings with 98% roots removed
could be used at higher numbers/hill to
counteract hill mortality.
IET6155 and IET6148 had
significantly lower hill mortality under
all levels of root damage, indicatingtheir ability for quick establishment.
Source-sink relationship at
postflowering of rices under low
light stress
the source-sink relationship. Seedlings
(25 d old) of 15 early- and medium-
duration rice varieties were
transplanted at 10- 10-cm spacing.
Four uniform tillers/hill were selected
at flowering. Five hills each were
subjected to normal light and low light
(50% normal), with two replications.
The desired light intensity wasobtained by covering the rice canopy
with a wooden screen fitted on iron
frames and adjusting the distance
between the slats.
Data on shade index (ratio of
grain yield under low and normal light)
indicate variation in varietal response
(see table). Under low light, Co 41,
C. R. Dash, M. Panda, J. N. Tripathy, and Archana, Jalgaon 5, and Ptb 10 showed
Ch. N. Rao, Central Rice Research Institute about 50% yield reduction. Other
(CRRl), Cuttack 753006, India varieties had higher yield reductions.
Shading during ripening increased
We screened cultivars for tolerance for sterility and decreased 1,000-grain
low light during ripening and assessed weight. Ratna, Pusa 33, Indira, and
Influence of low light during ripening on yield and yield characters of 15 rice varieties. CRRI, India.
Pallavi had more than 85% sterility.
radiation or leaf area and
photosynthetic rate at flowering was
taken as the source of carbohydrate.
The product of spikelet number and
test weight was taken as the sink.
The correlation between source
and sink under normal light was positive and significant (r = 0.76**a an
0.64**b), resulting in good correlation
between source and grain yield (r =
0.54*). Those relationships were
observed under low light.
between stem weight ratio at flowerin
and yield was positive (r = 0.72**). The
stem losses were higher under low
light.
natural light appears to be disturbed
under low light stress, causing more
stem loss.
The product of leaf area and sola
Under low light, the association
The balance of source and sink unde
Yielda (g)Shading
index
Grain no. Stem loss (g) Sterility (%) 1000-grain wt
Variety (flowering-harvest) (g)
100% light 50% light Normal Low Normal Lowlight light Normal Low light light Normal Lo
light light light lig
Pusa 33Co 41
CauverySaket 4
Jalgaon 5RatnaADT3 2KarikalanSwarnaprabhaPtb 10Indira
ArchanaIR36Pallavi
Mean
LSD (0.05)
CR157-190
Variety (V)Shading (S)V S
14.313.411.712.2
14.411.125 .017.618.819.311.314.511.215.712.8
14.9
1.67.94.23.8
7.30.88.77.57.79.22.03.16.43.92.3
5.1
1.20.41.7
11
593631
519354341471722
582518
33
9
787764572611
6806281206
7427937715516835697 25635
714
114 2.38546 0.42281 0.47231 0.92
375 2.1455 5.36546 2.21364 2.40348 8.56388 5.30136 1.68176 4.08369 5.32219 1.01140 1.02
286 2.88
4.024.71
6.253.24
10.486.483.388.38
14.148.573.577.289.904.791.73
6.48
19 0.707 0.25
27 0.99
67.9 91.5 18.3 14.53.8 58.0 17.5 14.71.7 73.0 20.4 14.57.3 76.6 19.9 16.
72.9 77.5 21.1 19.61.8 93.0 17.7 15.42.5 62.6 20.7 15.34.7 51.8 23.7 20.64.7 65.1 23.8 22.
29.6 62.2 25.1 23.
70.4 86.2 20.5 14.
63.8 83.1 21.3 17.65.1 70.5 19.7 17.59.0 80.0 21.6 17.55.9 87.5 20.1 16.
58.1 74.6 20.8 17.
1.5 0.70.6 0.32.2 1.0
aFrom 20 tillers.
The International Rice Research Newsletter invites contributions of concise summaries of significant current rice research for
publication. Contributions should be limited to no more than 2 pages typed double-spaced, accompanied by no more than 2 figures,
tables, or photographs. Contributions are reviewed by appropriate IRRI scientists and those accepted are subject to editing and
abridgment to meet space limitations. Authors are identified by name and research organization. See inside front cover for more
information about submissions.
6 IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)
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Grain quality and nutritional value
Effect of pyrite and NPK on
nutritional quality of rice
C. P. Awasthi, A. Singh, A. K. Shukla, S. K.Addy, and R. Singh, Food Technology
Department/Soil Science Department, N.D.
University of Agriculture and Technology,
Faizabad 224229, India
Nutritional quality of rice can vary with
soil type, fertilizer, and soil
amendment. We studied the effect of
pyrite and NPK fertilizers on the
biochemical and nutritive makeup of
rice grain.
with moderate pH and exchangeablesodium. Experimental treatments were
150, 300, and 600 kg pyrite/ha and 40-
20-20, 80-40-40, and 120-60-60 kg
NPK/ha in nine combinations. To
ensure complete oxidation, pyrite was
applied 10 d before transplanting Saket
4. Half the N as urea and all the P as
single superphosphate and K as
The soil was slightly saline-alkali
muriate of potash were applied at
transplanting; the remaining N was
applied 30 d after transplanting.
Grain samples were harvestedwith a sickle, dried in an oven at 60 C,
hand-pounded to brown rice, ground to
powder, and passed through a 60-mesh
sieve. Defatted samples were used to
determine proximate composition
following standard procedures.
increased in most treatments (see
Protein and total free amino acids
table). The highest value was with 600
kg pyrite and 120-60-60 kg NPK/ha.
However, lysine and tryptophan
content decreased slightly with pyrite
and NPK application. Totalcarbohydrate (mainly starch) content
declined slightly. Amylose content
decreased progressively with increase
in NPK.
It appears that protein synthesis
and its accumulation in the grain
intensified with pyrite and NPK, at the
expense of carbohydrates.
Influence of pyrite and NPK on nutritional quality of brown rice. Faizabad, India, 1985-86 wet
season.
Character
Content (% dry basis)LSD
Control Treatment at5%
Range Mean
Protein 8.06 8.10-9.05 8.63 0.40Total free amino acids 0.25 0.35-0.95 0.73 0.12Lysine 0.30 0.22-0.30 0.26 0.04Tryptophan 0.11 0.08-0.10 0.09 0.01Total carbohydrates 78.67 71.44-77.48 74.34 2.46Amylose 21.98 20.06-21.43 20.56 0.58
Milling characteristics of
aromatic rices
T. P. Yadav, Genetics Division, Indian
Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New
Delhi 110012, India; and V. P. Singh, Plant
Breeding Department, IRRl
Long slender rice grains (an important
quality character of aromatic rices) are
more prone to breakage during milling
than shorter grain rices. We evaluated
brokens in 102 traditional aromatic
varieties (120-140 d) received from the
International Rice Germplasm Center
Jun-Nov 1986 at MI.Harvested rice was hand threshed,
air-dried at 30 C to 14% moisture,
cleaned, and stored 4 mo at room
temperature. Samples of 100 g rough
rice were dehulled in the Satake Rice
Machine, Type THU, and milled in the
ONEPASS Rice Whitening and Caking
Machine, Type MC250. Broken grains
were separated by hand.
Table 1. Milling characteristics of aromatic rices evaluated Jun-Nov 1986 at IARI, India.
Hulling (%) Milling (%) Head rice recoveryShape and L:W (%) Varieties
Range Mean Range Mean (no.)
Range Mean
Group I. Slender, >3.00 74.0-80.6 77.9 65.4-72.8 68.7 32.0-68.4 47.5 71Group II. Medium, 76.0-80.2 77.5 67.4-74.8 69.8 41.0-67.4 53.0 13
Group III. Bold, 2.0-2.39 76.6-79.6 77.8 65.4-73.4 70.4 38.8-66.8 54.5 10Group IV. Round,
8/4/2019 International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.14 No.6
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M. Izadyar, Plant Pests and Diseases
Research Laboratory of Guilan, P.O. Box
133, Bondar-Anzali, Iran
Genetic sources for resistance
to rice blast (BI) caused by
Pyricularia oryzae Cav. in Guilan
Province, Iran
for resistance to ShB during wet
seasons (May-Dec) of 1986,1987, and
1988. Each entry was transplanted in 3
rows (2 m long) 21 d after seeding at
20- 15-cm spacing. ShB infection was
rated during panicle emergence and atinitiation of ripening.
Each entry was also tested in the
laboratory through artificial
inoculation (detached leaf method)
with isolates of Thanatephorus
cucumeris. Of the lines evaluated, 19
showed good tolerance for ShB (see
table). Considering days to 50%
flowering, plant height, panicle
numbers, panicle length, and yield,
HM34-6-4-F and F47 appear
promising.
