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8/6/2016 IJPMBS
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IJPMBS News
June 27th, 2016 News. Vol. 5, No.
2 is available online now.
March 9th, 2016 News. Vol. 5, No.
1 is available online now.
October 25th, 2015 News. Vol. 4,
No. 4 is available online now.
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is available online now.
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International Journal of Pharma Medicine andBiological Sciences
IJPMBS is a scholarly peer-reviewed international scientific journal published
quarterly, focusing on theories, systems, methods, algorithms and applications in
Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences. It provides a high profile, leading edge
forum for academic researchers, industrial professionals, engineers, consultants,
managers, educators and policy makers working in the field to contribute and
disseminate innovative new work on Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicine and
Biological Sciences. All papers will be blind reviewed and accepted papers will be
published quarterly which is available online (open access) and in printed
version.
2016
ISSN: 2278-5221
Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Vasudeo Zambare
DOI: 10.18178/ijpmbs
Associate Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Sujitha R. Reddy
Abstracting/Indexing: Embase; ProQuest; International
Committee of Medical Journal Editors(ICMJE); Health
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E-mail questions or comments to IJPMBS Editorial
Office.
Dr. Vasudeo Zambare
Research Scientist
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Centre
for Bioprocessing Research and Development, Rapid
City, South Dakota, USA
It's a great honor for me to serve as the editor-in-chief of
IJPMBS. I'll endeavour to make this journal grow better
and hopefully it will become a recognized journal
among researchers and scholars in related fields.
Recently Published Papers
Elemental Research for Quantification of Eustachian Tube
Insufflation Method
Yutaka Suzuki, Osamu Sakata, Shun’ichi Imamura, Shuichiro Endo,
Akihito Mizukoshi, Asobu Hattori, and Masayuki Morisawa
Commercial equipment is available for conducting Eustachian tube
function tests but, generally, the Eustachian tube insufflation method
doubles as a treatment and diagnosis. However, with the Eustachian
tube insufflation method, the doctor merely performs...[Read more]
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Jamia Millia Islamia
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Dr V R Bhagwat
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8/6/2016 Lower Ratio of Collagen’s Fibre Type III/Type I and Higher Tensile Strength in Injured Rabbit’s Achilles Tendon Treated with Astaxanthin - Volume 5, No. 2,…
http://www.ijpmbs.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=136&id=203 1/2
IJPMBS News
June 27th, 2016 News. Vol. 5, No.
2 is available online now.
March 9th, 2016 News. Vol. 5, No.
1 is available online now.
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No. 4 is available online now.
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is available online now.
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Home > Published Issues > 2016 > Volume 5, No. 2, April 2016 >
Lower Ratio of Collagen’s Fibre Type III/Type I and Higher Tensile Strength
in Injured Rabbit’s Achilles Tendon Treated with Astaxanthin
Krisna Saputra I. Komang Agus 1, Astawa I. Putu 1, Mulyadi Ridia K. G. 1, and Nindhia Tjokorda Gde Tirta 2
1. Program Studies of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Medical Faculty of Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
2. Material Engineering Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty of Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
Abstract—Tendon injuries vary from minor to total tear that requires surgery. The mechanical disturbance
is the most complication. Inflammatory process and formation of free radicals can worsen tendon healing.
Astaxanthin can be used to help tendon healing. This study aims to prove ratio of collagen type III/type I
was lower and the tensile strength was higher on the administration of astaxanthin. This study is an
experimental research using post-test only control group design with rabbit as subject. A total of 32
research subjects which meet inclusion were randomly divided into treatment and control groups. The
treatment group is the group that was given astaxanthin after Achilles tendon was sharply cut and sewn,
while the control group was not given astaxanthin. Statistical analysis using independent t-test found
significant difference between treatment and control groups. The ratio of collagen type III/type I of the
rabbit Achilles tendon which receive treatment of astaxanthin is smaller than the untreated group p =
0.000 (p<0.05). The tensile strength is greater in treatment group than the non-treated group with p =
0.044 (p<0.05). The result showed that the ratio of collagen type III/type I was lower when treated with
astaxanthin thus can help improve the tensile strength.
