INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF … 1 SSTB 24.pdfInternational Refereed Academic Journal of Sports, Health and Medical Sciences Issue:15, Volume:5, pp.1-2. All authors mustfollow

INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC JOURNALOF SPORTS, HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

PRINT ISSN: 2146-8508 - ONLINE ISSN: 2147-1711

ISSUE: 24 YEAR: 2017

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CONTENTS

RESEARCH and APPLICATION

REKREASYON BÖLÜMÜ ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN SERBEST ZAMAN VE SPORTİF AÇIDAN SERBEST ZAMAN FAALİYETLERİNE KATILIMLARININ İNCELENMESİ (FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ) 1-13Yonca Süreyya SEZER, Baha Engin ÇELİKEL, Yüksel SAVUCU, Mustafa KARADAĞ, A. Serdar YÜCEL

OKÇULARIN EL KAVRAMA KUVVETİNE BİRİM ANTRENMANIN ETKİSİ 14-26Süreyya Yonca SEZER, Baha Engin ÇELİKEL, Ercan GÜR, Yüksel SAVUCU

ANALYSIS ON THE CYBER VICTIMIZATION AND AWARENESS OF CLASSIFICATION BASKETBALL REFEREES IN TURKEY 27-41Serdar ORHAN, Engin AKARSU, A. Serdar YÜCEL, Yüksel SAVUCU

BEDEN EĞİTİMİ ÖĞRETMENLERİNİN ETİK İKLİM PERSPEKTİFİNDEN BAĞIMSIZLIK ALT BOYUTUNUN İNCELENMESİ 42-47Gokhan ACAR , Barbaros Serdar ERDOGAN

RESEARCH and LITERATURE

ÇOCUKLARDA İNVAZİV İŞLEMLER SIRASINDA DİKKATİ BAŞKA YÖNE ÇEKME TEKNİKLERİNİN KULLANIMI 48-60Ayşegül ÖZDEMİR, Meltem KÜRTÜNCÜ

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Chief EditorÇetin YAMAN

Deputy Chief Editor Ayça GÜRKANGülten HERGÜNERMetin YAMANNuran AKYURTNilgün ULUTAŞDEMİRÜmran SEVİL

Editor Ayhan AYTAÇAyşe ÇEVİRMEFatih ÇATIKKAŞNejla GÜNAY

System EditorMichael KUYUCU

Health Sciences Editor Ayça GÜRKANEmre YANIKKEREMSezer ER GÜNERİ Seyhan HIDIROĞLUÜmran SEVİL

Health Sciences Editorial Assistant Özlem DEMİREL BOZKURTSaliha ÖZPINAR

Turkish Language EditorGülsemin HAZER Yakup POYRAZ

English Language EditorGökşen ARASSinem HERGÜNER

Field EditorAyşe Ferda OCAKÇIAyhan AYTAÇAli AYDINLARAhmet ERGÜLENBesim AKINCanan ALBAYRAKCem KOPUZFazilet KAYASELÇUKFahri ERDOĞANFatih KILINÇFaruk ANDAÇGülgün ERSOYHülya UZUNİlkin ÇAVUŞOĞLUİnci ALİCANKadir EMRE AKKUŞKaya YILDIZMehmet Faik ÖZÇELİKMustafa TALAS Mustafa ÖNER UZUN Mehmet BAYANSALDUZMurat ÇİLLİSevilay YILDIZ Selvinaz SAÇANÜmran SEVİLVeli DUYAN

Editor in ChiefErcan ŞAHBUDAKGülten HERGÜNERMehmet BAYANSALDUZ Measurement and Evaluation EditorGökhan DELİCEOĞLU

Sports Science EditorAli Serdar YÜCELGülten HERGÜNERSerdar TOKMetin YAMAN

Sports Sciences Assistant EditorAli Serdar YÜCELAyşe TÜRKSOYKubilay ÖCAL

Technical EditorOzan KARABAŞHakan AÇIKGÖZMümin ŞAHİN

International Scientific CommitteeAnni VANHATALOAnthony BLAZEVICHAlexandra PAPAIOANNOUCraig WILLIAMSChristopher BELLDrew HARRISONDavid MARTINDavid BUTLEREdward S. GROODFrank R. NOYESGregory P. BOIVINJerilynn C. PRIORJacques BROWNJonathan D. ADACHIKeijo HAKKINENKarl ERICKSONMark BIRNLEYNicola MAFFULLIPeter FEDORLFSusan I. BARRSharief HENDRICKSSean CUMMINGTim ELCOMBETim MEYERWilliam J. KRAEMER

Legal ConsultantsAtt. Fevzi PAPAKÇIAtt. İbrahim DURSUNAtt. Nazmi ARİFAtt. Onur BAYKANAtt. Rozerin SEDA KİPAtt. Yasemin ÖZ

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DISCIPLINES

³ DOPINGANDERGONOJIKHELP

³ OTHERMEDICALSCIENCES

³ ADULTANDPEDIATRICPERIODSPORSTTRAUMATOLOGY

³ HEALTHMANAGEMENT

³ SPORTSSCIENCE

³ ACTIVITIESANDSPORTSSPORTSREHABILITATIONSERVICESAFTERSURGERY

³ SPORTSMEDICINE

³ SPORTSINJURIESAFTERTREATMENTANDPREVENTIONOFDISABILITY

³ SPORTSSTEERINGANDAPPLICATIONS

³ SPORTSNUTRITION

³ SPORTPSYCHOLOGY

³ ATHLETESHEALTH

³ ATHLETICPHYSICALPROBLEMSDETECTEDMUSCULOSKELETAL

³ ATHLETICPERFORMANCEDEVELOPMENT

³ MEDICALBIOLOGICALSCIENCES

³ MEDICALHISTORYANDETHICS

³ AGINGPERIODOFSPORTSHEALTH

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SCANNEDINDEXES

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Dear readers, precious scholars.,

Inthisissueofourjournal,thereareatotalof05research,application,literature,andcompilationstudies.Inthisissueofthejournal,wewouldliketoexpressoursincerethankstotheauthorswhosupportuswiththeirvaluablestudies.Wewouldalsoliketoexpressourthanksandappreciationtothepreciousarbitrationcommitteememberswhoneverleaveusaloneandenablethisissuetomeetwithourdearreaderswiththeirworthfuleffortsandcontributions,astheyhavedoneineachissue.Wealsogreatlyappreciatetheeffortsoftheeditorialboard,systemmanagement,andthepreciousscholarstakingplaceintheeditorialboardformakinganeffortinthebackgroundofthepublicationofthisjournal.Dearscientists,westillcontinueourapplica-tionsandworkstoenableourjournaltobeindifferentindices.Ourannouncementsabouttheevaluationofthestudiespublishedinourjournaltobeassessedbydifferentreadersandliteraturesalsostillcontinue.Wehavealsospeededupourcommunicationstudiesandthedeliveryofthejournalanditsissuestoscientistsandscholarsallaroundtheworld.ThenextissueofourjournalwillreunitewiththereadersinDecember,2017.Inthehopeofreunitingandmeetingwithyouagainwithournextissue,wesincerelywishyou,dearreadersandpreciousscholarsofthescienceworldhappiness,peace,goodness,anddaysfullofscience.Peacebewithyou,yoursrespectfully.

(In any kind of study requiring ethical board report in our journal, author(s) is/are obliged to enter the data of necessary ethical board report while uploading their publication in editorship and journal system. Our journal, publication board, grant holder, editorial office, referee and science boards do not undertake any responsibility for a problem to occur under any circumstances and conditions. Author(s) is/are obliged to give this information to journal in written. All liability in this issue belongs to author(s)).

As per the “5187” of Press Law, material and emotional damage arising from the actions via published works, the content and legal responsibility of the publications published in our journal within the scope of m-13-14 unilaterally belong to author(s). Our journal, executive board, referees, editor, science board and publisher don’t accept these obligations. The scientifically valuable papers with scientific content which contribute to literature are accepted and published in our journal. Apart from this, the papers with political, legal and commercial content which are against the intellectual property rights are not accepted. in case of a possible negative situation, author(s) is/are regarded as accepting and undertaking all kinds of possible material and emotional damage beforehand. Therefore, our journal’s management and other boards don’t accept any responsibility regarding the second, third and other persons and institutions under any condition. in this sense, a legal sanction on our journal and its boards is out of question. The content and the current status of the papers belong to author(s) and our journal only takes part in the publication of these papers and contribution to literature. Respectfully announced to all readers, public and followers by publication.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Çetin YAMANChief Editör

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Dear readers, precious scholars.,

Inthisissueofourjournal,thereareatotalof05research,application,literature,andcompilationstudies.Inthisissueofthejournal,wewouldliketoexpressoursincerethankstotheauthorswhosupportuswiththeirvaluablestudies.Wewouldalsoliketoexpressourthanksandappreciationtothepreciousarbitrationcommitteememberswhoneverleaveusaloneandenablethisissuetomeetwithourdearreaderswiththeirworthfuleffortsandcontributions,astheyhavedoneineachissue.Wealsogreatlyappreciatetheeffortsoftheeditorialboard,systemmanagement,andthepreciousscholarstakingplaceintheeditorialboardformakinganeffortinthebackgroundofthepublicationofthisjournal.Dearscientists,westillcontinueourapplica-tionsandworkstoenableourjournaltobeindifferentindices.Ourannouncementsabouttheevaluationofthestudiespublishedinourjournaltobeassessedbydifferentreadersandliteraturesalsostillcontinue.Wehavealsospeededupourcommunicationstudiesandthedeliveryofthejournalanditsissuestoscientistsandscholarsallaroundtheworld.ThenextissueofourjournalwillreunitewiththereadersinDecember,2017.Inthehopeofreunitingandmeetingwithyouagainwithournextissue,wesincerelywishyou,dearreadersandpreciousscholarsofthescienceworldhappiness,peace,goodness,anddaysfullofscience.Peacebewithyou,yoursrespectfully.

(In any kind of study requiring ethical board report in our journal, author(s) is/are obliged to enter the data of necessary ethical board report while uploading their publication in editorship and journal system. Our journal, publication board, grant holder, editorial office, referee and science boards do not undertake any responsibility for a problem to occur under any circumstances and conditions. Author(s) is/are obliged to give this information to journal in written. All liability in this issue belongs to author(s)).

As per the “5187” of Press Law, material and emotional damage arising from the actions via published works, the content and legal responsibility of the publications published in our journal within the scope of m-13-14 unilaterally belong to author(s). Our journal, executive board, referees, editor, science board and publisher don’t accept these obligations. The scientifically valuable papers with scientific content which contribute to literature are accepted and published in our journal. Apart from this, the papers with political, legal and commercial content which are against the intellectual property rights are not accepted. in case of a possible negative situation, author(s) is/are regarded as accepting and undertaking all kinds of possible material and emotional damage beforehand. Therefore, our journal’s management and other boards don’t accept any responsibility regarding the second, third and other persons and institutions under any condition. in this sense, a legal sanction on our journal and its boards is out of question. The content and the current status of the papers belong to author(s) and our journal only takes part in the publication of these papers and contribution to literature. Respectfully announced to all readers, public and followers by publication.

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REKREASYON BÖLÜMÜ ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN SERBEST ZAMAN VE SPORTİF AÇIDAN SERBEST ZAMAN FAALİYETLERİNE

KATILIMLARININ İNCELENMESİ (FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ) 1

INVESTIGATION OF THE LEISURE ACTIVITIES OF RECREATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS IN TERMS OF LEISURE ACTIVITIES AND

SPORTS (SAMPLE OF FIRAT UNIVERSITY)

Yonca Süreyya SEZER1, Baha Engin ÇELİKEL2, Yüksel SAVUCU3, Mustafa KARADAĞ4, A. Serdar YÜCEL5

1-5 Firat University, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Elazig / Turkey ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3072-83021, 0000-0002-8429-969X2, 0000-0002-2749-68063, 0000-0002-0299-41984,

0000-0002-4543-41235

Öz: Amaç: BuçalışmaFıratÜniversitesiRekreasyonBölümüöğrencilerininserbestzamanvesportifaçıdanserbestzamanfaaliyetlerinekatılımlarının incelenmesi amacıylagerçekleş-tirilmiştir. Yöntem: Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarakkatılımcılarınserbestzamanvesportifaçıdanserbestzamanfaaliyetlerinekatılımlarınıölçmeyeyönelik3bölümdenolu-şanbiranketkullanılmıştır.VerilerinanalizindeSPSSpaketprogramındanfaydalanılarakfrekans,yüzdeanalizleri,cross-tabs ve ki-kare testi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubunu FıratÜniversitesiSporBilimleriFakültesiRekreasyonBölümüöğ-rencilerioluşturmaktadır(70erkekve30kız).KatılımcılarınBulgular:1haftalıkserbestzamansüreleri (%56)8saatveüstüdür.Evdekiserbestzamanlarını%34TVizleyerek,%18’imüzikdinleyerek,%14’üsporyaparakgeçirmektedir.Ayrıcasporyapanlarınçoğunluğuerkektir.Evdışındakiserbestza-manlarda ise%71’isporyapmaktadır.Katılımcılarınçoğun-luğu(%32)serbestzamanfaaliyetlerinineğlencelive(%22)mutluluk verdiğini ifade etmiştir. Sonuç: Çalışma sonundaserbestzamanvesportifaçıdanserbestzamanfaaliyetlerinekatılım konusunda cinsiyet değişkenine göre katılımcılarınfakültelerindeolmasınıistedikleriserbestzamandeğerlendir-me faaliyet alanları açısındananlamlı farklılıkbulunmuştur.Erkeklerindahaçoksınıflarvebölümlerarası sportifmüsa-bakalar,bayanlarınisesağlıkiçinsporprogramlarınatalepleriolduğutespitedilmiştir.Sportifaçıdanerkeklerinfutbol,taek-wandoveyüzmeağırlıklı tercihnedeni iken,bayanlarda isehalkoyunlarınınağırlıklıtercihnedeniolduğugörülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Serbestzaman,Rekreasyon,Öğrenci,Spor

Abstract: Objective: ThisstudywasaimedtoinvestigationoftheleisureactivitiesofFiratUniversityRecreationDepart-mentstudentsintermsofleisureactivitiesandsports.Meth-od: Aquestionnaireconsistingof3partswasusedtomeasuretheleisureparticipationasadatatooloftheparticipantsinthestudyandintermsofleisureactivitiesandsports.Frequency,percentageanalysis,crosstabsandChi-squaretestwasusedtoanalyzethedata.ExperimentalgroupconsistedofFiratUni-versitySportsScienceFacultyRecreationdepartmentstudents(70malesand30females).Results: 1weeklyleisuretimeoftheparticipants(56%)was8hoursandup.ParticipantsspendtheirtimebywatchingTV34%,listeningtomusic18%,do-ingsport14%athome.Alsothemajorityofparticipantswhodoingsportwasmen.71%ofthemaredoingsportintheirfreetimeoutside.Mostof them(32%)expressedthat leisureac-tivitiesarefunandhappiness(22%).Conclusion:Attheendoftheourresearch,ithasbeenfoundthattherearesignificantdifferencesintermsofleisureactivitiesandsportsinpartici-patetotheleisureactivitiesaccordingtothegendervariableof theparticipationswhowant tobeareasof leisureassess-mentintheirfaculty.Ithasbeenidentifiedthatmalesusuallywanttoparticipatebetweentheclassanddepartmentssportscompetitionsmostfemalesalsowanttoparticipateforsportsprogramsforhealth.Ithadbeenseenthatwhilemaleshavemainlypreferredsoccer, taekwondoandswimming,femaleshavealsopreferredfolkdances.

Key Words: Leisure,Recreation,Student,Sport

(1)Corresponding Author: A. Serdar YÜCEL, Firat University, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Elazig / Turkey, [email protected], Received: 03.05.2017, Accepted: 19.09.2017, Type ofarticle (Research -Application) Conflict of Interest: None / “None of Ethics Committee”

Doi: 10.17363/SSTB.2017.3.2

SSTB ULUSLARARASI HAKEMLI AKADEMIK SPOR SAĞLIK VE TIP BILIMLERI DERGISI

INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF SPORTS, HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

2

SSTBwww.sstbdergisi.com

International Refereed Academic Journal of Sports, Health and Medical SciencesJuly – August – September Issue 24 Summer Season Year: 2017

JEL CODE: C22-G22-M10-M19-M50 ID:352 K:129ISSN Print: 2146-8508 Online 2147-1711

(ISO 18001-OH-0090-13001706 / ISO 14001-EM-0090-13001706 / ISO 9001-QM-0090-13001706 / ISO 10002-CM-0090-13001706)(TRADEMARK)

(2015/04315- 2015-GE-18972)

INTRODUCTION

Leisure timeactivities are a concept thathasbeendefinedinvariouswaysuntiltoday.Lei-suretimeisshortlydefinedbyRoberts(2006)andTezcan(1994)asthetimethatremainsaf-terwork,sleepandnecessitiesandtheleisuretimeactivitiesastheactivitiesdoneinthistime.This approach creates some limitations andcontradictions within itself, especially in themodernsocietiesinwhichunemployedpeople,housewives, temporary unemployed peopleand retiredpeople exist (Roberts, 2006;Tez-can,1994:76;Hillsetal,2000:770).Accord-ingtoanotherdefinition,leisuretimeisdefinedasthetimespentapartfromworkandrequiredactivities.Inanotherwords,leisuretimeisalsodefinedasthearbitrarilyusedtimepaidtorest-ing before and after the obligatory activitiessuch as eating, sleeping, working, companymanaging, going to school, doinghomeworkand housework.Additional, leisure time alsoinvolves attending to events of art, politics,sportsandetc.topursuethepersonaldevelop-mentinthetimeremainingfromtheworklifeanddailyworks (Tezcan,1982:10).Withallthesediscourses,leisuretimeisseenasapro-cessacceptedasthetimeperiodinwhichthepersonalcontrolismaintainedwithoutanyex-ternalforces,nopaymentistakenandsatisfac-toryexperiencesarelived,andwhichhappensitself,andrecalls joy,pleasureandhappinessfeelings (Mieczkowski, 1990; Önder, 2003:

35).Meanwhile, it isalsoknownthathumanbeingshavebasicneeds,socialneedsbeinginthelead.Again,alongsidethesocialneeds,hu-mansalsohavephysicalandemotionalneeds.Today,humansmakesforsportstomakebestoftheirfreetimestomeettheseneedsandtrytoengageintheactivitiesthroughwhichtheycandemonstratetheirskills(Hacıcaferoğluetal,2012:14).

For employed people and students, makinguseof the leisure timeeffectively is seenasan important activity. Because these activi-tiesensurethatpeopledisposeoftheirexhaus-tion and stress caused by working life andthat they are more happy and successful intheir social and personal lives. For an em-ployedpersontobedeemedtobesuccessful,s/heneedstobesuccessfulinhis/herpersonallifeaswell,tohavevarioushobbiesandtobeabletopayenoughtimetohis/herprivatelife(Aydoğan and Gündoğdu, 2006: 217-232).Intheplaceswhereleisuretimeeducationisweak;strong,constructiveandcreativeinsti-tutionsandtraditionsaboutleisuretimehavenot been established and where this cultureisnot settled, leisure timecontrols reside inordinary and certain patterns. Leisure timeshall be seen as a way of human elevationandhumanfollows thatpathbyrealising it-self.There is no need for a special trainingonhowtousetheleisuretimeandwhatcanbe done about these activities.This training

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happensitselfandexpressingthistrainingasafreetimecausesmisinterpretingandmisuseoftheseactivities.Leisuretimetraining,tra-ditionally,isseenasteachingtheknowledgeandtheskills.Thistrainingensurestheeffec-tive use of leisure time programs and alsoexist in themass education.Making use ofleisure time in a constructive andwisewayis accepted as the target of the leisure timetraining(Tezcan,1994:76).Variouselementshave forced leisure time training to changeintermsofaimandfunctioninthetwentiethcentury.Thedevelopments inhumanrights,science and technology and the changes inthesocio-economicstatusofthesocietyhavecaused theexpectationsfromthe trainingtoriseandhaveforcedtheleisuretimetrainingtochangein thefavourof theindividualbypressuring the traditionaleducation.Leisuretimetraininghasbeenanimportantelementwithinthechangingeducationalunderstand-ing.Also, ithassupported theeducationdi-rectlyand indirectlyoutsideof thecommoneducation(Torkildsen,1992:25).

Tobeabletomakeaninferenceinlinewiththeaimofthestudy,freetimeandrecreationnotionsshallbedefined.Inthiscase,free time isknownas thestatusofbeing independentanddisconnectedtofeeljoyandpleasurethatremainscompletelyoutsideofthetimeperi-odsharedforworkandobligatoryneedsandgivespersonalsatisfaction(Karaküçük,2001:

58).Besides,itisthetimethattheindividualgetsfreefromallchallengesandconnectionsboth forhim/herselfandforothersandgetsbusywithanactivitys/hechoosesinhis/herowndiscretion.Itisalsodefinedasthetimethe individual can freely use as s/he wants(Bakır,1990:22).Inanotherdefinition,itisexpressedasthetimethattheindividualhastherighttouseass/hewantsandthatremainsafterperformingwork,lifeandobligatoryre-sponsibilities(Tezcan,1982:10).Recreation; comes from the Latin recreation word thatmeansrenewal,revealingsomethingsagainor reconstruction.What is important is thathumanbeingsaresocialisedandrevealtheircreativeness and skills. Turkishmeaning ofthewordistomakeuseofthefreetime.Rec-reation,whichisasocialinstitution,acompi-lationofknowledgeandaprofessionalwork-ingfieldinmodernterms,isafullandhappydeviceoflifethatisindependentfromwork,valuableinitselfandthatmeetsmanyimpor-tantneedoftheindividual.Recreation,whilebeing defined as a basic and modern needofhumans,covers theentiretyof theactivi-ties,trainings,opportunitiesandconsultancyservices that are valuable for the free timeof humans. According to Bayer, recreationisthecompilationsoftheactivitiesthathelphumansrelax,entertainandinterestedwhichclings them to the lifeor togainaphysicalandmentalvitalitybyengagingintheseac-tivities.Theactivitiesthatthepeopleengage

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intoregain,protectormaintaintheirphysicalandmentalhealththatisthreatenedbythein-tenseworklife,routinelifestyleornegativeenvironmentaleffects,andthataredoneindi-viduallyorwithinagroupbychoice,withinfreetimethatiscompletelyindependentanddisconnectedfromthetimethatissharedforworkandobligatoryneedsandtheyisdonetoensurepersonalsatisfactionandtogetjoyandpleasure(Karaküçük,1999:57).

ThisstudywasconductedtoinvestigateFıratUniversity, Sport Sciences Faculty, Recrea-tion Department students’ the leisure timeandtheirparticipationtoleisuretimeactivi-tiesintermsofsports.