N. D. Majumder, M. M. Ansari, and A. B.
Mandal, Central Agricultural Research
Institute, Port Blair744101,India
Reaction of rice germplasm to
sheath blight (ShB)
Varieties were classified into four head rice recovery increased with a better choices for improving these
groups on the basis of grain length-to- decrease in L:W, to a 63.5% average in characteristics in long- and slender-
width ratio. The ranges of variation in the round-grain group. grain, high-yielding varieties. In
hulling and milling percentage in all Varieties with high head rice addition, accessions 27790, 27792,
four groups were similar, suggesting recovery and better hulling and milling 27829, and 27830 in group I; 27802 an
that these characters are independent qualities are listed in Table 2. 27816 in group II; and 733 in group IV
of grain shape (Table 1). However, Accessions 27796 and 27821 may be gave 80% hulling.
Disease resistance
We evaluated 1,200 varieties and lines
Promising rice cultivars with tolerance for ShB and their agronomic traits in Andaman, India. 1986-88 wet seasons. a
Disease score b Days to Height Panicles Panicle
Cultivar Cross 50% /plant length(cm)Field Laboratory flowering (no.) (cm) (g
HM23-3 IR29/Rasi 4 2 90 122.8 6.2HM33A-2-1-1-2F Mirikrak/Ngoba 3 4 94 114.3 5.9
HM22-25-7-121 IR29/Ngoba 5 2 96 116.3 6.4
DR92 Released variety 5 3 98 123.8 8.5
F47 CCI47F-112-18-4-106 1 1 92 113.7 6.5
HM33A-21-2 Mirikrak/Ngoba 2 1 92 113.2 6.5
HM37-16-7-110-1 DR92/Pusa 33 3 3 68 116.2 6.8
HM22-
18-
1-
132 IR29/Ngoba 3 2 113 125.3 8.9HM46-1-21-F IR28/Pawnbuh/IR28 3 1 98 121.2 8.2
HM23-2 IR29/Rasi 4 1 94 116.7 4.4
HM22-2-5-402 IR29/Ngoba 4 1 108 108.5 8.6
HM131-1-33 Mirikrak/Rasi 2 1 105 109.4 8.7
HM34-6-1-1 Mirikrak/Rasi 4 1 90 109.1 8.7
HM34-6-4-F Mirikrak/Rasi 1 1 88 112.7 8.9
HM44-30-7-1 IR28/Ngoba/IR28 2 2 90 108.7 7.4
HM16-2-6-1 IR29/Ngoba 3 1 88 119.1 8.3
HM33A-5-7-F Mirikrak/Ngoba 2 3 86 103.3 7.1
HM19-7 IR29/Khonorullo 4 3 98 116.6 6.2
HM22-23-4 IR29/Ngoba 2 5 95 110.6 6 .0
Mashuri (local check) Released variety 3 112 144.0 6.8
a Data are means of 1986, 1987, and 1988. bStandard evaluation system for rice.
23.624.324.426.022.422.518.2
23.523.820.823.121.622.824.924.019.621.826.122.022.5
20
202219
20
191816131323131728161212191519
We tested 1,265 rice cultivars in B1 collected at the 3- to 4-leaf stage from
screening nurseries at Rasht, Roudsar, different areas. Each year, susceptible
and Bandar-Anzali 1978-84. In entries were dropped and resistant
addition to natural infection, some entries tested against some additiona
artificial inoculations were made using strains the following year.-
conidial suspensions of international All cultivars except seven Irania
races identified in Guilan and from cultivars were susceptible to the races
lesions on heavily infected leaves and strains tested (see table). There
8 IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)
Yielplan
7
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Cultivars screened for rice blast resistance a in
Guilan, Iran, 19784-84.
Cultivars (no.)Total
entries
Resistant Susceptibletested
Origin
(no.)
IRRI 139Japan 43
USA 35Taiwan 34India 28Pakistan 11China 9Iran 7
Philippines 6Italy 3Senegal 3Korea 2
Hong Kong 2Indonesia 2
USSR 2Vietnam 1Bangladesh 1Egypt 1
South America 1
Thailand 1
Total 328
25533
3211156
53713
6
2
24
2
1
937
39176
67454317
9544
193
9242
261113
2
1265
aStandard evaluation system for rice.
were no effective resistance genes in
Guilan cultivars, but many exotic
sources had genes for resistance to P.
oryzae races found in Guilan. In
general, varieties that possess Pi-a, Pi-i,
and Pi-ta resistance genes were
resistant to rice Bl in Guilan
Province.
Insect resistance
Whitebacked planthopper
(WBPH) Sogatella furcifera
(Horvath) survival and nymph
emergence on some rice
varieties
K. Ramaraju, P. C. Sundara Babu, and K.Gunathilagaraj, Agricultural Entomology
Department, Agricultural College and
Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Madurai 625104, India
We studied survival and nymph
emergence of WBPH on susceptible
TN1 and IR50; moderately resistant
Ptb 12, Ptb 19, CO 22, IR28, IR30 and
IR60, and highly resistant ARC10550
and ARC6650 rice varieties. We used
40-d-old plants in three replications.
Ten freshly emerged nymphs/plant
were enclosed in a polyethylene cage to
the adult stage. Three 3-d-old gravid
females/plant were confined to study
nymph emergence. After 10 d, the
adults were removed and emergingnymphs counted periodically.
in WBPH survival and nymph
emergence (see table). Survival was
lowest on ARC10550, followed by
The varieties differed significantly
ARC6650 and CO 22. Nymph
emergence was low on highly resistant
varieties. Among the moderately
resistant varieties, CO 22, IR28, IR30,
and IR60 permitted more nymph
emergence than Ptb 12 and Ptb 19.
Effects of resistant accessions on
nymph development were alsoobserved. Average nymph duration on
resistant accessions was longer than o
the susceptible check. In the resistant
and moderately resistant varieties,
nymph development was delayed.
Growth of WBPH nymphs on resistant and moderately resistant rice varieties.a Madurai, India.
VarietySurvival
(no.)
Nymphemergence
(no.)
Nymphduration
(d)
ARC6650
ARC10550
CO 22
IR28
IR30
IR50
IR60
Ptb 12
Ptb 19
TN1 (susceptible check)
LSD (P=0.05)
3.00 b(1.70)
1.66 a
3.66 c(1.91)
6.00 e
(2.45)
7.33 ef
8.00 g(2.82)
6.30 ef(2.52)
5.0 d(2.24)
4.66 d(2.16)
(1.27)
(2.70)
8.66 h(2.94)
0.19
13.0 (3.61
13.0 (3.6
12.6
(3.56
13.0 (3.61
13.0(3.61
12.0 (3.46
13.0 (3.6
13.0 (3.61
12.6 (3.56
11.6 (3.4
0.04
51.33 a(7.16)
55.00 a(7.39)
82.66 cd
(9.07)
94.33 de(9.71)
104.00 ef(10.16)
127.33 g(11.28)
108.66 f(10.41)
67.33 b(8.20)
71.66 bc(8.45)
164.00 h(12.80)
0.66
a
by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level.Mean of 3 replications. Figures in parentheses are transformed values. In a column, means follow
Reaction to brown planthopper
(BPH) of varieties originating
from Oryza officinalis
Luong Minh Chau and R. C. Saxena,
Entomology Department, IRRI
We screened 86 lines originating from
wild rice O. officinalis against BPH
using the modified seedling bulk test.
Test lines were sown 20 seeds/row in
10-cm-long rows in iron seedboxes 105
60 5 cm filled 3 cm deep with fin
soil, in a randomized complete block
design with three replications.
seeding with second- to third-instar
BPH biotype 2 nymphs at 8-10 nymph
plant. Plant damage was assessed wh
95% of susceptible check TN1 had
died.
BPH 19 lines at grade 1 and 21 lines
grade 3 (see table).
Seedlings were infested 10 d afte
Forty lines showed resistance to
IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)
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Reaction to BPH biotype 2 of wild rice linesoriginating from Oryza officinalis.a IRRI, 1989.
