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The role of science and technology in increasing the energy efficiency
Peng Sizhen,
The Administrative Centre for China’s Agenda 21Ministry of Science and Technology, China,
International Networks to Promote Environmentally Sustainable Industrial Production
Outline
• Perspectives of China Energy Development• Case-studies of energy efficiency in China• Practices of network to promote environmentally sound
technologies• Proposal on an international network to promote sustainable
industrial development
Three challenges in energy area
• Unbalance between demand and supply
• Low efficiency of energy utilization
• Severe environmental pollution
China’s energy consumption in 2002
1.48 billion ton coal equivalent Coal：66.1% Petroleum：23.4% Natural Gas：2.7% Hydro Power：7.8% Nuclear Power：0.7%
Unbalance between demand and supply
China’s energy production in 2002
• 1.387 billion ton coal equivalent– Coal mining 1.38 billion ton；– Crude oil 167 Million ton；– Natural Gas 32.66 billion M3；
• Power generation capacity 357 million kw
Energy demand prediction in 2020
Predication range between 2.5-3.3billion ton coal equiv. in averages about 2.9 - 3 billion ton coal equiv.，at lest twice of that in 2000, among which•Coal 2.1-2.9 billion ton；•Petroleum 450-610 million ton•Natural gas 14,00-16.00 billion M3；
Power generation capacity 860-950 million kilowatt.
• China’s energy consumption per capita is very low; In 2000，energy consumption per capita is 1050 Kg coal equivalent，which only accounts 9% of that in the U.S.，16% in OECD countries，50% of world average；power consumption per capita is 1073 kwh，only 7.6% of that of in the U.S.
Low efficiency of utilization
Tough mission of energy saving• Our energy efficiency is 31.2%，10% lower than the world
average level. Main industrial products consume 30% more energy per unit than that of developed country. High potential in energy saving and efficiency improvement.
• At present, China is in the state of high development in its heavy chemical industry, manufacturing and urbanization. Economic development relies very much on energy，which makes energy saving much tougher than 20 years ago.
Severe environmental pollution
• Energy exploitation and utilization is the major cause of environmental pollution in China. Burning coal brings 70% of dust and CO2 emission, 90% of SO2 emission and 67% SO2.
• Constrain of environmental capacity, currently, total emission of SO2 16.20 mt, nitrogen oxide 18.80 mt. If no measures are taken, in 2020，the emission amount of the them will reach 40.00 mt and 35.00 mt，exceeding far overtop constrain of China environmental capacity. Besides,China’s CO2 emission raise up the second in the world, which has brought more pressure on CO2
emission in the future.
New Vision — The Concept of Scientific Development
• urban and rural areas• different regions of the country• economy and society• man and nature• domestic development and foreign trade and investment
Overall coordination for the development between
General Goal: the quadrupled GDP in 2020
Chinese Government has set up specific objectives in the 11th Five-year Plan (2006-2010)
Improve people’s living standards with the objective of doubled GDP in 2010
Increase the efficiency by reducing 20% of energy consumption in terms of per unit GDP in 2010
In the coming 20 years，China will firmly follow the principle as “Ensure energy supply、prioritize energy saving, optimize structure” , to quadruple GDP growth and double energy supply.
Three strategic transitions of energy development• From quantity to quality in order to realize high efficient use of energy and natural resources
• From government control and interfere to market mechanism
• From quantitative to rely on science development and technology innovation to optimize energy utilization.
The role of science and technology
• Enhance energy saving and improve energy efficiency via technology innovation to realize the quadrupling of GDP with energy consumption as less as possible；
• Science invention will contribute to technology development and application in the area of energy use and environmental protection, to realize transition from the model of energy-resources extensive consumption to the intensive model.
• Scientific management approach applied in energy usage and production process
Main efforts will be made in technology development and innovation for energy saving and improving energy efficiency technologies. Energy demands of building and transportation sectors will be increased dramatically in the near future, which should adopt energy saving and energy efficiency technologies in priority.
• Industry: Application of energy saving technology, processes and facilities, especially in high energy consuming industries, The energy saving potential is 360 million ton standard coal equivalent.
• Transportation：Promotion of new technology in petroleum saving，increase energy efficiency for carsThe petroleum saving potential is 70 million ton standard coal equivalent.
• Building：Development of new building materials and energy saving technologies，The energy saving potential is 170 million ton standard coal equivalent;.