MATERIAL and METHOD

TheresearchdimensionofthestudyisbasedonStudents(n=100)ofFıratUniversity,Fac-ultyofSportsSciences,DepartmentofRec-reation.Thedatacollection toolused in the

researchisasurveyformwhichwasusedbe-foreandwhichconsistsof3parts thataimsto measure the leisure time of participantsandtheirparticipationintheleisuretimeac-tivities in termsofsports. In theanalysisofthe data, SPSS package program was usedand frequency, percentage analyses and chisquaretestwereperformed.

RESULTS

Inthispartoftheresearch,statisticaldistribu-tionof thedataacquired in relation toFıratUniversity, Faculty of Sport Sciences, De-partment ofRecreationstudents’ the leisuretime and their participation to leisure timeactivitiesintermsofsports.Table1demon-stratesthepersonalinformationofthepartici-pantstudents,Table 2 demonstrates the nu-merical distribution of the ideas ofstudentsonmakinguseof leisure timesandTable3demonstrates the ideas on the evaluation oftherecreationalactivitiesofthestudents.

Table 1. Personal Information of the Students of Fırat University, Faculty of Sport Sci-ences, Department of Recreation

Variable Distribution f%

Gender Female 30 30

Male 70 70

Total 100 100

Age 25andBelow 93 93

26–30 6 6

31–36 1 1

Total 100 100

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AsseeninTable1,30%oftheparticipantarefemalesand70%aremales.Whenthetableisreviewedinregardtoagevariable,itisseenthat 93% of the participant students are 25

years old or younger, 6% is between 26-30yearsofageand1%isbetween31-36yearsofage.

Table 2. Distribution of Students’ Ideas on Making Use of their Leisure Time and Chi Square Test Table in relation to Comparison of these Ideas in regard to Gender Variable

Variable Distribution F % P

HowManyHoursOfLeisureTimeDoYouHaveInA

Week?

1-3 22 22

,3434-7 22 22

8-11 22 22

12AndMore 34 34

Total 100 100

WhatKindOfActivitiesDoYouDoInYourLeisureTimeAtHome?

IWatchTV 34 34

,134

IDoHandiworks 2 2

IReadBooks 17 17

IGrowFlowers 3 3

IListenToMusic 18 18

IDoSports 14 14

IDoHousework 3 3

Other 9 9

Total 100 100

WhichActivitiesDoYouEngageInMoreInTheLeisureTimeYouSpendOutOf

House?

SportsActivities 71 71

,468Social,CulturalAndArtisticActivities 13 13

TouristicAndFunTrips 6 6

SkillDeveloperAndOccupationalActivities 4 4

Other 6 6

Total 100 100

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HowAreYouInfluencedBy

TheActivitiesOfMakingUseOfLeisureTime?

IFindThemRelaxing 21 21

,346IFindThemEntertaining 32 32

IFindThemPleasurableAndJoyful 22 22

IFindThemInstructiveAndEducational 9 9

IFeelRelaxedAndLessAnxious 12 12

AffectsMyHealthPositively 4 4

Total 100 100

WhatKindOfActivitiesAndFacilitiesDoes

YourFacultyHaveToMakeUseOfLeisureTimes?

StudentSportsHalls 80 80

,746PublicSportsHalls 6 6

EntertainmentActivities 5 5

CoursesAndSeminarsAboutVariousOccupations 4 4

SportActivitiesForHealth 4 4

ShortAndLongTermTouristicAndIntroductoryTrips 1 1

Total 100 100

WhatAreTheLeisureTimeActivitiesThat

DoesNotExistInYourFacultyButYouWouldLike

ThemTo?

VariousSportsCompetitionsBetweenClassesAndDepartments 31 31

,001SportProgramsForHealth 10 10

ActivitiesOfNatureSports 22 22

ActivitiesOfEntertainment 24 24

ActivitiesForOccupationalDevelopment 13 13

Total 100 100

WhatAreTheTypesOfFacilitiesOfLeisureTimeActivitiesThatDoNotExistInYourFacultyButYouWouldLikeThem

To?

StudentSportsHallAndSwimmingPool 51 51

,518Theatre,CinemaHallEtc. 34 34

SportTracksForHealth 13 13

Other 2 2

Total 100 100

InTable2,frequenciesandpercentagesoftheideaofstudentswhoparticipated in this re-search,onhowtheymakeuseoftheirleisuretime.

Students;

Have responded to thequestion ‘howmanyhoursofleisuretimedoyouhaveinaweek?’as12hoursandmore(34–34%)asthemost

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answerandbetween1-11hours(22-22%)astheleastanswer;

HavesaidthattheymostlywatchTVintheirfree time at home (34 -34%) and the thingthey do least is doing housework with (3-3%);

Have stated that the thing they do most intheir leisure time outside of the house is toengage in sports activitieswith (71 – 71%)andthethingtheydoleastistoengageskilldevelopingandoccupationalactivities;

Have responded the question asking themhowtheyareinfluencedwiththeactivitiestomakeuse of the leisure time as theyfind itentertainingwiththehighestrate(32–32%)andastheyfinditaffectingtheirhealthposi-tivelywiththeleastrate;

Havesaid that the leastof facilitiesandac-tivitiestheyhaveintheirfacultytomakeuseoftheirleisuretimeisthetouristicandintro-ductory long and short term trips (1 – 1%)andthemosttheyhaveisstudentsportshalls(80–80%);

Havestatedthattheactivitiesofleisuretimetheydonothavebuttheywouldmostliketohaveasvarioussportscompetitionsbetweenclassesanddepartmentswith(31–31%)andthat theywould like least to have as sportsprogramsforhealthwith(10–10%);

Have expressed that the facilities of leisuretime they do not have butwouldmost liketohaveasstudentsportshallsandswimmingpool with (51 – 51%) and they would likeleastasotherwith(2-2%).

Reviewingthesignificanceleveloftheideasofstudentswhoansweredthequestion‘whataretheactivitiestomakeuseofleisuretimethatdonotexistinyourfacultybutyouwouldlikethemto?’,itisseenthatthereisasignifi-cantdifference(p<0,05)betweenthem.

Analysingthechisquaretestresultsofothervariablesinregardtogendervariable,nosig-nificantdifference(p>0.05)couldhavebeenobserved.

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Table 3. Distribution of the Students’ Ideas on Assessment of the Recreational Activities in respect to Sports and Chi Square Test Table in relation to the Comparison of these

Ideas in regard to Gender Variable

Variable Distribution F % P

SportBranchOfTheStudent

Football 28 28

,008

Volleyball 18 18

Basketball 2 2

Handball 4 4

RacketSports 4 4

Aerobics–Gymnastics 2 2

Swimming 11 11

Folklore–ModernDance 9 9

Taekwondo–Judo–CombattingSports 12 12

Athletics 2 2

Noneofabove 8 8

Total 100 100

ForHowLongDoYouDoTheseActivitiesInA

Week?

1–3Hours 63 63

,6244–6Hours 19 19

6Hoursandmore 18 18

Total 100 100

IfYouDoNotParticipateIn

TheseActivities,PleaseSpecifyThe

Reason

EconomicInsufficiency 37 37

,197ReluctanceForSports 14 14

IntenseCoursePrograms 15 15

LackingEquipmentSuitablefortheSport 34 34

Total 100 100

InTable3, frequencyandpercentagedistri-butions of participantstudents’ ideas on as-sessmentofrecreationalactivities.

Reviewingwhichofthesportiveleisuretimeactivities students most engage in to makeuseoftheirleisuretimeinandoutofthefac-ulty,themostdistributionisseentobefoot-

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ballwith(28-28%)andtheleastisaerobics–gymnasticswith(2-2%).

Reviewingforhowlongthestudentsengageintheseactivitiesinaweek,itisseenthatthemostanswerisbetween1-3hourswith(63–63%)andtheleastis6hoursandmorewith(18-18%).

Thestudentshave responded the reasonnottoengageintheseactivitiesastheeconomicinsufficiencyas themostgivenanswerwith(37 -37%) and reluctance for sports as theleastgivenanswerwith(14-14%).

Analysing the chi square results of the re-searchinrespecttogendervariable,nosignif-icantdifference(p>0.05)canbeseeninanyoftheitems.

Asaresultoftheresearch,inrespecttolei-sure time and participation to leisure timesportsactivities,theideasoftheparticipantsrepresent a significant difference in relationtothegendervariableabouttheleisuretimeuseactivityareas,inthatmalesratherprefersportive competitions between classes anddepartmentswhile femalesprefer sportpro-grams for health; in addition, analysing theresultsintermsofsports,malesleantowardsfootball,taekwondoandswimmingwhilefe-malesleantowardsfolkloremostly.

DISCUSSION

Peoplecangetvitalsatisfactionfromtheac-tivities they engage in in their leisure timeandgetdistancethemselvesfromtheanxietyandstressofthedailylife.Leisuretimesisafreeareathroughwhichindividualadaptstothesocietyandexpresshim/herself (SabbağandAksoy,2011:14). In this scope, the re-searchisimportantwiththisaspect.Besides,asaresultofthisstudy,theideasofthestu-dents of Fırat University, Faculty of SportSciences,DepartmentofRecreationontheirparticipation to leisure time activities havebeen analysed. Fırat University and ElazığProvince has amore advantageous locationintermsofsportsfacilityestablishmentcom-pared to surrounding provinces. As statedbytheparticipantstudents,itisseenthatthesportfacilitiesintheuniversitytomakeuseof the leisure timeareopen forstudents. Inthe research, reviewing the weekly leisuretimes of the students, it is determined thatanimportantdealofstudentshaveatleast8hoursofleisuretimeinaweek.“Mansuroğlu(2002),inasimilarstudy,havemadeadeter-minationthatstudentshaveleisuretimeof5hourswithintheweekdaysand10hoursintheweekends.Equivalent to thisdetermina-tion, theresearcherreported thatstudents tonothaveproblemswithhavingleisuretime”(Mansuroğlu,2002:53-56).

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Lookingatwithwhatkindofanactivitytheleisuretimeoutofthehouseisspent,itisseenthatstudentsmostlyengageinsportactivitiesmostly.Inlinewiththefindingsacquired, itcanbesaidthat thesportsfacilityestablish-mentatuniversityandprovincelevelissuffi-centandthereforethatstudentsbenefitfromthese facilities effectively.Özdilek,DemirelandHarmandal,(2009),intheirstudynamed“Comparison of theReasonsWhy StudentsStudyinginSchoolofPhysicalEducationandSportsinDumlupınarandSakaryaUniversi-tiesParticipateInLeisureTimeActivitiesandTheirParticipationLevels”,haveconductedapoll to365studentsstudyinginSchoolofPhysicalEducationandSportsinDumlupınarand SakaryaUniversities to determine theirdemographicstructures,thereasonswhytheyparticipateinleisuretimeactivitiesandpar-ticipation levels. In this application, it wasdetermined that 19.9% of the students en-gageinsportsactivitiesintheirleisuretimes(Özdeliket al., 2007:2).SchragandStratt-man (2009) in their study have stated thatthestudentsfromurbanandruralareashavea high participation in music listening andsports groups (Schrag and Strattman, 2009:156).Göktaş andÇolak (2006),havestatedthatpersonnelworkinginpublicinstitutionsparticipatesinsportiveactivitieswithahighrateas52%intheleisuretimeactivitiesout-sideof their institutions (GöktaşandÇolak,2006).

Analysingtheideasofthestudentsoninwhatwaytheywereinfluencedbytheleisuretimeactivities,theyhavesaidthattheyfindtheseactivitiesratherfun,relaxingandpleasurable.Therefore,itcanbeconcludedthatsuchac-tivitiesperformedinleisuretimesachieveitsobjective. Sabbağ andAksoy (2011: 18), inastudy on leisure time activities of univer-sitystudentsandemployees,havestatedthatreasonsofthesestudentsandemployeespar-ticipatingintheseleisuretimeactivitieswerelearningnewthingsformalestudents(28.1%),beinghappyforfemalestudents(27.8%),be-inghappy formale employees (33.8%) andgetting free from amonotonous life for fe-maleemployees(25.0%).Yetiş(2008)statedinhisstudythatemployeesratherpreferbeingwith friends, that they participate in leisuretime activities because it is a nice environ-mentandthatmanyofthemhaveexpressedthat they find these activities relaxing, rest-ing and distancing fromwork stress (Yetiş,2008: 40).Kandaz andHergüner (2006), intheirstudynamed“AnalysingHowTeachersofPhysicalEducationandSportsUseTheirLeisure Times (Sakarya Province Sample)”haveplacedphysicalconvenienceandbeinghealthinthefirstrankwith63.8%withinthereasonsofparticipatingintheleisuretimeac-tivities(KandazandHergüner,2006:16).Ad-ditionally,theseresearchershavedeterminedintheirstudythatthefirsttworeasonsfornotparticipating in these leisure time activities

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even though the participants of the surveystatedthattheywantedtoparticipateinsuchactivitiesasfinancialincapabilitywith43.6%andinsufficienttimewith30.1%(KandazandHergüner,2006:16).

Analysingtheanswerofthestudentsontheleisuretimeactivitiesthatdonotexistintheirfacultybut theywould like themto, thean-swersareseentobemostlysportcompetitionbetweenclassesanddepartments,activitiesofentertainmentandnaturesports.Itisthoughtthat paying attention to these demands ofthestudentswouldbean importantelementin theeffectiveuseof leisuretime.Review-ingthesportiveactivitiesstudentsengageinatbranchbasis,itisseenthattheyengageinthesesports1to3hoursaweek.Consideringtheweeklyleisuretimedeterminewithinthisstudy,itcanbesaidthatthistimeisveryshort.Itisthoughtthatitwillbeconvenienttocon-duct researches investigating the reasons ofthis situation. In thestudyofHacıcaferoğluetal.(2013),ithasbeenobservedthatwhenthe participation duration of university stu-dentsinleisuretimeactivitiesisanalyzedbymonth,week,dayandhour;theparticipationisthemostintensefortheoptionsof2and4monthsayear,2and3daysaweekand2and3hoursaday;theyparticipateintheseactivi-tiesasaresultofthepersonalattempts.Bat-mazetal(2013)havesuggestedintheirstudythatitisessentialthatfamiliesandinstructors

encouragestudents to thesports.Theyhavestated that students shall grow effectivelyin Turkish educational system and becomehealthy, informed, self-refreshingsportsmenwhogrowupwithasportscultureandearnthesocialvalue theydeserve (Batmazetal,2013:68). In thisstudy, it isconcludedthatprovincial directorates of youth and sports,universities and local administrations shallincrease thenumbersof facilitieson sports,artandcultureandthatstudentsshallbenefitfrom these at maximum level. Consideringthatstudentsdonotparticipateinsocialandculturalactivitiesduetoeconomicincapabili-tyandequipmentinsufficiency,dutyofmeet-ingtheseneedsalsofalltopublicentitiesandinstitutions.

Asaresultofthestudy,inrespecttoleisuretimeandparticipationtoleisuretimeactivi-ties in respect to sports, a significantdiffer-ence is found in respect to leisure time useactivityfields thatparticipantswant in theirfaculties in line with the gender variable.Malespreferrathersportivecompetitionbe-tweenclassesanddepartmentswhilefemalesdemandsportprogramsforhealth.Insportiveaspect,malespreferfootball,taekwondoandswimmingmostlywhilefemalespreferfolk-loremostly.

For students to participate more in leisuretimeactivities,itcanbesuggestedthatplan-

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ning is done in line with course hours andsporthallsuitability.

REFERENCES

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BAKIR, M., (1990). ImportanceofRecreati-onandTourismRelationonFormingTo-urismPolicies,DoctoralThesis, İstanbulUniversity Institute of Social Sciences,İstanbul

BATMAZ, H.Ç., YILDIRIM, F., COŞKU-NER, Z., KARADAĞ, M., ATALI, A., (2013).Expectation andSatisfactionLe-vels of Volleyball Players in SecondaryEducation Institutions (Elazığ Sample).JournalofNewWorldSciencesAcademy2B0096,8,(4),ss.65-74

ÇİĞDEM, S., AKSOY, E., (2011).FreeTimeActivities of University Students andEmployee: Adıyaman Sample, MehmetAkif Ersoy University Sosyal BilimlerDergisi,Yıl:3,Sayı:4,ss.10-23

GÖKTAŞ, Z., ÇOLAK, M., (2006).“AStudyon Recreation Ways of Personnel Wor-kingatTaxOfficeDirectorate (BalıkesirSample)”, International Sports ScienceCongress,Muğla,P-008

HACICAFEROĞLU, S., GÜNDOĞDU, C., HACICAFEROĞLU, B., (2012).Evalua-tionofOpinionsofUniversityStudentsonSportsFacilitiesandOrganizations(İnönüUniversitySample),SporvePerformansAraştırmalarıDergisi,Cilt:3,Sayı:1,s:43

HACICAFEROĞLU, S., GÜNDOĞDU, C., HACİCAFEROĞLU, B., YÜCEL, A.S., (2013). Beden eğitimi ve spor yükseko-kulu öğrencilerinin serbest zaman (rek-reasyon) aktivitilerine katılımlarının be-lirlenerekincelenmesi(inönüüniversitesiörneği), Spor ve Performans Araştırma-larıDergisi,5 (1):5-17,DOI:10.17155/spd.23458

HİLLS, P., ARGYLE, M., RACHEL, R.R., (2000). Individual differences in leisuresatisfactions:aninvestigationoffourthe-ories of leisure motivation. Personalityand Individual Differences, 28, ss.763-779

KANDAZ GELEN, N., HERGÜNER, G., (2006). Examining Recreation Ways ofPhysical Training and Sports Instructors(Sakarya Province Example), Internatio-nalSportsScienceCongress,P-019,Muğ-la

KARAKÜÇÜK, S., (1999). Rekreasyon –Discretionary leisure activity, BağırganYayınevi,Ankara,ss.55-60

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KARAKÜÇÜK, S., (2001).Recreation:disc-retionaryleisureactivity.(4.edition),An-kara,GaziKitapevi

MANSUROĞLU, S., (2002). DeterminingFree Time Characteristics and Outdo-orRecreationTendenciesofStudentsofAkdenizUniversity,15(2),ss.53-56

MIECZKOWSKI, Z., (1990).WorldTrendinTourismandRecreation.NewYork:Pe-terLangPublishing

ÖNDER, S., (2003).AStudyonDeterminingRecreational Tendency and Requests ofSelcukUniversityStudents.SelçukUni-versityZiraatFakültesiDergisi,17(32),ss.31-38

ÖZDİLEK, Ç., DEMİREL, M., HARMAN-DAR, D., (2007). “Comparing Partici-pationReasonsandLevelsofSchoolofPhysicalEducationandSportsStudyinginDumlupinarandSakaryaUniversity”,Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri DergisiISSN:1303-5134,C:4,s.2

ROBERTS, K., (2006). Leisure inContem-porary Society (2.baskı) Wallingford,UK:Cabi

SABBAĞ, Ç., AKSOY, E., (2011).ÜniversiteÖğrencileriVe Çalışanların Boş ZamanEtkinlikleri: Adıyaman Örneği, SosyalBilimlerEnstitüsüDergisi, 3 (4): ss.10-23

SCHRAG, K., STRATTMAN, K., (2009). Free-Time Literacy Activities, Procee-dingsofthe5thAnnualGRASPSympo-sium,CommunicationSciences andDi-sorders, College of Health Professions,WichitaStateUniversity,pp:156-157

TEZCAN, M., (1982).Evaluationoffreeti-mesintermsofsociology.Ankara:A.Ü.Yayını,s.10

TEZCAN, M., (1994).SociologyofRecreati-on,AtillaKitabevi,Ankara,s.76

TORKILDSEN, G., (1992). Leisure AndRecreationManagement, Third Edition,s.25

YETİŞ, Ü., (2008). Recreation Habits ofPublicOfficersworkingatPublicInstitu-tions:TugsaşSample,BedenEğitimiveSporBilimleriDergisi,10(2),ss.34-45

1414

OKÇULARIN EL KAVRAMA KUVVETİNE BİRİM ANTRENMANIN ETKİSİ 1

EFFECT OF UNIT EXERCISE ON HAND GRIP STRENGTH OF THE ARCHERS

Yonca Süreyya SEZER1, Baha Engin ÇELİKEL2, Ercan GÜR3, Yüksel SAVUCU4

1-4 University of Firat, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Elazig / Turkey

ORCID ID: 0000-0003-3072-83021, 0000-0002-8429-969X2, 0000-0001-6690-828X3, 0000-0002-2749-68064

Öz: Amaç: Araştırmanın amacı erkek okçularda birbirimantrenmanöncesindeveantrenmansonrasındaelkavramakuvvetindekideğişimindeğerlendirilmesidir.AraştırmayaElazığiligençlikspormüdürlüğüokçuluktakımı16-19yaşgrubu,(n=16)sporcusudahiledildi.Yöntem: Araştırma kapsamında deney grubuna ant-renmanabaşlamaöncesindetümtestveölçümler(yaş,boy,vücutağırlığı,sporyaşı,elkavramakuvvetitesti)yapıldıktansonraantrenmanbitimininhemenardındanda aynı testler tekrarlanıp değerlendirildi. Bir birimantrenmanprogramı iseokçuluk takımıantrenörününuyguladığıogününplanveprogramdaolanısınma,so-ğumavehedefe200okatışındanoluşturuldu.İstatistik-selanalizlerindetanımlayıcıistatistikyapıldı,egzersizöncesivesonrasıelpençekuvvetleriarasındakianlam-lılıkdüzeylerininbelirlenmesinde ise eşleştirilmişör-neklemlerttestianaliziyapıldı.Analizlerdeönemdü-zeyi0.05olarakgösterildi.Bulgular:Sporcularınsağelpençekuvveti(n=16)egzersizöncesinde41,4250±2,24892 iken egzersiz sonrasında 42,2875 ± 2,24870(p<0,05), sol el pençekuvveti ise egzersizöncesinde39,2125±2,04811 iken egzersiz sonrasında39,3938±2,12762 (p<0,05) değerleri ile anlamlı bulundu. So-nuç: Sonuç olarak okçuluk sporcularında bir birimantrenmansonundaelkavramakuvvetindeistatistikselolarakpozitifyöndeanlamlıbirartışolduğugörüldü.Bunun sebebinin ise antrenmanın orta şiddette doğruteknik hareketleriyle yapılmasından dolayı kas içi ısıvekoordinasyonunvemotivasyonuntamsağlanmasınabağlıolduğusöylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:Okçuluk,ElKavramaKuvveti,OkAtışAntrenmanı

Abstract: Objective: Thepurposeof thisstudy is toevaluatethedifferenceofhandgripstrengthformalearchers before and after oneunit exercise.Thestudyincorporated sportsmenof 16-19 (n=16) from the ar-chery teamofElazığProvincialDirectorateofYouthand Sports.Method: All tests and evaluations (age,height,bodyweight,sportsage,handgripstrengthtest)appliedtotheexperimentalgroupbeforestartingexer-ciseundertheresearchwereappliedtothesportsmenimmediatelyaftertheendoftheexerciseandrelevantevaluationsmade.Oneunitexerciseprogramconsistedof thewarm-up, cooldownand shooting200 arrowson target whichwere scheduled by the coach of thearchery team for that day. For descriptive statisticsanalysis,pairedt-testwasutilizedtodeterminethesig-nificancelevelsofhandgripstrengthsbeforeandaftertheexercise.Significance levelwas indicatedas0.05inanalysis.Results:Whiletherighthandgripstrengthof the sportsmen (n=16)was 41,4250 ± 2,24892 be-fore theexercise, itwas foundsignificantas42,2875± 2,24870 (p<0,05) after the exercise, and left handgripstrengthdeterminedas39,2125±2,04811beforetheexercisewasfoundsignificantas39,3938±2,12762(p<0,05)intheaftermath.Conclusion:Consequently,itisnowrongtosaythatastatisticallypositiveincreasewasobservedonthehandgripstrengthsofthearcherysportsmen following a unit of exercise, and thiswaslinkedtothecompletein-musclewarmingandcoordi-nationdue toexerciseperformedwithmoderate,cor-recttechniques.