Variety Damageratingb
IR54742-1-11-17-12-3IR54742-1-11-17-26-2IR54742-1-11-17-26-3IR54742-1-17-12-26-2
IR54742-
1-
17-
20-
8-
1IR54742-1-17-20-8-3IR54742-1-18-12-11-1IR54742-1-18-12-11-2IR54742-1-18-12-11-3IR54742-5-36-4-17-1IR54742-5-36-4-17-3IR54742-6-20-3-9-2IR54742-6-20-3-9-3IR54742-6-20-3-22-2
IR54742-6-20-3-22-3IR54742-11-1-9-15-2IR54742-11-2-8-2-1IR54742-11-2-8-2-3IR54742-11-17-10-5-2IR54742-18-17-20-15-3lR54742-22-14-24-22-2
IR54742-22-19-3-7-3IR54742-22-19-3-15-1IR54742-23-11-19-6-1IR54742-23-11-19-6-3IR54742-23-19-16-12-1IR54742-23-19-16-12-2IR54742-23-19-16-12-3IR54742-31-9-26-15-2IR54742-31-21-20-10-2IR54742-33-18-20-3-2IR54742-33-18-20-3-3IR54742-38-13-15-2-2IR54742-38-26-10-17-1IR54742-41-15-30-23-1IR54742-41-15-30-23-2IR54742-41-15-30-23-3IR54742-41-40-20-19-1
IR54742-4140-20-19-2IR54745-2-2-25-26-1IR54745-2-2-25-26-3IR.54745-2-10-17-8-2IR54745-2-21-12-17-1
IR54745-2-21-12-17-2IR54745-2-21-12-17-4IR54745-2-21-12-17-5IR54745-2-21-12-17-6IR54745-2-23-19-8-1IR54745-2-23-19-8-2IR54745-2-23-19-8-3IR.54745-2-28-22-7-2IR54745-2-37-5-26-1IR54745-2-37-5-26-2IR54745-2-37-5-26-3IR54745-2-45-3-24-2
IR54748-1-17-12-1IR54748-1-17-12-3IR54748-1-17-25-3IR54742-9-44
IR54742-9-4-5IR54742-19-2-3IR74 (resistant check)
TN1 (susceptible check)
1111
3111133
1113133333
33113113331311113
31
111311113111111
1113
1119
aAv of 3 replications. All entries, except TN1
showed resistance. b By the Standard evaluation system for rice.
10 IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)
Leaffolder (LF) damage and
yield loss on some selected rice
varieties
S. K. Shrivastava, Regional Agricultural
Research Station, Jagdalpur 494005, Madhya
Pradesh (MP), India (present address: IERP
[IGKVV], c/o Dy. Director of Agriculture,
Durg 491001, M.P., India)
We studied the effect of LF
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guene
infestation on panicle length and
weight during 1987 wet season.
Gurmatia, Safri 17, Makdo, and
CR1014 were transplanted in 5-
4.60-m plots at 20- 15-cm spacing.
The crop was fertilized at 40-30-20 kg
NPK/ha.
Kranti, Madhuri, Mahsuri, Asha,
After flag leaf emergence, 15 hills
of each variety were selected at
random. Infested and healthy leaves
were counted. Panicle length and
panicle weight were measured at
harvest.
The data suggested that all the
varieties were susceptible to LF (see
table). The degree of susceptibility wa
in order Kranti > Mahsuri > Madhur
> Asha > Gurmatia > Safri 17 >
Makdo > CR1014.
higher the infestation, the shorter the
panicle length and the lighter the
panicle weight. But correlation
coefficients were significant only
between leaf damage and panicle
weight in Gurmatia and Safri 17 and
only between leaf damage and panicle
length in CR1014, Kranti, and
Madhuri.
Correlations indicated that the
LF damage and yield of selected rice varieties. Madhya Pradesh, India, 1987 wet season.
Variety
CR1014KrantiMahsuriGurmatiaSafri 17MadhuriAsha
Makdo
Leafdamage
(%)
12.2124.6324.3215.9615.1323.4616.52
13.39
Panicle wt (g)
Range Mean
2.00-2.56 2.171.52-2.30 1.872.59-2.79 2.261.43-1.83 1.640.86-1.01 0.941.73-1.96 1.811.68-2.14 1.87
1.96-2.30 2.22
Panicle length (cm)
Range Mean
16.01-19.01 17.0717.01-20.09 18.0815.08-17.04 16.0517.06-21.01 17.0916.03-17.03 16.0817.06-22.05 20.0916.01-20.05 19.07
15.03-18.03 16.04
Correlationa
Damage- Damage- panicle wt panicle lengt
0.30 0.18 0.45 0.47 0.98* 0 0.68* 00.23 0.52* 0.41
0.39 0.14
a* = significant at the 0.05 level.
Adverse soils tolerance
Performance of selected rice We evaluated 81 cultivars and 9
genotypes in alkaline, saline, local lines and varieties for alkalinity
and normal soils and theirand salinity tolerance, under tempera
interaction with climate factorsclimate conditions (35 south latitude
The severely deteriorated alkali
J. E. Marassi, M. Collado, R. Benavidez, andsoil (Typic Natraqualf) of the Salado
M. J. Arturi, CIC, Prov. Bs. As.; and J. J. N.River basin is characterized by high p
Marassi, Central Experiment Station, Faculty (9.6), sodicity (exchangeab1e sodium
of Agronomy, La Plata National Universty, percentage exceeding 60), calcium
CC 46, Suc. 6, La Plata (1900), Argentina carbonate precipitation, clay texture.
Soil salinity was created artificially by
Soil salinity and alkalinity associated adding NaCl to 8 dS/m at seeding.
with low temperature are the major Normal soil was a Typic Argiudoll wi
problems of the coastal area of the excellent agronomic characteristics.
Salado River basin, Buenos Aires Entries were dry seeded in
Province. problem soils 1 and 2 Oct 1987 and in
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Agronomic data for test entries. La Plata, Argentina, 1987. a
Alkaline Saline Normal
Designation Scores Germi- Plant Panicle Dura- Scores Germi- Plant Panicle Dura- Scores Germi- Plant Panicle Dura-
nation ht length tion nation ht length tion nation ht length tion
VP RP PA (%) (cm) (cm) (d) VP RP PA (%) (cm) (cm) (d) VP RP PA (%) (cm) (cm) (d)
Gz1368-5-2 6 4 5 15 59 17 175 6 5 5 30 67 19 6 3 5 20 79 19 165
Gz1368-5-54 6 4 5 5 62 17 168 6 4 4 20 65 17 166 6 3 5 20 82 21 165
IR10154-117-2-3-3-3 6 5 6 10 47 16 152 5 4 6 35 54 18 173 6 3 5 30 71 18 178
IR10206-29-2-1 6 6 6 5 57 18 5 4 4 20 72 29 5 2 4 30 84 21 168
IR19392-33-3 6 7 6 10 42 15 178 6 5 7 10 6 4 5 10 72 18 164
IR19743-25-2-2-3-1 5 5 5 35 51 16 148 5 4 5 10 60 18 162 6 4 5 5 70 17 174
IR28 6 5 4 35 56 18 152 5 3 5 30 62 18 151 6 4 5 10 90 21 161IR31375-3-3-3 5 4 5 15 72 20 178 4 3 8 20 169 7 2 6 30 92 21 IR32307-107-3-2-2 4 4 4 50 56 22 173 4 3 7 20 165 6 3 6 30 78 21 IR32429-47-3-2-2 4 4 4 40 60 17 154 3 3 6 25 147 6 4 5 20 65 20 174IR37379-20-1-2-1-1 5 5 7 55 45 16 141 5 4 7 20 50 16 131 6 2 5 40 56 14 169IR8238-B-B-57-2-1 5 5 5 30 73 19 174 KS-282
6 2 6 40 87 22
IR9129-209-2-2-2-3 6 5 6 55 53 18 163 5 4 6 50 64 19 160 6 3 5 30 72 20 1744 4 4 50 61 19 172 5 5 7 20 6 2 5 30 80 21 178
Local checksItape P.A. 4 4 5 40 153 5 2 3 50
5 3 5 35Yerua P.A. 153 4 2 3 303 2 4 60
4 2 4 10
3 2 3 304 2 4 25
3 2 3 30H175 4 2 3 45
a VP = vegetative phase, RP = reproductive phase, PA = phenotypic acceptability.
164153134160
146138152
H198-1-3-2-3-1 165 3 2 3 15H198-8-1-2-1 161 3 2 3 15
H238-5-1 164 3 2 3 10H238-20-1-1 162 3 2 3 20H238-47-1H238-82-2-1
was not seeded 3 2 3 20
169 was not seeded159 was not seeded
normal soil 20 Oct, at 1 row/entry and All exotic lines were affected phase. More plants died during the
25-cm spacing. Germination began 17 adversely, mainly by temperature and vegetative phase.
Oct, the test plot was irrigated 15 d photoperiod. Climate-adapted local Plant height and panicle length
later. Agronomic data were collected checks showed the best performance correlated strongly with soil problems
each 15 d and subsumed into values for under both treatments. and were more affected by alkalinity
vegetative phase, reproductive phase, Entries showed more tolerance in than by salinity.
and phenotypic acceptability (see the reproductive than in the vegetativetable).
