International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering ISSN: 2394-3165 (Print); 2395-3217(Online)

Vol. 3 Issue 1 - 2 (September – December, 2016)

Editorial Board

Dr. Greg Griffin

School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical

Engineering, RMIT University

Melbourne VIC 3001, Australia

Dr. Swachchha Majumdar

Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute

Kolkata

Dr. Mantu Bhuyan

CSIR-North Eastern Institute of Science and

Technology

Jorhat, Assam

Dr. Nibedita Pattnayak

Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar

Dr. Maya Nayak

Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar

Dr. J. K. Meher Department of Computer Science and Engg Vikash College of Engg for Women Bargarh, Odisha, India Dr. Sridhar Acharya Hydro- & Electro-Metallurgy Department CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology Bhubaneswar, India

Editor: Dr. Niva Nayak

E.mail: nivanayak72@gmail.com Fax: 0091-06758-239723 Phone: 9437403679 Website: www.oec.ac.on

Published by Dr. Niva Nayak on behalf of Hiranya Kumar Centre for Research & Development, Orissa Engineering College,

Bhubaneswar 751 007

International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering is issued bimonthly by HKCR&D – OEC and assumes no responsibility for the statements and opinions advanced by the contributors. The editorial staff in the work of examining papers received for publication is assisted, in an honorary capacity, by a large number of distinguished scientists and engineers.

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© 2014 Hiranya Kumar Centre for Research and Development, Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar 751 007

Editorial Advisory Board Prof. Madhab Ranjan Panigrahi Dr. Shashi Ahuja Orissa Engineering College Department of Science & Technology

Bhubaneswar 751 007 New Delhi Dr. Amulya Kumar Panda Dr. Sabbu Thomas National Institute of Immunology Mahatma Gandhi University

JNU Complex Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam-686560

New Delhi – 110 067 Kerala, India

International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering ISSN: 2394 – 3165 (Print); 2395 – 3217 (Online)

Vol. 3 Issue 1 – 2 (September - December, 2016)

CONTENTS

Editorial

2

Papers

Impact of High Yielding Varieties (HYV) Seeds & Balanced Nutrients Management on Crop

Yield and Income: An Experimental research in Koraput District of Odisha

Ghanashyam Sahu & Prakash Kumar Sahoo

3

Problems of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Cuttack, Odisha – A Review

Nibedita Pattnayak

10

An empirical investigation on experience-based PDS driven food security in KBK districts of

Odisha

Ghanashyam Sahu

18

Surface water quality evaluation of river Daya at Bhubaneswar city by using weighted

arithmetic water quality index method

K K Agrawal & C R Panda

23

Author Index

25

Keyword Index 26

International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering ISSN: 2394 – 3165 (Print); 2395 – 3217 (Online)

Vol. 3 Issue 1 – 2 (September - December, 2016)

Editorial……. Tidal Energy - A source of Electricity

Tidal power or tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained from

tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity. During the 20th century, engineers developed ways to

use tidal movement to generate electricity in areas where there is a significant tidal range—the difference

in area between high tide and low tide.

Tides are caused by events that happen in the solar system. The root source of the energy is the

rotation of the Earth. The gravitational pull of the moon and sun along with the rotation of the earth

causes millions of gallons of water to flow around the Earth’s oceans creating periodic shifts in these

moving bodies of water. These vertical shifts of water are called “tides”. The main big advantage of these

tides are that these are perfectly predictable and regular unlike wind energy or solar energy, allowing

miles of coastline to be used for tidal energy exploitation and the larger the tidal influence, the greater

the movement of the tidal water and therefore the more potential energy that can be harvested for power

generation. Therefore, Tidal Energy can be considered as a renewable energy source as the oceans

energy is replenished by the sun as well as through tidal influences of the moon and suns gravitational

forces.

Tidal power has traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and limited availability of sites

with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its total availability. However,

many recent technological developments and improvements, both in design (e.g. dynamic tidal power,

tidal lagoons) and turbine technology (e.g. new axial turbines, cross flow turbines), indicate that the total

availability of tidal power may be much higher than previously assumed, and that economic and

environmental costs may be brought down to competitive levels.

There are very few commercial-sized tidal power plants operating in the world. The first was

located in La Rance, France. The largest facility is the Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station in South

Korea. The United States has no tidal plants and only a few sites where tidal energy could be produced at

a reasonable price. China, France, England, Canada, and Russia have much more potential to use this

type of energy. In the United States, there are legal concerns about underwater land ownership

and environmental impact. Investors are not enthusiastic about tidal energy because there is not a

strong guarantee that it will make money or benefit consumers. Engineers are working to improve the

technology of tidal energy generators to increase the amount of energy they produce, to decrease their

impact on the environment, and to find a way to earn a profit for energy companies.

Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation.

Dr. Niva Nayak

Editor

ISSN: 2394-3165 (Print)

2395-3217 (Online)

International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering

Vol. 3 (1-2), September-December 2016, pp. 3-9

Impact of High Yielding Varieties (HYV) Seeds & Balanced Nutrients

Management on Crop Yield and Income: An Experimental research in Koraput

District of Odisha

Ghanashyam Sahu1 & Prakash Kumar Sahoo

2

1Odisha State Disaster Management Authority, Bolangir, Odisha

2Department of Humanities, Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar

Received 10 October 2016; accepted 10 November 2016

Abstract A field experiment was conducted in Koraput district of Odisha covering Semiluguda and Koraput blocks during

June 2008 to June 2010 to observe the effect of variety and balance nutrient management on yield and yield contributing

characters of a High Yield Variety seed, Niger and thereby increase the income level of the tribal community. The

experiment was conducted in using both treatment and control plots. 75 hectares of land were under treatment during these

3 years @ 25 hectares per years. Every year 60 farmers in 5 villages were selected to adopt the recommended package of

practices. Adjoining plots to the treatment plots with similar number of farmers and areas were also taken as control plot. In

the field experiment, four High Yield Varieties of Niger (ONS-150, GA-10, BN-1 and BN-2) were introduced in the

farmer’s field to understand the impact of intervention on Niger production and income level of the farmers. It was

observed that all three varieties showed different results in the same condition and varied significantly form mean yield

(3.71) in that area. The mean difference was found to be much higher in BN-2 and ONS-150 varieties and both varieties

were more or less identical in yield performance whereas BN-1 and GA-10 observed negative mean yield in the study

areas. The two factors; Average capsule/ plant (number), Average seeds / capsule (number) were found to be significantly

associated with yield level of Niger. However, Plant population was not found to be that much of effective in deciding yield

level. The impact of the crop in three years found Cost Benefit Ratio(CBR) to be 1:1.56, increase in income per hectare up

to $87.The special features of the project was in terms of economic benefit that stemmed from increased of production of

Niger within 4 to 6 Qntl/hectare with net profit of $111/hectare.

Keywords Niger, High Yielding Varieties (HYV), Balance Nutrient Management, Yield Contributing Characters

Koraput is a tribal dominated district of Odisha

(50.67%). The tribal farmers grow Niger

[Guizotiaabyssinica (L. f.) Cass] in a vast area (43.54

thousand hectares with average low yield level

(2.5Qntl/hectare). The agro-climatic condition is

favorable for Niger but has been neglected although

they are grown through generations. The low yield

of Niger, among other factors account mainly for

non - adoption of scientific method of Niger

cultivation1. The tribal people use these oilseed crops

for a variety of purpose and there exist good market

for the produce. Simple increase in production and

productivity level would bring profit for them. The

result of experiments carried out by state Agriculture

University has proved beyond doubt that there exist

goods potential in these two crops, which can be

Corresponding Author:

Prakash Kumar Sahoo

Email : prakash_eco@rediffmail.com

explored with low to high level of technology2. The

improved methods of cultivation of preferred oilseed

drop and high productivity would bring change the

life style of tribal farmers3. The component of

science and technology in case of crops should be

extended to the tribal farmers after due examination

of their farming system based on their value system.

The technology is simple and less expensive. Only

thing is to demonstrate the new recommended

technology which is simple and less expensive, at

their own village. Therefore in crop improvement

aspect, the variety, cultivation package and use of

balanced fertilizer would bring profit to them4. The

main objective of the study is to find the impact of

the new package of practices on productivity of

Niger in the project areas and to examine the

response of different high yielding varieties of Niger

with same inputs and agro-climatic conditions.

Similarly establishing the major contributing factors

for productivity of Niger and ascertaining the

4

Int J Energy Sustain Environ Eng, September - December, 2016

changes in income level of the farmers from Niger

cultivation are also studied.

Among the crops, the oilseed crop such as Niger

has not received due attention of the scientists and

extension functionaries. This is the most neglected

crop although this crop is grown through generations

in the land not suited for other crops5. The yield level

at farmer’s field has not increased due to (i) less

emphasis on extension of agencies and (ii) non

adoption of the recommended practices (iii) non-use

of inputs and many other factors. The tribal people

use this oilseed crop for a variety of purpose and

there exist good market for the produce. Simple

increase in production and productivity level would

bring good profit for them. The technology is simple

and less expensive. Only thing is to demonstrate the

new recommended technology to them at their own

villages in consumable language. Therefore crop

improvement aspects like the high yielding varieties,

cultivation package and use of balanced fertilizer etc.

would bring profit to them. In this back ground a

simple experimental design was adapted to

understand and analyse the impact of HYV and

Balance Nutrient Management on yield and income

of the tribal community6.

The Major limitations includes the lack of

information on age, formal education level, farmer’s

experience in farming and acreage of land owned

which significantly influenced the intensity of

adoption of improved package of practice and there

by yield of Niger. The importance of extension

services in influencing adoption was underscored.

Emphasis was put on the role of Niger producers

without considering the exposure to extension

services of local research station and KVK. At the

farmer’s level, there may be social or technical

reasons why farmers are reluctant to implement new

package of practices. For example, increased

fertilizer application and improved seed stocks may

be capital-intensive and not suited to indigenous

agricultural strategies.

