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International Hydrological ProgrammeInternational Hydrological Programme
Management of Mountain Watersheds Management of Mountain Watersheds TwentyTwenty--sixth Session of the Working Party sixth Session of the Working Party
on the Management of Mountain Watershedson the Management of Mountain Watersheds
Professor Shahbaz KhanProfessor Shahbaz KhanChief, Sustainable Water Resources Development and Management SeChief, Sustainable Water Resources Development and Management Sectionction
UNESCO, ParisUNESCO, Paris
DivisionDivision of Water Sciencesof Water Sciences
International Hydrological Programme
Intergovernmental programme
World Water Assessment programme
Inter agency programme led by
UNESCO
UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water
Education
17 water 17 water related related centerscenters
under the under the auspices auspices
of UNESCOof UNESCO
International Hydrological ProgrammeInternational Hydrological Programme
The only global intergovernmental scientific programme The only global intergovernmental scientific programme on water resources of the UN systemon water resources of the UN system
* Created in 1975 after the International Hydrological Decade* Created in 1975 after the International Hydrological Decade
* Member States define needs and plans of phases* Member States define needs and plans of phases
* * Growing emphasis on management and social aspectsGrowing emphasis on management and social aspects
* * Executed by Member States (there are 164 IHP National Executed by Member States (there are 164 IHP National Committees) and other partners; UNESCO provides seed Committees) and other partners; UNESCO provides seed moneymoney
19651965--1974 1974 IHD:IHD: Experimental BasinsExperimental Basins World Catalog of Very Large FloodsWorld Catalog of Very Large Floods World Water Balance & WR of the EarthWorld Water Balance & WR of the Earth
19751975--1980 IHP1980 IHP--II
19811981--1983 IHP1983 IHP--IIII
19841984--1989 IHP1989 IHP-- IIIIII
19901990--1995 IHP1995 IHP-- IV Hydrology and Water Resources for IV Hydrology and Water Resources for Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
19961996--2001 IHP2001 IHP--V Hydrology and Water Resources under V Hydrology and Water Resources under Vulnerable EnvironmentVulnerable Environment
20022002--2007 IHP2007 IHP--VI Water Interactions: VI Water Interactions: Systems at Risk and Social ChallengesSystems at Risk and Social Challenges
IHP PhasesIHP Phases
MDG 7Ensure environmental sustainability
Target 10 : Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation
UN International Decade ‘Water for Life’Develop the means to assure water for drinking, water for
sanitation, water for biodiversity and water for food production and to contribute to the MDG’s’
UN Decade of Education for Sustainable DevelopmentThematic Programme 8: Education for Sustainable Water
Management
New Global Water ThinkingNew Global Water ThinkingDEPENDENCIESDEPENDENCIES
SOCIETALSOCIETALRESPONSESRESPONSES
STRESSSTRESS
Water Cycle
GovernancePoverty
Ecosystemsat risk
Social Challenges
IHPIHP--VIIVII (2008(2008--2013)2013)Water Dependencies: Systems under Stress and Societal ResponsesWater Dependencies: Systems under Stress and Societal Responses
Cross - cutting Programmes
HELP / FRIEND
THEME IV:THEME IV:Water and Life Support SystemsWater and Life Support Systems
THEME III:THEME III:Ecohydrology for Ecohydrology for
SustainabilitySustainability
THEME II:THEME II:Strengthening Water Strengthening Water
Governance for SustainabilityGovernance for Sustainability
THEME I:THEME I:Adapting to the impacts of global Adapting to the impacts of global
changes on river basins and aquifer changes on river basins and aquifer systemssystems
HydrologicalResearch
Water ResourcesManagement
IHP - VIINew Initiatives:
UWMPOthers
IHP VI InitiativesPC - CP
ISIIFI
ICHARM G - WADI
IAHS - PUB
THEME V:THEME V:Water Education for Water Education for
Sustainable Development Sustainable Development
Education, Transfer of knowledge, Capacity building
IHP-VII THEME I Adapting to the impacts of global changes on river basins and aquifer systems
Objective: New research programmes to achieve improved definition of water dependencies in the face of continuing global changes, climate changes impacts, assess particularly stressed areas.
Focal Area I-1: Global changes and feedback mechanisms in hydrological processes in stressed systems.
Focal Area I-2: Climate change impacts on the hydrological cycle and consequent impact on water resources.
Focal Area I-3: Hydro-hazards, hydrological extremes and water-related disasters.
Focal Area I-4: Managing groundwater systems’ response to global changes.
Focal Area I-5: Global change and climate variability in arid and semi-arid regions
IHP-VII THEME II Strengthening Water Governance for Sustainability
Objective: Develop scientific methodologies, tools and recommendations to strengthen good governance and wise stewardship of the resources.