Extragenic basis of salt CaCl2, and Na2SO4 in a 1:4:5:10 with three replications. Interrow and
tolerance in rice Oryza sativa L.equivalent ratio. intrarow spacing was 20 cm. Data for
The experiment was laid out in a yield and yield components were
M. S. Sajjad and M. A. Awan, Nuclearcomplete randomized block design recorded on 10 plants/replication.
Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB),
Faisalabad, Pakistan Inheritance of yield and yield components under normal and saline sodic soils. a Faisalabad, Pakistan
NIAB Rice-1 has been found to be
relatively salt tolerant and Basmati 370to be relatively salt sensitive. To clarify
the extragenic basis of salt tolerance,
we made reciprocal crosses between
the two genotypes. The F1 hybrids and
the parents were transplanted at 45 d
after seeding on nonsaline and saline
sodic field basins. Salinization of the
field basins was accomplished using
four commercial salts of MgCl, NaCl,
Nonsaline soilb Saline soilc
Parent or
F1 combi- Plant Productive Flag leaf Yield Plant Productive Flag leaf Yieldnation ht (cm) tillers area (g/plant) ht (cm) tillers area (g/plant
(no./plant) (cm2) (no./plant) (cm2)
Basmati 370 139.8 b 13.8 b 36.7 d 13.5 c 126.8 b 9.0 c 25.0 c 9.0 cBasmati 370/ 162.8 a 21.6 a 39.7 b 17.0 b 143.9 a 18.0 a 34.8 b 14.0 b
NIAB Rice-l/ 159.2 a 20.4 a 42.9 b 18.4 ab 144.9 a 19.0 a 34.1 b 12.9 b
NIAB Rice-1 143.8 b 19.0 a 59.0 a 20.4 a 122.7 b 15.6 b 51.4 a 17.1 a
a In a column, values followed by identical letters are not significantly different at the 5% level by
DMRT. b pH 7.6, EC 3.0 dS/m, SAR 9.0. c pH 8.7, EC 6.2 dS/m, SAR 20.0.
NIAB Rice-1
Basmati 370
IRRN 14:6 (December 1989) 11
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T. Ahmed, R. K. S. M. Barua, K. C. Sarma,G. R. Das, K. K. Sarma, D. K. Barua, U.
Kalita, P. K. Pathak, and A. K. Pathak,
Regional Agricultural Research Station
(RARS), Assam Agricultural University,
Titabar 785630, Assam, India
TTB15-1 is a medium-duration variety
suitable for transplanted ahu (autumn)
season in Assam under rainfedconditions. The variety was developed
at RARS from IR24/CR44-118-1 and
has been recommended for cultivation
in relatively flood-free medium-altitudericelands.
Productive tillers/plant, flag leaf differ. The F1s showed heterosis over
area, and yield/plant of Basmati 370 Basmati 370 for all the traits studied.
and NIAB Rice-1 in both environments However, true heterobeltiosis was
differed significantly (see table). Plant observed only for plant height.
height did not differ. Performance of These results indicate the absence
the F1s of Basmati 370/NIAB Rice-1 of any extragenic basis of salt tolerance,
and NIAB Rice-1/Basmati 370 did not at least for these two genotypes.
Integrated germplasm improvement
Release of new rice cultivar
Jasmine 85 in USA
C. N. Bollich, Agricultural Research Service
(ARS), USDA, Route 7, Box 999, Beaumont,
Texas 77713, USA
The release of Jasmine 85, a new long-
grain rice cultivar, was announced by
ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture
and the agricultural experiment
stations of Texas, Mississippi,
Arkansas, and Louisiana.
the IRRI cross IR262/Khao Dawk Mali
Jasmine 85 (IR841) derives from
105. IR262 was from the cross Peta *3/
Taichung Native 1.
Jasmine 85 is an aromatic
(scented) rice possessing the flavor and
aroma of fragrant rices of Thailand.
Average amylose content is 17% and
alkali spreading value 6.5. This
characterizes Jasmine 85 as a low-
amylose, low-gelatinization-
temperature type similar to Thai
fragrant rices. Typically, cooked grains
of Jasmine 85, like those of the Thai
fragrant rices, are soft and cohesive
with the cooked kernels tending to
cling together.
TTB15-1, a promising rice
variety for Assam
Grain yield and duration of TTB15-1 in trials in Assam, India, 1984-88.
Growing
Year Location condition
TTB15-1 Check
Yield Duration Designation Yield Duration Increase
(t/ha) (d) (t/ha) (d) over check
(%)
1984 Titabar1984 Titabar1985 Karimganj
1986 Karimganj
1987 Karimganj
1987 Titabar1987 Titabar1988 Titabar
Ahu 4.3 115Ahu 3.6 123Ahu 2.2 116Ahu 2.8 114Ahu 2.8 118Ahu 2.9 124Sali 4.0 124Ahu 5.5 125
Ch 63 3.8 111
IR50 1.9 111
IR50 2.2 103
IR50 2.6 111
Ratna 2.9 116Ratna 4.0 128
TTB2-6-1-1 3.2 134
TTB2-6-1-1 2.4 132
15141732
8203437
Mean 3.5 120 2.9 23On-farm trial1986 Gelapukhuri Ahu 2.7 125 Takuguni 1.4 117 971988 Gelapukhuri Ahu 4.2 123 Takuguni 1.9 114 125
12 IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)
TTB15-1 is 90 cm tall with
intermediate tillering ability and 114-
125 d duration. It is awnless, medium-
grained, with fully exserted panicles.
The 1,000-grain weight is 22.0 g. It has
nonglutinous endosperm with
translucent white kernels and
acceptable cooking quality.
to bacterial blight, brown planthoper
and whitebacked planthopper but
susceptible to blast. It is resistant to
shattering.
In eight transplanting trials in
Karimganj and Titabar, yield was 8-
36.8% higher than that of check
varieties (see table). In on-farm trials,
its yield advantage was higher because
a low yielding local traditional ahu
variety was used as the check.
TTB15-1 is moderately resistant
Medium-duration Taichung Sen
Yu 285 released in Sichuan as
Chuan Mi 2
Deng Jutao, Luo Wenzhi, Yuan Zuolian, and
Yin Guoda, Rice Research Institute (RRI),
Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
Luzhou, Sichuan, China
Taichung Sen Yu 285, an InternationaRice Testing Program (IRTP) entry
from Taiwan, evaluated in Sichuan
since 1983at RRI for 3 yr and in
regional provincial tests for 2 yrwas
released in Mar 1989 as Chuan Mi 2 fo
cultivation in Sichuan.
Mean grain yield over 3 yr in RR
trials was 7.6 t/ha, 7% higher than the
local check (see table). In the 1986-87
regional test for grain quality, mean
grain yield was 7.4 t/ha, 6% higher tha
the local check. In 1988 Adaptive
Research Trials in three counties,mean grain yield was 7.4 t/ha, 7%
higher than the local check.
Chuan Mi 2 is a semidwarf (90-95
cm), heavy-tillering rice with 135-140
duration. Grain is medium slender, fin
and white, with 3.6% amylose and
10.73% protein content. It has 73%
milling recovery and good cooking
quality.
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Performance of Chuan Mi 2 at the Sichuan RRI
in regional tests, and in adaptive research trials.
Luzhou, Sichuan, China, 1983-88.
Grain yield (t/ha)
Chuan Mi 2 Local checkYear
Rice Research Institute trial1983 7.2
1984
6.9
8.31985
8.07.2 6.4
Mean 7.6 7.1
19861987
Regional test in Sichuan Province
7.7 7.47.1 6.6
Mean 7.4 7.0
7.4 6.91988 Adaptive research trial
Chuan Mi 2 was screened in the
greenhouse for resistance to important
diseases of the area: it is resistant to
blast.
TTB14-1 fits ahu (autumn)
season in double-cropped areas
of Assam
T. Ahmed, R. K. S. M. Barua, K. C. Sarma,
G. R. Das, K. K. Sarma, P. K. Pathak, and A.
K. Pathak, Regional Agricultural Research
Station (RARS), Assam Agricultural
University, Titabar 785630, Assam, India
TTB14-1, a semidwarf variety derived
from CRM13-3241/Kalinga 2 at RARS,
Titabar, is suitable for ahu (autumn)
season in rainfed high to medium-
altitude lands in Assam. Optimum
sowing and transplanting dates are
Mar/Apr and Apr/May, respectively.
In transplanting experiments
1984-88, average TTB14-1 yield was 3.4
t/ha. This variety has been gaining
Table 1. Characteristics of TTB14-1. Assam,
India, 1984-88.
Plant height 95 cmPanicle length 23.0 cmGrain type Medium1000-grain weight 22.0 gGrain length 7.89 mmGrain length/width 2.94Kernel length 5.75 mm
Kernel length/width 2.36Kernel color White
popularity among farmers because of planting in double-cropped areas.
its high yield potential and because its General characteristics and yield
110-120 d growth duration enables are given in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 2. Yield and duration of TTB14-1 at different locations. Assam, India, 1984-88.