Index Terms—Astaxanthin, rabbit’s Achilles tendon injuries, ratio of collagen type III/I, tensile strength
Cite: Krisna Saputra I. Komang Agus, Astawa I. Putu, Mulyadi Ridia K. G., and Nindhia Tjokorda Gde
Tirta, "Lower Ratio of Collagen’s Fibre Type III/Type I and Higher Tensile Strength in Injured Rabbit’s
Achilles Tendon Treated with Astaxanthin," International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological
Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 121-124, April 2016. 10.18178/ijpmbs.5.2.121-124
Previous paper Elemental Research for Quantification of Eustachian Tube Insufflation Method
Next paper A New Direction of Cancer Treatment through the Development of the Anti-Oxidant Function
of Hydrogen Water
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8/88 6/66 2016 Lowoo er Ratio ofo Collagen’s Fibre TyTT pe III/T// yTT pe I and Higher TeTT nsile Strength in Injn ured Rabbit’s AcAA hilles TeTT ndon Treated with AsAA taxaa anthin - VoVV lume 5, No. 2,…
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IJPMBS News
June 27th, 2016 News. Vol. 5, No.
2 is available online now.
March 9th, 2016 News. Vol. 5, No.
1 is available online now.
October 25th, 2015 News. Vol. 4,
No. 4 is available online now.
July 5th, 2015 News. Vol. 4, No. 3
is available online now.
Submissions
Please send your full manuscript
to: [email protected].
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FAQs
1. How to submit my research
paper? What’s the process of
publication of my paper?
The journal receives submitted
manuscripts via email only. Please
submit your research paper
in .doc or.pdf format to the
submission
email: [email protected].
You’ll be given a paper number if
your submission is successful. Your
paper then will undergo peer review
process, which may take
approximately one and a half
months under normal circumstances,
three tops.
After blind peer review, you will
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review result of your paper...
2. Can I submit an abstract?
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Home > Published Issues > 2016 > Volume 5, No. 2, April 2016 >
Article# Article Title & Authors (Volume 5, No. 2, April 2016) Page
1The Coupling of the IoT in the Era of Big Data and the CTC Test Detecting miRNA with Using a
Molecular Torch Technique
Jiyun Kim
99
2Towards Early Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Extended Fuzzy Logic
Mohammed Imran, Alhanouf M. Al-Abdullatif, Bushra S. Al-Awwad, Mzoon M. Alwalmani, Sarah A. Al-
Suhaibani, and Shahad A. Al-Sayah
110
3Elemental Research for Quantification of Eustachian Tube Insufflation Method
Yutaka Suzuki, Osamu Sakata, Shun’ichi Imamura, Shuichiro Endo, Akihito Mizukoshi, Asobu Hattori,
and Masayuki Morisawa
115
4Lower Ratio of Collagen’s Fibre Type III/Type I and Higher Tensile Strength in Injured Rabbit’s Achilles
Tendon Treated with Astaxanthin
Krisna Saputra I. Komang Agus, Astawa I. Putu, Mulyadi Ridia K. G., and Nindhia Tjokorda Gde Tirta
121
5A New Direction of Cancer Treatment through the Development of the Anti-Oxidant Function of
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6In Vitro Synergistic Effects of Snail Slime and Chitosan against Staphylococcus aureus
Agnes Sri Harti, Estuningsih, Heni Nur Kusumawati, Siswiyanti, and Arum Setyaningtyas137
7The Synergistic Effects of Areca Nut Extract and Chitosan toward Candida albicans in Vitro
Rahajeng Putriningrum, Anis Nurhidayati, Tresia Umarianti, Kartika Dian Listyaningsih, and Wahyu
Rima Agustin
142
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Copyright © 2012-2015 International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences, All Rights Reserved
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Lower Ratio of Collagen’s Fibre Type III/Type I
and Higher Tensile Strength in Injured Rabbit’s
Achilles Tendon Treated with Astaxanthin
Krisna Saputra I. Komang Agus, Astawa I. Putu, and Mulyadi Ridia K. G. Program Studies of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Medical Faculty of Udayana University, Denpasar,
Indonesia
Email: [email protected], {putu_astawa, mulyadi_ridia}@yahoo.com
Nindhia Tjokorda Gde Tirta Material Engineering Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty of Udayana University,
Denpasar, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
Abstract—Tendon injuries vary from minor to total tear
that requires surgery. The mechanical disturbance is the
most complication. Inflammatory process and formation of
free radicals can worsen tendon healing. Astaxanthin can be
used to help tendon healing. This study aims to prove ratio
of collagen type III/type I was lower and the tensile strength
was higher on the administration of astaxanthin. This study
is an experimental research using post-test only control
group design with rabbit as subject. A total of 32 research
subjects which meet inclusion were randomly divided into
treatment and control groups. The treatment group is the
group that was given astaxanthin after Achilles tendon was
sharply cut and sewn, while the control group was not given
astaxanthin. Statistical analysis using independent t-test
found significant difference between treatment and control
groups. The ratio of collagen type III/type I of the rabbit
Achilles tendon which receive treatment of astaxanthin is
smaller than the untreated group p = 0.000 (p<0.05). The
tensile strength is greater in treatment group than the non-
treated group with p = 0.044 (p<0.05). The result showed
that the ratio of collagen type III/type I was lower when
treated with astaxanthin thus can help improve the tensile
strength.
