International Forum on Engineering Education (IFEE 2010) Proceedings held in University of Sharjah, UAE

7/30/2019 International Forum on Engineering Education (IFEE 2010) Proceedings held in University of Sharjah, UAE

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oannplmx} ix kitc`2o, ml h`zxf xòflmoik oanz`x`lo` ml ix kìsx al` `lcml``tmlc hmsomzkml`2h, idmkmx} xa plh`txib` ztadk`n mh`lxmemoixmal+ eatnpkixmal ilh sakpxmal2`, idmkmx} xa pxmkmw` i s}sx`ns izztaiof xa h`smcl ilh az`tixmalik z`teatnilo`2e, idmkmx} xa eploxmal èeòxmu`k} is il mlhmumhpik ilh ml npkxm.hmsomzkmlit} ilh

npkxm.opkxptik xìns+ mxf xf` oiziomx} xa d` i kìh`t at nilic`t is `kk is ilc, èeòxmu` xìn n`nd`t2f, plh`tsxilhmlc ae saomik+ opkxptik+ ckadik ilh `lumtaln`lxik t`szalsmdmkmxm`s aem, xf` ztae`ssmalik `lcml``ts ilh xf` l``h ae spsximlidk` hù`kazn`lx2

g, plh`tsxilhmlc ae xf` ztmlomzk`s ae spsximlidk` h`smcl ilh hù`kazn`lx2b, plh`tsxilhmlc ae ztae`ssmalik ilh `xfmoik t`szalsmdmkmxm`s ilh oannmxn`lx xa

xf`n2 ilhk, `vzòxixmal ae xf` l``h xa plh`txib` kme`kalc kìtlmlc+ ilh oiziomx} xa ha sa,

Xf` Gizil Ioot`hmxixmal Daith eat @lcml``tmlc @hpoixmal &GID@@- &4::8- R8êatnikmw`h smnmkit oanz`x`lom`s,

Mx s``ns xf`t` ms il ict``n`lx al xf` apxoan`s ilh oanz`x`lom`s `lcml``tmlc ctihpix`ssfapkh d` idk` xa z`teatn iex`t ctihpixmal+ faù`t xf` ofikk`lc` fa xa `lspt` xfix xf`

ctihpix`s oil z`teatn xf`n ilh fa xa iooannahix` oanz`x`lom`s xfix mkk d` l``h`hml xf` epxpt`, Xf` l`vx sòxmal tùm`s xft`` niml ypikmx} issptilo` nah`ks ml xf` atkh


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YPIKMX] I__PTILO@ ML @LCML@@TMLC @HPOIXMAL ?

ilh apxkml`s xf` mnziox ae ckadikmwixmal al ypikmx} issptilo`+ eakka`h d} i sòxmal xfixhèml`s xf` hmn`lsmals ae ypikmx} ml `lcml``ts, Emlikk} xf` ziz`t ms oalokph`h,

YPIKMX] I__PTILO@ ML @LCML@@TMLC @HPOIXMAL

Ypikmx} issptilo` ml `lcml``tmlc `hpoixmal fis sù`tik nah`ks ilh izztaiof`s, Mlxfms ziz`t xf` sikm`lx eìxpt`s ae xft`` nah`ks it` zt`s`lx`h, Xf` xft`` nah`ks it` xf`Dtmxmsf nah`k+ xf` Ipsxtikmil nah`k ilh xf` In`tmoil Nah`ks,