TTB14-1 Check
Year Location SeasonaYield Duration Designation Yield Duratio
(t/ha) (d) (t/ha) (d)
1984 Titabar Ahu 3.1 118 Ch63 1.7 113
1986 FTS, Gelapukhuri Ahu 2.5 117 Takuguni 1.4 117
1987 Titabar Sali 3.0 110 Ratna 2.9 118
1988 Titabar Ahu 4.7 120 Ratna 4.0 128
1988 FTS, Gelapukhuri Ahu 4.0 110 Takuguni 1.9 114
Mean 3.4 115 2.4 118
aAhu = fall, sali = winter.
CROP AND RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
Soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer~
Effect of boiling water treatment
on germination and growth of
Sesbania rostrata
M. N. Sheelavantar, R. S. Bhat, and P. S.
Mattiwade, Agronomy Division, University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580005,India
Dormancy in S. rostrata seeds can be
broken by boiling water treatment. We
studied the effect of length of boiling
water treatment on germination and
growth in a pot experiment Jan-Mar
1989.
Well-developed seeds (25/set)
were treated with 98 C water for 0 to
75 s at 15-s intervals, with 3
replications. Seeds were sown in pots
filled with Vertisol and grown for 65 d
with regular watering. Plants were
uprooted and root and shoot portionsseparated and dried in a hot air oven a
65-70 C to a uniform moisture
content.
Treatment with boiling water
significantly improved germination
(see table). Duration of treatment did
not significantly affect dry matter
production.
Influence of boiling water (98 C) seed treatment on germination and dry matter production o
Sesbania rostrata at Dharwad, India.
Treatment Plants/pot Germination
Shoot Root
(no.) (%) dry weight dry weight(g/pot) (g/pot)
Control (no treatment) 1.0Treatment with 98 C water for
15 s 15.330 s45 s
17.3
60 s19.019.0
75 s 19.3
SE 0.4LSD (P=0.5) 1.4
4 1.47
62 4.9370 6.5076 5.7576 5.5078 5.98
0.752.36
0.30
0.831.100.900.960.81
0.12
0.36
Total
dry weig(g/pot)
1.77
5.767.606.656.46
6.79
0.852.69
IRRN 14:6 (December 1989) 1
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R. D. Vaishya, V. K. Singh, and M. F. Qazi,
Agronomy Department, Narendra Deva
University of Agriculture and Technology,
Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Effect of flooding duration on
germination and growth of
Sesbania rostrata
M. N. Sheelavantar, R. S. Bhat, and P. S.
Mattiwade, Agronomy Division, University of
Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580005,
India
Alley cropping of green manure with
irrigated rice could save time and crop
area. We conducted a pot culture
experiment Jan-Mar 1989 to study the
effect of six irrigation schedules on
germination and growth of S. rostrata.
cm from the brim. Seeds treated with
sulfuric acid for 40 min were sown at
25/pot. Six treatments were imposed
with three replications. The crop was
grown for 65 d.
Pots were filled with Vertisol to 5
Germination was drastically
Influence of irrigation on germination and dry matter production of Sesbania rostrata. Dharwad,India, 1989.
TreatmentPlants/pot Germination Shoot Root Total
(no.) (%) dry weight dry weight dry weight(g/pot) (g/pot) (g/pot)
Control (no flooding) 20.3 81.2 5.05 0.51 5.56Flooding throughout 5.6 22.4 0.23 0.04 0.27
Flooding 7 d after sowing (DAS) 10.6 42.4 1.42
Flooding 15 DAS
0.13
16.3
1.55
65.2 2.51 1.03Flooding 22 DAS 3.5418.6 74.4 3.03Flooding 30 DAS 18.0
1.18 4.2172.0 4.00 1.21 5.21
SE
LSD (P=0.05)2 .06.4
0.32 0.0321.00
0.340.100 1.08
reduced when irrigation started aff.ect total dry matter production. S.
immediately after sowing (see table). rostrata could be established as an alley
Flooding 22 days after sowing (DAS) crop with rice if irrigation is delayed to
did not affect germination significantly. 15 DAS. For better establishment and
Shoot dry weight significantly dry matter production, the green
decreased with continuous flooding but manure crop should not be flooded
increased with delay in flooding. before 30 DAS.
Flooding 30 DAS did not significantly
Physiology and plant nutrition
Effect of herbicides on nutrient
leaching from rice leaves Treatment 10 DE 15 DE 20 DE 25 DE 30 DE
Effect of herbicides on nutrients in rice leaf leachates. Uttar Pradesh, India, 1987 wet season.
Na (g/kg fresh leaves)Control 10.9 15.0 15.5 14.7 15.9
Thiobencarb 13.0 16.8 19.6 14.9 17.0
Butachlor 11.9 15.5 15.5 15.5 17.6
LSD (0.05) 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5
Pesticidal spray is known to alter the
constituents of leaf leachates, which in
turn have a direct effect on disease
incidence, yield, and yield quality.
Certain fungicides are known to induce
leaching of different micronutrients.
We studied the effect of thiobencarb
and butachlor on leaching of Na, K,
and Fe from rice leaves.
randomized block design with four
replications during 1987 wet season.Saket 4 was seeded and recommended
fertilizers and irrigation practices were
followed. Thiobencarb and butachlor at
1.5 kg/ha were sprayed 3 d after seeding
as preemergence herbicide. Control
plots were not sprayed.
Rice leaf samples were collected
10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 d after emergence
(DE). Leaf leachates were collected by
The experiment was laid out in a
ControlThiobencarbButachlor
LSD (0.05)
ControlThiobencarb
30.045.343.1
1.7
2.84.9
K (g/kg fresh leaves)38.4 43.647.8 49.146.6 52.0
1.4 1.2
Fe (g/kg .fresh leaves)2.5 3.65.0 6.9
42.758.353.9
1.8
3.66.5
43.561.558.4
2.1
4.56.8
Butachlor 4.4 5.8
LSD (0.05) 0.2 0.4
immersing freshly collected leaves in
distilled water for about 6 h. Free Fecontent was estimated using potassium
persulphate reagent, Na and K content
by Flame photometer method.
Nutrients in leaf leachates
increased from 10 to 30 DE in
untreated and treated leaves (see
table). Na content increased between
10 and 20 DE, decreased at 25 DE, and
increased again at 30 DE.
6.5 7.5 7.2
0.3 0.4 0.3
Herbicides significantly increased
Na, K, and Fe content. Application ofthiobencarb resulted in more leaching
of Na at 10, 15, and 20 DE; K at 10, 25,
and 30 DE; and Fe at 10 and 20 DE.
Application of butachlor resulted in
more leaching of Na at 25 and 30 DE;
K at 20 DE; and Fe at 15, 2.5, and 30
DE. At 15 and 20 DE, the differences
in leaching of K due to thiobencarb and
butachlor were not significant.
14 IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)
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Effect of aqueous azolla extract
and NaCl stress on rice
S. A. Ali, A. Rami, and S. M. Alam, Atomic
Energy Agricultural Research Centre, Tando
Jam, Sind, Pakistan
We studied the allelopathic effects of
Azolla pinnata extract on rice seedlings.
A 2.5% (wt/vol) extract was prepared
by soaking dried azolla in distilled
water for 24 h. Five ml azolla extract
was added to 0.8% sterilized agar gel
with 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% sodium
chloride. Fifty ml of the media was
poured in glass bowls. A similar set
without azolla extract also was
prepared. All treatments were in
randomized design with four
replications.
sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite
for 3 min and rinsed with distilled
water. Ten seeds were planted in a
circle on the surface of each bowl with
Seeds of rice cultivar IR6 were
Crop management
Physiological characteristics of
seedlings grown in dry-wet
nursery (DWN)
Zonghong Huang, Institute of Rice, Guizhou
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang
City, Guizhou Province, China
A flexible dry-wet method of raising
rice seedlings developed for rainfed
regions of Guizhou Province, China,
could be adapted for areas where water
deficit affects seedling growth and
development.
We evaluated physiological
differences of seedlings grown in dry-wet nursery (DWN), wet nursery
(WN), and dry nursery (DN) in thegreenhouse. Pregerminated seeds of
Ef-15, IR20-3, IR545-39, IR8-8, and
IR8-1 were sown in 16-cm-tall, 15-cm-
diameter plastic pots 18 Feb 1989 at
Kansas State University, USA. Each
pot was fertilized with 3 g 18-45-0
NPK. Seeds were sown 14 Mar, 24 Mar,
3 Apr, and 13 Apr at 30/pot.
Effect of azolla and salt on germination and seedling growth of rice.a Sind, Pakistan.