Focal Area II-1: Cultural, societal and scientific responses to the crises in water governance.
Focal Area II-2: Capacity development for improved governance; enhanced legislation for wise stewardship of water resources.
Focal Area II-3: Governance strategies that enhance affordability and assure financing.
Focal Area II-4: Managing water as a shared responsibility across geographical & social boundaries.
Focal Area II-5: Addressing the water-energy nexus in basin wide water resources.
IHP-VII THEME III Ecohydrology for Sustainability
Objective: Enhance the designation of water both as an abiotic resource and as a service, delivered by ecosystem processes; identify, quantify and improve the critical linkages for environmental sustainability.
Focal Area III-1: Ecological measures to protect and remediate catchments process.
Focal Area III-2: Improving ecosystem quality and services by combining structural solutions with ecological biotechnologies.
Focal Area III-3: Risk-based environmental management and accounting.
Focal Area III-4: Groundwater-dependent ecosystems identification, inventory and assessment.
IHP-VII THEME IV Water and Life Support Systems
Objective: Improve understanding of the distribution of abiotic and biotic pollutants in the water cycle and their impact on human heath; access to water for long term food security – UN MDGs.
Focal Area IV-1: Protecting water quality for sustainable livelihoods and poverty alleviation.
Focal Area IV-2: Augmenting scarce water resources, especially in SIDS.
Focal Area IV-3: Achieving sustainable urban water management.
Focal Area IV-4: Achieving sustainable rural water management.
IHP-VII THEME V Water Education for Sustainable Development
Objective: Improve the teaching of hydrological sciences and related scientific disciplines; dissemination of research results and communication and adoption strategies.
Focal Area V-1: Tertiary water education and professional development.
Focal Area V-2: Vocational education and training of water technicians.
Focal Area V-3: Water education in schools.
Focal Area V-4: Water education for communities, stakeholders and mass-media professionals.
Geographical distribution of UNESCO Geographical distribution of UNESCO WaterWater--related related CentersCenters andand ChairsChairs
UNESCO Centres (17)
+ UNESCO-IHE
UNESCO Chairs on Water (13)
ERCE IHP-HELP Centre
ICHARMICQHHS
IRTCES
IHE
IRTCUD
RCUWM
RCTWS
HT-KL
CAZALAC
CATHALAC
Ondurman
Lesotho
Hassania
Cape
Jordan
Nice
Al Fateh
Irkutsk
Aristotle
Ajman
Hohai
San Carlos
Ouro Preto
IGRAC
ICWATER
ITAIPU
RCWAZRCSA
Existing Existing CentresCentres and Institutesand Institutes
CATEGORY 1CATEGORY 1-- legally part of UNESCO:legally part of UNESCO:UNESCOUNESCO--IHE Institute for Water Education (Delft, The IHE Institute for Water Education (Delft, The Netherlands) Netherlands) -- 20032003
CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 2 –– under the auspices of UNESCO:under the auspices of UNESCO:IRTCES IRTCES -- International Research & Training Center on International Research & Training Center on ErosiErosion &on & Sedimentation (Beijing, China) Sedimentation (Beijing, China) -- 19851985IRTCUD IRTCUD –– International Research & Training Center on International Research & Training Center on Urban Drainage (Belgrade, Serbia & Montenegro) Urban Drainage (Belgrade, Serbia & Montenegro) --19881988CATHALAC CATHALAC –– Centro del Agua Centro del Agua parapara los los TrTróópicospicosHHúúmedosmedos de LAC (Panama City, Panama) de LAC (Panama City, Panama) -- 19921992Humid Tropics Hydrology Center for South East Asia & Humid Tropics Hydrology Center for South East Asia & the Pacific (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) the Pacific (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) -- 19981998
CATEGORY 2 (cont.):CATEGORY 2 (cont.):
RCTWS RCTWS –– Regional Center for Training and Water Studies in Arid & Regional Center for Training and Water Studies in Arid & Semiarid Zones (Cairo, Egypt) Semiarid Zones (Cairo, Egypt) -- 20012001RCUWM RCUWM –– Regional Center on Urban Water Management (Tehran, Regional Center on Urban Water Management (Tehran, Iran) Iran) -- 20022002ICQHHS ICQHHS –– International Center on International Center on QanatsQanats and Historic Hydraulic and Historic Hydraulic Structures (Yazd, I.R. of Iran) Structures (Yazd, I.R. of Iran) --20052005
CAZALAC CAZALAC -- Centro del Agua Centro del Agua parapara ZonasZonas AridasAridas y y SemiSemiááridasridas de LAC de LAC -- (La Serena, Chile) (La Serena, Chile) –– (2006)(2006)
International Center for WaterInternational Center for Water--Related Risks and Hazards Related Risks and Hazards –– ICHARM ICHARM (Tsukuba, Japan) (Tsukuba, Japan) –– (2006)(2006)