Xf` Dtmxmsf nah`k fis xft`` itns, Xf` emtsx itn ms xf` Ypikmx} issptilo` Ic`lo} xfixs`xs xf` sxilhiths `szòmikk} xf` lixmalik ypikmemoixmal etinàtb, Xf` sòalh itn msxf` ztae`ssmalik dahm`s spof is xf` @lcml``tmlc Oaplomk, Xf` xfmth itn ms xf`

plmu`tsmxm`s xf`ns`ku`s xftapcf xf` `vx`tlik `vinml`ts s}sx`ns, Xf` `vx`tlik`vinml`ts s}sx`n fis d``l `sxidkmsf`h ml 96?4 d} plmu`tsmx} ae Hptfin xa `lspt` xf`ypikmx} ae mxs ztactins it` `ypmuik`lx xa Aveath ilh Oindtmhc`, Xf` Dtmxmsf s}sx`nsh`z`lhs al iphmxmlc ioih`nmo ztactins ilh ztaumhmlc i tixmlc dis`h al sxitss}sx`n, Xf` htidiob ae xf` s}sx`n ms tmcmh ilh `vx`lsmu`,

Ml Ipsxtikmi xf` Oaplomk eat Fmcf`t @hpoixmal atbs mxf sxix`s ilh x`ttmxatm`s xaiofmù` ilh nimlximl i oalsmsx`lx lixmalik sxilhith izztaiof xa xf` sxilhiths aeIpsxtikmil fmcf`t `hpoixmal ilh xa xf` ioot`hmxixmal ae l` mlsxmxpxmals, Ml ihhmxmalztae`ssmalik dahm`s spof is xf` @lcml``tmlc Oaplomk zki} i tak` ml tòaclmwmlch`ct``s aee`t`h, Xf`mt izztaiof ms smnmkit xa xf` Dtmxmsf s}sx`n eat ypikmx} issptilo`dpx k`ss `vx`lsmu` R0^,

Ml xf` Plmx`h _xix`s xf` niml dah} eat ypikmx} issptilo` ae `lcml``tmlc `hpoixmal msID@X ilh ioot`hmxixmal ms uakplxit}, Xf` nitb`x eato`s mlsxmxpxmals xa s``bioot`hmxixmal, Xf`t` it` iksa smv t`cmalik issaomixmals oau`tmlc uitmaps t`cmals ae xf` P_I,Xf`} fiu` la k`cik oalxtak au`t plmu`tsmxm`s at oapts`s+ dpx ztanax` sxilhiths ae ypikmx} ilhotmx`tmi ae `vo`kk`lo`, Plmu`tsmxm`s ilh oakk`c`s fmof n``x xf`s` sxilhiths it` ihnmxx`hxa n`nd`tsfmz ae xf` t`kùilx issaomixmal+ fmof ms z`to`mu`h d} xf` zpdkmo is ypikmx},Alk} mlsxmxpxmals mxf ioot`hmxixmal sxixps ni} tò`mu` e`h`tik emlilomik ctilxs+ ilhztmuix` eaplhixmals iksa pspikk} oaleml` xf`mt issmsxilo` xa ioot`hmx`h mlsxmxpxmals, Xf`

P,_, _òt`xit} ae @hpoixmal fis za`t xa ctilx tòaclmxmal xa ioot`hmxmlc ic`lom`s+ ilhfis ps`h xfms za`t xa t`ypmt` ic`lom`s xa mlokph` is otmx`tmi eat ioot`hmxixmal apxoan`sspof is x`sx t`spkxs+ gad zkio`n`lx tix`s ilh ztact`ssmal xa ctihpix` at ztae`ssmalik sxph}d} sxph`lxs,

Xf` idau` xft`` ypikmx} issptilo` s}sx`ns hmee`t ml nil} iszòxs ilh ml xf` ic` aeckadikmwixmal xf`} npsx oalu`tc` xa ztaumh` i plmu`tsik ypikmx} issptilo` s}sx`n, Xf`Sisfmlcxal iooath smcl`h ml 9=6= ms i dmc sx`z ml xfix hmtòxmal, Xf` caik ae xf`Sisfmlcxal Iooath ms xa ztanax` xf` npxpik tòaclmxmal ae ioot`hmx`h h`ct``s inalcsmclixatm`s plh`t xf` zt`nms` xfix xf`} it` $spdsxilxmikk} `ypmuik`lx,$ Xf` iooath is

emtsx smcl`h d} `lcml``tmlc `hpoixmal ioot`hmxixmal atcilmwixmals ml Ipsxtikmi+ L`Wìkilh+ Oilihi+ xf` P_+ Mt`kilh+ ilh Ctìx Dtmximl, Kixx`t nil} axf`t nil} smclixatm`s+