The study is not comprehensive because all

possible combinations of farmer responses were not

tested at every site. Spatial analyses of crop,

climatic, and soil resources are needed to test fully

the possibilities for crop substitution. Neither the

availability of water supplies for irrigation nor

knowledge level of farmers were covered under the

study, these are both critical needs for further

research.

Experimental

A field experiment was conducted during 2009-2011

to observe the effect of variety and balance nutrient

management on yield and yield contributing

characters of Niger. To accomplish the above stated

objectives a simple experimental design was

followed. The study was conducted in two groups.

One was Experimental Plot (EP) and the other was

Control Plot (CP). 75 hectares of land were under

treatment during these 3 years @ 25 hectares per

years. Every year 60 farmers in 5 villages were

selected to adopt the recommended package of

practices in 0.42 hectares of land. This group was

designated as EP. The CP did not have such types of

treatment. Adjoining plots to the treatment plots with

similar number of farmers and areas were also taken.

Post measurements of each farmer’s plots were

recorded and compared in 7 yield parameters (Fig. 1)

and yield of Niger.

Fig. 1 Yield Parameters

The conceptual research design is presented in

Fig.2. The treatment included variety use, seed

treatment; line sowing, Balance Nutrient

Management (BNM), Cuscuta control and pest

control.

Fig. 2 Research Design

Y1-Germination (%)

Quality seeds

Y-Quality seeds

Y2-Average plant population (Per sq. meter)

Y3-Average plant height (inches)

Y5-Average capsule per plant (number)

Y4-Average branch / plant (number)

Y6-Average seeds / capsule (number)

Y

I

E

L

D

(X)

Z 1

Experimental

Plot (EP)

With treatment

Z2

Control Plot (CP)

Without

treatment

EP-CP or Z1-Z2= Impact (X)

5

Sahu G & Sahoo P K: Impact of High Yielding Varieties (HYV) Seeds & Balanced Nutrients

Management on Crop Yield and Income: An Experimental research in Koraput District of Odisha

Scientific Package of practices used in the field

experiment

The following package of practices was adopted

during field experimentation

1. Time of Sowing

a. Sowing of Niger in Eastern Ghat Zone of Odisha

particularly in Koraput was taken up during

second to third week of June with fifteen days of

interval.

b. Before sowing, a minimum of 2 times of plough

was done across the slope till it obtained fine tilth.

At this stage FYM and organic manure was

applied @ 5tons/ hectare.

2. Seed Rate

The seed rate of Niger was 8 Kg per hectare to

maintain the desirable plant population.

3. Line Sowing and spacing

Against normal practice of broadcasting, line

sowing was introduced to increase Niger yield per

hectare. In case of line sowing, the optimum

spacing of 10cm between plant to plant and 30cm

between row to row was maintained.

4. Thinning

After 2 weeks of sowing, thinning operation was

taken up to eliminate excess plant population for

promoting good growth.

5. Seed Treatment

Before sowing, the seeds were treated with

Thiram @ 3gm/ Kg to ensure disease free plant in

the field.

6. Nutrient Management

a. Application of 40:40 Kg of N: P2O5

b. N Fertilizer was applied in split doses at the

rate of 20 Kg and 40 Kg P2O5 at the time of

sowing and remaining N fertilizer was applied

after third week and before fourth week of

sowing.

7. Water Management The experiment was carried out in rain fed

situation. During last 3 years, it was observed that

rainfall was erratic in June and July followed by

dry spell and heavy rain in different places.

8. Weed Management Niger faces severe weed competition within 30

days of sowing. Weed reduces yield to a

significant level. Weeding operation was

undertaken in third and fourth week of the sowing

to keep the crop weed-free.

9. Cuscuta Control Cuscuta (Cuscutachinensis) is a major problem

in Koraput district in Niger Cultivation. Sieving

of seeds is a must to control Cuscuta in Niger.

Jackfruits leaves juice was applied at pre-

emergency stage in controlling Cuscuta in Niger.

10. Inter Cropping Experiment did not include inter-cropping of

Niger with pulses, millets, etc to know effect of

yield of the sole crop.

11. Plant Protection Sporadic attack of Niger by cater-pillar,

semilooper and aphid were effectively controlled

by application of Monocrotophos or Quinalphos

1000 ml/hectare. In case of prolong dry period,

termite attack was controlled by application of

chlorpyriphos@ 1000 ml/hectare.

12. Harvesting The crop was harvested when the leaves dried up

and head turned blackish in colour. Only

capsules bearing twigs were collected and

harvested after drying in sun light about a week.

Then the crop was threshed by beating with

sticks in a threshing floor.

Results and Discussion

Impact of the new package of practices on

productivity of Niger

Agricultural productivity indicates the efficiency

with which the inputs have been utilized. It indicates

the quantum of production obtained from the given

amount of inputs. It is measured in Quintal per

hectare. Comparison was made between yield of

farmers field (Control) and demonstrating farmers

which revealed the difference from 39.53 percent to

50.79 percent with an average difference of 48.03

per cent over a period of three years. Highest yield

was obtained in the third year. However, the changes

in 1st year observed significant (50.79 per cent) but

in absolute figure it was found low compared to

second and third year as given in Table1. Though the

growth of crop was good at initial stage but due to

erratic rainfall the growth could not attain desired

level in terms of average plant height (Y3), number

of branches (Y4) and capsule formation (Y6) in the

1st year of the project. This was due to the cessation

of rainfall in first part of September which was the

6

Int J Energy Sustain Environ Eng, September - December, 2016

potential growing state of the crop. The paired

cooperation (t-test) indicates the significant

difference between Control plot and Treatment plot

at one per cent level of probability as given in Table

2. However this result established the first

hypothesis and covered the first objective of the

study. The results of the study of impact of HYV on

yield are in conformity with the result in groundnut7

and Niger8,9

.

Significant @ 1 % level

Response of different High Yielding Varieties

(HYV)

In the field experiment, four HYV (ONS-150, GA-

10, BN-1 and BN-2) used for demonstration, were

introduced in the farmers field. To understand the

impact of intervention, regular observations were

made and recorded for analysis. The observations

included parameters like Germination (percent),

Average plant population (Per sq. meter), Average

plant height (inches), Average branch / plant

(number),Average capsule/ plant (number), Average

seeds / capsule (number) and Average yield (Qntl /

hectare). An analysis of variety-wise yield

parameters revealed that irrespective of the variety

used, a maximum up to 97 percent plant

germination, 32 plants population/ per sq meter, 101

inches in plant height, 16 branch / plant, 31 capsule/

plant, 31seeds / capsule obtained in farmer’s field

keeping the climatic condition in the project areas. A

perusal data presented in Table 3 revealed that the

recommended high yielding variety of Niger

performed better compared to its local counterpart.

The study also revealed that BN-2 variety found to

have performed better as compared to other varieties,

followed by ONS-150. Individual yield differences

from the mean yield of HYV were found to be 8.89,

-12.39, -8.63 and 12.13 for ONS-150, GA-10, BN-1

and BN-2 respectively.

A perusal of data presented in Table 3 indicated

that all varieties produced different results in the

same condition and varied significantly form mean

yield (3.71) in that area. The mean difference was

Table 1 Year-wise Yield Parameter and Average yield of Niger

Year

Yield Parameters Average yield (Qntl/hec)

Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 EP CP Difference between

EP and CP (%)

i ii iii iv v vi vii ix x xi

08-09 93 32 69 8 30 27 2.85 1.89 50.79

09-10 98 31 114 16 28 31 3.53 2.53 39.53

10-11 99 32 121 24 34 34 4.76 3.21 48.26

Pooled

Avg. 97 32 101 16 31 31 3.71 2.54 48.03

Table 2 Paired Sample Test between Control plot and Treatment plot

Area Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Mean

Difference t df Sig (2- tailed)

CG 2.54 180 0.4558 0.0574 1.22

(48.03%) -18.95 179 0.001

EG 3.76 180 0.5427 0.0684

Table 3 Variety –Wise Yield Parameters& Yield Difference from the Mean Yield

Sl Yield Parameters ONS-150 GA-10 BN-1 BN-2 Average

1 Germination (%) 97 96 98 97 97.00

2 Average plant population (Per sq. meter) 32 31 32 33 32.00

3 Average plant height (inches) 97 89 108 112 101.50

4 Average branched/plant (number) 12 15 24 15 16.50

5 Average capsule per plant (number) 34 28 28 34 31.00

6 Average seeds/capsule (number) 33 29 29 34 31.25

7 Average yield (qntl / hectare) 4.04 2.68 3.39 4.16 3.71

Rank (Based on Average yield) 2 4 3 1

Yield differences from the Mean 0.33 -0.46 -0.32 0.45

7

Sahu G & Sahoo P K: Impact of High Yielding Varieties (HYV) Seeds & Balanced Nutrients

Management on Crop Yield and Income: An Experimental research in Koraput District of Odisha

found to be much higher in BN-2 and ONS-150

varieties and both varieties were more or less

identical in yield performance whereas BN-1 and

GA-10 observed negative mean yield in the study

areas.

Further, the calculated ‘t’ value of each variety of

Niger revealed BN-2 (4.68) and ONS-150 (5.07) to

be statistically significant amongst the four varieties

Significant @ 1% level

at one percent level (Table 4). Thus, the study

strongly recommends the use of BN-2 and ONS-150

varieties in the study area. However, the variation in

yield between these two varieties, it might be due to

variation in expression of characters fully in the

favorable environmental conditions. These findings

on variability between the varieties are in conformity

with the results in sesamum10,11,12

.

* The Mean Difference is obtained by subtracting

the test value (3.71 Qntl/Hect.) from average yield

level of each variety

Factors contributing yield of Niger

Further, to establish the relationship between growth

parameters with that of yield level, the observations

were recorded on the following aspects as mentioned

in Table 5.