TreatmentShoot Decrease Root Decreaselength over control length
(cm) (%) (cm)
over contr
(%)
No azolla, no salt 7.49 a 7.31 aAzolla alone 6.67 ab 10.9 4.66 b 36.20.2% salt 6.14 a 10.0 7.13 a0.4% salt
2.5
0.6% salt
6.56 a 10.2
51.5 5.08 b0.2% salt + azolla 6.08 b 18.8 5.31 b
30.5
0.4% salt + azolla 5.27 c 29.6 4.48 b27.4
0.6% salt + azolla 3.33 d 55.5 2.23 c 69.538.7
aIn a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
5.19 c 30.7
3.63 d
the embryo side up and pointing
inward. The bowls were covered with
petri dishes and incubated at 30 C for
7 d. Shoot and root lengths were
measured. Results are the average of
duplicate experiments.
Azolla alone and 0.2% salt alonehad no significant effect on seedling
growth (see table). But 0.2% salt with
azolla extract significantly reduced
seedling height. At 0.4 and 0.6%
salinity, a significant reduction in
seedling height occurred in all
treatments. All salinity levels combin
with azolla extract significantly reduc
root length. Even azolla alone had
significant depressing effect on root
growth. The effect of 0.2 and 0.4%salinity alone was not significant.
We concluded that azolla
depresses root growth under saline
conditions.
For WN, the soil was puddled and
water depth after sowing kept at 3 cm.
For DN and DWN, soil was lightly
sprinkled before sowing to keep
moisture at about 80% of field
capacity. After sowing, DN received400 ml water daily. DWN received 400
ml water daily to 25, 35, 45, or 55 d
after sowing (DAS), when it was
submerged to 3 cm depth for 10 or 20 d
before pulling seedlings. Thus, there
were four seedling ages for all nursery
methods and two flooding durations
before pulling seedlings for DWN
At 35, 45, 55, and 65 DAS, 3
seedlings/pot were removed to measure
plant fresh weight (PFW). Three fully
developed leaves (second from top
leaf) were excised to measure leaf water
potential (LWP) with an ISSD 34693-3
pressure chamber.
DWN seedlings were as tall as was similar to WN (see table). Boththose in the conventional WN and DWN and WN showed higher PFW
taller than those in the conventional than DN.
DN. Roots were deeper and thicker DWN seedlings therefore were
and growth more vigorous than in WN more vigorous than DN seedlings and
or DN (see figure). DN had the highest used less water than WN seedlings.
LWP; DWN with submergence for 10 d
IRRN 14:6 (December 1989) 15
Seedlings of Ef-15 by WN (A), DWN (B), and DWN
at 45 DAS. 1989.
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In large areas of Assam, flooding
frequently destroys the wet season rice
crop transplanted in Jul. In such
situations, farmers direct seed rice in
Sep, when floodwaters have receded.
We experimented with sowing in
standing water, to move direct seeding
to earlier in the season.
Cultivars Culture 1 and CR666-
68 were tested on a clay loam soil
L. Saikia, A. K. Pathak, and B. P. Baruah,
Regional Agricultural Research Station,
Assam Agricultural University, Titabar
785630, Assam, India
Yield of rice sown in standing
water
The International Rice Research
Newsletter is published to expedite
communication among scientists
concerned with rice research and the
development of improved technology for
rice and rice-based farming systems.
Readers are encouraged to write authorsat their published addresses to discuss
the research and obtain more details.
Effect of 3 methods of raising rice seedlings on leaf water potential and fresh weight, 1989. a
Seedling Leaf water potential (Pa) Fresh weight (g/plant)
age(d) WN DN DWN WN DN DWN
10 d 20 d 10 d 20 d
35 7.7 1.1 1.05 1.1 1.2 1.245
5565
1.0 1.1 0.95 0.95 1.2 1.30.96
1.41.2 0.97 1.04 3.2 2.3 2.6 2.6
1.7
1.0 1.1 1.06 1.04 1.4 1.2 1.7 1.7
LSD (0.05) = 0.6 LSD (0.05) = 0.3
a Mean of 5 cultivars or lines. WN = wet nursery; DN = dry nursery; DWN = dry-wet nursery.
Effect of N application timing on
ratoon rice
K. Srinivasan, National Pulses Research
Centre, Pudukkottai 622303; and S.
Purushothaman, Agricultural College,Madurai 625104, India
N rate and frequency are critical factors
in managing rice ratoon crops. We
studied split N application during 1988
wet season.
The ratoon crop received 100-50-
50 kg NPK/ha. N was applied to
Effect of N application timing on ratoon yield. Madurai, India, 1988 wet season.
Yield (t/ha) at given time of N application
Complete Two splits Three splits Mean basal
(t/ha)
Variety
Ponni 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.8Bhavani 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.8
Mean 2.5 2.2 2.1
SE LSD (0.05)Variety 0.118 0.263Time of N 0.142 0.294Interaction 0.203 ns
medium-duration rice varieties Ponni
and Bhavani as complete basal a factorial randomized block design produced a ratoon yield of 2.5 t/ha (see
immediately after harvest of main crop; with three replications. Soil was sandy table). Basal application significantly
half as basal and half 30 d after harvest clay loam with pH 7.3. improved all yield attributes and grain
of main crop (DH); and one-third as Bhavani produced significantly and straw yields, probably because of basal, one-third 15 DH, and one-third higher ratoon yield (2.8 t/ha, 50% of its early sprouting and healthy ratoon
30 DH. The experiment was laid out in main crop yield). All N as basal tillers.
during 1988 wet season. Two seed seed germinated well and more
treatments were used: soaking in water seedlings emerged better than those
12 h and soaking until seed sprouted. from sprouted seed. Panicle weight and
Seeds were sown in 12 cm standing grain yield were significantly higher
water on 25 Aug; water depth was with nonsprouted seeds (see table).
maintained for 12 d. Panicles/m 2 did not differ significantly.
In both varieties, nonsprouted Yield differences were possibly
Influence of underwater sowing on yield and yield-related attributes of rice. Titabar, India, 1988.
Panicles Panicle Grain
Variety Method (no./m2) weight yield(g) (t/ha)
Culture 1 Nonsprouted 192 1.94 2.2Culture 1 Sprouted 164 1.88 1.6CR666-68 Nonsprouted 190 1.89 2.0CR666-68 Sprouted 166 1.86 1.5
0.2LSD (0.05) 24 0.09
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Effect of topdressing potash on
rice nutrient uptake and yield
T. Senthilvel and SP. Palaniappan, Tamil
Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 3,
India
We studied the effect on irrigated rice
of topdressing potash through NK
granules (27-0-27) during 1983-84 wet
(WS) and dry (DS) seasons. Soil was
Typic Haplustalf with pH 8.1 and 328kg available N/ha, 13.6 kg P/ha, and 53
due to floating or clumping of sprouted vigorous seedlings. The technology is done only when water temperature is
seeds, resulting in scattered or dense being tested under natural conditions low and oxygen level high. Studies o
stands. Nonsprouted seeds settled on in farmers fields. water temperature and oxygen level are
the underwater soil surface and Other researchers have found needed.
developed comparatively more that seeding into standing water can be
Herbage production from
deepwater rice in farmers fields
T. Kupkanchanakul and S. Roontun, Huntra
Rice Experiment Station, Ayutthaya 13000,
Thailand
We sampled eight deepwater rice
farmers fields for herbage and grain
yield at Amphur Bangpahan and
Amphur Maharat, Ayutthaya (central
plain) in 1988 wet season. Two
treatmentscut and not cutwerearranged in random complete block
design with 10 replications. The
varieties and agronomic practices of
the farmers are shown in Table 1.
In the cut plots, leaves were
removed at the collar of the last fully
developed leaf during vegetative
growth. Average herbage harvest was
1 t dry matter/ha. Leaf herbage protein
content has been shown to be high.
Leaf removal did not significantlyaffect agronomic characteristics, yield
components, and grain yield (Table 2).
On average, panicle number, yield, and
harvest index were improved by cutting
These results indicate that in the
floodplain of Thailand, where pasture
and herbage availability is minimal
during the rainy season, it is possible to
harvest herbage from deepwater rice
without decreasing grain yields.
Table 1. Deepwater rice varieties and farmers agronomic practices. Central Thailand, 1988-89 wet season.
Seeding Water Maximum water
Location Variety rate Sowing date Emergence Cutting dateHarvest
level Depth Date date(kg/ha) (cm) (cm )
BangpahanBangpahan
BangpahanBangpahan
MaharatMaharat
Maharat
Maharat
Khao Puang NakLuang PratharnKhao KasetKhao Prakuad
Khao PrakuadKhao Lod Chong
Pin Gaew 56
Sai Bua
150 15 May
120 28 May120 30 May
120 30 May
150 02 Jul150 10 May150 07 May
150 07 May
25 May10 Jun
12 Jun
12 Jun10 Jul
20 May15 May
15 May
15 Sep
25 Aug11 Aug02 Aug10 Sep
25 Jul19 Jul
02 Aug
60
15
1520
8
570
60
90 20 Oct45 15 Oct
40 15 Oct40 15 Oct30 20 Oct
195 15 Oct180 30 Oct
180 20 Oct
15 Jan
12 Jan25 Dec
25 Dec13 Jan
13 Jan07 Jan
05 Jan
Table 2. Grain yield, herbage yield, and production components of deepwater rice with and without herbage harvest. Ayutthaya, Thailand, 1988-89 we
season.