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mlokphmlc Falc Balc+ _apxf Ietmoi+ Gizil+ C`tnil}+ _mlcizat`+ ilh Niki}smi+ fiuìoxmu`k} sapcfx xa gaml xf` Sisfmlcxal Iooath au`t xf` kisx e` }ìts,

Ckadikmwixmal fis s`tmaps mnziox al `lcml``tmlc `hpoixmal, Ml i ckadikmwixmal `ti xfòanz`x`lom`s t`ypmt`h etan `lcml``ts ùaku` ilh ni} mlokph` xf` eakkamlc apxoan`s7

npkxm.opkxpt` xìnatb2 fmcf kmx`tio} ml xòflakac}2 mlx`ctixmu` ilh ckadik xfmlbmlc sbmkks2 i t`szòx eat hmu`tsmx} ilh i blak`hc` ae oalx`nzatit} ztae`ssmalik+ saom`xik

ilh ckadik mssp`s2 plh`tsxilhmlc mssp`s etan i ckadik ilh npkxmkix`tik,

Sisfmlcxal Iooath ilh Dakacli Hòkitixmal &9===- it` xa nigat sx`zs xa ihht`ssckadikmwixmal R5^,

HMN@L_MAL_ AE YPIKMX] ML @LCML@@TMLC @HPOIXMAL

Xf` hmn`lsmals ae ypikmx} Ml ztahpox ilh s`tumo` fis d``l mh`lxmem`h ml R3^ ilh sfal mlXidk` 9 mxf `vinzk`s,

Xidk` 97 Hmn`lsmals ae ypikmx} eat ztahpoxs ilh s`tumo`,

Lpnd`tHmn`lsmal aeYpikmx}

Ztahpox!Ipxanadmk` _`tumo`!Ipxa T`zimt

9, Z`teatnilo` @u`t}xfmlc atbs ilh ikk emx `kk Ikk atb hal` ix ict``h ztmo` latàtb

4, I`sxf`xmos Izzìtilo` mlx`tmat h`smcl Etm`lhkml`ss+ oaptx`s}+Oanz`x`lo}+ ypmobl`ssOkìl atb!imxmlc itì

?, _zòmik eìxpt`s Cipc`!oalxtak zkio`n`lxO`kkpkit zfal`+ OH zki}`t

Kaoixmal+ oikk f`l tìh}Oanzpx`t hmiclasxmos

8, T`kmidmkmx} Mlet`yp`lx dtìbhal Satb hal` oattòxk} tìh} f`l

ztanms`h0, _ie`x} Ilxmkac+ imtdics _`zitix` imxmlc itì

5, Hptidmkmx} Psèpk kme` ml nmk`s+ t`smsxilo` xa tpsxilh oattasmal

Satb fakh pz au`t xmn`

3 Z`to`mu`h ypikmx} Blal dtilh+ xaz tix`h oit, Iith mllmlc6 _`tumo` iex`t

s`tumo`Filhkmlc ztadk`ns Filhkmlc ae ztadk`ns

Xf` hmn`lsmals ae ypikmx} eat ztahpoxs ilh s`tumo` it` ztagòx`h is hmn`lsmals aeypikmx} eat `lcml``ts is sfal ml Xidk` 4,


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Xidk` 47 Hmn`lsmals ae ypikmx} eat @lcml``ts,

Lpnd`tHmn`lsmal ae

Ypikmx}@lcml``t

9, Z`teatnilo` H`smcl+ dpmkh+ az`tix` ilh nimlximl ztahpoxs s}sx`ns ilh ztao`ss`s+`vo`kk`lx oannplmoixmal sbmkks+ ckadik xìn atbmlc sbmkk ilh mllauixmu`,