Key Words: Archery,HandGripStrength,ArrowShootingExercise

(1)Corresponding Author: A. Serdar YÜCEL, Firat University, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Elazig / Turkey, [email protected], Received: 07.05.2017, Accepted: 21.09.2017, Type ofarticle (Research -Application) Conflict of Interest: None / “None of Ethics Committee”

Doi: 10.17363/SSTB.2017.3.1



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JEL CODE: H10-H11-L1-L2-L6-L10 ID:351 K:129ISSN Print: 2146-8508 Online 2147-1711


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INTRODUCTION

Likeshot,javelinanddiskthrowingaresportsmade with tools that are based on certaintechniquesand rules, archery is alsoa sportthatismadewithtoolsandconsistsofbehav-ioursthatshouldbeperformedtechnicallyin-terdependentandaccordantways.Thegoalinarcheryisalsonotgettingarandomsuccess,butinsteadgettingadeliberatelyearnedbull’seye targetsuccesswithaconsciousanddis-ciplinedtraining(Ertanetal.,2005:95-104).Themostconvenienttimetobeginarcheryis12to14yearsofage.Andbeingagoodarch-ertakes1.5to2years.Afterinitialperiodyoupassontoyouthgroup(16-18years)andthentoadultsdivisionwhichintotaltakes4to6years (http://bilginaticilik.com, 11.10.2017).Inarchery,almostallarchers trainover1.5-2hours in each training.Thisoverlapswiththe training hours applied in the world andwith the traininghoursofhighperformanceathletes.Analysing the training hours in re-lation to training efficiency, training qualityandtrainingprogramsforourarcherstoshowhigher performances can be the subject ofotherstudies(Karanfilcietal.,2014:112).

In archerywhich is an individual sport, theathletes pursues his competition until theeveningwith the throwsbeginning from themorning. The pulling weight of the bow isbetween14-22kg, changing fromathlete toathlete.As144arrowsarethrownduringthe

competition, excluding the trials, the athletewouldhavelifted144x20=2880kgonav-eragealongtheday(KolayişandMimaroğlu,2008:11,12).

Archery is defined as a sport that requiresstrength and endurance of the upper body,especially the shoulder muscles (Mann andLittke,1989:85-92).Studieshaveshownthatinaninternationalevent,amalearcherpulls45poundsarcinathrowandduringfourdays,hepullsat least75arcsaday (FITA2006).This means that only in one day, approxi-mately3400pounds(1546kg)forceinonthebone,bondandmusclestructures(Karanfilcietal.,2014:71).

Considering these numbers, it is seen thatpersistenceinarcheryisimportant.However,theweightofthebowineachthrowdoesnotconstitutethemaximalstrength.Inoneseriesofarrowthrowing,each throwhappens in5to8secondsonaverage.In thisperiod,ath-letemustpullhisarc,aimhistargetandcom-pletehis throw.There aremany factors thataffectthisliningthatappearstobeverysim-ple.Wecanseparatetheseasinternalandex-ternalfactors. Internalfactorscanberangedas armandgripping strength, reaction time,concentrationonthetarget,havingsufficientconditionandtechnicalfeaturesandpsycho-logicalcondition.Asforexternalfactors,thesufficiencyandconvenienceofthematerialsused,goodweatherconditionsandquietenvi-

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ronmentcanbementioned.Bringingallthesequalitiestogether,reachingatthehighestarmstrengthperformancemightbecomedifficult.As mentioned above, more than one factorinarmwrestlingmayaffect thecompetitionperformance(KolayişandMimaroğlu,2008:12).

Thehandisoneofthemostimportantcom-ponents of the upper extremity affecting itsfunctionality. Among the functions of thehand,grippingisafunctionthatisimportantfor the continuity of the daily life activities(Angyan et al., 2003:227). Therefore, grip-ping strength is accepted as an objectivemeasurementintheassessmentofupperex-tremityperformance.(Biçer,2013:21-32)

Studies showed that, alongside with be-ing correlated with upper extremitymusclestrength, the hand gripping strength is alsorelated with general body muscle strengthandpulmonarymusclestrength(Ertanetal.,2003:39).

Forthisreason,theaimofthisstudyistore-veal changes in the hand gripping strengthwhich can affect the competition of malearchersbeforeandafteroneunittraining.

MATERIAL and METHOD

Thesampleofthestudyconsistsof16maleathletesfrom16-19agegrouparmwrestlingteamofFıratUniversityinElazığ.Theages,

heights,bodyweightsandsporthistoriesofthesubjectsinthestudyweregiveninTable1, togetherwith theiraveragesandstandarddeviations.

Data Collection Tools

To determine the individualistic qualifica-tionsofthesubjects,first, therecordsabouttheathleteswereanalysedandinterviewswiththeadministrativepersonnelwereperformed,inwhichinformationonFıratUniversityop-eration,andlifeandeducationalconditionsofthe studentswere acquired.Theadministra-tivepersonnelandtheathleteswereinformedaboutthestudytobeconducted.

Thestudyisperformedbyvoluntarypartici-pationofthearcheryteamathletesandwithinthisscope,inthetraininghallofFıratUniver-sityarmwrestlingteaminElazığ,beforeandafter2hoursperiodof training,age,height,bodyweight,sporthistoryandhandgrippingstrength test measurements were taken andassessed.

Theoneunittrainingprogramappliedontheday themeasurementswere taken consistedofwarmup,cooldown,and200arrowthrow-ingtothetargetwhichwereinthatday’splanandprogramappliedbythetrainer.

Applied Tests and Measurements,

1- Age(AgeontheIDisusedasastandard),

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2- Height(Thedeviceusedistheheightscalewith0.01msensitivity),

3- Body weight(Thedeviceusedisthedigitalbasculewith0.01kgsensitivity).Thesubjectswere weighed on sensitive digital bascule(kg.unit)onbarefootandwithonlyshortsonthem.Heightmeasurementswereperformedbysubjectsstandinginuprightpositionunderthemetalbarusedfixedlyinheightscale.Themetalbarwasadjustedtoremainontheheadofthesubjectandtheheightwasreadonthemetalbarin(cm)(Özer,1992).

4- Sports age (The records of Elazığ FıratUniversityarmwrestlingteamwereused).

5- Gripping strength measurement (Thedevice used is Jamar hydraulic dynamom-eter). The gripping strength was performedfromrightandlefthandby“HandDynamom-eter”. During the measurement, the subject

stood upright on foot and themeasurementwas taken without bending the arm that isbeing measured, without letting it touch tothebodyandwithaslightdistancefromthebody.Sameprocesswasrepeatedthreetimesbothforrightandleftarmandthebestvaluewasrecordedinkilograms(Özer,1992).

Statistical Analysis of the Data

In theanalysisof theaveragesandstandarddeviations of the demographic information,descriptivestatisticswasused;indeterminingthe significance level between pre and postexercisehandgrippingstrength,pairedsam-ple t test analysiswasused.The results arecombinedbytabling.Datawereanalysedvia22.0 software SPSS package program. Thesignificancelevelinanalyseswereshowntobeα=0.05(Özdamar,1999).

FINDINGS

Table 1.Averages and Standard Deviations of Demographical Information (Descriptive Statistics)

Variables N Min. Max. Mean Std. Deviation

Age 16 16,00 19,00 17,8750 ,91243

Height 16 1,62 1,83 1,7350 ,09921

Weight 16 59,00 85,00 71,9375 8,74362

Sports Age 16 1,00 3,00 2,0625 ,57373

When Table 1 is analyzed, it is observedthat the average age of the participants is17.87±0.91, their average height is 1.73 ±

0.09,averageweightis71.93±8.74andtheiraverageathleticageis2.06±0.5.

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Table 2.Averages and Standard Deviations of Hand Gripping Strength in The First Training (Descriptive Statistics)


Right – Before 16 28,20 58,50 41,4250 5,67358

Right – After 16 29,30 58,20 42,2875 5,94632

Left – Before 16 27,80 51,50 39,2125 5,17963

Left - After 16 37,30 55,40 39,3938 4,57823

WhenTable2isanalyzed,itisobservedthattheaveragerighthandgrippingstrengthbe-forethetrainingis41.42±5.67andlefthand

strengthis39.21±5.17whiletherighthandgripping strength after the training is 42.28±5.94andlefthandis39.9±4.57.

Table 3. The Significance Level between Pre and Post Training Hand Gripping Strength in The First Training (Paired samples statistics).

Variables N Before the exercise After the exercise P

Right 16 41,4250±2,24892 42,2875±2,24870 0,000

Left 16 39,2125±2,04811 39,3938±2,12762 0,000

According toTable 3, while the right handgrippingstrengthofathletes(n=16)is41.4250±2.24892beforethetrainingand42.2875±2.24870(p<0.05)afterthetraining,lefthand

grippingstrengthis39.2125±2.04811beforethe trainingand39.3938±2.12762(p<0.05)afterthetrainingandthesevaluesaresignifi-cant.

Table 4. Averages and Standard Deviations of Hand Gripping Strength in The Second Training (Descriptive Statistics)


Right – Before 16 30,40 60,70 43,3230 4,57151

Right – After 16 31,50 60,40 45,1375 6,93132

Left – Before 16 29,90 53,60 40,3145 4,67143

Left - After 16 38,30 57,50 41,3621 5,87153

AccordingtoTable4,itisseenthattheaver-age righthandgripping strengthof thepar-

ticipants before the training is 43.32 ±4.57and40.31±4.67forthelefthandandtheright

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handvalueafter the training is45.13±6.93and41.36±5.87forthelefthand.

Table 5. The Significance Level between Pre and Post Training Hand Gripping Strength in The Second Training (Paired samples statistics).


Right 16 43,3230±2,21614 45,1375±2,82621 0,000

Left 16 40,3145±2,02341 41,3621±2,22282 0,000

According toTable 5, while the right handgrippingstrengthofathletes(n=16)is43.3230±2.21614beforethetraining,itis45.1375±2.82621(p<0.05)afterthetraining;lefthand

grippingstrengthis40.3145±2.02341beforethe trainingand41.3621±2.22282(p<0.05)afterthetrainingandthesevaluesaresignifi-cant.

Table 6.Averages and Standard Deviations of Hand Gripping Strength in The Third Training (Descriptive Statistics)


Right – Before 16 31,20 60,42 44,5210 3,27151

Right – After 16 32,21 61,15 45,1775 4,14232

Left – Before 16 29,92 53,82 40,9135 3,37363

Left - After 16 38,57 57,70 41,3938 2,47222

AccordingtoTable6,theaveragerighthandgrippingstrengthoftheparticipantsis44.52±3.27and40.91±3.37 for the lefthandbe-

forethetrainingwhiletherighthandgrippingstrengthis45.17±4.14andlefthandis41.39±2.47afterthetraining.

Table 7. The Significance Level between Pre and Post Training Hand Gripping Strength in The Third Training (Paired samples statistics).


Right 16 45,5210±2,24892 45,1775±2,34211 0,000

Left 16 40,9139±2,11711 41,3938±2,22137 0,000

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AccordingtoTable7,whilerighthandgrip-ping strength of athletes (n=16) before thetraining is44.5210±2.24892, it is45.1775± 2.34211 (p<0.05) after the training; lefthandgrippingstrengthbeforethetrainingis40.9139±2.11711anditis41.3938±2.22137(p<0.05) after the training and these valuesaresignificant.

DISCUSSION

Themostimportantfindingofthisstudywasthatthetrainingimprovesthehandgrippingstrength performance of the archers signifi-cantly. In the age, height, weight and sporthistorymeasurementsof

the experiment group, there has not been astatisticallysignificantchangebeforeandaf-tertheexercise.

Essentially,knowingthereactionandadapta-tionofourbodiestoexercise,thedamagetheexercisecreates(physiology,functionalanat-omy,sportsmedicine),howourbodymoves(biomechanics,kinesiology)andtheeffectofourbrainandthereforeournervesystemonthe events (neurology) and determining thesocialandpsychologicalstatusoftheathleteis very important for the success (Kılınç etal.,2010:21).

Performance is the score the athlete con-cretelypresentsasaresultofthecombinationof his physical, physiological, bio-motoric,

psychological,mental, technicalandtacticalfactors.This score of the athlete is affectedbymore than one factor. From the trainingand kinesiology perspective, it is importanttomeasureandtesteachfactoraffectingtheperformance and prepare the training planandprograminlinewiththesemeasuredval-ues.Inmanysportbranches,theresearchersstudiedperformanceanalyseswithintegratedapproach. It is important toprepare trainingplans and programs as well as determiningthestrengthsandweaknessesoftheathletes(Clarysetal.,1990:242).Theimportanceofthe performance development with correctandplannedtraininginarcherysportasinallotherbranchesarisesduringthistrainingpe-riod(WangandLanders,1986:469).

Feelingofdominatingonthearcandthear-rowviahanggripping strength is importantduringthrowing.Howgoodanarcher’sdom-inationonarcandarrowduringthethrowis,thatmuchhisself-confidencewillboostandthatdecentandstronghisthrowswillbe.Andthis brings together a good throwing tech-niqueandsuccessrate(NicolayandWalker,2005:611,612).Thegrippingstrengthofthehandisacceptedasanindicatorofthemusclestrength of the individual aswell as an ob-jectivecomponentofthefunctionalintegrityof upper extremity (Çalışkan and Gökbel,1997:198).Forhumans,beingabletousetheleft handor bothhands (ambidexterity) can

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beanimportantadvantage(İnceletal.,.2002:14).Consideringthatinmanyfieldsrighthandisusedwitharateof80-90%andalmostalldefenceandoffenceapproachesareplannedinthisway,itisthoughtthatbeingabletousebothhandsequallycanbeadvantageoustac-ticallyandthissituationcancreateimportantadvantagesforlefthandusersandambidex-terindividuals.Alsoinarcherysport,asbothhandsareusedingrippingthearcandarrow,bothrightandlefthandgrippingstrengthpro-videsadvantagebyplayinganimportantroleinaffectingtheperformanceandpointscor-ing(NicolayandWalker,2005:612).

The effect of the strength on the success isacceptedbyeveryoneinallsportsbranches.Thenotionof the strength ismisinterpretedespecially by thosewho are not into sportsandthosewhoarebutwhodonotcloselyfol-lowthescientificdevelopmentofsports.Thestrongathleteisgenerallyconsideredtohaveastrongstructure,isago-getter,valiantandtoughandtheideathatsuchathletesaremoresuccessful shines.1 Today, strength and thestrong athlete is evaluated by proportioningthestrengthperweighttheycreate,alongsidewiththeirbodystructures(Castroetal.,1995:399;Winter andMaughan, 1991). Today, astrong athlete is the athlete that has static,main, concentric, eccentric strengths, speedstrength, pure (absolute) strength, strength

1 (www.antrenmanbilgisi.com,13.10.2017).

limit, relative strength, starting strength,continuity in strength, sudden movementstrength, dynamic isometric strength, spe-cial strength, and functional strength andthat develops these strengths at its best asrequired by the sport branch and use themin thebestway (Yesis,2000).Especially inweightsports,thequalityandquantityofthestrength gain gradually more importance.Comparing heavyweights and lightweights,it is seen that lightweights are stronger andmore successful compared to heavyweightsasperthetestandmeasurementsappliedandtheresultstheygaininthecompetitions.Thisisalsovalidinteamsports(SavaşandUğraş,2004:264). Hand gripping strength test is atest that measures fore arm strength ratherthanthegeneralphysicalstrengthandtestre-sults aremorevaluable for the athletes thatgrip,throwormove(weightlifting,baseball,etc.).Therefore,handgrippingtestresultsofsedentaryindividualsandthoseathleteswhodo not specifically use fore arm strength intheir branches may resemble (Gilbert andKnowlton,1983:138).

InastudyconductedbySakaandYıldızaf-ter sixweekssports training, thehandgrip-ping strength of participants increased by5%inbothhands,andoneminutepush-up,sit-upandpull-upnumbersofparticipantsin-creasedby36%,27%and45%,respectively(p<0,001)(SakaandYıldız,2008).Insports

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branches,thehandgrippingstrengthisthein-dicatorofthestrengthoftheentirebodyforphysicalstrength.Researchersstatethathandgrippingstrengthisdirectlyrelatedwiththegeneralstrengthstructureanditisthoughttogive,inasense,ageneralinformationaboutthe physical strength (Niebuhr andMarion,1990:96-101). Aydaş, in his study in 2000on Turkey National Boxing Team (n=10,age=22.7±3.3),MilitaryPoliceBoxingTeam(n=10, age=22.8±1.5) and Bilkent Univer-sity Boxing Team (n=10, age= 23.1±2.0)has found the right and left hand grippingstrengths of theNationalTeam as 45.3 and41.9 respectively, the right and left handgrippingstrengthsofMilitaryPoliceBoxingTeamas41.6 and40.2 respectively and therightandlefthandgrippingstrengthsofBilk-entUniversityBoxingTeamas44.1and42.8respectively (Aydaş,2000:70). In thestudyofSezeretal.(2017),ithasbeendeterminedthatthegripstrengthofwristwrestlersbeforeandafterthetraininghavebeenrecordedandthegripstrengthbeforethetraininghasbeenverywellwhilethisgripstrengthhasreducedafter the training (Sezer et al., 2017:198).Şener, in his study in 1994 named analy-sis on some of the conditional qualities ofmale swordplay national team consisting of12teammembers(age=21.0),foundtheun-armed (recessive)handgripping strengthofsword-playersas50.08kgandarmed(domi-nant)handgrippingstrengthas53.91kgon

average(Şener,1994:48).Hazar,inastudyheconductedin1992,foundtherelativegrip-ping strength of 17 elite male wrestler as0.657kg.Hereportedtherighthandgrippingstrengthofthewrestleras48.47kgbeforeand52.29kgafterweightloss,andlefthandgrip-ping strength as 46.42 kg before and 48.59kgafterweightloss(Hazaretal.,1992).Alsoaccordingtoanotherstudy,afterthelasttest,the right and left hand gripping strength ofboxerswerefoundtobe26.27kgand23.80kg;samewerefoundtobe27.87kgand22.67kgfortaekwondoathletesand27.87kgand27.73kgforkarateplayers(SavaşandUğraş,2004:257-274).Aslankeser inhis study, hasfound the isometric strength as 153±26 N.before the training in resting condition andas167±66n.afterthetrainingalsoinrestingcondition(Aslankeser,2010:78).

In this study, handgrippingvalues shows aparallelpatternwiththevaluesinthelitera-ture;however, thedifferenceinourstudyisthattheincreaseinthestrengthoccurredafterthetraining.Inthefirsttraining,pre-exerciserighthandvaluewas(41,4250±2,24892)andlefthandvaluewas(39,2125±2,04811),andpost-exerciserighthandvaluewas(42,2875±2,24870)andlefthandvaluewas(39,3938±2,12762)andthesewerefoundtobestatisti-callysignificant(p<0,05)inpositivedirection.Inthesecondtraining,pre-exerciserighthandvaluewas (43,3230±2,21614) and left hand

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valuewas(40,3145±2,02341),andpost-exer-ciserighthandvaluewas(45,1375±2,82621)and left hand valuewas (41,3621±2,22282)and thesewere found tobe statistically sig-nificant(p<0,000)inpositivedirection.Inthethird training, pre-exercise right hand valuewas (44,5210±2,24892) and left hand valuewas (40,9139±2,11711), and post-exerciseright hand value was (45,1775±2,34211)and left hand valuewas (41,3938±2,22137)and thesewere found tobe statistically sig-nificant(p<0,05)inpositivedirection.Asinsword-players,ensuring thehighmotivationin arc and arrowhandlinghabits, the inten-sityofthearrowhandlingandthrowingtrain-ingsandcompleteintra-musclecoordinationinarcherycanbe thereasons increasingthestrength.Asmeasurementsare takenduringthestrengthtrainingperiodandasthestressofthetrainingfollowsatarateof60%,itisthoughtthatthefactthatapost-exerciseex-haustiondoesnotoccur,mighthavecausedan increase in the hand gripping strength.Considering the abovementioned studies, itis seen that the hand gripping strengths oftheathletesdealingwiththesamesportscanevenvary.

The aim of the physical training in archeryistogaintheathleteaconditionthatcanen-durethecompetitionconditionsmentallyandphysically.An archer with a good physicalcondition is the onewho developed his re-

flexes, controls hismuscle strength and en-tirebodybetterandaccordinglyhasahigh-er performance, and develops this successconsistently (Atalay, 1994). Exercises thatstrengthen themuscles,develop the respira-toryandcirculatorysystemandincreasethebodyflexibilityarethosepaidmostattentioninphysicaltrainingprogramofarmwrestling(KolayişandMimaroğlu,2008:14).

Inourstudy,theexperimentgroupischosenfromathletesthatusetheirrighthandasthedominanthand.

The hand gripping strength measurementvaluesoftheexperimentgroupstudentswhoweresubjectedtooneunittrainingtakenbe-foreandafterthetrainingwerecomparedsta-tistically.Accordingtotheseresults,therighthand gripping strength of the experimentgroupshoweda0.8625kgandlefthandgrip-ping strength showed a 0.1813 kg increaseafter the training.This negative decrease inthe strength has been determined to be sta-tistically significant. In the second training,the right hand gripping strength of the ex-perimentgroupshoweda1.8145kgandlefthandgripping strength showed a 1.0476kgincreaseafterthetraining.Inthethirdtrain-ing, the right hand gripping strength of theexperiment group showed a 0.6365 kg andlefthandgrippingstrengthshoweda0.4799kgincreaseafterthetraining.Thesepositiveincreases in the strength after each training

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havebeendeterminedtobestatisticallysig-nificant(p<0.05).

