Session 2Higher Education and International Mobility of Higher Education and International Mobility of

Graduates

International Mobility of Students International Mobility of Students in Japanp

Mitsuhide SHIRAKI, Ph.D.Professor,

F lt f P liti l S i d E i Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University

January 27th, 2014 y ,The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does p ( ), , g y pnot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.

GOVERNMENT STANCE FOR HIGHLY SKILLED MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS (1) STUDENTS (1)

1 O t f hi hl kill d f i 1. Open acceptance of highly skilled foreigners without any labor market tests and the limitation of the numberlimitation of the number

2 The introduction of points based Preferential 2. The introduction of points-based Preferential Immigration Treatment for Highly Skilled Foreign Professionals from May 7, 2012, for g y , ,the purpose to promote entry of highly skilled foreign professionals

GOVERNMENT STANCE FOR HIGHLY SKILLED MIGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS (2)

3 P li d l t f th t f 3. Policy development for the acceptance of foreign students;

1983: the plan to accept 100,000 international students >>> the goal was achieved in 2003students >>> the goal was achieved in 2003

2010: The New Growth Strategy to aim to 2010: The New Growth Strategy to aim to accept 300,000 international students by 2020 >>> still halfway ? still halfway ?

WHY JAPAN NEED FOREIGN TALENT OR HIGHLY EDUCATED PEOPLE ?

Demand side reasons

1. The war for talent in the global competition arenaarena

2. For the promotion of diversity and innovation within organizationg

3. For the promotion of globalization of operations

WHY JAPAN NEEDS FOREIGN TALENT AND HIGHLY EDUCATED PEOPLE ?

Supply side reasons

1. The decrease of Japanese population and its agingaging

2. Inward mindset of Japanese young people and students

TREND MOVEMENTTREND MOVEMENT

Rising awareness of the lack of globally Rising awareness of the lack of globally competitive human resources in Japan

The urgent needs of global human resource development in both business and universityp y

The increasing number of business demand in gthe last several years for both the Japanese students who study abroad and the foreign students who study in Japan

Trends in Number of International Students by Institutional Type (As of each May 1)Institutional Type (As of each May 1)

International Students in Japan(By Region of Origin as of 1 May 2009)(By Region of Origin, as of 1 May, 2009)

Region Number of Students %(persons)

Asia 122,464 92.3%Europe 4 033 3 0%Europe 4,033 3.0%North America 2,575 1.9%Central & South America 1 050 0 8%Central & South America 1,050 0.8%Oceania 516 0.4%Middle and Near East 923 0 7%Middle and Near East 923 0.7%Africa 1,159 0.9%

TOTAL 132,720 100.0%

International Students in Japan(By Field of Study As of May 1 2009)(By Field of Study, As of May 1, 2009)

Field of Study Number of Students(persons)

%(persons)

Humanities 32,954 24.8%Social Sciences 50,620 38.1%Art 4,130 3.1%Engineering 20,713 15.6%

Agriculture 2,934 2.2%

Medicine, dentistry, pharmacy 2,877 2.2%Science 1,694 1.3%

Others 16,798 12.7%

TOTAL 132,720 100.0%

SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING STUDENTS RATIO OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS IS 17% INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS IS 17%.

THAT RATIO OF JAPANESE STUDENTS IS 21-22%.

International Student Ratio ComparisonInternational Students (number of acceptance) / StudentsInternational Students (number of acceptance) / Students enrolled in institutions of higher education

Country %

Australia 33.4%

U.K. 27.0%France 12.0%

Germany 12.0%Germany 12.0%

U.S.A. 6.0%

Japan 3.8%

THE RATIOS OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS ARE 3 93%(2012) 3 95%(2010):3.93%(2012), 3.95%(2010):

UNDERGRADUATE: 2.8% (2012), 2.8%(2010)GRADUATE 5 % (20 2) 4 4%(20 0)GRADUATE: 15.1% (2012),14.4%(2010)

THE WAYS TO RETAIN INTERNATIONAL STUDENTSSTUDENTS

1. Employment 2. Scholarship3. Teaching language4. Cultural and residential attractiveness

CAREER OPTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS AFTER GRADUATION IN FY2008GRADUATION IN FY2008

The total number of graduates in 2009: 36,271 gpersons

25.3% of these graduates have found a job in Japan38.7% went up to higher education23.2% went back to their home country, only 1.2%

went to third countries11.6% in other activities (including those still trying

to find a job after graduation)>> So, 41.3% (25.3/(100.0-38.7)), or eventually 60.2%

((25 3 11 6)/(100 0 38 7)) f h f d j b i ((25.3+11.6)/(100.0-38.7)) of them found a job in Japan

Trend in numbers of Japanese expatriates

250,000

150 000

200,000

Total

100 000

150,000

Asia

North America

50,000

100,000 West Europe

0

50,000

159`6 9`8 0`0 0`2 0`4 0`6 0`8

DETERMINANTS OF ACHIEVEMENT OF EXPATRIATES MISSIONS EXPATRIATES MISSIONS

For the achievement of their missions from our For the achievement of their missions from our positive research, not only competencies such as management skills, leadership, and cross-cultural literacy, but also, working abroad experiences are effective factors

Working abroad experiences when they are Working abroad experiences when they are young is so valuable for the productivity of senior managersg

CONSENSUSCONSENSUS

There is a consensus on the importance of Global mobilization of students Global mobilization of students

However in reality However, in reality .

Th b f t d t h t d b d The number of students who study abroad has been growing with slow pace or even stagnatingstagnating

Japanese Students Studying Abroad(By Region As of 2007)(By Region, As of 2007)

Region Number of Students(Persons) %(Persons)Asia 23,002 30.6%

Europe 12,345 16.4%

North America 35,585 47.3%Central & South America 5 0.0%Oceania 4,207 5.6%Middle and Near East 12 0.0%Africa _ _

TOTAL 75,1562001 >> 78,151

100.0%

HINDRANCES FOR STUDY ABROADABROAD

The hindrances of labor markets and household situations for study abroad

a. A timing gap between study abroad and job search

b St bi f i t d d tb. Strong bias of companies toward new graduates

c Longer low economic growth in the past and not so c. Longer low economic growth in the past and not so bright prospect of economy in the future at least in the last 20 years

WHY ? AND IS THERE ANY MEASURES ?? MEASURES ??

To feel comfortable staying inside; A cozy little y g ; yhouse, kind parents, convenient life, safety, delicious foods, old playmates, easiness, etc.

A boiled frog syndrome or an adaptation to Galapagos syndromean adaptation to Galapagos syndrome

Systematic promotion mechanisms for study abroad or global exposure should be devised, instead

l ff t i d t hpersonal efforts or mindset change

SOME POLICIES AND MEASURES, AS EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMATICAPPROACHAPPROACHGovernment promotions of quasi new graduates Government promotions of quasi-new graduates

recruitment for larger corporations

Big push for study abroad program by preparing big fund for scholarship by government

Larger corporations began to send their young employees to overseas subsidiaries as traineesemployees to overseas subsidiaries as trainees

The number of teaching in English courses is increasing rapidly in universities through the government promotion for globalization

Thank you for your kind attention !