4, I`sxf`xmos T`szòx+ etm`lhkml ss+ oaptx`s} ilh s`lsmxmu`,

?, _zòmik eìxpt`s @vo`kk`lx oannplmoixmal sbmkks+ blak`hcìdk` idapx hmee`t`lx opkxpt`s+ckadik mssp`s ilh mnziox ae `lcml``tmlc sakpxmals, Nisx`ts l` xòflakac},

8, T`kmidmkmx} H`z`lhidk`+ ztae`ssmalik ilh `xfmoik mxf fmcf mlx`ctmx},

0, _ie`x} Eakkas sie`x} sxilhiths ilh u`t} oalsomaps idapx sie`x},

5, Hptidmkmx} Pz xa hixi+ otìxmu` ilh kme`kalc kìtl`t,

3 Z`to`mu`h ypikmx} T`zpxixmal ae fms plmu`tsmx} is xaz tilb`h,

6 _`tumo` iex`t s`tumo` Opsxan`t eaops

OALOKP_MAL

Ml xfms ziz`t+ `kk blal ypikmx} issptilo` s}sx`ns eat `lcml``tmlc `hpoixmal it`tùm``h, Xf` mnziox ae ckadikmwixmal al xf`s` s}sx`ns ms apxkml`h, Xf` hmn`lsmalsae ypikmx} ml ztahpoxs ilh s`tumo`s fiu` d``l ztagòx`h al `lcml``ts, Xf` `k`n`lxst`kùilx xa ìof hmn`lsmal it` hèml`h, Xf`s` hmn`lsmals oil d` tèml`h ml epxpt`t`sìtof ilh `nd`hh`h ml ypikmx} issptilo` s}sx`ns,

T@E@T@LO@_

R9^ Niobi}+ I, K,+ Hmoxmalit} ae _om`lxmemo Ypaxixmals+ Fmkc`t+ Kalhal+ 9==8,R4^ Lixmalik Ioih`n} ae @lcml``ts, &4::0-+ @hpoixmlc xf` `lcml``t ae 4:4:7 Ihizxmlc

`lcml``tmlc `hpoixmal xa xf` l` o`lxpt} &zz, 0?.00+ 9:0.9:5-, Sisfmlcxal+ HO7f` Lixmalik Ioih`nm`s Zt`ss, T`xtmù`h Aoxad`t 96+ 4::0 etanfxxz7!!,liz,`hp!oixikac!99??6,fxnk,

R?^ @lcml``ts Ipsxtikmi Ioot`hmxixmal Daith, &4::0-, @lcml``ts Ipsxtikmi zakmo} alioot`hmxixmal ae ztae`ssmalik `lcml``tmlc ztactins &zz, ? 0-, T`xtmù`h Aoxad`t98+ 4::0 etan fxxz7!!,mìpsx,atc,ip!,

R8^ GID@@ &Gizil Ioot`hmxixmal Daith eat @lcml``tmlc @hpoixmal-, &4::8-, Otmx`tmi eatioot`hmxmlc Gizil`s` `lcml``tmlc &zz, 9+ 90-, T`xtmù`h Aoxad`t 90+ 4::0 etanfxxz7!!,gid``,atc!`lckmsf!Az`lFan`Zic`!`Qotmx`tmi4::8.4::0&4-,zhe

R0^ Ilh`tsal+ H,+ Gaflsal+ T,+ ilh Nmkkmcil+ D,+ Ypikmx} Issptilo` il Ioot`hmxixmal mlIpsxtikmil Fmcf`t @hpoixmal7 Il iss`ssn`lx ae Ipsxtikmil ilhmlx`tlixmalik ztioxmo`+ Ni}+ 4:::,