Thesetypesofstudiesareneededastherearelimited literature knowledge on the subjectand to find answers to the questions aboutwhatkindsofadvantagesanddisadvantagesthestrengthexercisetestsofthearcheryath-leteshave.

In consequence,we can say that handgrip-ping strength is very important in archerysport and that it is oneof the elements thataffecttheperformancepositively.

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INTERNET SOURCES

http://www.antrenmanbilgisi.com/relatif-kuvvet/,Erişimtarihi:13.10.2017

http://bilginaticilik.com/?page_id=64, erişimtarihi:11.10.2017.

2727

ANALYSIS ON THE CYBER VICTIMIZATION AND AWARENESS OF CLASSIFICATION BASKETBALL REFEREES IN TURKEY 1

TÜRKİYE’DE BASKETBOL KLASMAN HAKEMLERİNİN SİBER MAĞDURİYETLERİ VE FARKINDALIKLARININ İNCELENMESİ

Serdar ORHAN1, Engin AKARSU2, A. Serdar YÜCEL3, Yüksel SAVUCU4

1-3-4 University of Firat, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Elazig / Turkey 2 Austrian Basket Fighters Club Basketball Coaches Vienna / Austria

ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7988-5045, 0000-0003-3346-2466, 0000-0002-4543-4123, 0000-0002-2749-6806

Öz: Amaç: Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de basketbol klasman ha-kemlerinin siber mağduriyet ve farkındalığını araştırmakamacıylayapılmıştır.Yöntem: Türkiye’debasketbolklasmanhakemlerininsibermağduriyetlerivefarkındalıklarınınince-lenmesi amacıyla yapılan bu çalışmaya; Türkiye BasketbolLiglerindeA,BveCKlasmanlarındagörevyapantoplam206basketbolhakemikatıldı.Basketbolhakemlerine;Arıcakveark. tarafındangeliştirilen14maddelikSiberDuyarlılıkÖl-çeğiileaynıkişilertarafındangeliştirilen24maddelikSiberMağduriyet Ölçeği uygulandı. Elde edilen veriler istatistikpaket programında değerlendirildi, ikili karşılaştırmalardaparametriktestlerdenTTesti,çoklukarşılaştırmalardaAnovakullanıldı.Bulgular: Araştırmasonucunda;basketbolhakem-lerinin siber zorbalığa karşı yüksek düzeyde duyarlılık ( =36.29)gösterdikleri,erkekhakemlerindahaduyarlıoldukları,Bklasmanhakemlerinindiğerklasmanhakemlerindendahaaz duyarlılık sergiledikleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulu-nurken;yaş,medenidurum,eğitimdurumu,meslek,hakemliktecrübesi,internetteilkgirilenwebadresi,günlükinternetkul-lanımsüresi, interneteulaşımmekanlarıve interneteulaşımaraçlarınınsiberzorbalığakarşıduyarlılığıetkilemediğitespitedildi.Diğertaraftanbasketbolhakemlerininyüksekdüzeydesibermağduriyet(=43.55)yaşadıkları,Bklasmanhakemle-rinin diğer klasman hakemlerinden daha çok siber saldırıyauğradıkları ve günlük 9-12 saat internet kullananların dahaazsibersaldırılaramaruzkalmalarıistatistikselolarakanlam-lı bulunurken; cinsiyet, yaş,medeni durum, eğitimdurumu,meslek,hakemliktecrübesi,internetteilkgirilenwebadresi,interneteulaşımmekanlarıveinterneteulaşımaraçlarınınsi-ber mağduriyete karşı duyarlılığı etkilemediği tespit edildi.Sonuç: Sonuçolarak,basketbolhakemlerininsiberzorbalığaduyarlılık göstermelerine rağmen siber mağduriyete maruzkaldıkları,ancakgünlükinternetkullanımsüresininmağduri-yetileilişkiliolmadığısöylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:Basketbol,Hakem,SiberMağduriyet,Zorbalık,SiberDuyarlılık

Abstract: Objective: ThisstudywascarriedouttoinvestigatethecybervictimizationandawarenessofbasketballrefereesinclassificationinTurkey.Methods:Atotalof206basketballrefereesworkingasA,BandCclassificationrefereesinTur-keyBasketballLeaguesparticipatedin thestudy.Basketballreferees were applied 14-item Cyber Sensibility Scale and24-item Cyber Victimization Scale developed byArıcak etal.Dataobtainedwereanalyzedwithstatisticalpackagepro-gram.T-parametrictestsandAnovatestofvarianceanalysiswereperformedforcomparison.Results:Intheresultsoftheresearch,whilebasketballrefereesdisplayedmoresensitivityagainstcyberbullying(=36.29),malerefereesexhibitedmoresensitivitythanfemales.B-classificationrefereeshavesignifi-cantlylesssensitivitythantherefereesofotherclassifications.Ithasbeendeterminedthatage,maritalstatus,education,oc-cupation,refereeingexperience,prioritiesontheinternet,du-rationofdailyinternetuse,placeofaccessfortheinternetandtheinternettoolsdon’thaveanyeffectoncyberbullying.Inotherwords,basketballrefereeshadahighlevelofcybervic-timization(=43.55);however,B-classificationrefereeswereattacked than other classification referees and it was foundsignificantlyintermofdaily9-12hoursontheinternetusage.Gender,age,maritalstatus,education,occupation,refereeingexperience,prioritiesontheinternet,placeofaccessfor theinternetandtheinternettoolswerefoundtohavenoeffectoncybervictimization.Conclusion: Asa result, thebasketballrefereesareexposedtocybervictimizationdespitetheexhibi-tionofsensitivityanditcanbesaidthatthereisnorelationbetweenvictimizationanddurationofdailyinternetuse.

Key Words:Basketball,Referee,CyberVictimization,Bully-ing,CyberAwareness

(1)Corresponding Author: Serdar ORHAN, 2Austrian Basket Fighters Club Basketball Coaches Vienna / Austria, [email protected], Received: 13.06.2017, Accepted: 27.09.2017, Type ofarticle (Research -Application) Conflict of Interest: None / “None of Ethics Committee”

Doi: 10.17363/SSTB.2017.3.3



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JEL CODE: L85-L86 ID:350 K:129ISSN Print: 2146-8508 Online 2147-1711


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INTRODUCTION

Violenceandaggressionisatypeofbehavioraimingtoharmlivingandnon-livingbeings.Itisn’tnecessarilyobligatoryforthisbehav-ior tobephysical.Everybehavior thataimstogiveverbalandpsychologicalharmisde-finedasaggression(CitedfromTiryaki,2010:149:Pulurvd.,2004:244).TurkishLanguageAssociation defines bully as a person whodoesn’t allow the individuals - being underhisthumb-therightofspeechandfreedomofactbyrelyingonhispoweranddefinesbul-lyingasexhibitingsuchbehaviors.1

Cyber bullying is the deliberate and regulartransmissionofmessagesandpicturesbytheindividual or a group to others, through in-formation and communication technologies,for thepurposeofhostility and intimidation(PatchinandHinduja,2006:152;YbarraandMitchell,2004a:1310;YbarraandMitchell,2004b: 319-336, Willard, 2005: 13). Thesetextscancontainthemessageswithveryseri-ouscontent(death threats,profanity, insults,etc.). It also includes actions such as unau-thorized reading of other people’s e-mailsor using their personal passwords, sendingembarrassing messages, taking embarrass-ingpicturesofthevictimandspreadingthem(CitedbyErdur-BakerandKavşut,2007:31-42)

1 http://www.tdk.gov.tr,25.12.2014

Cyberbullyingandtraditionalbullyingdifferfromeachotherinmanyways.Intheformerone,whileaphysicalenvironmentisrequiredforthevictimtobeharassedintraditionalbul-lying, this isn’t necessary in cyber bullying(Patchin and Hinduja, 2006: 154). Anotherimportant difference between the traditionaland the cyber bullying is the confidentialityof the cyber bullying. For this reason, it ismoreterrifyingandeffective.Confidentialityallowstheassaultertobeascomfortableass/hecan’tbeinreallife.Theassaulterbecomesmorefrighteningandharassingandcanevenassume another character or personality, asthereisnofearthatthispersoncangetreac-tionsorbetraced(Mesch,2009:389;Mishnaetal.,2009:1226).

Cyber bullying is a very common problemthatcanbeexperiencedatanytimeinlife.Ithasbeenreportedthatthereisasignificantre-lationbetweenthepossibilityofbeingbulliedandintensiveuseofmobilephoneorinternet(PatchinandHinduja,2006:152,Arıcakvd.,2008:258,Kowalski andLimber,2007:27;Li,2006;Moessner,2007:1-4;Ybarraetal.,2007:42-50;Wolaketal.,2007:55).

Ithasbeenextensivelyresearchedinmanyofthe researches conducted on cyber bullyingwhetherageisanimportantdeterminantanddifferentresultshavebeenobtained.Insomeresearches,ithasbeenstatedthattherelationbetweenageandcyberbullying is insignifi-

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cant(PatchinandHinduja,2006:152;Wolaketal.,2007;JuvonenandGross,2008:499;Li,2007:1777-1791).Intheresultsofthere-searchemphasizingthatageisdecisive;itisobserved that thebullyingexperiencepeaksbetweentheagesof12and14andthende-clinesinnextyears(Mesch,2009:388;Kow-alskiandLimber,2007:22-30;Dehueetal.,2008:219;SlonjeandSmith,2008:147-154;Smithetal.,2008:379;WilliamsandGuerra,2007:17).

The researchers analyzing thegender factorincyberbullyinghaveobtaineddifferentre-sults.Manyresearchershavepointedoutthatgenderdoesn’tplayadecisiverole incyberbullyingandmalesandfemalesplaytherolesofvictimsandbulliesatasimilarfrequency(PatchinandHinduja,2006:160;SlonjeandSmith,2008:151; Smithet al., 2008:376-385;Williams and Guerra, 2007:17; Topçuvd., 2008: 645). In research results empha-sizing thatgenderdifference isdecisive, fe-males are observed to be more victimizedthan males (Mesch, 2009: 389;Arıcak vd.,2008:257;KowalskiandLimber,2007:26;Li,2007:1782).

Thestudiesconductedoncyberbullyinghaveshown that cyber bullying negatively affectsvictims (Cited byTanrıkulu et al., 2013:42),the feelings of anger, despondency and rest-lessnessarecommonlyobservedinthosewhoaresubjecttocyberbullying(citedbyHorzum

andAyas,2011:41),whichmayleadtomanydevastatingmentalhealthproblems thatmayextendtosuicide(Arıcakvd.,2008:258).

The referees are the individuals assumingresponsibility for themanagement of sportscompetitions impartially and appropriatelyforthecompetitionrules.Today,thechangesand developments in information technolo-giesattractpeoplefromallwalksoflifeintothevirtualworldandthecommentsthatoftencrosstheboundariesofcriticismcanturnintocyberharassmentandcyberbullying.

Audioorvideounrealnews,unfoundedac-cusationsanddefamations,insultsbasedonacertainevent,humiliatingphotomontageandcartoons, criticisms and comments degrad-inghonoranddignityparticularlybeforeandafter thecompetition in internetnewspapersand on private or commercial websites candirectlyaffecttheperformanceofreferees.Inthisregard,thequestionsbelowwillbetriedtobeanswered:

1. Whataretheexperiencesofbasketballref-ereesshowingcybersensitivityandsufferingfromcybervictimization?

2. Does the cyber sensitivity of basketballrefereessignificantlydifferbyage,sex,mari-talstatus,education,profession,startingyearof refereeing, classification,dailyuseof in-ternet,prioritieson internet,placeofaccessforinternetandinternettools?

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3. Does the cyber victimization of basket-ball refereessignificantlydifferbyage,sex,maritalstatus,education,profession,startingyearofrefereeing,classification,dailyuseofinternet,prioritiesoninternet,placeofaccessforinternetandinternettools?

METHOD

Thisresearchaimingtoanalyzecybersensi-bility and cyber victimization awareness ofbasketball referees working inA, B and CClassificationsofTurkishBasketballLeaguewasconductedinasurveymodel.

Subjects

Atotalof267basketballrefereesworkinginA,BandCClassificationsofTurkishBasket-ballLeaguesin2015-2016Basketballseasonparticipatedinthisstudy.32oftheserefereesareinA-classification,68inB-classificationand167inC-classification.

Instrument

Personal Information Form composed of 10questions andpreparedby the researcher, 14-item “Cyber Sensibility Scale” developed byTanrıkulu,Arıcak,andKınayin2013and24-item“CyberVictimizationScale”developedbythesameresearchersin2012wereusedinthisstudy(Tanrıkuluvd.,2013;Arıcalvd.,2012).

InthePersonalInformationFormdevelopedby the researcher, there are questions about

sex, age, marital status, education, profes-sion,refereeingseniority,refereeingduration,thepurposeofinternetuse,dailydurationofdailyinternetuseandtheplaceofaccessfortheinternet.

CyberBullying Sensibility Scale (CSS) de-velopedandensuredtobevalidandreliablebyArıcak,KınayandTanrıkuluiscomposedof 14 questions. Each item is answered as“No”, “Sometimes” and “Yes”.The scoringofthescaleisasfollows;No=1point,Some-times=2pointsandYes=3points.Thescorethatcanbeobtainedfromthescaleisbetween14and42andhowhighthescoretobeob-tainedpoints out to the high level of sensi-tivity for cyber bullying.With the purposeof testing the reliability of research for thisstudy, pre-testCronbachAlpha testwas ap-pliedandα:0.89valuewasobtained.

CyberVictimizationScale(CVS)developedbyArıcak,TanrıkuluandKınayiscomposedof24questionsandeachoneisansweredas“Yes”or“No”.Thescoringofthescaleisasfollows;Yes=2pointsandNo=1point.Thereisnocontraryitem.Thescorethatcanbeob-tainedfromthescaleisbetween24and48andhowhighthescoretobeobtainedpointsouttotheincreasedcybervictimization.Withthepurposeof testing the reliabilityof researchfor this study, pre-test CronbachAlpha testwasappliedandα:0.88valuewasobtained.

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Procedure

Athree-stepquestionnairecomposedofPer-sonal Information Form, Cyber SensibilityScaleandCyberVictimizationScalewasap-pliedtobasketballreferees.Thequestionsinthescaleweresenttoatotalof267refereesworking in the classifications through poll-sters. Questionnaires that were consideredto be incorrect, contradictory or incompletewerenotincludedintheevaluation;however,206questionnaireswerefoundtobestatisti-callysignificant.

Data Analysis

Data obtained were evaluated in statisticspackageprogram.Intheanalysis,datawerefoundtobeparametricfollowingthenormal-itytest.Inpairedcomparisonofdata,TtestbeingamongtheparametrictestsandAnovainmultiplecomparisonswereapplied.Tukeywasusedindeterminingtheinter-groupdif-ferences. p<0.05 valuewas accepted as thesignificancelevel.

RESULTS

Itmaybeusefultoprovidesomedescriptivestatisticsbefore thepresentationofmultiplecomparisonanalyzes.AsindicatedinTable1,86.4%ofthebasketballrefereesaremaleand13.6%ofthemarefemaleparticipants.6.3%hasanassociatedegree,71.4%hasbachelor’sdegree,18.9%hasamasterdegreeand3.4%hasPhD.21.8%ofthemarestudents,43.2%is self-employed and 35% is civil servant.14.6% of referees are in A-classification,30.6% in B-classification and 54.9% in C-classification.Basketballrefereesmostlyvis-it “Facebook” (30.6%) and the least visitedwebsitesarethoserelatedtobanking(1.9%).55.8%ofthemgetaccesstotheinternetfromhome,31.6%frominternetcafé,10.2%fromplaces of free access and 2.4% fromwork-place. 16% of them connect to the internetthrough desktop computer, 27.7% throughmobile phones, 28.2% through tablets and16.1%throughlaptops.

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Table 1. Personal Information of Basketball Referees

N % N %

Sex Priorities on the Internet

Male 178 86.4 Facebook 63 30.6

Female 28 13.6 Twitter 17 8.3

Age Newsandnewspaper 24 11.7

20-25 70 33.9 Chatrooms 20 9.7

26-30 69 33.5 Music 22 10.7

31-35 37 18.0 Movie,TVseries 13 6.3

36-40 23 11.2 Videowebsites 11 5.3

40-45 7 3.4 Videochat 17 8.3

Profession E-mail 10 4.9

Student 45 21.8 OnlineGame 5 2.5

Self-employed 89 43.2 BankingServices 4 1.9

Civil-servant 71 35.0 Place of Access for Internet

Education Home 115 55.8

Associatedegree 13 6.3 Internetcafe 65 31.6

Bachelor’sdegree 147 71.4 Freeplaces 21 10.2

Master’sdegree 39 18.9 Workplace 5 2.4

PhD 7 3.4 Internet Tools

Classification Desktopcomputers 33 16.0

A-classification 30 14.6 Mobilephones 57 27.7

B-classification 63 30.6 Tablets 58 28.2

C-classification 113 54.9 Laptopcomputers 33 16.1

AsspecifiedinTable2,itisobservedthatbas-ketballrefereesdisplaythehighestsensitivityintheitemsof“Ineversharemypasswordsrelatedtoe-mailandforumregistrationsetc.”

(85.92%) and “I do not communicate withpeoplewhoareabusiveorinsultinginvirtualenvironments”(81.07%)incybersensibilityinventory.

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Table 2. Arithmetic Mean and Percentage Values of the Replies of Referees Given to Cy-ber Sensibility Inventory

NO Questions No Sometimes Yes N x S.S.

1 Ipayattentiontokeepinganupdatedvirusprogramonmycomputer.

N 15 35 156206 2.68 0.60

% 7.28 16.99 75.73

2 Ibearinmindthatmyinformationcanbestolenbyothersontheinternet.

N 5 41 160206 2.75 0.49

% 2.43 19.90 77.67

3Ikeepinmindthatmyprivateinformationonsocialnetworkingsites(Facebook,Twitteretc.)canbeusedmaliciouslybyothers.

N 5 61 140206 2.66 0.53

% 2.43 29.61 67.96

4 ItrynottoencounterwiththepeopleIhaveproblemsinreallifeinvirtualenvironment.

N 13 54 139206 2.61 0.60

% 6.31 26.21 67.48

5IfeelIneedtotakesomeprecautionsinordertopreventothersfromharmingmeinvirtualenvironments.

N 12 80 114206 2.50 0.61

% 5.83 38.83 55.34

6 Ikeepinmindthatahackerinavirtualenvironmentcanalsoposedangertome.

N 15 54 137206 2.59 0.62

% 7.28 26.21 66.50

7 Ithinksomeonewhowantstohurtmecandoitthroughinternetandmobilephonesetc.

N 12 65 129206 2.57 0.60

% 5.83 31.55 62.62

8 Ineversharemypasswordsrelatedtoe-mailandforumregistrationsetc.

N 1 28 177206 2.85 0.37

% 0.49 13.59 85.92

9 Idonotcommunicatewithpeoplewhoareabusiveorinsultinginvirtualenvironments.

N 3 36 167206 2.80 0.44

% 1.46 17.48 81.07

10 IsometimesimaginethedangerthatapictureorimagethatIdonotwanttobeseencanspreadunawareofme.

N 13 73 120206 2.52 0.61

% 6.31 35.44 58.25

11 Ithinkthatirrelevantrumorsmayspreadaboutmeoncommunicationinvirtualenvironments.

N 27 63 116206 2.43 0.71

% 13.11 30.58 56.31

12 Ikeepinmindthatinternetcanalsobeusedtoharmotherpeople.

N 12 79 115206 2.50 0.61

% 5.83 38.35 55.83

13Iamsometimesworriedaboutwhattodoifafalseinformationaboutmespreadsontheinternet.

N 36 102 68206 2.16 0.70

% 17.48 49.51 33.01

14Idonotcommunicateinthevirtualenvironmentwiththepeoplewhocanthreatenmeviae-mailortextmessage(SMS)frommymobilephone.

N 22 23 161206 2.67 0.66

% 10.68 11.17 78.16

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As specified in Table 3, it is observed thatbasketball referees experience victimizationmost in the items of “My friends or otherpeopleontheInternetsent

me a virus warning message (e-mail).”(74.3%)and“Unpleasantmessagesweresenttomeontheinternet”(52.4%)incybersensi-bilityinventory.

Table 3. Arithmetic Mean and Percentage Values of the Replies of Referees Given to Cy-ber Victimization Inventory

NO Questions Yes No N X S.S.

1Someoneontheinternethasusedmynametoopenane-mailaccount(suchasMSN,Yahoo,Gmail,Mynet).

N 35 171206 1.85 0.38

% 17 83

2 SomeoneelsesecretlyusedmynametoopenaccountsonsiteslikeFacebookandTwitter.

N 46 160206 1.79 0.42

% 22.3 77.7

3 MyfriendsorotherpeopleusedmypersonalinformationontheInternet.

N 30 176206 1.85 0.35

% 14.6 85.4

4 Myfriendsorotherpeoplesentmeaviruswarningmessage(e-mail)ontheInternet.

N 153 53206 1.26 0.44

% 74.3 25.7

5 Myfriendsorotherpeopleusedmypasswordsontheinternetwithoutmyknowledge.

N 24 182206 1.88 0.32

% 11.7 88.3

6Myfriendsorotherstriedtosecretlyentermye-mailaddresses(suchasMSN,Yahoo,Gmail,Mynet)usingmypasswordsontheinternet.

N 29 177206 1.86 0.35

% 14.1 85.9

7 Somepeopletriedtosecretlyentermygamesontheinternetbyusingmypasswords.

N 27 179206 1.87 0.34

% 13.1 86.9

8 Iwasthreatenedontheinternet.N 26 180

206 1.87 0.33% 12.6 87.4

9 Unpleasantmessagesweresenttomeontheinternet.N 108 98

206 1.48 0.50% 52.4 47.6

10 Myphotoswerepublishedonsomewebsiteswithoutmypermission.

N 40 166206 1.81 0.40

% 19.4 80.6

11 Myphotosweresenttosomepeopleviamessage(e-mail)ontheinternetwithoutmypermission.

N 25 181206 1.88 0.33

% 12.1 87.9

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12 Unpleasantnewswerepublishedaboutmeontheinternet.

N 50 156206 1.77 0.44

% 24.3 75.7

13 Falserumorswerespreadaboutmeontheinternet.N 30 176

206 1.86 0.36% 14.6 85.4

14 Offensivemessagesweresenttomeontheinternet.N 40 166

206 1.82 0.40% 19.4 80.6

15Iwasmockedontheinternet.