HerbageGrain yield Panicles Spikelets Fertility 1000-grain Harvest Height
(t/ha)(t/ha) (no./m
2) /panicle (%) wt (g) index (cm)Location Variety
Control Cut Control Cut Control Cut Control Cut Control Cut Control Cut Control Cu
Bangpahan Khao Puang Nak 0.90 2.3 2.3 106 112 151 156 92 92 24.6 24.9 0.20 0.21 248 23
Bangpahan LuangPratharn 0.95 2.2 2.6 113 129 122 114 89 88 24.4 24.2 0.24 0.30 153 14Bangpahan Khao Kaset 0.80 4.0 4.1 139 141 144 130 93 94 28.6 29.2 0.35 0.40 186 17Bangpahan Khao Prakuad 0.99 3.1 3.3 129 139 126 115 94 95 28.4 29.2 0.31 0.34 168 15Maharat Khao Prakuad 0.95 1.9 1.9 106 106 88 96 83 84 27.5 27.0 0.31 0.35 119 12Maharat Khao Lod Chong 1.33 0.9 1.2 68 77 97 104 91 92 26.8 26.9 0.25 0.25 193 20Maharat Pin Gaew 56 1.06 2.2 2.2 99 103 112 109 92 93 25.8 26.1 0.18 0.19 296 29Maharat Sai Bua 0.96 2.0 1.8 95 88 153 136 92 93 26.0 25.6 0.20 0.20 284 282
Average 0.99 2.3 2.4 107 112 124 120 91 91 26.5 26.6 0.26 0.28 206 202
Soil fertility
and fertilizer
management
IRRN 14:6 (December 1989) 17
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kg K/ha. After deducting the N
supplied through NK granules, prilled
urea was broadcast at 75 kg N/ha m WS
and 100 kg N/ha in DS. P as
superphosphate was applied at 37.5 kg/
ha in WS and 50 kg/ha in DS. Irrigation
water was good quality (EC 0.15 dS/m)
and did not contribute any appreciable
K. Rice cultivars were IR50 in WS andCo 43 in DS.
Effect of topdressing NK granules on nutrient uptake and yield of rice. a Coimbatore, India, 1983-8
Wet Season Dry season
Treatment N uptake K uptake Yield N uptake K uptake Yiel
(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (t/ha) (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (t/ha
No K 91 b 147 b 4.2 b 101 d 158 d 4.6 Muriate of potash, all basal 112 a 186 a 5.9 a 115 a 204 aNK granules - basal 100 a 169 a 5.0 a 106 c 170 c 4.8
5.0 a
NK granules at tillering 107 a 178 a 5.1 a 112 ab NK granules at tillering + 118 a 177 b 5.1 170 a 5.8 a 109 bc 181 b 5.0 a
panicle initiation
The experiment was laid out in a
randomized block design with three
replications (see table for treatment
details). In WS, nutrient uptake and
grain yield were similar across with basal application of muriate of tillering and at tillering + panicle
treatments, but higher than no K. potash, and grain yield equaled that initiation.
During DS, nutrient uptake was higher with NK granules topdressed at
aIn a column, means followed by the same letters are not significantly different at the 5% level bDMRT.
Influence of rate and time of N
application on growth and yieldof rice in Pakistan
T. Hussain, G. Jilani, and A. Ghaffar, Soil
Science Department, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
We studied the effect of different N
levels and timing of prilled urea
application on rice in a Typic
Camborthids soil (sandy clay loam
texture, pH 7.8, EC, 1.22 dS/m, CEC
9.2 cmol/kg, 0.038% N, 10.2 ppm
available P, 140.2 ppm K, and 3.4 ppmZn).
application at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150
kg N/ha were compared in a split-plot
design with three replications. Plot size
was 30 m2. All treatments received 28
kg P/ha as single superphosphate. Basal
N was broadcast and incorporated in
dry soil before transplanting Basmati
370.
Tillers/hill and straw yield
increased with each increment of N
Single basal and equal split N
Effect of timea and N level on growth and yield of rice. Faisalabad, Pakistan.
N level Tillers(kg/ha) (no./hill)
Grain
Yield (t/ha) N N-use
N uptake recovery efficiStraw (kg/ha) (%) (kg rice/kg
N applied BT0 8.1 f 2.6 i 4.4 i 32.2
30 12.7 c 3.2 f 4.7i
h 47.860 13.3 bc 3.5 d
g 52.06.0 f 59.4 f
18.8
90 13.2 bc 3.7 b45.3 14.8
7.1 d 80.2 d 53.3 12.0120 13.6 b 3.6 c150 16.4 a
7.8 c 82.8 c 42.23.5 d
8.49.1 a 95.9 b 42.5 6.4
N applied BT + at PI0 9.2 e 2.7 h 4.0
30 11.7 d 2.9 j 30.9
g 4.4 i 37.0 h60 12.5 c 3.3 e
20.35.2
6.7g 47.5
90 13.0 bc 3.3 eg 27.7 9.5
120 13.5 b 3.6 c
6.4 e 58.7 f 30.9 6.4
6.4 e 73.9 e150 16.6 a
35.8 7.53.9 a 8.3 b 99.9 a 46.0 7.9
j
aBT = before rice transplanting in dry soil, PI = at panicle initiation stage before flooding. In
column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT
fertilizer, and were higher with single N grain and straw yields. In general, N
application (see table). Grain yield was recovery and agronomic efficiency wer
reduced above 90 kg N/ha with all N lower with higher N rates applied once
applied as basal. Yields with split because of the yield decrease. With
application were not reduced up to 150 split placement of N fertilizer, the rate
kg N/ha. At lower N rates, split of yield increase was linear.
application resulted in relatively lower
Effect of humic acid on wet Humic acidsthe complex organic extraction containing 12% humic acid
season rice molecules formed by the breakdown on growth and yield of rice during 198
and neo-synthesis of organic matteras wet season.
B. K. Mandal, P. Chatterjee, and S. P. liquid salts may help maintain adequate Soil was gangetic alluvial
Bhattacharya, Agronomy Department, Bidhan amounts of organic matter in ricefields. (Entisol), sandy loam in texture, withChandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani We evaluated Energiser 12 PCT (a 0.6% organic C, 0.04% total N, 9.3 mg741235, West Bengal, India liquid formulation of alkaline [KOH] available (Olsen) P/kg, 50 mg availab
18 IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)
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Table 1. Effect of humic acid on growth of rice. West Bengal, India, 1988 wet season.
Treatmenta
Root dry weight Top dry weight Tillers/m2 Plant height
(g/m2) (g/m2) (no.) (cm)
Maximum Panicle Panicle Flowering Panicle Flowering Panicle Floweringtillering initiation initiation initiation initiation
Untreated control (only NPK) 21.5 31.2 188 432 419 407 52.2
NPK + SD in HA @ 25 ml/liter of water 25.6 38.4 238 485 459 447 55.8 NPK + SD + FS of HA @ 1 ml/ liter 24.2 46.2 252 530 495 480 56.4
NPK + SD + FS of HA + FS of urea 2% 20.9 48.1 243 547 483 460NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 5 liters/ha
55.028.1 52.2 250 551 523 469
NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 10 liters/ha57.9
32.5 60.3 263 579 554 502NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 15 liters/ha
59.537.9 66.7 255 614 535 553
NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 20 liters/ha
56.731.1 57.1 200 562 467 480 55.5
LSD (0.05) 3.5 7.8 48.9 56.5 33.7 38.4 3.7
of water
aSD = Seedling root dipping in humic acid solution (HA), FS = foliar spray, SA = soil application. All plots received 60-13-25 kg NPK/ha.
80.784.486.4
84.084.387.286.985.0
ns
K/kg, and pH 7.4. Three application
methods were tested (Table 1). The
experiment was laid out in a
randomized block design with three
replications. Plot size was 15 m2.
All plots received 60-13-25 kg
NPK/ha as urea, single
superphosphate, and muriate of
potash.
All the P and K and 1/2 the N and
soil-applied humic acid were applied as
basal; 1/2 the N and soil-applied humic
acid were topdressed in equal splits at
maximum tillering and panicle
initiation. Foliar spray of humic acid
and urea were applied in equal splits at
tillering and panicle initiation. MW10
(25 d old) was transplanted 27 Jul and
harvested 16 Oct.