R5^ Ofilc+ Z, E,+ Mlx`tlixmalikmwixmal ae @lcml``tmlc @hpoixmal ml Ximil7Ioot`hmxixmal Izztaiof dis`h al Sisfmlcxal Iooath _mclixatm`s# Ioot`hmxixmal_}sx`n Lixmalik O`lxtik Plmu`tsmx}!Ctihpix` Mlsxmxpx` ae Kìtlmlc ilh Xìofmlc+Ofplc.Km+ Ximil T,A,O,

R3^ H, Ca`xsof ilh _, Hiums+ Mlxtahpoxmal xa Xaxik Ypikmx} Nilic`n`lx+ Zt`lxmo`Fikk+9==8,


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K@__AL_ K@ITL@H ETAN XF@ @VZ@TM@LO@ AE FIUMLC

XSA IOOT@HMXIXMAL UM_MX_ ML XF@ _IN@ ]@IT

Anit Wmi ilh Ipsxml Iscmkk@kòxtmoik ilh Oanzpx`t @lcml``tmlc Xòflakac} H`zitxn`lx+_apxf`tl Zak}xòflmo _xix` Plmu`tsmx}+ Nitm`xxi+ Càtcmi+ P_I

ID_XTIOX7 Ioot`hmxixmal ms i lalcau`tln`lxik ilh uakplxit} ztao`ss ae ùikpixmal oalo`tl`h mxfmnztaumlc `hpoixmalik ypikmx} ilh issptmlc xf` zpdkmo xfix n`nd`t mlsxmxpxmals n``x `sxidkmsf`hsxilhiths, Plkmb` @ptaz` xfix sxmkk kiobs i oannal s}sx`n eat ioot`hmxixmal ae `hpoixmalik ztactins+ P_plmu`tsmxm`s+ mxf `lcml``tmlc at `lcml``tmlc xòflakac} ztactins fiu` xa n``x xf` sxilhiths ilht`ypmt`n`lxs ae xa hmee`t`lx ioot`hmxmlc mlsxmxpxmals, Xf` plmu`tsmx} is fak` ms ioot`hmx`h d} i T`cmalikIoot`hmxixmal ic`lo}, Xf` `lcml``tmlc ilh `lcml``tmlc xòflakac} ztactins it` ihhmxmalikk} ioot`hmx`h

d} ID@X, Sfmk` mx ms u`t} tit` xfix il mlsxmxpxmal mkk fiu` daxf ioot`hmxixmal ic`lom`s umsmxmlc ml xf`sin` }ìt+ mx ha`s aooismalikk} aoopt, _apxf`tl Zak}xòflmo _xix` Plmu`tsmx} fis tò`lxk} fih xa hìkmxf xfms aooptt`lo`, Ml zt`zitmlc eat xf`s` umsmxs+ sù`tik ofikk`lc`s t` `loaplx`t`h xfix oalxtmdpx`hxa nibmlc xf` xisb nat` ithpaps xfil pspik, Xfms ziz`t hmsopss`s san` ae xf` mssp`s `loaplx`t`h mlzt`zitmlc eat xf` xa umsmxs ilh xf` èeatxs nih` xa tòalomk` xf` ID@X ilh _IO_ &_apxf`tl Issaomixmalae Oakk`c`s ilh _ofaaks- ioot`hmxixmal t`ypmt`n`lxs, Ml xf` ztao`ss+ xf`t` `t` san` k`ssals kìtl`h xfixoil d` u`t} psèpk xa sptumu` xf` ioot`hmxixmal umsmxs, Xf` adgòxmu` ae xfms ziz`t ms xa sfit` xfas` k`ssalsilh vz`tm`lo` mxf oakkìcp`s,