• Development of new technology for energy utilization and conversion：Includes motor driving system, high efficient heat exchange system and green lightening, etc.
Potential for energy savings
Outline • Perspectives of China Energy Development• Case-studies of energy efficiency in China• Practices of network to promote environmentally sound
technologies• Proposal on an international network to promote sustainable
industrial development
Construction of Insulated Straw Bale Houses in
Northeast of China
Project Initiators• Adventist Development Relief Agency/ADRA • The Administrative Center for China’s Agenda 21
Local Project partners: • Governmental Agencies of Inner Mongolia, Jilin Province,
Liaoning Province, Heilongjiang Province and Hebei Province
Case-study (1)
• Objectives: Improvement of housing situation of rural area, and increasing insulation of houses and saving coal consumption for heating in the winter time.
• Achievements: over 600 straw bale houses were built up in 7 pilot areas including 3 schools from 1999 to 2002, in Inner Mongolia, Jilin Province, Liaoning Province, HeilongjiangProvince and Hebei Province, etc.
Results of Monitoring and Assessment
In terms of energy efficiency per cubic meter (during the same period of time) straw bale houses are around 68% more efficient than brick houses. In wintertime also 50% coal consumption can be saved and higher temperatures in straw bale houses can be achieved.
Item of consumption Unit SBH
BH Difference BH – SBH
(%) Kg/house/day 4.98 9.94 99.74% Coal 10-3kg/m3/day 0.05 0.09 78.32% Kg/house/day 8.70 12.06 38.60% Crop Residue 10-3kg/m3/day 85.0 105.2 23.74% MJ/house/day 240.04 399.67 66.50% Energy MJ/m3/day 2.35 3.49 48.65%
Average energy consumption on selected days
0. 00
100. 00
200. 00
300. 00
400. 00
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600. 00
700. 00
11.22
12.12
1.2
1.25
2.3
2.15
2.25
3.7
3.17
3.27
4.7
Day( Mont h/ Day)
MJ SBH
BH
Development of coal consumption
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3.17
3.27
4.7
Dat es
Kgs coal
BHSBH
Monitoring of total energy and Monitoring of total energy and coal consumption of straw bale coal consumption of straw bale houses and traditional brick houses and traditional brick
houseshouses
Construction of a Energy-efficiency office building• In 1998, the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the Ministry
of Science and Technology (MoST) signed an agreement to demonstrate the impact of energy efficiency in buildings.
• The office building is 130,000 square foot by adopting sustainable energy technologies which is in downtown Beijing.
Case-study (2)
Minster of MOST, Mr. Minster of MOST, Mr. Xu GuanhuaXu Guanhuaand Minister of US DOE, Mr. and Minister of US DOE, Mr. Spencer Abraham Spencer Abraham presented in presented in the finishing ceremony.the finishing ceremony.
•• After two years research, After two years research, design and discussion by design and discussion by more than 10 American and more than 10 American and China universities and China universities and institutes and three years institutes and three years construction, the building was construction, the building was completed on 12 Jan, 2004.completed on 12 Jan, 2004.
Energy-efficiency Technologies in the building
– Adopting the design of crisscross exterior for the overshadow and reflecting, which making the best absorption of the natural light;
– Adopting the design of heat preservation, which decreasing the conductivity coefficient significant;
– Combining multilevel air conditioning units and cold accumulation with ice, which acquiring the result of energy and cost saving;
– Fully heat exchanging between outside fresh air and inside wastegas, which achieving the effect of high rate of heat recovery;
– Energy saving lamps with auto-digital light adjusting, which cause the less power expenditure and more intensity of light;
– High efficiency energy conservation elevator and numerical control frequency conversion water pump, which cause the improving of mechanical efficiency;
– Solar PV battery and solar water heater system;
Energy Efficiency Assessment• Due to the effectively combine of these technology, the personnel work environment extends
more comfortable and the office automation achieves the high level. The overall energy consumption realizes the large reduction. And the construction cost enhancement caused by the adoption of energy conservation technology may recovery from the reducing the running cost. The payback period is 8 years by initially survey.
• The demonstration building is an international accredited green building which the designed energy usage is no more than 40% of Chinese national existing level.
• The assessment result by Green Olympic Building Assessment System show that it’s in “B”level, which means energy saving is prominent in this building.