Index Terms—Astaxanthin, rabbit’s Achilles tendon injuries,
ratio of collagen type III/I, tensile strength
I. INTRODUCTION
Tendon as an organ which connects muscle to bone
and enable power transmission generated by the muscle
to the bone resulting in movement of the joint. Most
tendon injuries occur in areas near the joints, such as
shoulders, elbows, knees, and ankles. Injury to the joints
accompanied by partial or total tear of the tendon occurs
as much as 45% of all musculoskeletal injuries each year.
[1], [2] Injuries to the tendon are quite often, occurs in
30% - 50% of all injuries. These injuries mainly occur
due to accidents, traffic accidents or sports injuries [3].
Manuscript received April 27, 2016; revised June 2, 2016.
Complications that often occur as a result of this
tendon injuries are disruption of flexibility, stiffness and
reduced strength of the tendon itself. Thus the function of
a tendon as a buffer as well as the nature viscoelasticity to
reduce muscle damage will be decreased so that the
movement and function of protection are limited [1], [3],
[4]. The main purpose of tendon healing is to restore the
mechanical properties of the tendon (gliding function).
Tendons have a poor spontaneous regenerative capacity
after injury, so that the pre injury biological and
biomechanical function are hard to achieve [4]. This is
due to the formation of adhesions and scar tissue which
inhibit the regenerative process of the tendon.
In the process of tendon healing, change in the type
and distribution of collagen tissue occur. Increase in ratio
of collagen type III/I. The synthesis of type I collagen in
tendon injury grade III will decline and will be replaced
by increase in the synthesis of collagen type III in line
with the expansion of granulation tissue and remodelling
process so that the ratio of collagen type III/I increases
and substituted by scar tissue and fibrosis. The formation
of scar tissue in the tendon can cause adhesion and
decrease of tensile strength up to 20% [5]-[7].
In the phase of healing tendon, many hormones and
molecules that come into play. Injuries that occur in the
tendon can trigger the formation of free radicals such as
hydrogen peroxide and release of inflammatory mediators
such as TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10. The free radicals
can activate metalloproteinase enzymes, and increased
the expression of PGE2 which degrade tendon collagen
matrix. This inflammatory process can also trigger the
release of growth factors such as TGF-b which induce a
dramatic tenocyte and fibroblast infiltration, causing
extensive reorganization of collagen. The proportion of
type III collagen formation is higher than type I due to the
inhibitory effect of PGE-2 on the synthesis of collagen I
mRNA and increased expression of collagen type III [8]. Various methods have been carried out to restore the
function of the tendon after injury. The choice of therapy
International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2016
©2016 Int. J. Pharm. Med. Biol. Sci. 121
doi: 10.18178/ijpmbs.5.2.121-124
can be non-operative and operative with or without graft
followed by immobilization or controlled mobilization.
Some of these methods fail to regain normal function
after injury, so that the researchers focused on the quality
of therapeutic modalities and acceleration of tendon
healing after injury. Modalities developed include usage
of growth factors or substances that can affect the
expression of growth factors, genes transfer or cell
therapies [8], [9]. Antioxidant supplementation is one of
the agents that have strong anti-inflammatory abilities,
useful in healing process of tendon injuries.
Oxidative stress can interfere with the healing process.
Fibroblasts tendon will form unorganized collagen
components. The proliferation of collagen type III will
increased, and the maturation of cross-linked collagen
fibres become slow. The collagen components will
become fibrotic, stiff, has a low modulus and uneven
distribution of load bearing [10], [11]. These events cause
a decrease in tendon mechanical components up to 45.2%,
making it vulnerable to rupture again [10], [11].
The use of potent antioxidants i.e. Astaxanthin in the
tendon injury may help reduce oxidative stress due to the
formation of ROS. It has a suppressive effect on the
expression of MMP, PGE2 as well as growth factors such
as TGF-β so that the fibrosis process in the healing of
tendon injuries can be reduced [8], [11]-[13].
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted from December 2015
to January 2016 at the faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Udayana University Bali. The aim of this study is to
prove administration of Astaxanthin can reduce the ratio
of collagen fibres type III/I and increase tensile strength
of tendon healing. This study is an experimental research
design using post-test only control group design with the
subject rabbits from eligible subject population with
randomized sampling.