N 19 187206 1.91 0.29

% 9.2 90.8

16 Iwasgivenabadnameornicknameontheinternet.N 16 190

206 1.92 0.27% 7.8 92.2

17 Iwastoldthingstheycouldn’ttelltomyfaceeasilyontheinternetorphone.

N 56 150206 1.73 0.45

% 27.2 72.8

18 Threateningmessagesweresenttomefrommobilephone.

N 23 183206 1.89 0.32

% 11.2 88.8

19 Myphotosweresenttootherpeopleonthemobilephonewithoutpermission.

N 17 189206 1.92 0.28

% 8.3 91.7

20 Displeasingmessagesweresenttomeonmobilephone.

N 31 175206 1.85 0.36

% 15 85

21 Unrealrumorsaboutmewerespreadonthemobilephone.

N 22 184206 1.89 0.31

% 10.7 89.3

22 Offensivemessagesweresenttomeonthemobilephone.

N 29 177206 1.86 0.35

% 14.1 85.9

23 Iwasmockedonthemobilephone.N 16 190

206 1.92 0.27% 7.8 92.2

24 Iwasdisturbedwiththecallsfrommobilephone.N 51 155

206 1.76 0.43% 24.8 75.2

AsspecifiedinTable4,itisobservedthatbas-ketballrefereeshavehighsensitivityregard-ingcyberbullyingathighlevel( x =36.29).Whilethehighestscoreobtained

fromthescale is42, the lowestscore is22.Suchascalevalueas2.59hasbeenfoundtobeclosetoyes.

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Table 4. Average Scores for Cyber Sensibility Inventory of Referees

Scale N Min Max Scale score Scala Value

Cyber Sensibility 206 22.00 42.00 36.29 2.59

As specified in Table 5, it is observed thatbasketball referees are subject to cyber vic-timizationathighlevel( x =43.55).Whilethehighestscoreobtainedfromthe

scale is 48, the lowest score is 29. Such ascalevalueas1.81hasbeenfoundtobeclosetoyes.

Table 5. Average Scores for Cyber Victimization Inventory of Referees

Scale N Min Max Scale score Scala Value

Cyber

Victimization206 29.00 48.00 43.55 1.81

InTable6,cybersensibilityandvictimizationscore averages of basketball referees werecompared with personal variables. Accord-ingly,asignificant

differencewas established between sex andcyber sensibility (=0.002, p<0.05). It hasbeen determined that this significant differ-enceresultsfromthemalebasketballrefereesandthecybersensibilitylevelofmalebasket-ballreferees( x =2.60)arehigherthanfemalebasketball referees ( x =2.52).A significantdifferencehasbeendeterminedbetween theclassificationandcybersensibilityandcybervictimization (=0.001, p<0.05). It has beendeterminedthatthesignificantdifferencere-sultsfromtherefereesinB-classificationand

thecybersensibilitylevelsofB-classificationreferees( x =2.57)arelowerthantheA-clas-sificationreferees( x =2.64)andC-classifica-tionreferees( x =2.58).Similarly,cybervic-timizationlevelsofB-classificationreferees(x =1.86)arehigherthanA-classificationref-erees ( x =1.81)andC-classification referees( x =1.79)Asignificantdifferencewasfoundbetweendailyuseofinternetandcybervic-timization(=0.001,p<0.05).Thissignificantdifferenceresultsfromtherefereesusingin-ternetfor9-12hoursadayandthecybervic-timization levelsof the refereesusing inter-netfor9-12hoursaday( x =1.79)arelowerthantherefereesusinginternetfor1-4hoursaday ( x =1.82)and thoseusing internet for5-8hoursaday( x =1.81).

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Table 6. Comparison of Cyber Sensibility and Cyber Victimization of Referees with Personal Variables

Cyber Sensibility Personal Variables Cyber Victimization

X SS p N % X SS p

Sex

2.60 0.280.002*

Male 178 86.4 1.81 0.170.189

2.52 0.36 Female 28 13.6 1.83 0.18

Classification

2.64 0.32 0.566 A-classification 30 14.6 1.81 0.19 0.296

2.57 0.18 0.001* B-classification 63 30.6 1.86 0.05 0.001*

2.58 0.33 0.566 C-classification 113 54.9 1.79 0.21 0.296

Duration of Daily Internet Use

2.58 0.28

0.749

1-4hours 158 76.7 1.82 0.17 0.352

2.62 0.29 5-8hours 42 20.3 1.81 0.14 0.352

2.61 0.37 9-12hours 6 2.9 1.79 0.03 0.001*

2.59 0.26 0.919 Age 206 100 1.82 0.11 0.963

2.60 0.28 0.425 Marital Status 206 100 1.81 0.17 0.920

2.62 0.25 0.726 Education 206 100 1.77 0.18 0.069

2.59 0.29 0.535 Profession 206 100 1.80 0.18 0.841

2.59 0.25 0.891 Starting Year for Refereeing 206 100 1.79 0.15 0.334

2.55 0.28 0.259 Priorities on the Internet 206 100 1.80 0.18 0.298

2.50 0.28 0.119 Place of Access for the Internet 206 100 1.82 0.15 0.052

2.59 0.28 0.640 Internet Tools 206 100 1.80 0.18 0.360

*p<0.05

On theotherhand,no significantdifferencewas established between cyber sensibility

andvictimizationandage,sex,maritalstatus,

education,profession,startingyearof refer-

eeing,classification,dailyuseofinternet,pri-

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oritiesoninternet,placeofaccessforinternetandinternettools(p>0.05).

DISCUSSION

Analyzingtheprominentdataoftheparticipantbasketballreferees,it isobservedthat86.4%ofthemaremale,42.23%isagedbetween20-25,65.50%issingle,71.4%hasabachelor’sdegree,43.2%isself-employed,54.9%isC-classificationreferees,30.6%ofthemmostlyvisitthewebsite“Facebook”,55.8%connectsinternetfromhomeand55.9%prefersmobilephonesandtabletstoconnectinternet.

Thefindingsobtainedfollowing theresearchare surprising.Although the participant bas-ketballrefereeshavehighsensibilityrelatedtocyber bullying ( x =36.29), it has beendeter-minedthattheyaresubjecttohighcybervic-timization( x =43.55).Inotherwords,basket-ballrefereesaresubjecttocybervictimizationalthoughtheyshowsensibility.Thissituationcanbeexplainedwiththepossibilitiesbeyondthecontrolofthereferees.

Thesensibilityofmalebasketballrefereeshasbeenfoundtobesignificantlyhigherthanthefemale basketball referees. This can be ex-plainedwith the lownumber of female bas-ketball referees participating in the research.The researchers analyzing the gender factorin cyber bullying have obtained various re-sults.Manyresearchershavestatedthatgen-derdoesn’tplayadeterministicroleincyber

bullying,malesandfemalesareintherolesofvictimandbullyatsimilarfrequency(Patchinand Hinduja, 2006: 165; Slonje and Smith,2008:151;Smithetal.,2008:378;WilliamsandGuerra,2007:18;Topçuvd.,2008:646).Inresearchresultsemphasizingtheimportanceofgenderdifference,femalesareobservedtobemorevictimizedthanmales(Mesch,2009:389; Arıcak vd., 2008: 110; Kowalski andLimber,2007:28;Li,2007:1788).

Examining the basketball referees by theirclassifications, it has been determined thatthereisasignificantdifferencebetweengroupsregarding sensibility for cyber bullying andcybervictimizationandthisdifferenceresultsfrom the B-classification referees. The factthatB-classification refereesdisplay less cy-bersensibilitythanotherrefereesandtheyaresubjecttocybervictimizationmorehasbeenfoundtobesignificant.Inthisregard,itcanbestatedthattheB-classificationrefereesarenotawareofthecyberbullyingactionstheymayencounterinvirtualenvironmentsandarenotinclinedtotakemeasurestoensuretheirper-sonalsecurityagainstsuchactions.Followingtheanalysisof80studiesininternationalliter-aturewithmeta-analysismethod,theratiosofcyber bullying and cyber victimization havebeen established as 15-16% approximately.AccordingtotheresearchesconductedinTur-key,ithasbeenreportedthattheratioofcy-berbullyingvariesbetween6.4%and47.6%

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while the rate of cyber victimization is be-tween 5.1% and 56% (Uzer and Tanrıkulu,2017:1-17).

Anothersurprisingfinding is thatbasketballreferees’dailyuseoftheinternethasasignif-icant effect on exposure to cyber victimiza-tion.Whatisreallysurprisinghereisthattherefereesusing the internet fora longer timeare subject to cybervictimization less.Thissituation suggests that the exposure to vic-timization results from other reasons ratherthanthetimespentontheinternet.Moreover,thelownumberofthepeopleusingtheinter-netfor9-12hoursadaycanberegardedasareasonforthelowrateofexperiencingcybervictimization for these people. Researchersinvestigating the effect of duration of dailyinternetuseoncyberbullyinghaveachieveddifferent results. In a study analyzing thefootball referees, it has beenstated that theduration of daily internet use doesn’t affectthe sensibility for virtual bullying and vic-timizationandtheoccupationaldifferencesinrefereesaren’tafactoratthelevelofsensibil-ity(Yılmaz,2015:1-121).

Inconclusion,itcanbeutteredthatbasketballreferees are exposed to cyber victimizationalthoughtheydisplaysensibilitytowardscy-berbullying;however, thedurationofdailyinternetuseisn’trelatedtovictimization.

In termsofdelivering clearer results, it canbesuggestedthatthestudiestobeconductedinthismattershouldn’tbelimitedtoA,BandC-classification referees and applied to allreferees registered toBasketballFederation,variousbranchrefereeswithhighpercentageof audience,managers, athletes and athleticelements(journalist,presenter,commentatoretc.).

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ERDUR-BAKER, Ö., KAVŞUT, F., (2007). Akran Zorbalığının Yeni Yüzü: SiberZorbalıkEurasianJournalofEducationalResearch,27,31-4

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JUVONEN, J., GROSS, E.F., (2008). Ex-tending the school grounds? Bullyingexperiences in cyberspace. Journal ofSchoolHealth,78(9),ss.496-505

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YILMAZ, İ.H., (2015).FutbolHakemlerininSanal Duyarlılık ve Mağduriyetlerininİncelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi,Elazığ: Fırat Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bil-imleriEnstitüsüBedenEğitimiveSporAnabilimDalı

AUTHOR NOTES. This study was submit-ted as a verbal presentation in the 10th International Conference on Physical Education, Sports and Physical Thera-py Firat University, Elazig, Turkey, 18-20 November, 2016.

4242

BEDEN EĞİTİMİ ÖĞRETMENLERİNİN ETİK İKLİM PERSPEKTİFİNDEN BAĞIMSIZLIK ALT BOYUTUNUN İNCELENMESİ 1

EXAMINATION OF THE INDEPENDENCE SUB-DIMENSION OF PHYSI-CAL EDUCATION TEACHERS FROM THE ETHICAL CLIMATE PER-

SPECTIVE

Gokhan ACAR1, Barbaros Serdar ERDOGAN2

1Faculty of Sport Sciences, Usak University, Uşak / Turkey2 Physical Education and Sports, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Uşak / Turkey

ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3617-19581, 0000-0001-6039-14942

Öz: Amaç: Buaraştırmanınamacı,bedeneğitimivesporöğ-retmenlerininçalıştıklarıkurumlarındanalgıladıklarıetik ik-limanlayışlarındanBağımsızlıkaltboyutununincelenmesidir.Yöntem:Araştırmanınevrenini2016–2017eğitimöğretimyılındaBurdur ilinde bulunanMilli Eğitim İlMüdürlüğüneBağlı özel ve resmi eğitimkurumlarında çalışan 125 bedeneğitimi ve spor öğretmenine tesadüfi (random) yöntemiyleulaşılmıştır.Bulgular: Etikiklimalgısınınbağımsızlıkboyutuileilgiligenelortalamayabakıldığındax=2,97değeriile5’lilikertölçeğininKararsızımaralığınagirmektedir.Bunagöregörev yapmakta olan Kadrolu ve sözleşmeli öğretmenlerinişleriyleilgilibağımsızhareketedebilmedüzeyleriniKararsı-zımdüzeyinde,diğerbirifadeyleortadüzeydegörmektedirler.Bağımsızlıkboyutundamedenidurumudiğerolanöğretmen-lerinetikiklimalgılarıevliolanvebekârolançalışanlaragöreanlamlıbir şekildedahayüksekçıkmıştır.(p<0,05).Örgütselçıkarboyutundaisemedenidurumudiğerolanöğretmenlerinetik iklim algıları bekâr çalışanlara göre anlamlı bir şekildedaha yüksek çıkmıştır. (p<0,05). Sonuç: Çalışmadan eldeedilensonuçlaragörebedeneğitimiöğretmenlerininetik ik-lim algılarını görev pozisyonlarına göre değerlendirdiğindeetik iklimin tümboyutlarındanBağımsızlıkboyutundaKad-rolu öğretmenler ortalama ile yeterli düzeyde bir etik iklimgörmekte iken, Sözleşmeli öğretmenler ortalama ile düşükdüzeyde bir etik iklim algıladıkları görülmüştür. Görev po-zisyonuile ilgilienbelirginfarklılıkBağımsızlıkboyutundagörülmekteolupKadroluöğretmenlerinetikiklimalgısıKatı-lıyorumdüzeyindeiken,SözleşmeliöğretmenlerinetikiklimalgısıKatılmıyorumdüzeyindegerçekleşmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: BedenEğitimiÖğretmenleri,Bağımsız-lık,Etikİklim

Abstract: Aim: Thisstudy is to examine the independencesub-dimension of ethical climate understanding that physi-cal education and sports teachers perceive from the institu-tions theyworkwith.Method:Thepopulationof thestudywasreachedbytherandommethodto125physicaleducationandsportsteachersworkinginprivateandpubliceducationalinstitutions connected to Provincial Directorate of NationalEducationintheprovinceofBurdurin2016-2017academicyear.Result: Whenlookingatthegeneralmeanregardingtheindependencedimensionoftheethicalclimateperception,x=2,97valueandtheLikertscaleof5areintherangeofNeutral.Accordingtothis,permanentandcontractedteacherswhoareondutyseetheirlevelsoftheindependentactregardingtheirworkatthelevelofNeutral,inotherwords,theyseeitatthelevel ofmoderate. In the dimension of independence, ethi-cal climateperceptionsof teacherswithothermaritalstatuswere significantly higher than thosewhoweremarried andsingleemployees(p<0,05).Inthedimensionoforganizationalinterest, ethical climate perceptions of teachers with othermaritalstatusweresignificantlyhigherthansingleemployees(p<0,05).Conclusion: According to the resultsobtainedbythestudy,whenphysicaleducation teachersevaluateethicalclimateperceptionsaccordingtotheirtaskpositions,itisseenthatpermanent teachersperceiveasufficient levelofethicalclimatewiththemeaninthedimensionofindependencefromalldimensionsofethicalclimatewhereasthecontractedteach-ersperceivealowlevelofethicalclimatewiththemean.Themostsignificantdifferenceregardingthepositionofthetaskisseeninthedimensionofindependence,theethicalclimateperceptionofthepermanentteachersisatthelevelofAgree,whereastheethicalclimateperceptionofthecontractedteach-ersisatthelevelofDisagree.

Key Words:PhysicalEducationTeachers,Independence,EthicsClimate

(1)Corresponding Author: Gökhan ACAR, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Usak University, Usak / Turkey, [email protected], Received: 29.03.2017, Accepted: 17.08.2017, Type ofarticle (Research -Application) Conflict of Inter-est: None / “None of Ethics Committee”

Doi: 10.17363/SSTB.2017.3.4



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International Refereed Academic Journal of Sports, Health and Medical SciencesApril – May - June Issue 23 Winter Season Year: 2017

JEL CODE: I1-I12-I19-I21 ID:346 K:44ISSN Print: 2146-8508 Online 2147-1711


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INTRODUCTION

This word derived from the Greek “ethos”wordwhichmeans character, has become asub-dimensionthatexaminestheideal,intan-gibleandmoralrulesofphilosophybyturn-ingintoan“ethics”wordintime(Simseketal. 2011;Aydın, 2006). The term “climate”asusedinbusiness literature,describeshowbusinessmembers consider the internal andexternal environment of the organization(Bute, 2011). Perceptions of employees’ re-gardingtheethicalclimateoftheorganizationareinfluencedbyorganizationalpolitics,pro-cedures,rewardsystems,andformalorinfor-malsystemswithin theorganization (DoganandKilic 2014).The ethical climate guideswhich behaviors towards employeeswill becorrect, and the shared thoughts about howproblemsshouldbeaddressedandresolvedinmoral dilemmas. In otherwords, the ethicalclimate also gives a direction to employeesregardingwhichbehavior isappropriateandsupported (Victor andCullen 1988:Treviñoetal.1998:Demirtas,2014).

AIM

The aim of thisstudy is to examine the in-dependencesub-dimensionofethicalclimateunderstanding that physical education andsportsteachersperceivefromtheinstitutionstheyworkwith.

RESEARCH METHOD

Thepopulationof thestudywas reachedbythe random method to 125 physical educa-tion and sports teachers working in privateandpubliceducationalinstitutionsconnectedtoProvincialDirectorateofNationalEduca-tionintheprovinceofBurdurin2016-2017academic year. The data obtained from thestudywereevaluatedbyusing thestatisticalmethodsintheSPSS14.0programincludedin package program. In the study findingsand evaluation section, The Independent-SamplesTtestwasusedtodeterminethein-dependencedimensionofthescalerelatedtoethicalclimateperceptions,andtheOne-WayANOVAtestwasusedtodeterminewhetherthere was a significant difference betweenmore two groups. In the present study, theethicalclimatescaledevelopedbyCullenetal. (2003)wasused.Theoriginalversionofthe scale has nine dimensions; however, ithas been compacted intofivedimensions inthestudies conductedbyVictor andCullen,(1988)2;WimbushandShepart (1994);Pe-terson (2002); Vardi, (2011); and Ogut andKaplan,(2011).TheadaptationtoTurkishoftheexpressionsusedinthescalewascarriedoutbymeansofthetranslation–backtrans-lationmethodbygettinghelpfromalinguist.Tothatend,theexpressionsinthescaleweretranslatedbytheauthorintoTurkish(Yurda-kul2013).

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RESULTS

Table 1. Ethical Climate Perceptions of the Physical Education Teachers According to Their Task Positions

EthicalClimateDimensi-ons

ThePositionoftheTask N Mean SD P

Independence PermanentStaff 92 3,657 1,006 0,000*

ContractedStaff 33 2,504 0,831

*ItreferstoasignificantdifferenceatP<0,05level.

Whenweevaluatetheethicalclimatepercep-tions of the physical education teachers ac-cording to their task positions, there was asignificantdifferenceseenbetweentheviewsofcontractedstaffandpermanentstaffinalldimensionsofethicalclimate.

In the dimension of independence, the per-manentteachersperceiveasufficientlevelofethicalclimatewithx=3,657mean,whereas

thecontracted teachersperceivea low levelofethicalclimatewithx=2,504mean.Themostsignificantdifferenceregardingthepo-sitionofthetaskisseeninthedimensionofindependence,theethicalclimateperceptionof the permanent teachers is at the level ofAgree,whereastheethicalclimateperceptionof the contracted teachers is at the level ofDisagree.

Table 2. Conclusions Regarding Independence Dimension of Physical Education Teachers

Independence

N Mean SD

23.Employeesinourinstitutionareexpectedtoactaccordingtotheirownpersonalandmoralbeliefs.

125 3,10 1,20

24.Employeesoftheinstitutiondecideforthemselveswhatisrightandwhatiswrong.

125 2,91 1,27

25.Themostimportantsubjectinourinstitutionistheemployees’ownrightandwrongperception.

125 2,92 1,24

26.Employeesworkinginourinstitutionaredrivenbytheirownpersonalethicalvalues.

125 2,94 1,31

Mean 2,97 1,25

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When looking at the general mean regard-ingtheindependencedimensionoftheethi-calclimateperception,x=2,97valueandtheLikertscaleof5areintherangeofNeutral.Accordingtothis,permanentandcontracted

teacherswhoareondutysee their levelsofthe independent act regarding theirwork atthelevelofNeutral,inotherwords,theyseeitatthelevelofmoderate.

Table 3. Tukey Test Regarding Ethical Climate Perceptions of Physical Education Teach-ers According to Their Marital Status

TukeyHSD

EthicalClimateDimensions (I)MaritalStatus

(J)MaritalStatus

DifferenceBetweenMeans

P

Independence Other Married 1,022 0,009*

Single 1,031 0,011*

*ItreferstoasignificantdifferenceatP<0,05level.

Inthedimensionofindependence,therewasasignificantdifferencefoundbetweenteach-erswith othermaritalstatus and thosewhoweremarriedandsingleemployees.Inthedi-mensionoforganizationalinterest,therewasasignificantdifferencefoundbetweensingleemployees and those whose marital statuswasother.

Inthedimensionofindependence,ethicalcli-mateperceptionsofteacherswithothermari-talstatusweresignificantlyhigherthanthosewho were married and single employees(p<0,05).Inthedimensionoforganizationalinterest,ethicalclimateperceptionsofteach-erswithothermaritalstatusweresignificant-lyhigherthansingleemployees(p<0,05).

CONCLUSION and DISCUSSION

Whenweevaluatetheethicalclimatepercep-tions of the physical education teachers ac-cording to their task positions, there was asignificantdifferenceseenbetweentheviewsofcontractedstaffandpermanentstaffinalldimensionsofethicalclimate.Inthedimen-sionofindependence,thepermanentteachersperceivea sufficient levelof ethical climatewithx=3,657mean,whereasthecontractedteachers perceive a low level of ethical cli-mate with x = 2,504 mean. The most sig-nificant difference regarding the position ofthetaskisseeninthedimensionofindepen-dence, the ethical climate perception of thepermanent teachers is at the levelofAgree,whereastheethicalclimateperceptionofthe

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contractedteachersisatthelevelofDisagree.Whenlookingatthegeneralmeanregardingthe independence dimension of the ethicalclimate perception, x = 2,97 value and theLikertscaleof5areintherangeofNeutral.Accordingtothis,permanentandcontractedteacherswhoareondutysee their levelsofthe independent act regarding theirwork atthelevelofNeutral,inotherwords,theyseeit at the levelofmoderate.Donertas (2008)andTopaloglu(2010)concluded in their re-search that ethical climate has astrong andpositiveeffecton theorganizational trustofemployees.Ourstudyissimilartotheresultsofsimilarresearchintheliterature.Inthedi-mensionofindependence,therewasasignifi-cantdifferencefoundbetweenteacherswhosemaritalstatuswereotherandthosewhoweremarriedandsingleemployees.Inthedimen-sion of organizational-interest, there was asignificant difference found between singleemployees and those whose marital statuswasother.Inthedimensionofindependence,wecansaythatethicalclimateperceptionsofteacherswithothermaritalstatusweresignif-icantlyhigher than thosewhoweremarriedandsingleemployees.