*Significant @ 1% level

Correlation statistic presented in Table 5 revealed

that maximum five factors namely Quality of seed

(HYV), Germination percentage, Average plant

height (inches), Average capsule/plant (number) and

Average seeds / capsule (number) influenced

significantly the yield of the crop. The two factors;

Average plant population (number), Average

branch/plant (number) were not significantly

associated with yield level of Niger throughout three

years. However, all selected parameters were more

or less positively associated with yield of the crop.

These results are in conformity with the findings of

studies in soybean13

and Niger14

which are observed

varietal response of varieties to the different dates of

sowing.

Yield of varieties of Niger in different time

periods of sowing

Almost all the varieties used in the experiment

shown high yield rate between second fortnight of

June and first fortnight of July. Yield drastically

reduced after first fort night of July. The higher yield

and seed quality parameters might be due to

sufficient rainfall, optimum temperature in early

sown crop which was beneficial for the early

establishment of crop and subsequent proper growth

resulting in producing more height, foliage and

higher number of seeds per capitula. This ultimately

resulted in higher yield, seed quality and fully

expression of the varietal characters during favorable

conditions which are existed during early sown crops

as given in Table 6. These results are in conformity

with the findings in Niger9 and groundnut

15.

Table 4 Statistical significant of Niger’s Varieties(Difference in yield between varieties used )

(Cut-off point used =3.71)

Varieties N Mean SD Std. Error

Mean t Df

Sig.

(2-tailed) Mean Difference*

BN-2 67 4.16 0.77 0.094 4.68 66 0.001 0.44325

ONS-150 68 4.04 0.53 0.065 5.07 67 0.001 0.33059

BN-1 89 3.39 0.25 0.026 -11.95 88 0.001 -0.31697

GA-10 76 2.68 0.28 0.032 -31.66 75 0.001 -1.03000

Table 5 Factors contributing yield of Niger

Sl Yield Parameters 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

1 Quality seeds 0.24 0.45* 0.59*

2 Germination (%) 0.53* 0.49* 0.62*

3 Average plant population (Per sq. meter) 0.38 0.19 0.17

4 Average plant height (inches) 0.06 0.48* 0.26

5 Average branch / plant (number) 0.12 0.16 0.08

6 Average capsule/ plant (number) 0.41* 0.59* 0.48*

7 Average seeds / capsule (number) 0.53* 0.41* 0.42*

8

Int J Energy Sustain Environ Eng, September - December, 2016

Changes in income level of the farmers from

Niger cultivation

A perusal of the data presented in Table 7 revealed

that amongst the project villages, Partaput recorded

highest Cost-Benefit Ratio (1:1.8), followed by

Panasput and Rajbedia (1:1.7) whereas Janiguda

recorded lowest CBR (1:1.2). Further, the village-

wise analysis of economic benefit revealed that

increases in income per hectares in the project

villages vary between $ 60.3 (Basuput) to $152.2

(Sanabadei) with an average of Rs.3918. Thus, it can

be said that the project villages have witnessed on an

average $ 87 per hectare increase in income from

Niger cultivation.

Conclusion

The study has clearly pointed out that there exists

a significant impact of management of oilseed crop

through Balanced Nutrient Management and use of

HYV seeds of Niger. The highlights of the study are

i. The yield of Niger between farmers field

(Control) and demonstrating farmers differ from

39.53 per cent to 50.79 per cent with an average

difference of 48.03 per cent over three years.

The yield rate of the demonstrated plot was

3.71Qntl as compared to 2.54 Qntl of the local

farmers considering the environmental factors in

the study area.

ii. Among the four varieties used, BN-2 and ONS-

150 found most suitable in the local condition as

compared to BN-1 and GA-10.

iii. Correlation statistic revealed that maximum five

factors namely quality of seed (HYV),

Germination percentage, Average plant height

(inches), Average capsule/ plant (number),

Average seeds / capsule (number) influenced the

yield of the crop in 2nd

year. The two factors;

Average capsule/ plant (number), Average seeds

/capsule (number) were found to be significantly

associated with yield level of Niger for three

years. However, Plant population was not found

to be that much of effective in deciding yield

level. It also revealed that all selected parameters

were directly or indirectly associated with yield

of the crop.

iv. The CBR of the crop during three years is found

to be 1:1.56 and the income per hectare is

increased up to $87.

v. The special feature of the project was in terms of

economic benefit that stemmed from increased

Table 6 Yield of Varieties of Niger in Different Time Periods

Yield in different periods of sowing

Varieties of

Niger

15th

– 30th

June 1st– 15 July 16

th-30

thJuly 1

stAugust onwards

ONS-150 5.69 5.62 3.26 2.35

GA-10 4.19 4.09 2.61 2.06

BN-1 4.36 4.26 3.10 2.35

BN-2 6.03 5.62 3.64 3.35

Table 7 Village –wise Cost Benefit Ratio and

Economic benefits from Niger cultivation Villages CBR Increase in income ($)

2008-09

Basuput 1:1.5 60.93

Mahadeiput 1:1.6 75.49

Badamput 1:1.3 47.22

Panasput 1:1.7 139.02

Dalaiput 1:1.5 60.16

2009-10

Sanabadia 1:3 152.18

Janiguda 1:1.2 117.18

Rajbedia 1:1.7 108.93

Patraput 1:1.5 68.78

Chalanput 1:1.5 82.18

2010-11

Rosaiput 1:1.5 79.76

Podagad 1:1.7 101.40

Pujariput 1:2 121.91

Challanput 1:1.6 85.44

Patraput 1:1.8 101.98

Pooled Mean 1:1.56 87.07

9

Sahu G & Sahoo P K: Impact of High Yielding Varieties (HYV) Seeds & Balanced Nutrients

Management on Crop Yield and Income: An Experimental research in Koraput District of Odisha

of production of Niger from 4 to 6 Qntl/hectare

with net profit of $ 111/ hectare.

Implications for future research

This experimental study is the foundation stone for

carrying out further research in the field of Niger

cultivation through introduction of HYV seeds and

balanced Nutrient management in different agro-

climatic conditions. Although the literature on Niger

cultivation is voluminous, yet some general

conclusions with reference to local conditions have

emerged from this research. The study concludes

that factors namely; Quality of seed (HYV),

Germination percentage, Average plant height

(inches), Average capsule/ plant (number), Average

seeds / capsule (number)were significantly

influenced the yield of the crop. Further, factors such

as Average plant population (number) and Average

branch/plant (number) were not significantly

associated with yield level of Niger for three years.

This study provided a basis for researchers to carry

forward their research work in a more meaningful

manner on other HYV of Nigers. The approach and

the analytical framework of the study can provide

researchers an insight into the research design and

data analysis. The finding and recommendations of

this study can also be used by research scholars to

redesign their framework for further analysis.

References

1. Krishnegowda K T & Krishnamurthy K, Mysore

J Agric Sci, 11 (1977) 351.

2. Saha S N & Bhargava S C, J Agric Sci, 95

(1980) 733.

3. Karthiresan M & Ramaswamy K R, Seed Res, 6

(2) (1978) 118.

4. Shelke V B,Takale G R, Dahiphale V V &

Shinde V S, J Oilseed Res, 4 (1987) 271.

5. Tiwari K P, Namadeo K N & Tripathi M L,

Crop Res, 7 (1994) 34.

6. Shivappa A N, Oil seeds J, 10 (1980) 84.

7. Padma V & Madhusudhana Rao D V, J Oil

Seeds Res, 9 (1) (1992) 33.

8. Anonymous, Annual Progress Report, AICRP on

sesame of Niger, (2007) 256.

9. Misra R C, Pradhan K, Paikray R K, Sahu P K &

Panda B S, Oil Crops News Lett, 8 (1991) 26.

10. Tiwari K P, Yadav L N & Jain R K, Crop Res, 8

(2) (1994) 407.

11. Nirval B G, Bhosle B R, Chavan A A & Shinde

J S, J Maharashtra Agric Univ, 20 (3) (1995)

382.

12. Gupta R R, Parihar B M S & Gupta P K, Crop

Research, 21 (2001) 350.

13. Saini S K, Singh J N & Gupta P C, Seed Res, 8

(2) (1980) 141.

14. Anonymous, 1988, Annual Progress Report of

sesame and niger, p. III.

15. Padma V, Madhusudhana Rao D V & Subba

Rao IV, J Oil Seeds Res, 9 (1) (1992) 164.

ISSN: 2394-3165 (Print)

2395-3217 (Online)

International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering

Vol. 3 (1-2) September-December 2016, pp.10-17

Problems of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Cuttack, Odisha – A Review

Nibedita Pattnayak

Department of Chemistry, Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

Received 15 October 2016; accepted 12 November 2016

Abstract Human resource is the most precious of all the resources. Man plays a dual role of a producer or creator and a

consumer or destroyer of resources. He offers his labour, primarily, mental and secondarily, physical when he creates a

resource. Being most dynamic, man is never satisfied with mere living, he has always tried to refine his living conditions

and environment. This ultimately leads to environmental deterioration. The increase in population and urbanization was

also largely responsible for an increase in solid waste. Solid waste is one of the most immediate environmental pollution

caused due to a rapid rate of industrial growth and urbanization. The term solid waste refers to the “unwanted and thereby

discarded waste materials from houses, street sweepings, commercial industrial and agriculture operations arising from

man‟s activities (WHO,1967)1,“It conglomerates mixture of dust, ash, vegetables and putrescible matter, paper and

packaging materials of all variety and forms, rags, glass, metals, and combustible and non-combustible debris”. In view of

fast paced economic growth accompanied by rapid urbanization, management of municipal solid waste has emerged as one

of the major environmental challenges of present times. Cuttack is one such city of Eastern India, having an inefficient,

outdated and unscientific waste management system. Municipal solid waste management has emerged as one of the greatest

challenges facing environmental protection agencies in the small townships of a developing country like India. This study

presents the current solid waste management practices and problems in the district of Cuttack, Odisha. Solid waste

management is characterized by inefficient collection methods, insufficient coverage of the collection system and improper

disposal. This paper attempts to assess the existing state of Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in Cuttack city

with the aim of identifying the main obstacles to its efficiency and the prospects for improvisation of the solid waste

management system in the city. The existing solid waste management system in the city is found to be highly inefficient.