Regional Regional EcohydrologyEcohydrology Center Center –– Europe (Lodz, Poland) Europe (Lodz, Poland) –– (2006)(2006)
IHPIHP--HELP Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science (U Dundee, UK) HELP Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science (U Dundee, UK) –– (2006)(2006)
Existing Existing CentresCentres and Institutesand Institutes
CentresCentres approved by the approved by the General Conference General Conference
Centro Regional Centro Regional parapara la la GestiGestióónn del Agua en del Agua en ZonasZonas UrbanasUrbanas LAC (Cali, LAC (Cali, Colombia) Colombia) –– expected in 2007expected in 2007
IGRAC IGRAC –– International Groundwater Assessment CenterInternational Groundwater Assessment Center (Utrecht, The (Utrecht, The Netherlands)Netherlands)
Regional Center for Shared Aquifer Resources (Tripoli, Regional Center for Shared Aquifer Resources (Tripoli, LibiaLibia))
Regional Centre for Water Management Research in Arid ZonesRegional Centre for Water Management Research in Arid Zones(Pakistan)(Pakistan)International Center on International Center on HydroinformaticsHydroinformatics for Integrated Water for Integrated Water Resources Management, Resources Management, ItaipuItaipu (Brazil/Paraguay)(Brazil/Paraguay)IHPIHP--HELP International Centre of Water for Food Security (Australia)HELP International Centre of Water for Food Security (Australia)approved in principleapproved in principle
CentresCentres in the pipeline (1)in the pipeline (1)CentresCentres endorsed by the IHP Council:endorsed by the IHP Council:
•• Regional Regional EcohydrologyEcohydrology Center Center –– SE Asia & Pac (Indonesia)SE Asia & Pac (Indonesia)
•• Regional Centre for Sustainable Water Regional Centre for Sustainable Water EngineeeringEngineeering and Management and Management (Thailand)(Thailand)
•• Regional Drought Center for Regional Drought Center for SubsaharanSubsaharan Africa ( location TBD)Africa ( location TBD)
•• Regional Water Centre at the National Water Resources Institute Regional Water Centre at the National Water Resources Institute at at KadounaKadouna, Nigeria, Nigeria
CentresCentres endorsed by the 40endorsed by the 40thth session of the IHP Bureau (June 2007)session of the IHP Bureau (June 2007)
•• HIDROEX (Brazil)HIDROEX (Brazil)
•• Water Education (Macedonia)Water Education (Macedonia)
•• Sediment transport (Turkey)Sediment transport (Turkey)
CentresCentres in the pipeline (2)in the pipeline (2)
CentresCentres reviewed by the 41reviewed by the 41stst session of the IHP Bureau (March 2008):session of the IHP Bureau (March 2008):
•• Center for the Sustainable Management of Water Resources for theCenter for the Sustainable Management of Water Resources for the Caribbean Island States (Dominican Republic)Caribbean Island States (Dominican Republic)
•• ICIWaRMICIWaRM –– International center on Integrated Water Resources International center on Integrated Water Resources Management (USA)Management (USA)
•• Coastal Coastal EcohydrologyEcohydrology and Climate Change (Portugal)and Climate Change (Portugal)
•• Glaciers (Kazakhstan)Glaciers (Kazakhstan)
•• Water Resources and Global Change (Germany)Water Resources and Global Change (Germany)
Real people Real catchments Real answers
Hydrology for the Environment, Life and PolicyHydrology for the Environment, Life and Policy
To deliver social, economic and environmental To deliver social, economic and environmental benefit to stakeholders through sustainable and benefit to stakeholders through sustainable and
appropriate use of water by directing hydrological appropriate use of water by directing hydrological science towards improved integrated catchment science towards improved integrated catchment
managementmanagement basinsbasins
http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp/help
HELP GLOBAL NETWORKHELP GLOBAL NETWORK
Evolving
Operational Proposed
Demonstration
FRIEND – Flow Regimes from InternationalExperimental Network Data
A global hydrological research program
FRIEND : a global projectFRIEND : a global projectFRIEND : a global project
Some key objectives:Some key objectives:Improved understanding of hydrological Improved understanding of hydrological systems and water management needs systems and water management needs in arid and semiin arid and semi--arid areasarid areas
Sharing of data and exchange of Sharing of data and exchange of experience at regional and global scale experience at regional and global scale and strengthening of global networksand strengthening of global networks