0
1
2
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0 1 2 3 4 5L
Q AB
CD
E
•Green Olympic Building Assessment System
Q(Quality):environment quality and service level
L(Load): consumption of energy, resource and environmental impac
Green building means to gain maximum Q under minimum L.
Case-study (3)
Energy efficiency of China’s industries
• Small improvement• Large savings
CUSUM: measuring energy savings of industries
• CUSUM is an approach to identify energy savings. CUSUM means ”the Cumulative Sum of differences”. Plot the usual E-P graph for a period to find the best fit straight line for the data points, however, the differences always exist between the actualenergy consumption and the calculated line; cumulate sum all difference monthly and draw them into a curve, it is CUSUM graph.
• By monitoring plant performance using E－P graphs and CUSUM graphs, it is possible to observe the pre- and post-implementation performance, the changes caused by implementation of improvement measures, both in terms of better practices and capital investments, and thus to quantify the benefits actually achieved.
Electricity savings of in a textile factory in Sichuan
2002-04年细纱工段基本生产用电
-600000
-500000
-400000
-300000
-200000
-100000
0
100000
200000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
月份
累计
差额
电量
（度
）
Compared with the electricity use level in 2002 and 2003, 400 thousand kWh was conserved in the refine spin section in 2004, it cost 232,000 RMB (the price in 2004 is 0.58RMB/kWh).
Electricity cusum graph (2002-2004)
| - 2002 - | - 2003 - | - 2004 - |Month
Cum
sum of differences
In order to ensure that the electricity use level after the equipment maintenance is less than the previous level, the factory began to measure the electricity for the maintained equipments from March 2004 (the 27th month in the graph.).
Coal savings in a cement factory in Tianjin
煤耗 CUSUM(2002-2004年)
-6000
-5000
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-2000
-1000
0
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1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
耗煤
量/t
In 2002, due to the refractory brick problem, the factory had to stop the kiln for a number of times. So the coal consumption was fluctuating.
The quality of the coal in 2002 was not good which caused the high consumption of coal.
CUSUM shows that the technology options saved more than 5,000 ton coal from 2003 to June 2004, which accounts for about 2 million RMB.
Coal cusum graph (2002-2004)
2002 2003 2004
Outline
• Perspectives of China Energy Development• Case-studies of energy efficiency in China• Practices of network to promote environmentally sound
technologies• Proposal on an international network to promote sustainable
industrial development
1. Regulation and Policy
2. Organization/ Company
3. Technology supply
4. Investment project
5. Technology request
6. Renewable energy tech.
7. Information sources
8. Best practices
9. Environmental sound products10. Environmental and energy
information of main polluted industrial sectors
Development of databases of environmentally sound technologies
A Virtual Exhibition of Environmentally Sound Technology on the Internet
• APEC Virtual Center for Environmentally Sound Technology Exchange (APEC-VC) is a strong and growing force in the Asia-Pacific region working to address these issues. This project helps APEC economies, municipalities, corporations and environment-related institutions share, via the Internet, information on environmentally sound technologies. Much like an "environmental technology exhibition," APEC-VC disseminates a wide range of information related to protection of the earth.
• Each APEC-VC is a vast, diverse environmental technology exhibition. As shown in the web site, the site contains links to a variety of documents, categorized by topic. For easier searching, information is classified by subject on three levels. The three main categories are "Global Environmental Conservation," "Local Environmental Conservation," and "Environmental Protection Programs." Each of these contains sub-categories, and under the sub-categories are smaller categories.
Introduction of the Asia RED project
The Regional Energy Database (RED) project aims to enhance the capacity of the energy sector of developing countries in Asia and the Pacific region in policy formulation on energy for sustainable development. It contains analysis of good practices in support of enhanced utilization of renewable energy and energy efficiency. This project is funded by UNESCO, Jakarta office (through a Japanese Fund In Trust Agreement) and coordinated by the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) with the support of UNESCAP.
The project also aims to develop national databases in five pilot countries, namely Cambodia, Indonesia, People's Republic of China, Philippines and Vietnam. The database would present country profiles as a resource tool for the policy makers on the current status of renewable energy and energy efficiency in the country; research, development and dissemination programs being undertaken; and the key players in their promotion and utilization.
Objectives of the RED projects
• Develop regional database/website where the above information would be accessible online.
• Develop national databases that would contain information on national energy policies that reflect the government’s commitment towards energy efficiency and promoting renewable energy.