The primary and secondary collection, transportation and open dumping are the only activities practiced that too in a

nontechnical manner. This paper systematically assesses the obstacles in the existing solid waste management system in

Cuttack city and also tries to assess the potentials for its improvisation.

Keywords Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM), Sorting at the source, Collection, Transportation, Waste

Collection, Dumping, Recycling, Waste disposal

Modern man‟s greatest contribution to pollution is

increasing which is mainly taking place on land. Out

of which solid waste pollution creates havoc for the

modern man‟s society. Globalization is known to

affect peoples‟ consumptions, usage of solid

materials that eventually results huge solid wastes.

According to Leton and Omotosho2, solid waste is

defined as non-liquid or nongaseous product (e.g.

trash, junk or refuse) of human activities that are

unwanted. Generation of Municipal solid waste

(MSW) increases in line with developmental rate of

any country. Although, the growth rate of solid

waste is low in India as compared to many other

countries in the world, but it can‟t be neglected as its

growth rate is four percent per annum3. A waste is

Corresponding Author:

Nibedita Pattnayak

e-mail: nibedita.chm@oec.ac.in not an ordinary product, and some wastes may be

turned into resources. Moreover some by-products

and discarded items are not exactly wastes but are

considered as „secondary resources‟; they are

collected for reuse as recovered products or for

recycling as recovered materials. Solid waste has

been produced since the beginning of civilization.

During the earliest periods, solid wastes were

conveniently and unobtrusively disposed of in large

open land spaces, as the density of the population

was low. However, today, one of the consequences

of global urbanization is an increased amount of

solid waste. About 1.3 x109 t of municipal solid

waste (MSW) was generated globally in 1990

(Beede and Bloom, 1995)4, and, at present, the

annual generation is approximately 1.6 x 109 t. The

urban population in Asia generates around 760 x 103

11

Pattnayak N: Problems of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Cuttack, Odisha – A Review

t of MSW per day, and this is expected to increase to

1.8 x 106 t by 2025 (Pokhrel and Viraraghavan,

2005)5. It is also a fact that bigger the size of the city

(population and density wise) generates more

quantity of waste (Petts and Edulijee, 1994)6. This is

the phenomenon observed all over the world and

India is no exception to this. Sustainable

development is a pattern of resource use that aims to

meet human needs while preserving the environment

so that these needs can be met not only in the

present, but in the indefinite future. Sustainability is

a process which tells about the development of all

aspects of human life affecting sustenance7. In India,

collection, segregation, transportation, and disposal

of solid waste are often unscientific and chaotic.

Uncontrolled dumping of wastes on the outskirts of

towns and cities has created overflowing landfills,

which have environmental impacts in the form of

pollution to soil, groundwater, and air, and also

contribute to global warming. In the absence of

formalized waste segregation practices, recycling has

emerged only as an informal sector using outdated

technology, which causes serious health problems to

waste-pickers (Plastindia, 2006)8.The main objective

of this paper is to establish the status of the existing

system of waste disposal.

The specific objectives are

. To identify the sources of solid waste generation in

the Cuttack town.

. To find out the environmental crisis, an aesthetic

disturbance which is taking place in Cuttack town

due to solid waste.

. To analyze the spatio-temporal frameworks of solid

waste generation, collection, and disposal.

. To access the processes and practices being used

for the collection and disposal of solid waste

generated in the town.

Methodology

This study is based on both quantitative and

qualitative data from primary and secondary sources.

To investigate the issue, a case study approach has

been adopted by studying the situation in Cuttack

city in the state of Orissa, India. The selection of

Cuttack for the purpose of this study was based on

basic criteria: it is a fast developing city in the state

of Orissa and both, the city as well as the state have

not been covered by existing literature on MSW. The

study is based on both qualitative and quantitative

data collected through survey method and interview.

The sources of data are both primary and secondary.

The primary sources of data have been collected

through field research and sample survey. The

secondary sources of data are collected from

municipal authority by interview and from various

related books and journals 9.The profiling was based

on the primary information collected during

interviews with stakeholders namely Cuttack

Municipal Corporation (CMC), Private Service

provider, NGOs, Service Users, Informal Recycling

sector, District Administration, and Regulatory

Agency. Information about policy, legislation and

general information on waste management were

collected from various government reports and

Cuttack Municipal Corporation. Information about

waste quantities and characteristics was collected

from the Corporation. The information was

supplemented with observation visits to the wards

and other sites and field studies were also conducted

by the Authors to understand the various issues

regarding collection, transportation, and disposal of

municipal waste 10

.

Sources of Solid Waste

Solid waste may arise from different sources and

hence fall into different categories:

. Domestic refuse: kitchen and food wastes, plastics,

papers and road sweepings.

. Market refuse: generally wastes from vegetables

and non-vegetable matters, packing materials such

as bamboo baskets, leaves, plastics,

cardboard/timber boxes etc.

. Hospital refuse: wastes such as syringes, needles,

ampoules, bottles, cotton, plasters and spoiled

medicines.

. Road refuse: wastes such as leaves, animal

droppings, human wastes, litter, and dust.

. Garden refuse: wastes such as leaves, branches,

plants and broken pots etc.

. Business area refuse: various types of paper,

cigarette and beedi butts, match sticks, bus tickets

etc.

. Cattle-shed refuse: animal wastes and general

litters. Trade refuse: cloth cuttings from tailoring

shops and waste from auto repair centers etc.

. Building construction refuse: earth, concrete, bricks

and plasters, sand etc.

. Industrial refuse: oil- soaked racks, timber

scantlings and chemical refuse including toxic

matter.

Based on the characteristics, the garbage may be

categorized into various types such as hazardous,

toxic, corrosive, inflammable, and explosive.

Hazardous garbage is very much dangerous

compared to other types; it arises from chemical

wastes such as batteries, medical wastes, old

12

Int J Energy Sustain Environ Eng, September - December, 2016

medicines, insecticides etc. Some hazardous garbage

is poisonous and such a waste arises from cleaning

products, rat poison, and pesticides and is known as

toxic. The hazardous waste that can dissolve

anything which it touches is known as corrosive

garbage. This type of waste arises from batteries,

oven cleaners, drainage cleaners and ammonia based

cleaners etc. Some hazardous waste can catch fire

and release toxic fumes into the air and so called as

inflammable garbage. Certain hazardous wastes,

which blows when mixed with other chemicals or

when it is dropped on the ground, is known as

explosive garbage; mainly found in spray cans,

gasoline and lighter fluid given in Table 19.

Environmental Hazards due to Solid Waste

As far as pollution is concerned, large-scale solid

waste generation is a new threat to the Cuttack town.

The improper and unscientific disposal of solid

wastes creates a huge environmental risk especially

for the preschool children, waste workers, and

general public, by producing toxic and infectious

materials. Uncollected solid waste also increases risk

of injury, and infection. In the absence of proper

waste management, this waste lies littered on our

streets, road corners, and improperly disposed of on

vacant land. All these are serious health hazards

apart from being eyesores. Again they invite the host

of problems like increasing numbers of vectors like

flies, mosquitoes, etc. scavengers such as stray dogs,

pigs, and rats which spread dangerous diseases, and

also generates bad odour, and pollution. During the

monsoon season, the unattended waste not only

putrefies but also chokes the drains; as a result, the

whole town becomes a disease procreation ground9.

Municipal solid waste management of Cuttack

Urbanization and industrialization influence the

quantity of city garbage produced. In India, Mumbai,

with a population of 13.8 million, is the largest

(8,000 t d-1) MSW generator. Delhi generates 6,000

t d-1 of MSW for a population of 10 million,

Chennai generates 4,000 t d-1 for a 5.8 million

population, and Hyderabad produces 2,200 t d-1 for

a 4.2 million population (Chattopadhyay et al.)11

.

The MSW generation rate in Cuttack is about 360 g

per capita per day (gpcd) and the total generation is

about 3,00 t d-1 .

A. Physical and chemical characteristics of solid

waste

Waste generation is the first element of waste

management. It is a prerequisite to any waste

management plan to have adequate knowledge of the

generators of waste, its physical and chemical

characteristics. The waste characteristics vary not

only from city to city but even within the same city,

Table 2 Generators of waste and types of waste Sl.

No

Sources Types of waste

1 Households

and

institutions

Mostly organic with some

plastics, glass, metals, inert

materials and hazardous waste

2 Schools and

colleges

Mostly papers

3 Vegetable/fruit

markets,

restaurants,

etc.

Mostly organic

4 Commercial

centers

Mostly paper and plastics

5 Healthcare

facilities

Infectious and non-infectious

waste

6 Industries Leather wastes, metals,

Table 1 Characteristics of Solid Waste in Cuttack Town Waste Source Characteristics

Refuse Domestic

Official/Institutional

Markets/Commercial

Commercial centres

Biodegradable(food, oil, vegetables)

Non-biodegradable(polythene bags)

Combustible(textiles, glass, rubber)

Combustible(paper)

Biodegradable(Combustible)

Combustible(paper, polythene, packing materials)

Burning Ash Solid fuel burning Generally alert

Building waste Construction/demolition

rejected

materials/equipments

Metallic or building materials

Clinical waste Nursing homes and

Hospitals

Hazardous

Sewer sludge Sewer cleaning Biodegradable and inorganic

Road Road sweeping Polythene, waste paper, leaves, dust, etc

13

Pattnayak N: Problems of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Cuttack, Odisha – A Review

plastics, etc.