Sixteen adult male New-Zealand White rabbits of the
same age (12 weeks) weighing 2 – 3kg were used in this
experiment. All the animal was given adequate food and
water in the laboratory. These rabbits were divided
randomly into control and treatment groups. The control
group was not given Astaxanthin, while the treatment
group was given Astaxanthin after Achilles tendon had
been cut sharply and sewn with the non-absorbable nylon
thread (monofilament 4-0) with a 4 strand modified
Kessler technique. Followed with immobilization of the
affected limb with a cast.
The Astaxanthin was given 4mg (AstaREAL 200mg)
ad libitum with dose 0.106mg/kgbw/day for about 3
weeks. After that, the rabbits were sacrificed and the
Achilles tendon was isolated for further examination.
The rabbit tendon tissues were examined for tensile
strength in the vertical direction in which the tendon is
stretched until load failure with universal testing machine.
The immunohistochemistry examination is then
performed to know the ratio of collagen type III/I. This
procedure is carried out with rabbit tendon tissue fixation
using 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for
routine histological preparations with anti-mouse
collagen III/I antibody and secondary antibody anti-
mouse IgG/biotin which has been conjugated with
horseradish peroxidase. The calculation of the amount of
collagen tendon using the Image J. Network processing.
The obtained data are presented as mean ± SD of
number of rabbits (n) used in the experiment. The mean
difference was analysed with independent t-test for
statistical significant of examined variables i.e. the tensile
strength and the ratio of collagen III/I. The difference was
assumed to be significant at p<0.05.
III. RESULTS
The distribution of the research subjects are as many as
32 subjects. The treatment group with the administration
of Astaxanthin is as much as 16 or 50.00% of the total
subjects and the control group without the administration
of Astaxanthin as many as 16 or 50.00%.
The mean of tensile strength in the treatment group
was 92.56 N ± 4.3384 while the average tensile strength
in the control group was 88.53 N ± 6.3248. The highest
tensile strength was 98.74 N ± 4.3385 in the treatment
group and the minimum tensile strength was 80.05 N ±
6.3248 found in the control group. The mean percentage
of type III collagen in the treatment group was 14.80% ±
2.0559, while the control group was 29.70% ± 6.4301.
The mean of collagen type I in the treatment group was
86.25% ± 0.9402, while in the control group was 73.07%
± 4.7582. The ratio of collagen III/I in the treatment
group was 0.172 ± 0.0242 compared with the control
group 0.408 ± 0.0919. The smallest ratio found in the
treatment group with ratio 0.133 ± 0.0242 while the
highest ratio found in the control group with ratio 0.570 ±
0.0919.
TABLE I. THE MEAN OF TENSILE STRENGTH AND COLLAGEN TYPE
III/I RATIO
Variables
Groups
Treatment with
Astaxanthin(n=16)
(Mean ± SD)
Control without
Astaxanthin(n=16)
(Mean ± SD)
Collagen Type III(%)
14,80 ± 2,0559 29,70 ± 6,4301
Collagen Type I
(%)86,25 ± 0,9402 73,07 ± 4,7582
Ratio of Collagen
III/I0,172 ± 0,0242 0,408 ± 0,0919
Tensile Strength (N)
92,56 ± 4,3384 88,53 ± 6,3248
Figure 1. Tensile strength distribution among groups
International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2016
©2016 Int. J. Pharm. Med. Biol. Sci. 122
Table I and Fig. 1 showed that tensile strength is
higher in the treatment group compared with the control
group, and the mean difference between treatment and
control group was statistically significant with p=0.044
(p<0.05).
While the ratio of collagen type III/I in the treatment
group is smaller than the control group, and the mean
difference between treatment and control group was
statistically significant with p=0.000 (p<0.05) as seen on
Fig. 2.
Figure 2. The ratio of collagen type III/I distribution among groups
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Effects of Astaxanthin on the Ratio of Collagen III/I
The results of the study are consistent with previous
study by Bauge and Mizuta that mentioning the
proportion of type I collagen synthesis and expression
will be improved whereas the type III will be suppressed
so that the ratio of mRNA expression of collagen III/I
will fall in the injured tendon that supplemented with
antioxidants such as Astaxanthin and spirulina (TOL19-
001) [8], [11]. This is due to the activity of Astaxanthin
inhibits the formation of ROS, IL-1b and PGE2 so that
the inflammatory process can be less extensive and
apoptosis is inhibited. Another study by Kishimoto and
Song showed that Astaxanthin can inhibit several MMP
expression and performance including MMP-1, MMP-2,
MMP-8, MMP-13 and MMP-14 collagenase activity by
suppressing ROS generation and IL -1. This process will
prevent fibrogenesis and degradation of collagen fibrils
type I [14], [15]. The collagen fibrils type I on the
treatment group is thicker and regularly arranged as seen
on Fig. 3 compared with control, whereas the type III is
less composed than type I as seen on Fig. 4.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. The histopathology image of collagen type I of the Achilles tendon on the treatment group (a) compared with the control group (b)
(a) (b)
Figure 4. The histopathology image of collagen type III of the Achilles tendon on the treatment group (a) compared with the control group (b)
B. Effect of Astaxanthin on Tendon Tensile Strength
The results of the study are consistent with previous
research by Woo and Aro which demonstrated that
tendon with dominant composition of type I collagen
cross-link will increase its tensile properties [7], [9].