Root-dipped seedlings produced
more effective tillers and filled grains/
panicle and significantly higher grain
and straw yields than the control
Table 2. Effect of humic acid on yield components and grain and straw yield of rice. West BengaIndia, 1988 wet season.
Effective Filled 1000- Grain Straw Harves
(no./m2) (no./panicle) wt (g) (t/ha) (t/ha)Treatment tillers grains grain yield yield index
Untreated control (only NPK) 335 67 21.4 2.3 2.4 49 NPK + SD in HA @ 25 ml/liter of water 385 76 21.9 2.6 3.0 46NPK + SD + FS of HA @ 1 ml/liter of water 407 79 21.8 2.6 3.1 46NPK + SD + FS of HA + FS of urea 2%, 383 77 22.2 2.6 3.1 45 NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 5 liters/ha 425 78 21.8 2.8 3.2 46NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 10 liters/ha 453 84 22.4 2.9 3.3 46NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 15 liters/ha 487 93 22.3 3.1 3.6 46NPK + SD + SA of HA @ 20 liters/ha 443 83 22.1 3.0 3.4 48
LSD (0.05) 73 6 0.4 0.3 0.5 ns
(Table 1,2). Root-dipping + soil humic acid/ha produced the highestapplication of humic acid resulted in grain and straw yields.
better growth, yield-attributing Further study is needed regar
characters, and yields than root- the influence of humic acid on physical
dipping only. With soil-applied humic properties of soil and on the chemical
acid, 15 liters/ha produced the best reactions and biological activity in the
growth and yield attributes. Root- soil.
dipping + soil application of 15 liters
Influence ofpotassium-kinetin
synergism on rice grain weight
I. Sakeena and M. A. Salam, Kerala
Agricultural University (KAU), Cropping
Systems Research Centre (CSRC),
Karamana, Trivandrum 695002, India
We studied the effect of four levels of
K and four levels of kinetin on 1,000-
grain weight of cultivar Triveni during
summer 1987. Soil was sandy loam with
pH 4.5 and 84.3-13.6-63.8 ppm
available NPK. Treatments are given in
Potassium-kinetin interaction on 1000-grain weight of cultivar Triveni at Karamana, India, 1987.
1000-grain wt (g) at given K2O (kg/ha) level Mean
No K 17.5 35 70 Kinetin level 1000-grai
0 (water spray) 22.4 23.4 24.8 26.1 24.210 ppm at flowering 22.7 23.8 25.6 26.8 24.710 ppm 10 d after flowering 22.7 24.1 26.1 27.0 25.0
10 ppm at flowering + 10 DF 23.2 24.9 26.7 27.0 25.4(DF)
Mean 22.7 24.1 25.8 26.7
SEM LSD (0.05)0.074 0.2150.074 0.2150.148 0.430
KBK B
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the table. The experiment was laid out
in a randomized block design with
three replications.
Grain weight increased with
levels of K. Kinetin also improved
grain weighttwo sprayings resulted in
the highest grain weight.
The potassium-kinetin
interaction was significant: plants
treated with 70 kg K2O/ha plus a single
spray of 10 ppm kinetin at 10 d after
flowering produced heavier grains.
Effect on rice of partial
substitution of N by azolla
M. K. Arvadia, T. M. Shah, F. N. Saiyed, C.
B. Pavagadhi, R. D. Seth, D. K. Patel, S. S.
Rathore, and S. Raman, National
Agricultural Research Project, Gujarat
Agricultural University, Navsari, India
We studied azolla as a N substitute for
rice in 1985 and 1986 wet seasons. Soil
was clayey with pH 7.5, 0.59% organic
C, 0.047% total N, 9.0 kg available P/
ha, and 315 kg available K/ha. All plots
received 22 kg P/ha through single
superphosphate at puddling. Rice
variety GR11 was grown both years.
Azolla alone and azolla with different
N levels (10 treatments) were laid outin a randomized block design with four
replications (see table). N as urea was
applied in two equal splits: at
transplanting and 20 d after
transplanting. Azolla was surface
applied at 300 g/m2, allowed to grow for
25 d, then incorporated.
Yields were better with azolla + N
than with N alone. Yield with 60 kg N/ha + one azolla crop statistically
equaled yield with 100 kg N/ha without
azolla: incorporation of one azolla crop
saved about 40% of inorganic N.
Azolla alone was not effective.
Response of rice to sources,
methods, and levels of N
S. K. Patra and A. K. Padhi, Regional
Research Station, NARP, G. Udayagiri
762100, Orissa University of Agricu1ture and
Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
We studied the effect of three N
fertilizers applied using different
methods and at different N levels on
IR36 in the northeastern Ghat region
of Orissa. Soil was sandy loam with pH
5.6, 0.35% organic C, 0.03% total N,
CEC 6.5 meq/100 g, 18 ppm available P
(Olsen), and 105 ppm available K
(NH4OAC extractable). Uniform 25 kg
K/ha was applied as basal through
muriate of potash; P was not added
because available P was high.
Urea and large granule urea
(LGU) were broadcast in two and thr
splits; urea supergranules (USG) wer
placed manually at 8-10 cm depth
between rows, 8 d after transplanting
The experiment was laid out in a
random block design with threereplications. Seedlings were
transplanted at 20- 10-cm spacing.
N application significantly
increased grain yield (see table). Yield
increased with each increment of N,
irrespective of source and method of
application. USG recorded the lowest
number of tillers/hill, panicles/hill,
panicle length, and test weight.
The terraced, 2% slope of the
field plus the porous sandy loam soil
warranted irrigation at intervals of 3-4
d. N from USG applied all at basalmight have been subjected to greater
percolation and volatilization losses,
resulting in lower efficiency. At 30 and
60 kg N/ha, urea recorded the highest
yield attributes, but at 90 kg N/ha,
LGU had the highest. At each N level
yields were similar.
Highest return was with LGU at
90 kg N/ha. USG recorded lower
returns at all N levels because of its
high application cost combined with
lower efficiency.
Influence of source, method, and level of N on grain and straw yields, yield attributes, and return
NE Orissa, India.
Effect of azolla plus N on rice yield. Navsari,India, 1985 and 1986 wet seasons.
Yield (t/ha)
1985 1986 MeanTreatment
One crop azolla 2.9 2.0 2.9
Two crops azolla 3.2 2.9 3.1
Three crops azolla 3.4 3.1 3.2
One crop azolla 3.7 3.2 3.4
30 kg N/ha 3.5 3.0 3.260 kg N/ha 4.1 3.3 3.7100 kg N/ha 4.5 4.1 4.330 kg N/ha + 1 crop 3.9 3.8 3.9
60 kg N/ha + 1 crop 5.2 3.9 4.6
No azolla, no N 2.8 2.7 2.8
LSD (0.05) 0.6 0.7 0.6
incorporated
incorporated
incorporated
not incorporated
azolla incorporated
azolla incorporated
20 IRRN 14:6 (December 1989)
Straw Grain yieldTillers Panicles
Panicle 1000-Return
(t/ha) t/ha % increase(no./hill) (no./hill)
(cm) wt (g)($/ha)
Treatmenta yield length grain
No N 2.0 2.2 8.0 7.2 17.6 18.9 30 kg N/ha
As urea in 2 splits 3.2 3.1 41.7 12.0 8.5 18.0 19.5 182.0As USG 3.2 2.8 26.5 9.1 7.5 17.8 19.1 118.7As LGU in 2 splits 3.1 3.0 36.4 9.8 7.8 17.9 19.4 163.3
60 kg N/haAs urea in 3 splits 3.2 3.5As USG
59.1 13.1 9.5 18.3 19.8 222.72.9 3.1 40.1 12.2 9.2 18.0 19.5 135.3
As LGU in 3 splits 3.3 3.3 50.0 13.0 9.3 18.1 19.6 194.090 kg N/ha
As urea in 3 splits 4.2 4.1 85.6 14.0 10.2 18.4 20.2 303.6As USG 3.4 3.4 56.8 13.5 10.1 18.2 19.7 181.7As LGU in 3 splits 4.2 4.3 94.8 14.6 11.5 18.5 20.5 331.9
LSD (0.05) 0.2 0.2 0.75 0.23 0.23 0.40
a2 splits = broadcast at transplanting and at tillering; 3 splits = broadcast at transplanting, at tillerinand at panicle initiation.
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Rice panicles infected with Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn,
Imphal, India, 1988. A = fungal sclerotia, B = infected
panicle branches.
relative humidity to 90% and above
and decreased number of sunshine
hours. Temperatures remained
optimum for multiplication of BLS
from the diseased leaves, limiting
disease spread.
BB disease was severe at 60 and
90 kg N/ha, causing 15-42% leaf area
(Fig. 2). The decrease in severity from damage in Pakistan Basmati, T412,
55 to 65 DT might be attributed to IET8580, and IET8579. Basmati 370
reduced availabl