7 Slaughterhous

es

Bones, blood, intestines,

carcasses, etc.

8 Animal

husbandry and

diaries

Dung and used straw

as it depends on factors such as the nature of local

activities, food habits, cultural traditions, socio-

economic factors, climatic conditions, and seasons12

.

The physical and chemical characteristics aid in

deciding the desired frequency of collection,

precautions to be taken during transportation, and

methods of processing and disposal. The major

generators and types of waste generated in the study

area are given in Table 2.

Municipal Solid Waste Management

The Municipal Corporation has established an

integrated Solid Waste Management (SWM) system

with an aim to reduce the amount of waste being

disposed of, while maximizing resources recovery

and efficiency. The preferred waste management

system has focused on the following points, namely:

i. Reduction and reuse at source: The most preferred

option for Solid Waste Management has been a

prevention of waste generation. It has been

helpful in reducing the handling, treatment, and

disposal costs and especially reduces various

environmental impacts such as leachate, air

emissions, and generation of greenhouse gases 13

.

ii. Waste recycling: Recovery of recyclable material

resources through a process of segregation,

collection and re-processing to create new

products has been the next preferred alternative.

iii.Waste to composting: As far as possible the

organic fraction of waste has been composted and

used to improve soil health and agricultural

production adhering to norms.

iv. Waste-to-Energy: Where material recovery from

waste is not possible, energy recovery from waste

through production of heat, electricity or fuel may

be preferred. Bio-methanation, waste

incineration, production of Refuse Derived Fuel

(RDF) and co-processing of the sorted dry rejects

from municipal solid waste are to be commonly

adopted "Waste to Energy" technology.

v. Waste disposal: Remaining residual wastes, which

are ideally comprised of inerts, has been disposed

of in sanitary landfills constructed in accordance

with stipulations of the Solid Waste Management

Rules, 201613

.

vi. The integrated Solid Waste Management system

shall be environment friendly. Waste

minimization, waste recycling, waste-to-energy

strategies and landfill gas capture and use which

are promoted in the Solid Waste Management

Rules, 201613

are strategies for reduction of

greenhouse gases.

Segregation and storage of municipal solid waste

at source:

1. It has been necessary for all waste generators that

they separate and store the municipal solid waste

coming out of their own places regularly into

three streams namely:

a) non-biodegradable or dry waste

b) biodegradable or wet waste

c) domestic hazardous waste and deposit it into

covered waste bins, and handover segregated

waste to designated waste collectors as per the

direction of the Municipal Corporation from

time to time14

.

2. Similarly, every institutional waste generators of

solid waste are to separate and store the

municipal solid waste coming out of their own

places into three streams namely:

a) non-biodegradable or dry waste

b) biodegradable or wet waste

c) hazardous waste in suitable bins and handover

segregated waste to authorized waste

processing or disposal facilities or deposition

centers through the authorized waste collection

agency with paying the carrying charges

specified by the Municipal Corporation.

3. Waste generators have been encouraged to

segregate waste and store at source in three

separate colour bins i.e. green- for biodegradable

waste, blue - for nonbiodegradable, red- for

domestic hazardous waste.

4. All institutions with more than 5,000 sqm area ,

within one year from the date of notification of

these bye-laws and in partnership with the

Municipal Corporation have ensured segregation

of waste at source by the generators, facilitate

collection of segregated waste in separate

streams, handover recyclable material to either

the authorised waste pickers or the authorised

recyclers. The bio-degradable waste has been

processed, treated and disposed of through

composting or bio-methanation within the

premises as far as possible. The residual waste

has been given to the waste collectors or agency

as directed by the Municipal Corporation.

14

Int J Energy Sustain Environ Eng, September - December, 2016

5. No person has organised an event or gathering of

more than one hundred persons at any

unlicensed place without intimating the

Municipal Corporation, at least three working

days in advance and such person or the organiser

of such event has ensured segregation of waste at

source and handing over of segregated waste to

waste collector or agency as specified by the

Municipal Corporation.

6. Used sanitary wastes are to be securely wrapped

as and when generated in the pouches provided

by the manufacturers or brand owners of these

products or in a news paper or suitable

biodegradable wrapping material and place the

same in the bin meant for non- biodegradable

waste or dry waste.

7. Every street vendor has kept suitable containers

for storage of waste generated during the course

of his activity such as food waste, disposable

plates, cups, cans, wrappers, coconut shells,

leftover food, vegetables, fruits, etc., and shall

deposit such waste at waste storage depot or

container or vehicle as notified by the urban

Municipal Corporation.

8. Construction and demolition waste have been

stored separately and when generated, in his own

premises has been disposed of as per the

Construction and Demolition Waste

Management Rules, 201613

.

9. Bulk waste generators of garden and horticulture

waste like a park, stadium etc. have stored

separately in their premises and disposed of the

same as prescribed by the Municipal Corporation

from time to time.

10. No untreated bio- medical waste, e-waste,

hazardous chemicals and industrial waste has

been mixed with municipal solid waste and such

waste has followed the rules specifically

separately specified for the purpose.

Collection of municipal solid waste 1. Abiding by Solid Waste Management Rules,

2016, door to door collection of segregated solid

waste has been implemented in all areas or

wards of the Municipal Corporation, to collect

garbage from every house, including slums and

informal settlements on a daily basis13

.

2. In order to collect garbage from every house, area

wise specific time has been set and well

published. Commonly, time for a house to house

garbage collection has been set from 6 am to 11

am. For the collection of garbage from trading

establishments, shops in commercial areas or

any other institutional waste generators,

commonly the time has been from 7am to 12

pm.

3. Large institutional premises, residential

complexes have been motivated and incentivized

to process bio-degradable waste within their

campus to the extent it is feasible to do so.

4. Bell or horn whose sound is not more than the

permissible noise levels has also been installed

on every garbage collection vehicle used by

waste collectors.

5. Arrangements have been made for the collection

of waste from institutional generators like hotels,

restaurants, office complexes, educational

institutions, marriage halls, hospitals' non-

biomedical waste and commercial areas along

with slums and scattered areas, settlements etc.

6. Waste from vegetable, fruit, flower, meat, poultry

and fish market has been collected on day to day

basis.

7. Bulk horticulture, garden waste (not from

individual household) has been separately

collected and disposed of following proper

norms. A day in a week will be fixed for this

purpose.

8. However to make optimum use of bio-degradable

waste from fruits and vegetable markets, meat

and fish markets, horticulture waste from parks

and gardens, and to minimize the cost of

collection and transportation to the extent feasible

such waste subsequently has been processed or

treated within the market area and horticulture

waste within parks and gardens.

9. Manual handling of waste in the containers has

been prohibited. If unavoidable due to constraints,

manual handling has been carried out under

proper protection with due care for the safety of

workers.

Storage of municipal solid waste in the secondary

storage points

1. Segregated solid waste collected from doorstep

has been taken to waste storage depots for

secondary storage of waste.

2. Secondary storage depots have covered containers

for separate storage of, namely

a) non-biodegradable or dry waste

b) biodegradable or wet waste

c) domestic hazardous waste in suitable bins.

3. Different containers have been used in the areas

demarcated by Municipal Corporation to

encourage segregation of waste, green- for

15

Pattnayak N: Problems of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Cuttack, Odisha – A Review

biodegradable waste, white- for non-

biodegradable, black- for domestic hazardous

waste.

4. The Municipal Corporation, on its own or

through outsourcing agencies have established

and maintained the storage facilities for

municipal solid waste in a manner that does not

create unhygienic and unsanitary conditions

around it.

5. Containers of various sizes in the secondary

storage depots have been provided by Municipal

Corporation or any assigned agencies in different

colours as mentioned in these bye-laws13

.

6. Storage facilities have been created and

established by taking into account quantities of

waste generation in a given area and the density

of population.

7. Storage facilities have been designed so that

waste stored are not exposed to open atmosphere

and has been user friendly.

8. All the cooperative societies, associations,

residential and commercial establishments have

the responsibility to put similar pattern

containers as used by Municipal Corporation and

to keep an adequate number of containers in

appropriate places in their own complexes, so

that the daily waste generated there can be

properly deposited.

9. Every street vendor has kept suitable containers

for storage of waste generated during the course

of his activity such as food waste, disposable

plates, cups, cans, wrappers, coconut shells,

leftover food, vegetables, fruits etc. and deposit

such waste at waste storage depot or container or

vehicle as notified by Municipal Corporation.

Transportation of municipal solid waste

1. Vehicles used for transportation of waste has

been covered meaning not exposed to open

environment.

2. The storage facilities set up by Municipal

Corporation have been attended daily for

clearing waste. The areas around where the bins

or containers are placed has also be cleaned.

3. Collected segregated bio-degraded waste from

residential and other areas has been transferred

to the processing plants like compost plants, bio-

methanation plant or any such facilities in a

covered manner.

4. Wherever applicable, for bio- degradable waste

preference has been given for onsite processing

of such waste.

5. Collected non-bio-degradable waste to be

transported to the respective processing facilities

or material recovery facilities or secondary

facilities.

6. Construction and demolition waste are to be

transported as per the provision of the

Construction and Demolition Waste

Management Rules, 2016 13

.

7. The Municipal Corporation has arranged to

transport inert waste i.e. nonrecyclable, street

sweepings, and silt collected from the surface

drains in a proper manner.

8. Transportation vehicles have been designed so

that multiple handling of waste, prior to final

disposal, is avoided.

Disposal

Cuttack Municipality generates about 100 tons of

waste daily out of which only 30-40 tons of garbage

is received by solid waste management plant. The

rest amount of waste or garbage is dumped

haphazardly giving rise to an environmental

problem. In general, the practices for disposal of

waste are worth mentioning viz., Animal feeding,

Random refused dumps, Land filling, Open

incineration.