Antioxidants such as Spirulina (TOL19-001) can help
improve cross-linking, tensile strength, elasticity and
structure of the tendon [8]. Those findings were inline
with this study where the tensile strength of tendon in the
group treated with Astaxanthin was significantly higher
than the control group. The mean tensile strength tendon
after treatment is still in the normal range of tensile
strength in rabbits, but the maximum strength after
loading decreased compared with normal tendon. The
biomechanical component of tendon after a grade III
injury still inferior compared with normal tendon [7].
V. CONCLUSION
Our study investigated the effect of Astaxanthin as an
antioxidant on ratio of collagen type III/I and tensile
strength of Achilles tendon after injury. The results
showed that Astaxanthin significantly lowering the ratio
of collagen type III/I and thus increasing the tensile
strength. We suggest further experiment over the role of
antioxidant on musculoskeletal events.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank the Orthopaedic and
Traumatology Department, Machinery Technical
Department and the Veterinary Department of Udayana
University for all the support and facilitations during the
research.
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Krisna Saputra I Komang Agus was born in Semarapura, town of Bali on 1983. He
graduated from Medical Faculty of
Wijayakusuma University on 2010. He pursued his orthopaedic surgeon at the
Medical Faculty of Udayana University since 2011. Currently he is an orthopaedic registrar
at Sanglah hospital Denpasar Bali.
Astawa I Putu was born in Bangli, town of
Bali on 1953. He graduated from Medical Faculty of Udayana University in 1979. He
was devoting himself in the Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Udayana
University and continuing education in the
Specialist of Orthopaedic and Traumatology at Airlangga University, school of Medicine
which was completed in 1987.
He also later graduated at Sports Physiology Faculty of Medicine Udayana University and earned Master of Health in 1998. He received
Doctor degree the Faculty of Medicine Udayana in 2007 and was a full
professor in the field of Orthopaedic and Traumatology. He currently is the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Udayana.
Mulyadi Ridia K G was born in Negara, town of Bali on 1960. He graduated from
Medical Faculty of Udayana University on 1986. He continued his education
Orthopaedics and Traumatology at Airlangga
University School of Medicine and graduated in 1996. He had worked at North Wakarumba
and Guali Health Center as a Physicians from 1987 to 1989.
He devoted himself as the staff at
Orthopaedics and Traumatology Medical Faculty Udayana since 1997, then followed Spine fellowship training in 2002-2003 in Jakarta, New
York and Tokyo and reaching Brevet of Spine Consultant at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia in 2003.
Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia was born in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia on January 16th,
1972. Received Doctor Degree in Mechanical
Engineering from Gadjah Mada University (UGM) Yogyakarta, Indonesia on August
2003, with major field of study was Material Engineering. He participated in various
international research collaboration such as
with Muroran Institute of Technology Japan (2004), Toyohashi University of Technology
Japan (2006), Leoben Mining University Austria (2008-2009), Technical University of Vienna Austria (2010) and Recently with
Institute Chemical Technology of Prague Czech Republic (2012-now).
His current job is as Full Professor in the field of Material Engineering at Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty,
Udayana University, Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia. His research interest covering subjects such as, biomaterial, waste recycle, failure analyses,
ceramic, metallurgy, composite, renewable energy, and environmental
friendly manufacturing. Prof. Nindhia is a member of JICA Alumni, ASEA-UNINET alumni, International Association of Computer Science
and Information Technology (IACSIT), Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society (APCBEES) and also
member of association of Indonesian Nanotechnology. Prof Nindhia
received best researcher award in 1997 and in 2013 from Udayana University the place where he is working and again in 2012 received
both Best lecturer award from Engineering Faculty of Udayana University. In the same years 2012, the research center of Udayana
University awarded Prof Nindhia as the best senior researcher. In 2013,
Prof. Nindhia awarded as 15 best performance Indonesian lecturers from Ministry of Education and Culture the Republic of Indonesia.
International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences Vol. 5, No. 2, April 2016
©2016 Int. J. Pharm. Med. Biol. Sci. 124