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DEMİRTAS, O. (2014).Thewhistleblowingimpactonethicalclimate:Moderatorroleofmobbingperception.IstanbulUniver-sity Journal of the School of Business,43,136-156

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PETERSON, D.K., (2002). The Relation-shipbetweenUnethicalBehaviorandtheDimensionsoftheEthicalClimateQues-tionnaire. Journal of Business Ethics,41,313-326

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TOPALOGLU, I.G., (2010). The Organiza-tional Trust and Organizational Com-mitment Relationships of Employees in terms of Their Perception of Justice and Ethics.MasterThesis,AtilimUniversity,Ankara

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VARDI, Y., (2001).TheEffectsofOrganiza-tional andEthicalClimates onMiscon-

ductatWork.Journal of Business Ethics,29,325-337

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WIMBUSH, J.C., SHEPARD J.M., (1994). TowardanUnderstandingofEthicalCli-mate,ItsRelationshiptoEthicalBehav-iorandSupervisoryInfluence. Journal of Business Ethics,13,637-647

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This paper has been published as a poster prensentati-on in the World Sports Sciences Rese-arch Congress held in Manisa, Turkey between 23-26 November 2017.

4848

ÇOCUKLARDA İNVAZİV İŞLEMLER SIRASINDA DİKKATİ BAŞKA YÖNE ÇEKME TEKNİKLERİNİN KULLANIMI 1

USE OF DISTRACTION TECHNIQUES ON DURING THE INVASIVE PROCESSES OF PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

Ayşegül ÖZDEMİR1, Meltem KÜRTÜNCÜ2

1 Bülent Ecevit University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Child Health and Diseases Nursing Graduate Student, Zonguldak / Turkey

2 Bülent Ecevit University, Faculty of Health Sciences Nursing Department, Zonguldak / Turkey

ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6975-02621, 0000-0003-3865-68682

Öz: Amaç: Buderleme,6-12yaşarasıçocuklardain-vazivişlemlersırasındadikkatibaşkayöneçekmetek-niklerininanksiyete,korkuveağrıyönetimineetkisinibelirlemekamacıylayapılmışolanliteratürüincelemekamaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Veri tabanlarından yapılanliteratür taraması sonucu oluşturulmuştur. Bulgular: Çocuklardaanksiyete,korkuveağrıyönetimiyleilgi-liYÖKUlusalTezMerkezi’nde2adettıptauzmanlıktezi, 3 adet doktora tezi ve 7 adet yüksek lisans tezibulunmaktadır.Konuylailgilisayısızyayınvemakaletaranmışolup,genelitibariyleağrılı/invazivişlemlersırasında uygulanan dikkati başka yöne çekme tek-niklerinin çocuk hastalar ve aileleri üzerinde olumluetkileryaptığıgözlenmiştir.Sonuç: Kanalma,damaryolu açma gibi invaziv işlemler sırasında uygulanandikkati başka yöne çekme tekniklerinin çocuklardaoluşananksiyete,korkuveağrıyıazaltmasınınyanın-datedavivebakımaolanuyumuartırarakkısaveuzundönemsonuçlarıolumluetkileyeceğidüşünülmektedir.Bu derlemede, çocuklarda invaziv işlemler sırasındadikkatibaşkayöneçekmetekniklerininkullanımındanbahsedilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Ağrı,Anksiyete,Korku,DikkatiBaşkaYöneÇekme,İnvazivİşlemler

Abstract: Aim: Thisreviewaimedtoexaminethelit-erature on the effectiveness of distraction techniquesonanxiety,fear,andpainmanagementduringinvasiveprocedures in children aged between 6-12 years old.Method:Theliteraturewassearchedusingdatabases.Results: In the Higher Education Council NationalThesisCenter,therewere2medicalspecialtytheses,3doctoraltheses,and7master’sthesesonanxiety,fear,andpainmanagementinchildren.Numerouspublica-tionsandarticleswerealsoreviewedanditwasfoundthatdistractiontechniques,ingeneral,hadpositiveef-fects on pediatric patients and their families duringpainful/invasive procedures. Conclusion: Distractiontechniques used during invasive procedures such asdrawing blood and opening vascular access increaseadherence to treatment and care as well as reducinganxiety, fear, and pain, which may lead to positivelong-termoutcomes.Thisreviewaddressedtheuseofdistractiontechniquesinchildrenduringinvasivepro-cedures.

Key Words:Pain,Anxiety,Fear,Distraction,InvasiveProcedures

(1)Corresponding Author: Meltem KÜRTÜNCÜ, Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Hemşirelik Bölümü, Zonguldak / Türkiye, [email protected], Received: 21.06.2017, Accepted: 19.09.2017, Type ofarticle (Research - Literature) Conflict of Interest: None / “None of Ethics Committee”

Doi: 10.17363/SSTB.2017.3.5



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INTRODUCTION

Painfulmedicalproceduresconstituteoneofthebiggestsourcesofpain,fear,andanxietyin hospitalized children. These fears oftencauseunwillingnessinthechildorthefamilyagainstmedical procedures such as drawingblood,openingvascularaccess,andsuturingandaffectthefuturetreatmentandcareexpe-rienceof the child.Especially childrenwithchronicdiseasesfacemaypainfulproceduresinthediagnosisandtreatmentprocess(Artsetal.,1994:797;Umanetal.,2013:10).

Studieshaveshownthatchildrenexperiencebothpainandanxietyduringtheseprocedures(Umanetal.,2013:10).Besidesaffectingthebehavior, family interactions, and nutritionlevels of the child, the pain experienced bythechildalsocausechanges in thedevelop-mentof thebrainand senses,negativelyaf-fectinggrowth(DerebentandYiğit,2006:41;Dinçeretal.,2011:46).

According to the International Pain StudiesAssociation Taxonomy Committee, pain isdefined as an unpleasant biochemical situ-ationorexperiencecausedbyacertainareaofthebodywithorwithoutrelationtotissuedamage that is affected by the past experi-encesof thepersonandpresents inorder todistanceanunwantedcondition (TaskForceonTaxonomy,2004).

TheAmericanAcademyofPediatricsandtheAmericanPainSociety(2001:793)bothstatethat pain is insufficiently evaluated in chil-dren.Whenevaluatingpain,itshouldnotbeforgottenthatpainissubjectiveandcontainspersonal differences. The aim in evaluatingpainistodetermine,decrease,andeffectivelymanagepain(Conketal.,2013:893-910).

Painevaluationinchildrenisimportantwithregardto(TörünerandBüyükgönenç,2013:146-172)

• Determiningthechild’sneedforpharma-cologicalandnonpharmacologicalinter-ventions

• Decidingwhethertheinterventionsweresuccessful,

• Helpingwithdiagnosis incertaincondi-tions

• Observing surgical or other complica-tions

Thehospitalenvironmentisastressfulenvi-ronment which breeds anxiety for children.The factors thatcauseahospital to increasestressinchildrenarethedisruptionofhealth,the unknown environment, the strangers inthisenvironment,differentsounds,lights,andtools,painfulproceduresappliedtothechild,disruptions in routine, disruptions in bodyintegrityor the riskof such,andmentalde-velopments(TörünerandBüyükgöneç,2013:

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146-172; Conk et al., 2013: 893-910). Thechildshouldbeinformedonwhytheproce-duresthatwillbeappliedwerechosen,howlong theprocedureswill take, andwhat thechild will feel during the procedures in or-dertopreventstressandanxietyinthechild(Çavuşoğlu,2013:296-308).

TheAmericanSocietyofPainManagementNursing-ASPMN states that nurses are re-sponsible before, during and after a painfulprocedure for the use of pharmacologicaland non pharmacological methods for painmanagement in people exposed to painfulprocedures(Czarneckietal.,2011:154).TheAAPandtheAPS(2001:793)bothstatethateveninminorinterventions,suchasopeningavenouspathway,painandstressshouldbeminimized.

Todecreasepaininchildren,nonpharmaco-logicalmethodsareusedalongsidepharma-cologicalmethods.Thechildneedssomeoneto hold hands and verbally relax him/herduring procedures. The child and the fam-ilyshouldbeprovidedwithasenseofsafetycontinuously,andsimpleexplanationsontheprocedures thatareandwillbedoneshouldbegiven.Theapplicationsmaybeneededtorepeatfromtimetotime,andteammembersshould be patient (Çevik Ü, 2003: 91-95;Çavuşoğlu,2013:296-308).

Non pharmacologicalmethods used in painmanagement are grouped into three catego-riesassupportivemethods,cognitive/behav-ioral methods, and physical methods. Sup-portivemethodsencompassthepsychosocialcareofchildrenandincludetechniquessuchas watching videos, reading, and ensuringthat thefamily iswith thechildduringpro-cedures.Physicalmethodsincludetouching,positioning, massage, skin stimulation, andhot/cold applications. Cognitive/behavioralmethods deal with the sensory, behavioral,and perceptional dimension of pain. Thisgroup includes techniques such as drawingattention toanotherplace,hypnosis,andre-laxation(Umanetal.,2013:10;TörünerandBüyükgönenç,2013:146-172).

Distraction focuses attention to somewhereelsethanthepainfulstimulus,increasingpaintolerance. This method is used as a strongpain and anxietymanagement tool in pedi-atric pain (Sloman et al., 2005:125; Guptaetal.,2006:1372;Cohenetal.,2008:939).There are many methods o draw attention.Theevidencebaseddistractionmethodsthatcanbeeffectivelyusedinpainfulproceduresareasfollows:

• Virtualrealitygoggles

• Usingdistractioncards

• Music

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• Usingakaleidoscope

• Blowing balloons and making balloonsoutofbubbles

• Cartoons

• Theparentsdrawingattention(talkingofsomething other than the intervention)(İnalandCanbulat,2015:116).

PURPOSE of STUDY

This reviewaimed toexamine the literatureontheeffectivenessofdistractiontechniquesonanxiety,fear,andpainmanagementduringinvasiveproceduresinchildrenagedbetween6-12yearsold.

SCOPE of STUDY

For this review, The national thesis centerof theCouncil ofHigherEducation,googlescholar,andPubMedweresearchedforjour-nalsandarticlesonthetopic.Inthisregard,studiesinvestigatingtheeffectsofdistractiontechniquesappliedtochildrenduringinvasi-veproceduresonanxiety,fear,andpainma-nagementwereexamined.

METHOD

Theliteraturewassearchedusingdatabases.

RESULTS

In the Higher Education Council NationalThesisCenter,therewere2medicalspecialtytheses,3doctoraltheses,and7master’sthe-

sesonanxiety,fear,andpainmanagementinchildren.Numerouspublicationsandarticleswerealsoreviewedanditwasfoundthatdist-raction techniques, in general, had positiveeffectsonpediatricpatientsandtheirfamiliesduringpainful/invasiveprocedures.

Virtual Reality Goggles

Theviral realitygoggle isa3D technologi-calproductthatisattachedtotheheadofthepatientandenableshim/hertowatchthevi-sualsinabiggerandclearermannerthroughthe special lenses within. Since it preventsthe perception of hospital noises and drawsattentionduringprocedures,ithasarelaxingandpaindecreasingeffect(İnalandCanbulat,2015:116).However,inchildrenwithhisto-ries ofmigraine, epilepsy or vestibular dis-orders, negative responses to virtual realitygoggles, albeit small,maydevelop (nausea,vertigoetc.)andthesechildrenthuscan’tpar-ticipate in virtual reality studies.Alongsidethis,childrenwhoareappliedvirtualrealityshouldbemonitoredforsideeffectsthrough-outtheprocedure(Patrick,McGrathandAl-lenFinley,2006:6).

SanderWint et al. (2002:8)have separated30childrenintotwogroupsas17inthestudy(virtual reality) and13 in the control grouptoresearchtheeffectofusingvirtualrealitygogglesduringlumbarpuncture.Asaresultofthestudy,theyfoundthatthepainscoresofthestudygroupwerelowerthanthecontrol

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groupwithout a significantstatisticaldiffer-ence.

Dasetal.(2005:1)haveexamined9childrenbetweentheagesof5and18whowouldhavethedressingsoftheirburnwoundschanged,and concluded that the pain scores of thegroupusingvirtualrealitywerelowerduringdressingchangethatthegroupnotusingthemethod.

Lange(2006)hascompared88childrenwhounderwent blood drawing, venous pathwayopening, and suturingprocedures in thepe-diatric emergency room through watchingmoviesandusingvirtualrealitygogglesdur-ingtheprocedures.Asaresult,thebehavioralpain and anxiety scores of the group whousedvirtualrealitygoggleswerefoundtobelower, with the parents and personnel alsofindingtheuseofvirtualrealitygogglesmoreeffective.

Ayyıldız and Göksu (2017) examined 80children,ofwhich40wereinthestudygroupand40wereinthecontrolgroup,inordertodeterminetheeffectofvirtualrealitygogglesin decreasing the pain during venous blooddrawing,andasa resultobserved that therewas a statistically significant difference be-tweenthestudyandcontrolgroups,withthepainscoresofthestudygroupbeinglower.

Eventhoughstudiesshowthattheuseofvir-tualrealitygogglesiseffectiveindecreasing

thepainandanxietyoccurringduringmedi-cal procedures,morestudies on the subjectareneeded.

Distraction Cards

Distractioncardscontainhiddenpicturesandpatterns that the child can seewhen he/shelooks attentively.During the procedure, thechildisaskedquestionsregardingthecards,and theattentionof thechild isdrawnelse-where(İnalandCanbulat,2015:116-21).

İnal and Kelleci (2012:210) have separated123 children between the ages of 6 and 12whosebloodwouldbedrawn,andthestudygroupwasaskedquestionsregardingdistrac-tioncardswhile thecontrolgroupwasonlyapplied the routine blood drawing applica-tion.Asaresult,thepainandanxietyscoresofthegrouptowhichdistractioncardswereappliedwerefoundtobelower.

Canbulatetal(2014:23)separated188chil-drenintothreegroupsinastudywheretheycompareddistractioncardsandkaleidoscopeuseinchildrenbetweentheagesof7and11duringblooddrawing,andwhilethecontrolgroup was only applied the routine blooddrawing procedure, the study groups wereapplied distraction cards or a kaleidoscope.As a result, distraction cardswere found tobemoreeffectivecomparedtokaleidoscopeuseindecreasingproceduralpainandanxityscores.

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Şahiner and Bal (2016: 277) separated 120children between the ages of 6 and 12 intofourgroupsandwhilethecontrolgroupwasonlyapplied theroutineblooddrawingpro-cedure, the study groups were applied dis-traction cards, balloon blowing, and listen-ingtocartoonmusic.Asaresult,thepainandanxietyscoresofthosewhowereapplieddis-tractioncardswerefoundtobesignificantlylowercomparedtothecontrolgroup,withalloftheotherdistractiontechniquesbeingalsoeffective(blowingballoons,listeningtocar-toonmusic)inthemanagementofproceduralpainandanxiety.

Literaturereviewshowsthatdistractioncardscan be safely used during painful invasiveprocedures.

Listening to Music

Nurses and doctors apply music in pediat-rics clinics as a relaxing method for children (Dündar,2011:11-15).Studies show that lis-tening to music decreases hospitalization duration and relaxes pain and anxiety.

Nilsson et al.(2009:1184-90)have separated 80 children into study and control groups in numbers of 40 to determine pain,anxiety,and concern post surgery in school children,and applied music to the study group before the procedure. It was concluded that morphine intake rates and pain scores in the music group in the postoperative period were lower

compared to the control group.Additionally,at the end of the study, children stated that music was relaxing and calming.

In a randomized controlled study, Bahadır and Kürtüncü(2016)separated 60 children in the 6-12 age group who would undergo sur-gery into music therapy and control groups each 30 in number,and found that the post-operative pain,anxiety,and fear scores of the children in the music therapy group were sig-nificantly lower with parent satisfaction also being higher in the study group compared to the control group.

Aydın and Şahiner (2017: 164-168) sepa-rated 200 children between the ages of 7 and 12 who would undergo blood drawing into four groups of 50 each, and while the con-trol group was only applied the routine blood drawing procedure,the study groups were ap-plied distraction cards,the study groups were applied distraction cards,music,and distrac-tion cards and music combined.As a result,the pain and anxiety levels of all three study groups were found to decrease with no statis-tically significant difference.

Moving from these study results,music can be said to safely usable during invasive pro-cedures.

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Kaleidoscope Use

The Kaleidoscope can be defined as a game material that shows objects of various col-ors and patterns when looked into.It is also called the flower binocular. The patterns in the kaleidoscope are often obtained by mov-ing the tool and reflecting light from various points.Its inside is painted black or another dark color. Inside is three mirrors attached with 60 degree intervals.Between the mirrors are colored glass pieces,feathers,scales,thin beads etc. While rotating above eye level,the beads move and their vision is combined through the mirrors. Various images thus emerge.When a kaleidoscope rotates,the de-signs change according to bead movements and the same design rarely shows up.

In a study with 206 children between the ages of 7 and 11 who would undergo blood draw-ing,Tüfekçi et al. (2009:2180-6) separated the children into a 101 child control group and a 105 child study group,asking the chil-dren in the study group to look into a kaleido-scope during the procedure.As a result,male children who had blood drawing experience from 1 to 3 previous procedures who feared the procedure were found to experience ore pain. Additionally, the pain scores of the children in the study group were found to be lower compared to those of the children in the control group.

Gözen and Karakaya (2014) separated 144 children in the 7-14 age interval into study and control groups,and gave children in the study group kaleidoscopes, asking them to look into it during the procedure and tell what they saw.The children in the control group were applied the routine blood drawing pro-cedure.As a result, the children in the con-trol group were found to feel more pain than those in the study group.

According to these results, the use of a ka-leidoscope during invasive procedures can be seen to be effective.Additionally,the fact that different patterns emerge each time the kalei-doscope is rotated causes children to focus on the patterns and not the procedure,decreasing pain.

Blowing Balloons and Making Bubbles out of Foam

In a study conducted with 149 children in the 4-7 age range, French et al. (1994: 384-8)separated the children into study and control groups and applied the method of blowing bubbles out of foam for the children in the study group.As a result,the pain scores of the group which was applied foam bubbles were found to be lower.

Gupta et al.(2006:1372-5)separated 75 chil-dren in the 6-12 age range into 3 groups of 25 children, applied the routine blood drawing procedure to the control group,asked children

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in one of the study groups to blow balloons during blood drawing, and asked the other study group to squeeze and release a plastic ball in one hand.As a result of the study,the pain scores of the control group were found to be higher than the study groups,with the pain levels of the children blowing balloons being lower among the study groups.

In a randomized controlled study,Balcı and Mutlu (2012) separated 142 children in the 9-12 age interval into three groups of 44,ap-plied the routine blood drawing procedure to the control group,asked children in one of the study groups to blow balloons during blood drawing,and asked the other study group to cough during blood drawing.As a result,the control group was found to experience more pain compared to the study groups,with a sta-tistically significant difference.However,no significant difference could be found between the children blowing balloons and those that coughed, with both being effective in de-creasing pain.

As a result of the studies,the applications of blowing balloons and making bubbles out of foam were thought to be effectively usable during invasive procedures.

Cartoons

Inastudyconductedwith13childreninthe4-12 age range with burns, Landolt et al.(2002: 61-5) examined whether watching

cartoonsdecreased thepainduringdressingchanges,andasa result found thatcartoonshadnoeffectinsignificantlydecreasingpainduringburndressingchanges.However, thefact thatburndebridement isaverypainfulprocedureforchildrenisthoughttohaveaneffectinthis.

Bellieni et al. (2006: 1015-7) separated 69childrenintothreegroupstodeterminetheef-fectofwatchingcartoonsduringblooddraw-inginchildreninthe7-12agerange,appliedthe routine blood drawing procedure to thecontrolgroup,askedthemothersofchildreninonegrouptotalkaboutthingsirrelevanttotheintervention,andappliedcartoonstotheothergroup.Asaresult,thepainscoresofthechildrenin thecartoongroupwerefoundtobelowerthantheothertwogroups.

DovneyandZun(2012:3-5)examined44000childrenbetween3and18yearsofagewhopresented at the pediatric emergency room,and researched the effect of presenting car-toons tochildrenduringpainfulprocedures.They observed the children with regard topain5minutesbefore,during,and5minutesafter theprocedure,andconcluded thatpre-senting cartoons during painful procedureswaseffectiveindecreasingpain.Additional-ly,theystatedthattherewasaneedformoremethodstodecreasepediatricpain.

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Movingfromtheseresults,itcanbesaidthatthemethodofpresentingcartoonstochildrenduringinvasiveprocedurescanbeused.

Parents Drawing Attention (Talking about things irrelevant to the intervention)

Gonzalez et al. (1993:593-60)observed 42 children who were applied intramuscular injection and their mothers, and found that mothers who talked about things irrelevant to the intervention with their children during the procedure were disturbed less by the injection and that the pan levels of such children were lower.

In a study conducted with 8 cancer patients in the 2-6 age range, Mason et al. (1999:239-48)separated children into three groups,applied routine treatment to the first group,presented cartoons to the second group dur-ing treatment, and had the mothers of the children in the third group read them stories during treatment.As a result,the pain levels of the children who were read stories by their mothers were found to be lower than the oth-er two groups.

Inal and Inan(2017)separated 180 children between the ages of 6 and 10 whose blood would be drawn into four groups,applied the routine blood drawing procedure to the con-trol group,presented cartoons to the second group,made the children in the third group play video games, and asked the parents of

the children in the fourth group to talk to their children and divert their attention.The pain and anxiety scores of the parental support group were found to be lower than the con-trol group.

As a result,the method of the parents divert-ing attention is thought to decrease pain and anxiety during invasive procedures.

CONCLUSION

It is thought that attention diversion tech-niques applied during invasive procedures such as blood drawing and opening venous pathways would,besides decreasing the fear,anxiety,and pain in children, increase com-pliance with treatment and care,positively af-fecting short and long term results.