Responsibility of the Municipal Corporation a. The Municipal Corporation within its territorial

area has been responsible for ensuring daily and

throughout the year system of cleaning of all

common roads, places, temporary settlements,

slums, areas, markets, its own parks, gardens,

tourist spots, cemeteries and has been bound to

collect the garbage from the nearest declared

storage containers, and transport it every day to

the final disposal point in closed vehicles for

which the municipal authority may engage

private parties on contract or Public Private

Partnership mode, apart from its own permanent

cleaning staff and vehicles 13

.

b. The Municipal Corporation or the authorized

agency engaged by the Municipal Corporation

have provided and maintained suitable

community bins on public roads or other public

spaces.

c. The Municipal Corporation for the purpose of

managing such sanitation activities in

decentralised and regular manner have

designated one ward officer, in every ward to

16

Int J Energy Sustain Environ Eng, September - December, 2016

supervise the spots of containers, public toilets,

community toilets or urinals in public places,

transfer station for public garbage, landfill

processing units etc. for final disposal of city's

garbage.

d. The designated ward officer by the Municipal

Corporation has been a member of the concerned

Ward Sanitation Committee which has act as the

first point of grievance redressal on sanitation

issues of the concerned ward and meet

complains of citizens on issues of sanitation.

e. The Municipal Corporation has facilitated

construction, operation and maintenance of solid

waste processing facilities and associated

infrastructure on their own or through any

agency for optimum utilisation of various

components of solid waste adopting suitable

technology including the technologies and the

guidelines issued by the Ministry of Urban

Development from time to time and standards

prescribed by the Central Pollution Control

Board14

.

f. The Municipal Corporation has created awareness

through Information, Education and

communication (IEC) campaign and educate the

waste generators on minimal generation of

waste, not to litter, re-use the waste to the extent

possible, practice segregation of wet bio-

degradable waste, dry recyclable and

combustible waste and domestic hazardous

waste at source, wrap securely used sanitary

waste as and when generated in a newspaper or

suitable biodegradable wrapping material and

place the same in the domestic bin meant for

non-biodegradable waste, storage of segregated

waste at source and payment of monthly user

fee.

g. Chemical fertilizers have been replaced by the

use of compost in all parks, gardens maintained

by the Municipal Corporation and any other

places within two years of notification.

h. Promote recycling initiatives by informal waste

recycling sector.

i. The Municipal Corporation has made efforts to

streamline and formalize Solid Waste

Management systems and endeavor that the

informal sector workers in waste management

(rag pickers) are given priority to upgrade their

work conditions and are enumerated and

integrated into the formal system of Solid Waste

Management in cities.

j. Ensure that the operator of a facility provides

personal protection equipment including

uniform, fluorescent jacket, hand gloves,

raincoats, appropriate foot wear and masks to all

workers handling solid waste and the same are

used by the workforce.

k. Ensure occupational safety of the Municipal

Corporation own staffs and staffs of outsource

agency involved in the collection, transport, and

handling waste by providing appropriate and

adequate personal protective equipment.

I. In case of an accident at any solid waste

processing or treatment or disposal facility or

landfill site, the officer- in- charge of the facility

has reported to the Municipal Corporation

immediately which has reviewed and issued

instructions if any, to the in- charge of the

facility15

.

Conclusion

Rapid urbanization and population growth of

Cuttack city is bound to bring an increase in the

overall waste generation in the coming years. In the

city, solid waste management falls short of the

desired level as the systems adopted are out-dated

and inefficient. Further institutional weakness,

shortage of human and financial resources, improper

choice of technology, inadequate coverage and lack

of short and long-term planning are responsible for

the poor state of affairs. The explosion in world

population is changing the nature of solid waste

management from a low priority localized issue to an

internationally pervasive social problem. The risk to

public health and the environment, due to solid

waste in large metropolitan areas are becoming

intolerable. There is no proper system of segregation

of organic, inorganic and recyclable waste at the

household level. Though there is an adequate legal

framework existing in the country to address

municipal solid waste, what is lacking is its

implementation. There has to be a systematic effort

in the improvement in various factors like the

institutional arrangement, financial provisions,

appropriate technology, operations management,

human resource development, public participation

and awareness and policy and legal frameworks for

an integrated solid waste management system. The

city is facing these deficiencies in varying degrees

and there is a need to make substantial improvement

in the MSW practices prevailing in the city to raise

the standards of health, sanitation and urban

environment keeping pace with the rapid

urbanization and growing population. Therefore, an

urgent need to improvise the situation to stop further

decay and deterioration of the city. Considering the

17

Pattnayak N: Problems of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Cuttack, Odisha – A Review

problems of solid waste various preventive measures

are to be taken. The first and most important aspect

is awareness among the general public for such a

problematic aspect of the environment. Adequate

budget provisions should be made for this.

Simultaneously regular monitoring and reporting of

sewage and urban solid waste disposal should be

made. Of course, presently, the urban solid waste

management is the sole responsibility of the

concerned Municipality and the Ministry of

Environment has initiated several schemes for the

survey of urban municipality area and disposal of

biomedical waste through different nongovernmental

agencies.

References

1. World Health Organization, „World Bank Report

for Solid Waste Management in Developing

Countries‟, New Delhi: Geneva 1967, 4.

2. Leton T & Omotosho O, Eng Geol, 73 (2004)

171.

3. Muzenda E, Belaid M, Mollagee M, Motampane

N & Ntuli F, World Congr Eng Comput Sci, 2

(2011) 19.

4. Beede D N & Bloom D E, World Bank Research

Observer, 10 (2) (1995) 113.

5. Pokhrel D & Viraraghavan T, Waste

Management, 25 (5) (2005) 555.

6. Petts J & Edulijee G, “Environmental Impact

Assessment for Waste Treatment and Disposal

Facilities”, John Wiley and Sons, 1994.

7. Sahoo R C, Sahoo D, Sahoo J & Pradhan S C,

IJIRD, 2(5) (2013) 918.

8. Plastindia, “End-to-End Solutions for Integrated

Solid Waste Management” News and Events,

Plastindia. Sintex Industries Ltd, 2006.

9. Mishra S, A Geographical Interrogation of Solid

Waste Management: A Case Study of Puri town,

Odisha, Odisha review, August 2013, 66.

10. Mohanty C R, Mishra U & Beuria P R, IJLTET,

3(3) (2014) 303.

11. Chattopadhyay S, Dutta A & Ray S,”

Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management

for the City of Kolkata”. International

Conference on Civil Engineering in the New

Millennium: Opportunities and Challenges

(CENeM-2007), Bengal Engineering and

Science University, Shibpur, India, 11–14

January, 2007.

12. MOUDPA, “Manual on municipal solid waste

management”, New Delhi: Ministry of Urban

Development and Poverty Alleviation,

Government of India Publications, 2000.

13. Model Bye-Laws for Municipal Corporation,

Cuttack Municipal Corporation, Notification,

25.1.17

14. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB),

Ministry of Environment and Forest,

Notification, New Delhi, 1994.

15. CPHEEO (Central Public Health and

Environmental Engineering Organization),

“Manual on Municipal Solid Waste

Management”, Ministry of Urban Development,

Govt. of India, New Delhi, 2000.

ISSN: 2394-3165 (Print)

2395-3217 (Online)

International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering

Vol. 3 (1-2), September-December 2016, pp. 18-22

An empirical investigation on experience-based PDS driven food security in KBK

districts of Odisha

Ghanashyam Sahu

Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha

Received 20 October 2016; accepted 27 November 2016

Abstract Food security today is the most heated and debated topic of the world. The need for the assessment of food

security has been given attention by global events in the recent past. The phenomena like population growth, shifting

consumption pattern, rising food prices, natural disasters and high profile reports on the climatic change have resulted in

media organizations, policy makers, international agencies and non-governmental organizations towards devoting attention

to the complex issue of food security. The present study tried to assess the household level food security in three sample

districts (Bolangir, Nuapada, and Koraput) of KBK districts of Odisha. A four-item food security scale was administered

over 400 households randomly taken from households covered under National Food Security Act, 2013. The study shows

that negligible household income due to high dependency on agriculture and wage coupled with unfavorable income left no

option for access to secure food except subsidized food grain supplied under Public Distribution System. The study infers

that the status of food security of KBK district is secured (Moderately) but not necessarily nutritionally secure. Besides,

one-fourth of the households in KBK districts were considered to be insecure. Timely access to PDS, level of education,

monthly income and land holding status are significant predictors and have a positive effect on overall food security.

Keywords National Food Security Act, Public Distribution System, KBK districts

Food security today is probably one of the most

debated topics across the world. The various

dimension of food security and their assessment

have been taken utmost attention by the media

organizations, policy makers, international agencies

and non-governmental organizations since last few

decades due to the complex issue of food security1.

Several important issues have emerged in the context

of food security in India. In the state of Odisha,

southern and western parts of the state are regarded

as the most backward region by the planning

commission, which re-designated some of these

districts as KBK (Kalahandi-Balangir-Koraput). This

region is considered as one of the poorest regions in

the country2. As per an estimate (based on 1999-

2000 NSS data) 87.14% people in Southern Odisha

are below poverty line (BPL) 3

. As per the 1997

census of BPL families, about 72% families are

below poverty line among those who live in this

region which was 82% during 1992 census4.

Nutritional status of the children below 5 years is

poor in KBK districts compared to the state average.

Corresponding Author:

Ghanashyam Sahu

Email: gsahu.al@gmail.com

While considering the individual dimensions, it is

found that 43.65% of the children in KBK districts

are stunned, which is only 34.10% in the state of

Odisha. %age of wasted children in KBK districts is

recorded 28.10% which is much higher than the state

figure i.e. 20.40 %. Further, %ages of underweight

children are 11.35% higher in KBK district (45.74

%) than the state average (34.40%)5. Thus,

malnutrition continues to be the wide spread

problem in KBK districts even though there have

been significant improvements in food production,

public distribution and advancements in science

during the last fifty years. The present piece of work

explored the levels and determinants of economic

access to adequate food among PDS beneficiaries in

KBK districts of Odisha. An experimental measure

of household food security was used to measure the

present level of food security and interplay of

various socio-economic variables of beneficiaries in

KBK regions of Odisha.