Capacity building of individuals and Capacity building of individuals and institutions and dissemination of institutions and dissemination of understanding to users and the publicunderstanding to users and the public
UNESCO UNESCO –– GRAPHICGRAPHICGroundwater Resources
Assessment under the Pressures of Humanity
and Climate Change
GRAPHIC Case studies (existing and potential )
Aquifer –
Transboundary Issues
39 transboundary aquifers inventoried in Africa
Many countries and large urban conglomerations in Africa depend to a major extent or entirely on groundwater and the large shared aquifer resources represent often the only source for drought security and life sustenance of large populations in semi-arid areas
Internationally Shared Internationally Shared // TransboundaryTransboundary Aquifer Aquifer Resources Management Resources Management
ISARMISARM
From Potential Conflict
to Co-operation Potential
Water for Peacea contribution to
World Water Assessment Programme
ISIInternational Sediment Initiative
Objectives:• encourage international cooperation in developing appropriate
methods and managing regional and local sediment problems;• promote monitoring of sediment data and information exchange;• provide advice to policy makers in Member States and activate
scientific and professional communities in all regions;
Among the accomplishments:• Global erosion and sediment information system. System set up at
IRTCES – center under the auspices of UNESCO in Beijing;
Courtesy of J.McDonnell
Experimental Hydrology in Mountain Experimental Hydrology in Mountain WaterShedsWaterSheds
Issues
1) A central issue is that core scale/ point scalecore scale/ point scale measurementsmeasurements of key soil parameters (notably soil-rock permeability i.e. field saturated hydraulic conductivity, K*) even after upscaling, are not meaningful for modelling catchment rainfall runoff.
2) After rainfall, K* is one of the most sensitive parameters in ‘physically based’ models.
BabindaBabinda
experimental catchment NE Queensland experimental catchment NE Queensland Stream samples for environmental isotopic analysisStream samples for environmental isotopic analysis
RAINFALLRAINFALL--
RUNOFF AND TEMPORAL ISOTOPIC RUNOFF AND TEMPORAL ISOTOPIC CONCENTRATIONS (H3, 0/00)CONCENTRATIONS (H3, 0/00)
• impressive correlation between rain and stream signatures at storm peak (previously unreported)• no significant difference between forested and converted forest• NB. slow recovery to pre-background isotopic concentrations compared with steeper hydrograph recession
Julian Day, 1991
RainfallSouth CreekNorth Creek
47.0 47.2 47.4 47.6 47.8 48.0 48.2 48.4
60 40200
100
50
0-20-40-60-80
-100-120-140
Deu
ter iu
m(p
er m
il)R
ain f
a ll
(mm
/h)
S tre
amflo
w(m
m/h
)
TOTAL RAINFALL, 259.8 mm
After Bonell et al., 1998
Brugga subBrugga sub--basinbasin (Black Forest Mountains, Germany)(Black Forest Mountains, Germany)
Source: K.Koch, Stefen Uhlenbrook and others
The more you know, the greater complexity…
RiverExfiltration point
Valley brook
Damp surfaces
Difficulties in the interpretation:Coupling with other methods:
Superficial observations
Source: K.Koch
Topdown multiple stream gauging linked with a Nested Design approachParshall Flumes V-notches
Q1
Q2
Hillslope runoff = Q2-Q1
P1
From J.McDonnell
* C.A. Nobre, A.J. Dolman, J.H.C. Gash, R.W.A. Hutjes, D.J. Jacob, A.C. Janetos, P. Kabat, M. Keller, J.A. Marengo, R.J. McNeal, J. Melillo, P.J. Sellers, D.E. Wickland, S.C. Wofsy. 1996. The Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA): Concise Experimental Plan. SC-DLO, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Relative spatial runoff generation using a nested basin Relative spatial runoff generation using a nested basin approach and hydrometric and hydrochemistry methods approach and hydrometric and hydrochemistry methods A remote headwater catchment in Alaska
6.9%
40.1
%
34.7%
18.3%
27.0%
50.4%
22.6%
Base FlowEvent Runoff
24.8
%
24.0
%34.0%
17.2%
25.4%
63.5%
11.1%
Total Runoff
10.7
%
36.5
%
34.4%
18.3%
28.4%
50.2%
21.4%
Courtesy of J.McDonnell
Links with Ecohydrology
Vegetation has a longer term expression which could be an indicator of Hydrological Responsive Units (HRUs)
and scale of measurement.
For Examples:
Deeper soils more oak and hickory and larger basal core (Oregon)(J.McDonnell).
O’Loughlin, E. M. (1986). Prediction of surface saturation zones in natural catchments by topographic analysis. Wat. Resour. Res., 22: 794–804.
b) Gully tropical rainforest adjacent to stream in open eucalypt woodland (savanna) (Queensland) on similar lines to a topography, wetness model, e.g. O’Loughlin, 1986 c.f. MARVEX (Woods, 2004)
Any Questions ?