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SANDER WİNT, S., ESHELMAN, D., STE-ELE, J., GUZZETTA, C.E., (2002). Ef-fects of distraction using virtual realityglassesduringlumbarpuncturesinado-lescentswith cancer.OncologyNursingForum,29(1):8-15

SLOMAN, R., ROSEN, G., ROM, M., SHİR, Y., (2005). Nurses’AssesmentofPaininSurgical Patients. Journal of AdvencedNursing,52(2):125-32

ŞAHİNER, N.C., BAL, M.D., (2016). Theeffectsofthreedifferentdistractionmet-hodsonpainandanxietyinchildren.Jo-urnalofChildHealthCare,20(3):277-85

TASK FORCE on TAXONOMY., (2004). Classification of chronic pain. Seattle,USA:IASPPress,ss:1-215

TÖRÜNER, E.K., BÜYÜKGÖNENÇ, L., (2013). Çocuk sağlığı temel hemşirelikyaklaşımları.Amasya, Türkiye: GöktuğYayıncılık,ss:146-172.

TÜFEKCİ, F.G., ÇELEBİOĞLU, A., KÜ-ÇÜKOĞLU, S., (2009). Turkish child-renloveddistraction:usingkaleidoscopeto reduce perceived pain during veni-puncture. Journal of Clinical Nursing,18(15):2180-6

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(2015/04315- 2015-GE-18972)

cal interventions for needle-related pro-ceduralpainanddistress inchildrenandadolescents. The Cochrane Database ofSystematicReview,10(10):1-135

AUTHOR NOTES: This work was presented as the 2nd International Congress on the Promotion of Women’s Health and Edu-cation, 5-6 October 2017, Kocaeli.

ABOUT US

Our Journal introduced itspublishingactivities in2011.Publications are accepted from thefieldsacceptedjointlybyhealthsciencesandsportssciences,especiallyincludingsportssci-ences.Withthefacilitiesbroughtbytechnologyintoday’sconditions,ourJournalenteredintopublicationarenatomeettheneedforscientificstudies,atleasttosomeextent.Itmainlyac-ceptspublicationsfromsuchfieldsassportssciences,sportseducation,sportsmedicine,historyofmedicine and ethics, nutrition for the athlete, athletepsychology,medical andbiologicalsciencesforsports,and“doping”.Moreover,itacceptsstudiesfromthesub-branchesofthesescientificfieldswhichareevaluatedandassessedpositivelybyrefereesexpertintheirfields.Studieswhichareincludedinthepharmacology,butareonathletesandathletehealtharealsoacceptedandevaluatedinourJournal.Moreover,studieswhichareconductedinthefieldofforensicsciencesforsportsandathletesareacceptedandevaluatedinourJournal.OurJournalacceptsandpublishesstudieswhichareoriginallyscientificandwillserveandcontributetothescienceworldaswellasresearch,collectionandtranslationforthesestudies.

OurJournalpublishesfourissueseveryyear,eachofwhichispublishedasprintedinthefirstquarterof theyear. In linewith theworkingprinciple,ourJournal includesstudiesfromallfieldsequallyandfairly.StudieswhichcometoourJournalarereviewedbytwodifferentfieldexpertreferees,andthetimeperiodofreviewingistwomonthswithinthescopeofthework-loadofthereferees.Studiesapprovedbytworefereesarequeuedtobepublishedasprintedfollowingtheapprovalofthecouncilofpublication.Ourmagazinearticlewritingrulesshouldbepreparedaccordingtotheexamplesinthejournalwebsite.EditorialofficeisresponsibleforallkindsofsystemoftheJournal,norefereeorauthorholdtheresponsibilityofit.Authorshavetherighttopublishinlinewiththeirindependentwillandknowledge,andtheyareregardedasacceptedalltheresponsibilityofstudieswhichareacceptedforpublicationandpublished.OurJournalservesasabridgebetweenpublishersandreaders.OurJournalandrefereeswhoreviewpublicationsdonothaveanylegalobligationforthepublishedstudy.Allkindsofobligationsbelongtoauthors.OurJournaldoesnothaveanyimpactandforcingsanctiononrefereesintermsofpublications.Nostudyhasanypriorityagainstanother.Eachstudyissubjecttothesameconditionsandrequirements.Itdoesnothaveapriorityorprivilege.Noauthorcanhaveinformationabouttherefereewhoreviewandcreateanobligationonreferees.Journalmana-gementandeditorcannotdecidethatastudyorauthorispriority.Thesystemisoperatedwiththesameconditionsandrequirementsforeachstudyandauthor.OurjournalwritinglanguageisEnglish.

OurJournalisinternationalandacceptsstudieswithsuchqualities.Studieswhichhavebeensenttoanotherjournalforanyreasonarerejectedeveniftheyhavebeenacceptedtobepub-lishedinourJournal,providedthatarefutationisissued.RightsofastudywhichhasbeensenttoourJournalhavebeengivenbytheauthortotheJournal.Itisregardedthattheauthorhasaccepteditinadvance.Suchconditionsandrequirementsbegintobeoperatedoncethepublica-tionisuploadedonourJournal’ssystem.Nospecialdeclarationorsignatureisrequestedfromauthorsinthisregard.Incasesoflegalproblemsoccurringorlikelytooccur,legaladvisorsofourJournalreserveunilaterallytherighttotakeallactionstoprotectourJournalanditsrefe-rees.

TheArticleNo.101hasbeenbroughtastheconditiontoApplyfortheExamofAssociatePro-fessorshipintheMainAreaofHealthSciencesbyT.R.HeadofInteruniversityCouncil.Inthisarticle,1-(b)sectionoftheinternationalarticlepartstatesthatOriginalresearcharticles(10points)publishedinthejournalsindexedbyinternationalfieldindices(thejournalsintheindi-cesapartfromthosespecifiedin1a)arerequired.InternationalRefereedAcademicJournalofSports,HealthandMedicalSciences(SSTB)isincludedinthecriteriaforthejournalsindexedinitsfieldandevaluatedaccordingly.

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

1 ThelanguageofthejournalisEnglish.Originalresearches,analyses,compilations,casestudies,projectsandbooklaunchesareaccepted(theymustbeinanarticleformat).

2 Iftheeditorialboardandtheadministrativeboardapprovethepaperspreparedindifferentlanguages,itisaccepted.Thejournalactsunilaterally.

3 Thejournalhasaprintedandelectronicversion.Thearticlesaredownloadedfromtheweb-siteandtherelevantmanuscriptcanbeusedonconditionthatitisreferredtoourjournaland“article”.Thereaderscanhaveanaccesstoallvolumesofthejournalforfreeonthewebsite.

4 Papersareacceptedonconditionthattheauthorisregisteredtobeamemberofthejournal.

5 Noneoftheauthorscanassertlegalrightsonthejournal.

6 The journal cannot be held ethically and biostatistically responsible for the papers; ho-wever, theauthorhimself/herself isunilaterally responsible for thearticles.Our journalcannotbeputunderanobligation.Author(s)mustgettherelevantapprovalsandinformthejournalmanagementforthearticlesrequiringethicsboardorinstitutionalapproval.Thein-formationofthepapersrequiringethicsboardandinstitutionalapprovalshouldbeenteredintothesystembytheresponsiblememberauthorwhileuploadingthearticle.Incaseofaproblem,author(s)areunilaterallyheldresponsible.Ourjournalneveracceptsliabilityinanymatters.

7 Thepapers,submittedtothejournal,shouldnothavebeensenttoanotherjournalprevio-uslyandunderconsiderationofanotherjournalforpublicationsimultaneously.Also,ifitisdeterminedthatanarticlesentandprocessedinourjournalhasbeeninthepublicationpro-cessatthesametime,ourjournalunilaterallyreservesitslegalrightsagainsttherelevantauthor(s).Ifsuchcasesoccur,thearticleisrejectedonconditionthatrefutationispublishedandthejournalimposestherequiredsanctionsontheauthor(s).

8 Eachstudyisevaluatedbythetworeferees,andtheapprovedpapersbythetworefereesaresavedtobepublishedinthefollowingissues.Evaluationperiodofpapersisthreemonthsaccordingtotheresponsesofreferees.Thepapersthatdon’tyieldanyresponseregardingtheevaluationwithinthreemonthsaredirectedtoanotherreferee.Inthiscase,atimeex-tensionisinquestionandademandcannotberaised.Theauthorcannotclaimanyrightorwithdrawthearticlefromthesystem.Themanuscriptsintherefereeevaluationprocessmustbeanalyzedintermsofplagiarismandtheyshouldbesenttousanduploadedtothe

systeminlinewiththescientificethicalrules.Incaseithasbeendeterminedthattheartic-lespublishedinourjournaldon’tcomplywiththescientificethicalrules,wereserveourlegalrightsagainsttherelevantauthor(s).

9 Noneofthestudiesandauthorshasprivilegesinthejournal.Eachauthorandstudyhasthesamerightsandthey’reequal.Noprivilegeisgranted.

10 Thenamesofthereferees-expertsintheirfieldswillnotberevealedtotheauthors.Infor-mationconcerningtheauthorsisknownonlybythesystemmanagerandtheeditor.Itiskeptconfidential.

11 Thepapersuploadedtothesystemarefirstevaluatedbytheeditor.Acorrectiondemandcanberaisedbyoureditorialboardforthemanuscriptsnotcomplyingwiththespellingrules.Thearticleseditedinlinewiththespellingrulesaresenttorefereeevaluation.Thecorrectionsdemandedbytherefereecanbeseenonthesystembytherelevantresponsibleauthorwiththemembershipinformationandthecorrespondentauthorisinformedviathesystembye-mail.Everyrefereehastherighttoclaimcorrectionthreetimesforapaper.Ifthecorrectionisn’tstillmadeafterthreedemands,thepaperisautomatically“REJEC-TED”.Thepaperscorrectedinaccordancewiththerefereesuggestionsare“ACCEPTED”or“REJECTED”afterbeingevaluatedby theeditoragain.Thecorrespondentauthor isinformedviathesystembye-mail.ThepapercanbeREJECTEDwiththedecisionofchiefeditoreventhoughithasgonethroughtherefereeapproval.Allrightsbelongtothechiefeditorinthismatter.Noneoftheauthor(s)canimposeasanctiononthedecisionsofchiefeditororraiseanydemand.

12 Ifthearticleisproducedfromthethesis,presentation,andsoon,itshouldbestatedandexplainedinthefootnote.Otherwisetheauthorisaccusedofplagiarism.Inthatcase,thejournalcannotbeheldresponsibleforthissituation.

13 Ifthepaperisnotwithinthescopeofthejournal,itistheeditorsandtheadministratorswhowillacceptorrejectthepaperunilaterally.Theauthorcannotassertanylegalrights.

14 Theuploadedstudybelongstothejournalwithitsexclusiverightsbyauthor(s).Forthisre-ason,itisnotnecessaryfortheauthor(s)tosignanyotherdocuments.Thestudiesuploadedtothesystemareregardedasbeingtransferredtoourjournalwithallrights.Ifnecessary,author(s)canbedemandedatransfercontractwithwetsignature.

15 Inthearticlesevaluatedinourjournal,thecorrespondentauthorisregardedastheaddres-see;otherauthorsarenotcommunicatedandinformed.Thejournalisnotsupposedtogiveinformationtootherauthors.

16 Therefereesactindependentlyinthejournal.Authorscannotexercisepowerovertherefe-reesorcannotdemandanythingfromthereferees.

17 The journalpublishes four timesayear inMarch, June,SeptemberandDecember.Ho-wever, theremightbechangesintheperiodsdependingonthepublicationprocess.Thejournalcannotbeheldresponsibleforthis.

18 Followingtheevaluationprocessofthepapers,therefereereportcanbeseenonthesystemandsenttothecorrespondentauthorbye-mail.Aftercompletingthetwo-refereeevaluationprocess,correctiondemandcanbemadeviathesystembye-mail.Thecorrectionsmadebeforethatcannotbeallowedinthesystem.Theeditedpapershouldbeuploadedagainwith the registered IDnumber.The authors shouldmake the required corrections in15days.Ifthecorrectionsarenotmadewithin15days,thearticleisrejectedbythesystemautomatically.Noneoftheauthorscanimposesanctionsonthejournalinthiscase.

WRITING RULES OF THE JOURNAL

• ThebibliographyisarrangedaccordingtotheTurkishalphabetorder.ThesamplearticleforthewritingrulesandpreparationofpaperscanbefoundonourwebsiteinWordformat.Allauthorsarerequiredtotakeintoaccountthewritingformatinthelastvolumeofthejournal.

• Themaintextofpapers,abstract,tablesandfootnotesthatwillbesenttothejournalmustbewritteninMSWordProgram,withTimesNewRomanin12pt.andsinglespaced.

• Pagelayoutmustbewith3cmmargininthetop,bottom,leftandright.

• Textsmustbebetween15-20pages,theymustbenolongerthan20pagesandpagenumbermustbeindicatedatthebottomofthepage.Annexdocuments,tables,figures,chartsandsimilarmaterialsaren’tincludedinthenumberofpages.

• Page layoutmust include the titles,abstractand tableswritten inonecolumn, themaintextandthereferencesshouldbegivenintwocolumns,justifiedandwithoutindentation,spacing12nkbelowthetitlesandparagraphs.ExtendedEnglishAbstractmustbeprovidedafterthereferencesin12pt.andonecolumn.

• Onthefirstpage,ÖzetandAnahtarKelimelerinTurkishmustbebelowtheTurkishhe-ading,AbstractandKeyWordsmustbebelowtheEnglishheading.Abstract inTurkishandEnglishmustbenolongerthan150-200wordsin12pt.Sub-headingsmustincludeAbstract,Aim,Method,Findings,ConclusionandKeyWords.AnahtarSözcük(Ler)/KeyWordsmustbegivenin3-7wordsbelowtheAbstractsbycapitalizingthefirstlettersofeachword. Inaddition to this,keywordsmustbewritten in the spaceprovidedby thesystembycapitalizingthefirstlettersofeachwordandbyseparatingeachwordbycom-ma.ItisnecessarytochoosetheTurkishkeywordsaccordingto“TürkiyeBilimTerimleri”andEnglishkeywordsinaccordancewiththe“IndexMedicusMedicalSubjectHeading(MeSH)”standards(http://www.bilimterimleri.com).

• Ifthearticlehasbeenpresentedinaconference,thetitleoftheconference,thedateandtheplaceoftheconferenceandthetypeofthepresentationmustbeprovidedbelowthe“Author’s note,” after theReferencespart.For example,Author’sNote:Thisstudyhasbeenpresentedat“1.UlusalAnaÇocukSağlığıKongresi,”on19-20December2014,inİzmirasanoralpresentation.

• Thenamesandtheaffiliationsoftheauthorsmustnotbegivenonthetextbelowthetitle;thisinformationmustbeuploadedtothesystemonthewebsite.

• Itshouldbestatedthatresearcharticleshavebeenpreparedaccordingtothescientificet-hicalprinciplesandethicalboardreportinformation(Nameoftheinstitutionfromwhichreportisreceived,itsdateandtheserialnumberofreport)mustbeaddedtothesystem.Itisalsonecessarytoscantheethicalboard’sreportandtheinstitution’spermitdocumentandtosendtooureditorialofficeviae-mail.Forthepaperswithoutethicalboardreport,asigneddocumentindicatingthatitdoesn’thavetheethicalboardreportmustbesenttotheeditorialboardviae-mail.

• The main text must include such parts as Introduction,Method, Findings, Discussion,Conclusion,References,Acknowledgement(personsandinstitutionsnotparticipatedinthestudybutcontributedtothedevelopmentofthestudyshouldbeacknowledgedhere)andExtendedAbstract.ExtendedEnglishAbstractmustbe750wordsandmore.Extendedabs-tractmustbepreparedapartfromTurkishabstract.Itmustbeaddedtothepaperafterthereferences.Thetitle(ExtendedEnglishAbstract)mustbewrittenincapitalletters,boldandcentered,andthetextmustbejustifiedwithoutindentation,in12pt.andonecolumn.Be-lowthetitlesofDefinitionandImportance(referencescanbegivenonlyinthispart),Aim,Method,Findings,ResultsandConclusion,dataconcerningthearticlemustbeprovided.

• Tablesandfiguresmustbeplacedinthetextappropriately.Numbersandheadingsoftab-les/figuresmustbeabovethetable;sentencecasemustbeusedin12pt.,boldandjustified.Theremustbeafullstopbetweenthetablenumberandheading.Tablesmustonlycontainhorizontalline.Eachtablemustbereferredtowithinthetext.Itemsinthetablemustbein1linespacingand12pt.Explanationsofthetablesmustbeindicatedbelowthetablein10pt.andbyputting*beforeit.E.g.:*Saraçoğlu,2004:416-21..Explanationsabouttheabbreviationsmustbestatedbelowthetableandfigurebyusing“*,**”or“a,b”in12pt.Thenumberoftablesandfiguresmustbenolongerthan6.

• ReviewsmustincorporateTurkishandEnglishHeadings,Abstract,Text,ReferencesandExtendedEnglishAbstract.Textshouldincludeastructurewithinapurpose,Conclusionpartsmustbecompleted.Headings,Abstractmustbeinonecolumn;Text,ReferencesandExtendedEnglishAbstractmustbeintwocolumns,justifiedwithoutindentandwith12nkspacinginheadingandattheendoftheparagraph.ExtendedEnglishAbstractmustbe750wordsandmore.ExtendedabstractmustbepreparedapartfromTurkishabstract.Itmustbeaddedtothepaperafterthereferences.Thetitle(ExtendedEnglishAbstract)mustbewrittenincapitalletters,boldandcentered,andthetextmustbejustifiedwithoutindentati-on,in12pt.andonecolumn.BelowthetitlesofDefinitionandImportance,Aim,Method,Findings,ResultsandConclusion,dataconcerningthearticlemustbeprovidedwithintheExtendedEnglishAbstract.

• CasereportsmustincludeTurkishandEnglishheadings,Abstract,Introduction,CaseRe-port,Discussion,ReferencesandExtendedEnglishAbstract.HeadingsandAbstractsmustbe12pt.andinonecolumn;Introduction,CaseReport,Discussion,Referencesmustbe12pt.andintwocolumnsjustifiedwithoutindentandwith12nkspacinginheadingandattheendoftheparagraph.ExtendedEnglishAbstractmustbe750wordsandmore.ExtendedabstractmustbepreparedapartfromTurkishabstract.Itmustbeaddedtothepaperafterthereferences.Thetitle(ExtendedEnglishAbstract)mustbewrittenincapitalletters,boldandcentered,thetextmustbejustifiedwithoutindentation,in12pt.andonecolumn.Be-lowthetitlesofDefinitionandImportance,Aim,Method,Findings,ResultsandConclusi-on,dataconcerningthearticlemustbeprovided.Reportscanbesupportedwithphotosandflowcharts.Necessarypermissionsmustbetakenforphotosandflowchartsandreferencesmustbeindicatedin10pt.with“*”.E.g.:*Saraçoğlu,2004:416-21.

REFERENCES WITHIN PAPER

• Thesamplearticleinthesystemmustbeusedforcitationrules.Inotherwords,referencesareindicatedwiththenameofauthor,theyearofpublicationandpagenumbersinparent-hesesbesidethemaintext(Surname,YearofPublication:CitedPageNumber).

• Footnotesofextraexplanationsabout thecontentandotherexplanationsmustbegivenbelowthepage.Notesnumberedinthetextarelocatedbelowthepagebynumberswiththeexplanations.

• Citationsmadefromasourceareindicatedbetweendoublequotesinthetext.

• Citationslongerthan30-40wordsaregivenasanindentedparagraphwithoutusingquotes.

• Whileprovidingreferences,ifthenameoftheauthorisn’twithinthetext,thesurnameoftheauthoranddateofpublicationandthecitedpageareindicatedinparenthesis:(Kork-maz,2007:23-45).

• Ifthenameoftheauthorisinthetext,onlythepublicationdateofsourceandpagenumberisgiveninparenthesis:Oskayetal..(2005:36)inhis/herstudy……….

• Insourceswithtwoauthors,thesurnamesofbothauthorsareindicated.IfitisanEnglishpublication,itisseparatedwith“and”(MorleyandRobins,2007:20).

• If it isTurkish, in sourceswithmore than two authors, “vd.” is indicated: (Yücel vd.,2012:236).

• IfitisEnglish,insourceswithmorethantwoauthors,“etal.”isindicated:(Hossainetal.,2007:156).

• Ifmorethanonestudyfromthesameauthorpublishedinthesameyearmustbeused,thesourcesareseparatedbyaddingtheletterslikea,b,c:Suchas(Ortaylı,1999a:25)(Ortaylı,1999b:43).

• Ifmorethanonesourceaboutthesamesubjectiscitedwithinthetext,sourcesaresepara-tedwithasemicolon:(Geray,2005:33;Moran,2006:36).

WRITING REFERENCES

• Onlythesourcescitedinthetextmustbeincludedinthereferencesandthosesourcesmustbeputinorderalphabeticallybythesurnamesofauthors.Ifmorethanonestudybelongingtothesameauthorisincludedinthereferences,itmustbesortedbythedateofpublication(fromoldtonew).

• Ifthenumberoftheauthorsis6orless,alltheauthorsmustbelisted,ifitis7ormore,thefirst6authorsmustbelistedand“vd.”,forTurkisharticlesand“etal.”forEnglisharticlesmustbeused.Afterthelastauthor,“&”mustbeusedbefore“vd.”or“etal.”

• AnonymouswritersfromInternetsourcesmustnotbecited.

* BOOKS

SEVİL, Ü., YANIKKEREM, E., (2006).Kadınayönelikaileiçişiddet.İzmir,Türkiye:İzmirGüvenKitabevi,ss.36-66

*CHAPTERS IN A BOOK

TAŞKIN, L., YANIKKEREM, E., (2014).Aileplanlaması.İçindeKadınSağlığıHemşireliği,12.Baskı,Ankara,Türkiye:ÖzyurtMatbaacılık,ss.527-545

SEVİL, Ü., YANIKKEREM, E., (2008).Adölesandönemi.İçindeA.Şirin(Ed.),KadınSağlığı,İstanbul,Türkiye:BedrayBasınYayıncılık,ss.57-90

BAYIK, A., SEVİL, Ü., (2004).Hemşirelikdisiplinivearaştırma.İçindeİ.Erefe(Ed.),Hemşi-relikteAraştırmaİlkeSüreçveYöntemleri,3.Baskı,İstanbul,Türkiye:OdakBaskıOfset,ss.13-26

* ARTICLES

EGELİOĞLU, N., MUSLU, G.K., ŞEN, S., GÜNERİ, S.E., BOLIŞIK, B., SARUHAN, A., (2014). EgeBölgesindedoğumsonudönemdeuygulanangelenekseluygulamalar.Ulus-lararası Hakemli HemşirelikAraştırmaları Dergisi (UHD), 1(1):22-35. Doi: 10.17371/UHD.2014018935

ÖZCAN, B., KOCAMAN, H., (2016). EşlerArasındakiYaşFarkınınBoşanmalarÜzerindekiEtkisi,ACEDDergisi,10:1-17Doi:10.17359/ACED.20161024262

ŞEN, E., GÜNERİ, S.E., YANIKKEREM, E., HADIMLI, A., KAVLAK, O., ŞİRİN, A., et, al., (2012). Determinationofknowledgerequirementsandhealthpracticesofadolescentpregnantwomen.InternationalJournalofCaringSciences,5(2):171-178

PUBLICATION PRINCIPLES

1 Paperswhicharesubmittedtothejournalforpublicationareexpectednot tohavebeenpublishedsomewhereelse,nottobeintheevaluationprocessofanotherpublicationorgan.Ifitisdeterminedthatthemanuscriptuploadedbytherelevantauthor(s)hasbeensentforevaluationorREJECTEDbyanotherjournal,wereserveallkindsoflegalrightsabouttherelevantauthor(s).