In order to investigate the food security status of

KBK districts, 400 head of the households covered

under National Food Security Act, 20136 were

selected randomly from three sample districts

namely, Bolangir, Nuapada, and Koraput. To assess

the level of food security, the present study used a 4-

19

Sahu G: An empirical investigation on experience-based PDS driven food security in KBK districts of Odisha

item version of the short-form six-item Household

Food Security Scale (HFSS) developed by Blumberg

et al. (1999) based on 12 months recall period7,8

. The

questions were prepared in English but asked in the

local language (Koshali) and respondents were asked

to refer to the experience of adults in the household

only.

1. “The food that [I/We] bought just didn't last, and

[I/We] didn't have money to get more”. Is it

True/False? If True, was that, Rarely True,

Sometimes True, Often True and Very Often

True for you in the last 12 months?

2. “[I/We] couldn't afford to eat balanced meals”.

Is it True/False? If True, was that, Rarely True,

Sometimes True, Often True and Very Often

True for you in the last 12 months? Balanced

meals may contain starchy food such as rice,

potato, bread and wheat; and a protein-rich food

such as meat/ fish/milk/curd, pulses, fruits, and

vegetables.

3. In the last 12 months, since (date 12 months

ago), did you (or other adults in your household)

ever cut the size of your meals or skip meals

because there wasn't enough money for food? If

True, was that, Rarely True, Sometimes True,

Often True and Very Often True for you in the

last 12 months?

4. In the last 12 months, since (date 12 months

ago), were you ever hungry, but didn't eat

because you couldn't afford enough food? If

True, was that, Rarely True, Sometimes True,

Often True and Very Often True for you in the

last 12 months?

When the statement of the respondents was „False,

the household assigned „4‟, when it is Rarely True,

Sometimes True, Often True and Very Often True;

they assigned 3, 2, 1 and 0 respectively. The scale

value was based on the frequency of accordance of

food security condition, where it is for 10-12 months

it was taken as Very Often True, 7-9 months as

“Often True”, 4-6 months as “sometimes True” and

1 to 3 months as “Rarely True”. Besides, the present

study gathered information related to selected socio-

economic variables of the respondents to examine

their influence on food household food security.

Materials and Method

Reliability Test of the Food Security Scale

The internal consistency and reliability of the four-

item scale are examined using Cronbach‟s alpha.

Streiner and Norman (1989)9suggest that values for

alpha should exceed 0.70. The Cronbach's Alpha

value for Household Food Security Scale (HFSS) is

found 0.907.

Food Security Index The recorded score was converted into an index

which is the sum of HFSS Scores in the sample

divided by a number of HFSS Scores (i.e.,

households). Further, the derived index was

compared with a self-developed food

security/insecurity categories as reflected in Table 1.

The food security/insecurity category is based on the

assigned score in the HFSS.

Results and Discussion

Table 2 shows few selected socio-economic

variables of the respondents. The study covered

59.75% disadvantage groups belong to SC/ST

community. The majority (62%) of respondents have

a high school qualification. Most of them belong to

Nuclear family as only 12% are only from Joint

family. Small and marginal farmer constitutes 82 %

of the respondent. The occupation profile reveals

that about three forth of the respondents are engaged

in unskilled based activities such as agriculture,

wage earning and related works. Due to pre-

dominant agricultural economy, economic

dependency was high. 89 % of the respondent‟s

family is having up to 4 dependents (mostly

children). Besides, only 43 % of households are

having only one earning members. The income level

of the households covered under NFSA shows that

about 93 % household has less than Rs. 5000 income

per month. It is important to mention here that about

78 % households are timely getting food grains

supplies under Public Distribution System (PDS) at

Re.1 per kg. The above discussion reveals that the

poor living status of the respondents which largely

depend on subsidized rice/wheat supplied under

Table 1 Level of Food Security Level of Food Security Range

Highly Food Secure (Not Experienced) 4.00

Moderately Food Secure (Experienced for 1 to 3 months) 3 to 3.99

Moderately food Insecure (Experienced for 4-6 months) 2 to 2.99

Severely Food Insecure (Experienced 7-9 months) 1 to 1.99

Extremely Food Insecure (Experienced 10-12 months) 0 to 0.99

20

Int J Energy Sustain Environ Eng, September - December, 2016

PDS.It is also important to mention here that 82 % of

the rural population has been under National Food

Security Act, 2013 in Odisha. Under this scheme,

each member of an eligible household gets 5 kgs

food grain at a subsidized rate fixed by the

government.

Dimension wise Food Security

Dimension wise food security status of the sample

households is summarized in Table 3. The table

shows that the overall household food security of

KBK district was estimated to be 3.113 which

represent the Moderately Secure (3 to 3.99) category

in the household food security scale. Further, bird

eyes to the individual dimensions of food security, it

was observed that the index was 2.760 (Moderately

Insecure) for balanced meals, 2.978 (Moderately

Insecure) for cutting/skipping of meals, 3.095

(Moderately Secure) for food did not last of meals

and 3.620 for hungry (Moderately Secure). As

balanced meal and cut/skip of meals deals with

nutritional security, it leads to infer that the food

security of KBK district is secure (moderately) but

not necessarily nutritionally secure.

Household under various strata of Food Security

The Table 4 evidenced that highest 47% households

were coming under moderately secure category

followed by 25.5% household under the highly

secure category. Thus, about a three-fourth

household of the KBK district was considered to be

relatively secure category and remaining 22.75%

households categorized under Moderately Insecure

and 4.75% under a severely Insecure category. In

other words, one-fourth of the households of KBK

districts was considered to be insecured.

Table 2 Socio-economic Profile (N=400)

Variable Sub-Variable Percent

Social Category SC/ST 59.75

Other 40.25

Education Up to H. School 62.50

Above H. School 37.50

Type of Family Joint 12.00

Nuclear 88.00

Dependent

1 to 2 38.75

3 to 4 50.50

5 and above 10.75

Monthly Income

Up to 5000 93.75

5001 to 10000 4.50

Above 10000 1.75

Occupation Agriculture and Wage and allied (Unskilled Based) 76.00

Business, Service and allied(Skilled Based) 24.00

Earning Members

One 43.00

Two 38.75

Three and Above 18.25

Land holding Small and Marginal 82.00

Medium and Large 18.00

Timely access to PDS

food grains

Yes 78.50

No 22.00

Table 3 Dimension wise level of Food Security

Food Security Dimensions Index Corresponding FSI Range Level of Food Security

Balance Meal 2.760 2 to 2.99 Moderately Insecure

Cut/Skip the Meal 2.978 2 to 2.99 Moderately Insecure

Food did not last 3.095 3 to 3.99 Moderately Secure

Hungry all the day 3.620 3 to 3.99 Moderately Secure

Overall Food Security Index 3.113 3 to 3.99 Moderately Secure

21

Sahu G: An empirical investigation on experience-based PDS driven food security in KBK districts of Odisha

Antecedents of Household Food Security

In order to analyze the impact of socio-economic

variables on overall food security of the households

considered in this study, Multiple Regression

**Significant @ 1 per cent

**Significant @ 1 percent, * Significant @ 5 percent

analysis was carried out by considering the overall

food security index as a dependent variable and

selected socio-economic variables as an independent

variables. The details of the analysis are presented in

Table 4 Level of Food Security with Percentage of Households Level of Food Security No of HH Percent of HH CF of HH

Moderately Secure Range (3 to 3.99) 188 47.00 47.00

Highly Secure Range (4.00) 102 25.50 72.50

Moderately Insecure Range (2 to 2.99) 91 22.75 95.25

Severely Insecure Range (1 to 1.99) 19 4.75 100.00

Total 400 100.0

Table 5 ANOVA of Antecedents of Food Security ANOVA

a

Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.

1 Regression 79.296 9 8.811 26.649 0.000b**

Residual 128.940 390 0.331

Total 208.236 399

a. Dependent Variable: Index

b. Predictors: (Constant), Social Category, Education, Type of Family, Dependent, Monthly Income, Occupation,

Earning Members, Land holding, Access to PDS

Table 6 Summary of Antecedents of Food Security Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate

1 0.617a 0.381 0.367 0.57499

a. Predictors: (Constant), Social Category, Education, Type of Family, Dependent, Monthly Income, Occupation,

Earning Members, Land holding, Access to PDS

Table 7 Coefficients of Antecedents of Food Security

Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients t Sig.

B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) .976 0.429 - 2.273 0.024

Access to PDS 1.333 0.136 0.921 9.771 0.000**

Education 0.469 0.089 0.324 5.247 0.000**

Type of Family -0.002 0.124 -0.001 -0.020 0.984

Social Category -0.044 0.047 -0.058 -0.942 0.347

Dependent -0.072 0.055 -0.065 -1.316 0.189

Earning member 0.160 0.063 0.165 2.559 0.011*

Occupation 0.009 0.014 0.027 0.680 0.497

Monthly Income 0.479 0.082 0.476 5.861 0.000**

Land holding 0.239 0.068 0.165 3.499 0.001**

22

Int J Energy Sustain Environ Eng, September - December, 2016

the following section. Multiple Regression analysis

was carried out to analyze the impact of socio-

economic variables considered in this study on

overall food security and it is seen that a good

correlation exists between the overall service quality

(dependent variable) and demographic variables

(independent variable). Regarding the antecedent of

food security, the F-ratio was found to be 26.649 as

shown in Table 5, which indicates the results of the

regression model are statistically significant as the 'p'

value is less than the significant value (P=0.01)). It is

also observed from the Table 6 that the coefficient of

the determinant (R Square) was 0.381. This indicates

the changes and a unit increase in the independent

variable. This study explains the changes in the

dependent variable to increase 38.1% of the variation

in the overall food security. From the regression

table, it was also seen that all socio-economic

variables (except types of family, number of

dependent and social category) have a positive

influence on the overall food security. That is those

who have assigned a higher score on those sets of

variables have also scored a higher degree of food

security.