• Present examples of successful renewable energy development and energy efficiency implementation in Asia and the Pacific region.
• Develop an online directory of existing databases on renewable energy and energy efficiency worldwide with emphasis on Asia and the Pacific region.
• Train personnel in database development and maintenance to enhance the capacity at the national level.
• The Roadmap to Sustainable Business has filtered hundreds of websites and other materials for quality, clarity and relevance to help companies consider how to become more sustainable andcompetitive by improving their economic and environmental performance while meeting their responsibilities to society.
• The Roadmap is intended as a first port of call for those interested in exploring how sustainable approaches can enhance business performance. It maps information to the business process, so that a Marketing Director doesn't need to wade through highly technicalmaterial to find what may help him, and the Production Manager can refer a Finance Director to some resources which might help them make a better business case to find funding for a more sustainable way of operating.
Each section includes a jargon-free overview of the topic and brief stories illustrating the many ways in which companies of varioussizes and sectors have enhanced their business by becoming more sustainable. Each information source is given a brief description to further help users home in on what interests them, organised under:
• Strategy – including management and innovation• Finance – including procurement and attracting external finance• Markets – covering innovative approaches to creating new markets
and issues of eco-labelling• Product – looking at product design and packaging and distribution• Process – focused on tools and technologies and specific issues
such as air, energy, water, waste and remediation, and Health & Safety
• These resources are applicable to many industries, but we also focus on six key sectors with great potential to profit from adopting more sustainable approaches:
• Automotive – covering issues such as mobility, recycling, low emissions, alternative fuels, lightweighting, and safety
• Chemicals – looking at new business models, green chemistry, Responsible Care, biopolymers, chlorine, fertilizers & pesticides, paints & coatings, plastics, resins & fibres, and solvents
• Construction and Construction Materials – tools and specific construction materials such as bricks, cement and concrete, facades, roofing, steel and windows
• Food and Beverage – touching on cleaner production, organic food, baking, dairy, meat and seafood
• Paper – covering pollution and recycled paper• Textiles – including alternative textiles, biotechnology and best practice
Outline
• Perspectives of China Energy Development• Case-studies of energy efficiency in China• Practices of network to promote environmentally sound
technologies• Proposal on an OECD network to promote sustainable industrial
development
It is proposed to establish an OECD Science and Technology Cooperation Networks for Sustainable Development, in particular for Sustainable Industrial Production
– Set up a platform of multilateral information sharing system to promote S&T cooperation and exchange for Sustainable Industrial Production among/between OECD members and developing countries, in particular to disseminate existing information OECD members;
– Promote dialogue and partnerships among decision-makers, industries, academics, and consulting firms, etc. to promote sustainable industrial development, and between OECD and developing countries
– Strengthen dissemination and application of sustainable development knowledge and and technology innovation, and technology transfer between OECD and developing countries;
Objectives
Common ContentInformation on research, policy, technologies, best practices and business opportunities of OECD Science and Technology Cooperation Networks for Sustainable Industrial Production could focused on 4 specific areas
1) Water 2) Energy3) Raw Materials4) Environment
Framework of the Networks– Set up network coordination office in OECD organizations to build cooperation
network platform，coordinate and connect OECD member states, regions, countries and cities,
– Assign liaison (organization) among OECD member states and related developing countries to coordinate the connection of homeland and cooperation network, homeland’s participation to the international science and technology exchange activates
– Making use of current city networks and country science and technology networks of sustainable development, depending on a key technology organization providing core technology, make them a national station of international cooperation network. Build connection and dialogue platform among national stations for communication and exchanging to advance connection and communication among stations at all levels
– Start from current basis, information network of science and technology cooperation and information exchange among OECD member states, and between OECD member states and developing countries.
Framework
Other international organizations
O 1 O 2
Developing country Networks
C 1 C 2
City1A
City 1B
City2A
City 2B
OECD member states
C1 C2
City1A
City 1B
City2A
City 2B
OECD Cooperation networks
Coordination Office
OECD international Science and TechnologyCooperation networks
OECD science and technology networks（virtual）
Corresponded to tangible networks
Activities of the Networks
• Information exchange and sharing• Joint research and development programme,
organize science and technology exchanging activities
• Training programme and capacity building• Workshops (regular/ irregular)• Technology transfer e.g. explore technology
transfer mechanism
Thanks!