2 Papersoutsidetheaccepteddisciplinesandfieldsinourjournalarerejected.Theacceptedfieldsarestatedunderthe“DISCIPLINES”titleofourjournal.Noneofthepapersoutsidethesefieldscanbepublishedorrequestedtobepublishedinthisjournal.

3 Thecontentandscientificresponsibilityofthepaperscannotbeimposedonthejournalunderanycircumstances.Thewholeresponsibilitybelongstorelevantauthor(s).

4 Inarticleswithmorethanoneauthor,thecorrespondentauthoristheonewhoranksfirst.Orthememberuploadingthepapertothejournalacceptsandhastoacceptthewholeres-ponsibility.

5 Theabstract shouldbepreparedboth inTurkishandEnglishandbetween150and250words.ThetitleshouldalsobebothinTurkishandEnglish.Thepurposeofthepaper,sco-pe,method,limitationsofresearch,findingsandconclusionshouldbeincludedinTurkishandEnglishparts.

6 Ifthepaperhasbeenpreparedfromsuchorgansasthesis,booketc.,itshouldbestatedattheendofreferencespartwith“Author’sNote”byreferringtothefirsttitle.Ifthepaperhasbeenpreparedfromamaster’sordoctoralthesis,thenameoftheadvisorshouldberankedinthesecondplace.Ifthethesisadvisordoesn’twanttoseeher/hisnameintherelevantpaper,ourjournalshouldbeinformedaboutthissituationwithadocument.Itshouldbeadocumentwithwetsignature.Ourjournalandmanagementdoesn’thavesuchaliabilitytoquestionauthor(s)aboutthesourceofpapersreproducedfromthesisoranotherpaper.Thewholeresponsibilitybelongstoauthor(s).Theauthor(s)alreadyaccepttheseconditions.

7 Sourcesusedintheworksmustbepreparedaccordingtotheappropriatetemplateofthejo-urnal.Thistemplateispresentedtoallauthor(s)asaWordfileonourwebsite.Besides,thelastvolumeofourjournalshouldalwaysbetakenintoaccount.Ourjournalandmanage-mentunilaterallybelongstherighttochangethesecriteriainlinewiththeirowndemands.

8 Everypaperevaluatedshouldgettheapprovaloftworeferees.Ifoneoftherefereeshasrejectedandtheotheronehasapproved,theeditorsendsthepapertothethirdreferee.In

linewiththeopinionsandsuggestionsofthethirdreferee,editoractsinaccordancewithher/hisownauthority.ChiefEditorofthejournalunilaterallyreservestherighttoREJECTevenifthepaperhasbeenapprovedbyreferees.Inthiscase,noneoftheauthor(s)cancla-imarightordemand.Allkindsofmanagement,practiceandprocedurebelongtothechiefeditorofthejournal.TherelevantpaperpreparedinEnglishisevaluatedbytheEnglishlanguageeditor.Also,everypaperisevaluatedintermsofthewritingrulesofourjournalbythetechnicaleditor.IftheEnglishlanguageeditordecidesthatthepaperisinappropriateforourjournal,theauthorizedpersonwhowillREJECToramendthisdecisionisthechiefeditor.Languageeditorandtechnicaleditordon’thavetherighttoREJECT.Theytransmittheirsuggestionstothechiefeditorandthechiefeditorunilaterallyappliesthedecisioninlinewiththedemandsandsuggestions.Fieldeditorstransmittheiropinionsregardingeva-luationandpublicationofthepapersuploadedtothesystemtothechiefeditor.Thechiefeditoractswithher/hisownauthority in linewith theopinionsandsuggestionsof fieldeditors.Majororminorcorrectionscanbemadeaftertheevaluationofpapers.Author(s)arerequestedforcorrectionsTHREEtimes.Ifthecorrectionsaren’tmadeafterthreede-mands,thearticleisrejectedafterthechiefeditorisinformedbythesystemeditor.Themanuscriptsuploadedtothewebsitearefirstanalyzedbysystemeditorortechnicaleditorbeforesendingtothereferee.Thisanalysisisperformedwithintheframeworkofspellingrules.Systemortechnicaleditorinformsauthor(s)aboutthenecessarydemands.Ifthesedemandsaren’tsatisfied,thechiefeditorisinformedabouttheresult.ChiefEditormakesthefinaldecisionaccordingtotheinformation.Thisdecisionisunilaterallyuptothechiefeditoreitherinanegativeorpositiveway.Noneoftheinstitutionsandindividualshastherighttoimposesanctiononthedecisionmade.

9 English andTurkish abstracts should bewritten inTimesNewRomanwith 12 pt.Allauthor(s)areobligedtoactandarrangetheirpapersinaccordancewiththesamplearticleformatonourwebsite.

10 Thenamesoftheinstitutionsofauthor(s)shouldbewrittenin12pt.anditalicwithTimesNewRoman.Itisstatedinthesamplearticleformat.

11 Theparagraphspacingofthewholemanuscriptshouldbesinglespaced.

12 Thereferencesshouldbestatedinawaythatthereferenceisitalicandthenameandauthor’ssurname rankat the firstplace just like in the sample article.For example;Yılmaz, A., Güven, M., (2017). İşletmelerde Sağlık Yönetiminin Önemi, …………………………… Dergisi, Sayı: 1, Cilt: 1, ss.1-2Thereferencesshouldbeindicatedwithinthetextas(Yıl-maz,2017:1-2)or(Yılmaz,vediğ.,2017:1-2).Internetresourcesareneverusedwithinthetext.Thesesourcesarenumberedandindicatedatthebottomofthepage.Thecitations

madefromsuchinternetresourcesasWikipediashouldneverbeused.Ifsuchuseofreso-urcesisdetermined,themanuscriptisunilaterallyREJECTED.Noneoftheauthor(s)canimposeasanctionandraiseademandonourjournalinthismatter.

13 Theinternetresourcesshouldbeindicatedinthereferencespartunderthetitleof“INTER-NETRESOURCES”.The link shouldbe included in the resourcesand theAccessdateshouldbeafterthelinklike“E.T.01.01.2017).

14 Typesettingandeditingofthepapershouldbeinaccordancewiththesamplearticleformatonthewebsiteandthereferenceswithinthetextmustbepreparedasperthesamplearticle.

15 The current papers are uploaded to the system by the author being themember of thesystemstepbystep.Thepaperuploadedissenttotherelevantfieldeditorbythesystemmanagerandaskedforapprovalforrefereeevaluation.Iftherearemorethanoneauthornameinthepaper,thisinformationshouldbeinsertedinthesystemtogetherwiththena-mesandinstitutionsofauthor(s)whileuploadingthepapertothesystem.Ourjournalandmanagementneveracceptsresponsibilityregardingtheproblemsthatmayariseaboutthenamesandinstitutionsofauthorsrelatedtothearticle.Thisinformationmustbeunilate-rallyinsertedinthesystembyauthor(s).Ourjournalandmanagementaren’tresponsibletoinsertthisinformationtothesystem.Ourjournalandmanagementonlytakeintoaccounttheinformationuploadedtothesystembyauthor(s).

16 ThelanguageofourjournalisEnglish.However,thepaperspreparedindifferentsituationsandprinciplesareacceptedinotherlanguages.Inthiscase,thepublicationboardunilate-rallyreservestherighttouseinitiativeorreject.Relevantauthor(s)cannotbeeffectiveorimposesanctiononourjournalinthismatter.

17 Theauthorcannotdecideonwhichrefereewillevaluatethepaperandwon’tknowthein-formationoftherefereemakingtheevaluation.Aftertherefereeevaluationoftherelevantpaper,thecorrespondentauthorwhoacceptstheresponsibilityinuploadingthepapertothesystemisinformedviathewebsystem.Thee-mailaddressinthejournalsystemshouldbevalidandcorrect.Thememberauthorisunilaterallyresponsibleforanydelayandproblemthatmayariseabouttheauthorswhosemembershipinformationisn’tvalidandcorrectinthesystem.Ourjournaldoesn’taddresscommentstootherauthors.Thememberauthorwhouploadsthepapertothesystemistheaddresseeandtheresponsibilitybelongstotherelevantauthor.Ifthepaperisuploadedtothesystembysomeoneelsewhosenameisn’tinthepaper,therelevantmemberbecomesresponsibleforthissituation.Ourjournalandmanagement arenever responsible for possibleproblems.All kindsof correspondencesandinformationrelatedtothearticlearedirectedtothememberauthor.Ourjournalisn’tsupposedtoinformotherauthor(s).

18 Informationabouttheauthorsandthematerialsofcommunicationareconfidentialanditisonlyknownbysystemmanagerandtheeditor.Therefore,authorsdon’thavesucharighttoaskforrefereeevaluationoranyotherdemand.Informationonrefereesandauthorsareonlysharedwiththesystemeditor,technicaleditor,chiefeditorandthefieldeditor.

19 Thenumberofpagesuploadedtothesystemis20.Thisnumbercanincreaseaccordingtothesubjectofthepaper.Annexesandtablescanbeexcludedfromthisnumber.However,publicationboard,fieldeditorandthechiefeditorunilaterallyreservetheirrighttomakeapositiveornegativeevaluation.Author(s)cannotclaimarightinthismatter.

20 Ourjournalisan“e”electronicjournalbutisalsopublishedinpaperversion.Individualswhowouldliketogetprintedversionofthejournalcanobtainitbypayingthenecessaryfeetotherelevantprintingcompany.Ourjournaldoesnothavetoprovideprintedversionofthejournaltoanyauthororindividual.Annualmembershipfeeshouldalsobesenttore-levantprintingcompanyforworkssenttoourjournal.Areasonableamountoffeeisreques-tedfromtheauthorofthepaperapprovedforpublicationconsideringthejournalexpensesandaccordingtotheconditionsofthattime.Therelevantauthororthepersonwhomakesthepaymentissentareceiptaboutthepaymentbythebeneficiarycompany.

21 Evaluationprocessofworksuploadedtothesystemistwomonths.Workswhicharenotevaluatedwithinthisperiodoftimeandaboutwhichinformationreportisnotreceivedaresenttoadifferentreferee.Author(s)cannotclaimarightonourjournalandmanagementbecauseof thisdelay.It isoutofquestionfor thepapersbeingintherefereeevaluationprocesstobewithdrawnfromthejournalunderanycircumstances.

22 Ourjournalpublishesfourtimesayear.Thejournalandpublicationboardhasarighttopublishspecialissues.Thisisuptotheinitiativeofjournalmanagement.

23 Publicationandcopyrightofpublishedpapersbelongtoourjournal.Publicationrightofeverypaperuploadedtothesystemisautomaticallytransferredtothejournal.Therespon-sibleauthorapprovesthetransfercontractcreatedatthesametimewiththebuttononthewebsitewhileuploadingthepapertothesystem.Noneoftheauthorsarerequestedtosignthecopyrightagreementforthisprocedure.Journalmanagementhastherighttodemandtransferagreementwithwetsignatureifrequired.Thepapersbeingintherefereeevalua-tionprocesscannotbewithdrawnfromthepublication.Avalidreasonshouldbeindicatedforthepapersthatarewithdrawn.Otherwise,legalactionisunilaterallytakenagainsttherelevantauthor(s).Author(s)approvetheseconditionsinadvanceforthepaperuploadedtothesystem.Noneoftheauthor(s)havearighttoobject.

24 Relevantauthor(s)aresupposed to insert theethicsboardor institutionalapprovalwhi-le uploading the paper to the system if necessary.Thewhole responsibility unilaterallybelongstoauthor(s)incaseofapossibleproblemiftheinformationofpapersforwhichethicsboardorinstitutionalapprovalisrequiredisn’tinsertedinthesystemorthejournalmanagementisn’tinformed.Ourjournalisneveraskedtoacceptsucharesponsibility.Ourjournalandmanagementdoesn’thavetoaskormonitorthisinformation.

ITISCONSIDEREDTHATABOVEMENTIONED24ITEMSOFPUBLICATIONPRINCIP-LESGUIDELINEAREACCEPTEDBYAUTHORORAUTHORSWHOAREINVOL-VEDINTHESYSTEM.NOAUTHORHASTHERIGHTTOOBJECTTOTHESEPRIN-CIPLES.OURJOURNALHASUNILATERALRIGHTINTERMSOFPUBLICATIONPRINCIPLES,ANDPUBLISHING,EVALUATIONORREFUSALOFWORKS.THISRIGHTCANNOTBECHANGEDUNDERANYCIRCUMSTANCESANDCONDITI-ONS.OURJOURNALHASTHERIGHTTOUSEITSLEGALRIGHTSWITHINTHEFRAMEWORKOFRELEVANTLAWSANDLIABILITIES INCASEOFAUTHOR/AUTHORSWHODONOTACTINACCORDANCEWITHRELEVANTPRINCIPLESANDRULES.EVERYBODYWHOISINVOLVEDINTHESYSTEMHASAUTOMA-TICALLYAGREEDONTHESEPOINTSINADVANCE.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

1 Is your journal a refereed and international journal?Ourjournalisarefereed,scientificandinternationaljournal.Itisindexedbymanyinter-nationalindices.

2 Which fields are accepted in your journal?Onlythepapersinthefieldsacceptedbythejournalareapproved.

3 Does your journal charge any publication fee?Acertainamountoffeeisrequestedperthemanuscriptacceptedforpublicationinreturnforsomeexpenses.Thereisnosuchdemandfortherejectedpapers.

4 Are the readers allowed to access to the volumes and the articles without being a mem-ber of the journal?Allthevolumescanbedownloadedfromourwebsiteinpdfformatwithoutbeingamem-ber.

5 What is the publication frequency of the journal?Thejournalpublishesthreetimesayear;thevolumeswithfulltextsareuploadedtothesystemattheendofApril,AugustandDecember.However,somespecialissuescanbepublishedinsomecases.

6 Are the authors informed about the evaluation process of the submissions?Thejournalisweb-based,andtheauthorscanfollowallkindsofinformationconcerningtheirsubmissionsfromthemembershippanelofthesystem.Theauthorswillalsobepro-videdwiththenecessaryinformationabouttheprocessandprocedure.

7 How many referees evaluate a manuscript?Manuscriptsarefirstlyevaluatedbythefieldeditorsandthentheonesfoundappropriatearesenttotherefereesbythefieldeditors.Fieldeditorssendtheapprovedpaperstotwofield referees and referee evaluation process begins.This process takes twomonths atmostaccordingtotherefereeevaluation.Ifevaluationreportsarenotreceivedwithinthreemonths,thearticleissenttothethirdreferee.Ifthereisstillnotanyprogress,fieldreferee,andtheeditorialboarddecideonthepublicationprocess.

8 Is any information concerning “the author and authors” confidential?In this journal and all the international refereed journals, information, concerning theauthor(s)isknownonlybythesystemeditors,fieldeditors,chiefeditorandassistantchief

editors.Thisinformationiscompletelykeptconfidential.Therefereesormembersofthejournalarenotallowedtoaccesstotherelevantinformation.

9 Are there a certain number of articles to be published in the journal?Therearenotacertainnumberofarticlesinthejournal.Eacharticle,approvedbythere-fereesandtheeditorialboard,isacceptedtobepublishedinthejournalwithoutdelayandsentforthelayoutprocesswhichisthefinalstage.

10 Is an author allowed to submit more than one paper in the same issue?Itisoutofthequestionintermsofethics.However,morethanonemanuscriptofthesameauthorcanbepublishedinthesamejournalorthefollowingissuesifthepublicationandeditorialboardapprovethearticles.Butthissituationisonlyvalidforspecificcasesandthoserequiringinitiative.Thiscaseisonlyvalidforspecialconditionsandthoserequiringinitiative.

11 Is there sufficient number of referees in all the fields that the journal accepts articles?Allthesubmissionssenttoourjournalaresubjectedtoevaluationbyexpertacademiciansandscientistsandrefereesarenotgettingpaidfortheevaluationtheymake.Evaluationandreportsareonlyonavolunteerbasis.

12 What is the duty of the science and advisory board?Thescienceandadvisoryboard is responsible forsolving the incompatibilityproblemsthattherefereesexperience;theboardgivesthefinaldecisionindependently,andtheyactactivelytosolvesuchproblems.Thedecisionsofthescienceandadvisoryboardareac-ceptedwithoutquestioning.Thedecisionsareappliedaccordingly.Theirdecisionscannotbechangedandofferedtobechanged.

13 Is an author allowed to submit his/her paper to the science and advisory board in a negative situation?Thissituationisoutofthequestion.Functionalityofscienceandadvisoryboardoccursonlywiththeapprovaloftheeditor-in-chief.

14 If an author submits her/his paper simultaneously to another journal for considera-tion, and the paper is accepted in that journal too, what kind of procedures is taken?Theexecutiveboardandeditorialboardgivethefinaldecisioninsuchcases.Asthepubli-cationboarddoesnotregardsuchattitudesasethical,evenifthepaperhasbeenpublished,itisremovedfromthesystemonconditionthatrefutationispublished,necessaryinstitu-tionsareinformed,andtherightsarereserved.However,inordertoavoidsuchproblems,theguidelinesfortheauthorsshouldbereadcarefullyandtheappropriatepapersshouldbe submitted.Our journal’s all rights arekept reservedunder theguidanceof journal’s

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legaladvisorswithintheframeworkofTurkishCommercialLawandLawonIntellectualandIndustrialRightsinsuchnegativeconditions.ItdefendsitsmaterialandmoralrightswithintheframeworkofLawsofTurkishRepublic.

15 Does your journal accept papers from other languages?Currently,thelanguageofourjournalisTurkishandEnglish.However,studiesinEnglishandotherlanguagesarealsoaccepted.

16 Is an author allowed to get information about referees evaluating her/his paper?Itisoutofquestion.Thenamesoftherefereeswillneverberevealedtotheauthorseveniftheywanttolearn.Theauthorcannotrecommendarefereeforthepapers/hesent.Onlytheeditor-in-chief,assistanteditors,fieldeditorandsystemeditorcandecideonthis.Itisalsooutofthequestiontoassignarefereeoutsidethoseboardsandtogiveinformation.

17 Is an author allowed to give a name of a referee that s/he does not want her/his paper to be evaluated by?Ifsuchaproblemoccurs,andtherefereeisinthejournallist,onconditionthattheprocessisconfidential,theauthorshouldsubmitthenecessaryexplanationsandreasonsinanoffi-cialdocumenttotheeditor-in-chief.Ifthisisapprovedbythechiefeditor,necessarystepsaretaken;otherwise,commonproceduresandstandardworkingarecarriedout.

18 Is an author allowed to suggest a referee to contribute to the evaluation process?Itisoutofquestion.Thefieldandsystemeditorsdecideontheissue.Authorscannotin-terfereinthisprocess.

19 Are the authors to sign the transfer agreement or publishing transfer contract?Thissituation isstatedon themainpageof the journal in thesection titledpublicationprinciples.Allthesubmittedpapersareacceptedtobetransferredtothejournalwithexc-lusiverights.Theauthorisnotaskedtosign the documentconcerningthesubmission.However,insomecasestheauthorshouldsignthecontract,requiredbythefieldeditorsoradministrativeboardandsubmitittothechiefeditorofficially.Otherwisethepaperwillnotbepublished.

20 Is an author allowed to withdraw his/her paper when desired?Iftheevaluationprocesshasstarted,paperscannotbewithdrawn.Thepapercanonlybewithdrawnincaseofplagiarismandscientificdisqualityandiftheauthorsendsanofficialletter,explainingthesituationtothechiefeditor.Thejournalactsunilaterallyinthisissue.

21 What is the process in papers requiring the approval and report of ETHICS BOARD?Asin“MediaOrgans”ofNationalandInternationaljournals,author(s)hastoupload“DateofReport”,“ReportInformation-ReportNumber”to“EthicsBoardReportInformation”

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SSTB - Uluslararası Hakemli Akademik Spor Sağlık ve Tıp Bilimleri DergisiKayabaşı Mh. Evliya Çelebi Cd.Emlakkonut Başakşehir Evleri 1/A D BlokKat: 4 Daire: 29 Başakşehir, İstanbul, TürkiyeTel: +90 212 801 40 63

[email protected]

partof thepublication submission systemof the journal in “EXPERIMENTAL,CASESTUDYandINSTITUTIONAL”worksrequiringETHICSBOARDapprovalandreport.Thechiefeditorhastherighttoaskfortheoriginalreportifdeemednecessarywithanofficialapprovaloftheinstitution.Insuchcases,ifthechiefeditordoesn’tgettheethicsboardreportdespitetherequestmade, themanuscriptcannotbeincludedinthesystemandpublishedevenifithasobtainedrefereeapprovalandcompletedthepublicationpro-cess.Thepaperisrejectedwiththedecisionofchiefeditorandothereditors.Inthiscase,author(s)cannotmakeademandforright.Thisinformationisn’tnecessaryforthepapersnotrequestingethicsboardreportorbeinglackofthisreport.However,thisinformationshouldbeuploadedtothesystembyauthor(s)forthepapersrequestingandhavingtheethicsboardreport.Author(s)areheldresponsibleforthissituation.Ourjournaldoesn’tacceptanyliabilityandresponsibilityregardingthismatter.Thewholeresponsibilityinle-galprocessbelongstoauthor(s).Otherwise,ourjournalcannotbearanylegal,spiritualandmaterialresponsibility.Journalmanagementandrefereescannotbeimposedanyliabilityinthismatter.Incaseofapossiblenegativecondition,ourjournalunilaterallyreservesitslegalrights.

SSTB - Uluslararası Hakemli Akademik Spor Sağlık ve Tıp Bilimleri DergisiKayabaşı Mh. Evliya Çelebi Cd.Emlakkonut Başakşehir Evleri 1/A D BlokKat: 4 Daire: 29 Başakşehir, İstanbul, TürkiyeTel: +90 212 801 40 63

[email protected]

Documents

INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF … 1 SSTB 24.pdfInternational Refereed Academic Journal of Sports, Health and Medical Sciences Issue:15, Volume:5, pp.1-2. All authors mustfollow