The t-test statistic calculated in Table 7 for the

regression coefficients shows that among the

variables included in the model, variables such as

timely access to PDS, Education, Monthly Income

and Land holding are highlighted as significant

predictors and have positive effect on overall food

security as the „p' value is statistically significant

(P<0.01). Besides, number of earning members was

another important predictor of food security as the

„p‟ value is statically significant (P<0.05).

Conclusion and Strategies Implication

To conclude, a significant association of Food

Security with Access to PDS, Earning member,

Monthly Income, and land holding status throw the

light on few important areas which need to be looked

for. Public Distribution System provides a safety net

to the household level food requirement of the

people living. Absence of PDS in the region may

lead to severe food insecurity with hunger. But PDS

cannot alone solve the nutritional security. Education

played a very vital role to take up the skilled base

enterprise for better income and purchasing power.

No doubt, land holding has direct linkages with the

food production and consumption but the sector is

highly vulnerable due to erratic rainfall and frequent

drought-like situation. Alternative income source

should be taken up for employment of the youth of

the areas through placement linked skill promotion

programme. Access to PDS along with gainful

employment opportunities for nutritional foods

would increase the food and nutritional security of

KBK districts in long run. A special focus needs to

be taken at all level to increase the economic bases

of these areas.

References

1. Mc Donald B, Cambridge, U.K. Polity Press,

(2010).

2. Planning Commission, The KBK Districts

Report, (2005).

3. Panda M, Economic Development in Orissa:

Growth without Inclusion? Working paper 25.

Indira Gandhi Institute of Development

Research, Mumbai, (2008), 13.

4. Govt. of Odisha, Socio-Economy Survey, (2014).

5. Govt. of India, National Family Health Survey-

4(2016).

6. Govt. of India, The Gazette of India, 29(2013).

7. Blumberg S J, Bialostosky K, Hamilton

WL&Briefel R R, American Journal of Public

Health, 89 (1999)1231.

8. Agarwal S, Sethi V, Gupta P, Jha M, Agnihotri

A & Nord M, Food Sec,1 (2009) 239.

9. Streiner D L & Norman G R, Oxford University,

Oxford (1989).

ISSN: 2394-3165 (Print)

2395-3217 (Online)

International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering

Vol. 3 (1-2), September-December 2016, pp. 23-24

Short Communication

Water quality evaluation of river Daya

K. K. Agrawal1 & C. R. Panda

2

1Department of Civil Engineering, Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar, India

2Department of Civil Engineering, ITER SOAU, Bhubaneswar, India

Received 26 October 2016; accepted 01 December 2016

Abstract Daya river is a distributary of river Kuakhai which comes under large Mahanadi river basin which passes through

Khurda and Puri districts and finally falls in Chilika lake. It receives the city wastewater, through the Gangua nallah which

is deteriorating the water quality of the river. The major source of pollution in Gangua nallah includes industries, domestic

sewage and street refuges. Considering the significance of water quality of the river, surface water samples were collected

during Pre monsoon, monsoon and Post monsoon season from selected locations and analyzed for both physical and

chemical constituents in the laboratory. The water quality helps in understanding the general water quality of water source

whether it is surface water or a ground water everywhere1. In this study, water quality was estimated by the standard

methods, which indicates the health of the water body. It is useful information to concerned citizens and policy makers

which is also important for the assessment and management of water quality.

Keywords Water Quality, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical-oxygen Demand

Rivers are very essential as a freshwater source. Due

to anthropogenic activities these are deteriorating

very fast and end up in dry and stagnant pools. The

water quality gives an idea which tells about the

quality and suitability for various uses like drinking,

irrigation, fishing etc2,3

. The work is carried out to

understand the pollution trend of the river. The

variation of DO-BOD5 along the river stretch was

observed4,5

. The main cause of deterioration in water

quality may be due to high anthropogenic activities,

sewage and effluent discharge, agriculture runoff etc.

The various water quality parameters were calculated

based on ten physico-chemical parameters to assess

the suitability of water for drinking, irrigation and

other uses.

Materials and methods

A set of ten most commonly used water quality

parameters namely pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC),

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended

Solids (TSS), Total Hardness (TH), Chloride (Cl),

Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand

(BOD), Sulphate (SO4) and Total Alkalinity (TA)

which, together, reflect the overall water quality of

the Daya river were selected for generating the water

quality parameters. The water samples were analyzed

by following the standard methods of APHA (2005)6.

The monitoring and sampling were done during Pre

monsoon, monsoon and Post monsoon season in the

year 2015 at three different locations along the river

stretch.

Results and discussion

The summary of the selected water quality parameters

at various stations of Daya river during Pre monsoon,

monsoon and Post monsoon season 2015 is given in

the Table 1.

The average pH values for Pre monsoon, monsoon

and Post monsoon season months were found to be

7.395 ± 0.210, 7.333 ± 0.152 and 7.603 ± 0.516

respectively which were within the BIS limits i.e.,

6.5-8.5. Similarly, Electrical conductivity values were

363.866 ± 160.259, 245.333 ± 20.599 and 391.333 ±

155.101 respectively, with the values exceeding

ICMR standard of 300µs/cm at different months. TDS

values were 208.266 ± 106.004, 144 ± 11.357 and

183.333 ± 70.237 during different observed months

were well below BIS limit of 500mg/l. The TSS

ranged from 11.333 ± 8.504, 96 ± 26.057 and 21.2 ±

29.011 respectively below prescribed limit of

500mg/l. The total hardness value ranged from 65.333

± 5.033, 84.333±6.110 and 78.666±3.055 respectively

Corresponding Author:

Kamal K. Agrawal

Email: kamal100578@yahoo.in

24

Int J Energy Sustain Environ Eng, September - December, 2016

and were found well within the limit of 300mg/l.

The average chloride values were 31.666 ± 4.163,

27.933 ± 15.678 and 38.866 ± 6.989 respectively

which were well within the limit of 250mg/l. The

average value of DO were 5.166 ± 3.852, 4.033 ±

3.317 and 5.2 ± 4.457 respectively. BOD values were

5.333 ± 5.441, 4.9 ± 3.702 and 6.7 ± 6.322 for

different months. The average sulphate values ranged

from 21.366 ± 10.484, 15.966 ± 6.870 and 16.796 ±

7.670 for respective months were well below the BIS

limit of 150mg/l. The average value of alkalinity were

132 ± 42.296, 86 ± 7 and 110 ± 30 respectively and

values exceed the prescribed BIS limit of 120mg/l.

Conclusion

The EC values of more than 300µs/cm during the

different observed months indicates increase in

dissolved solids because of addition of sewage.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) value of 0.4mg/l was

observed at Gangua in the month of March.

Improvement in DO (i.e. 5.9mg/l) was also observed

at the downstream of river because of dilution and

natural purification. The sewage should be treated

before discharging it into river Daya as per norms.

Water quality management plan is required for river

restoration. It is necessary to maintain minimum flow

to keep the water in good condition.

References

1. Mandal P, Upadhyay R & Hasan A, Environ

Monit Assess, 170 (2010) 661.

2. Zhang H, Environ Monit Assess, 127 (2007) 429.

3. Kumari M, Tripathi S, Pathak V & Tripathi B D,

Environ Monit Assess, 185 (2013) 3081.

4. Kannel P R, Lee S, Lee Y-S , Kanel S R &

Khan S P, Environ Monit Assess, 132 (2007) 93.

5. Purandara B K, Varadarajan N, Venkatesh B &

Choubey V K, Environ Monit Assess, 184 (2012)

1371.

6. APHA Standard methods for examination of

water and wastewater, 21st edn. American Public

Health Association, Washington, (2005).

Table 1 Descriptive statistics for the water quality parameters of the Daya river Parameter Pre monsoon Monsoon Post Monsoon

pH 7.395±0.210 7.333±0.152 7.603±0.516

EC 363.866±160.259 245.333±20.599 391.333±155.101

TDS 208.266±106.004 144±11.357 183.333±70.237

TSS 11.333±8.504 96±26.057 21.2±29.011

TH 65.333±5.033 84.333±6.110 78.666±3.055

Cl 31.666±4.163 27.933±15.678 38.866±6.989

DO 5.166±3.852 4.033±3.317 5.2±4.457

BOD 5.333±5.441 4.9±3.702 6.7±6.322

SO4 21.366±10.484 15.966±6.870 16.796±7.670

TA 132±42.296 86±7 110±30

Values are expressed in Mean ± SD (the values in parenthesis denotes the range of each parameters)

Note : All the parameters are in milligrams per litre except pH and EC (µS/cm)

International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering ISSN: 2394 – 3165 (Print); 2395 – 3217 (Online)

Vol. 3 Issue 1 – 2 (September - December, 2016)

Author Index

Agrawal, K K 23

Panda, C R

23

Pattnayak, N

10

Sahoo, P K 3

Sahu, G 3,18

International Journal of Energy, Sustainability and Environmental Engineering ISSN: 2394 – 3165 (Print); 2395 – 3217 (Online)

Vol. 3 Issue 1 – 2 (September - December, 2016)

Keyword Index

Balance Nutrient Management 3 River water pollution 23 Collection 10 Sorting at the source 10 Dumping 10 Transportation 10 High Yielding Varieties (HYV) 3 Urban waste water discharge 23 KBK districts 18 Waste Collection 10 Municipal Solid Waste Management

(MSWM) 10 Waste disposal 10

National Food Security Act 18 Weighted arithmetic water quality index 23

Public Distribution System 18 Yield Contributing Characters 3 Recycling 10