B@]SATH_7 Ioot`hmxixmal2 ID@X2 Plmu`tsmx}2 @vz`tm`lo`+ _IO_+ @uikpixmal

MLXTAHPOXMAL

_apxf`tl Zak}xòflmo _xix` Plmu`tsmx} &_Z_P- ms i _om`lo`+ @lcml``tmlc ilh Xòflakac}eaops`h plmu`tsmx} kaoix`h ml Nitm`xxi+ Càtcmi, Mx ms il ptdil mlsxmxpxmal mxf izazpkixmal ae izztavmnix`k} 8+0:: sxph`lxs fa it` zt`hanmlilxk} oannpx`ts, Xf`plmu`tsmx} s tu`s i smwìdk` zazpkixmal ae lal.xtihmxmalik sxph`lxs, Is spof+ nil}ztactins aee`t oapts`s ix lmcfx is `kk is hptmlc xf` hi}xmn`, D`mlc kaoix`h mlsapxfìsx`tl Plmx`h _xix`s+ xf` plmu`tsmx} ms ioot`hmx`h d} xf` _apxf`tl Issaomixmal aeOakk`c`s ilh _ofaaks &_IO_-,

Xf` @O@X H`zitxn`lx ix _Z_P aee`ts xft`` Diooikiptìx` h`ct`` ztactins ml@lcml``tmlc Xòflakac}7 xf` D,_ ml @kòxtmoik @lcml``tmlc Xòflakac} &D_@@X-+ xf`D,_, ml Oanzpx`t @lcml``tmlc Xòflakac} &D_Oz@X- ilh xf` D,_, mlX`kòannplmoixmals @lcml``tmlc Xòflakac} &D_XO@X-, Ikk xft`` ztactins it` ID@Xioot`hmx`h, Hptmlc xf` kisx ioot`hmxixmal o}ok`+ ID@X ikka`h xf` azxmal ae camlc d} xfàkh otmx`tmi at azxmlc eat xf` l` ioot`hmxixmal otmx`tmi, _mlo` xf` plmu`tsmx} ilh xf`Xòflakac} h`zitxn`lxs hmh lax fiu` il} ae xf` oalxmlpaps mnztau`n`lx t`ypmt`n`lxsml zkio` ix xfix xmn`+ xf` eiopkx} azx`h xa pxmkmw` xf` akh otmx`tmi eat ioot`hmxixmal ae xf` smv@,X, ztactins aee`t`h al oinzps,

Hptmlc xf` eikk s`n`sx`t ae xf` 4::6!4::= ioih`nmo }ìt+ ikk ae xf` @lcml``tmlcXòflakac} ztactins al oinzps `t` pz eat t`.ioot`hmxixmal d} ID@X+ Mlo, R9^,Itaplh xfms sin` xmn` etin`+ xf` plmu`tsmx} is iksa zt`zitmlc eat mxs ioot`hmxixmal o}ok`


17/453


xftapcf _IO_ R4^, _mlo` xfms is lax i latnik aooptt`lo`+ ilh ml ath`t xa nmlmnmw` xf`hpzkmoixmal ae èeatxs+ xf` ihnmlmsxtixmal e`kx xfix mx is lò`ssit}+ ilh mnzatxilx+ xa oa.athmlix` xf` zt`zitixmals eat xf` ID@X umsmx+ fmk` ix xf` sin` xmn` zt`zitmlc eat xf`

_IO_ umsmx fmof sof`hpk`h eat Nitof+ 4::=, Pleatxplix`k}+ ml zt`zitmlc eat xf`sùmsmxs+ sù`tik ofikk`lc`s `t` `loaplx`t`h xfix oalxtmdpx`h xa nibmlc xf` xisb natìthpaps xfil pspik, Xfms ziz`t `vinml`s san` ae xf` mssp`s ilh ofikk`lc`s `loaplx`t`hml zt`zitmlc eat xf` xa umsmxs ilh `vinml`s san` ae xf` oalxtmdpxmlc eioxats xfix nih`xf` èeatx nat` ithpaps xfil pspik, Xf` ziz`t iksa hmsopss`s san` ae xf` èeatxs nih` xatòalomk` xf` ID@X ilh _IO_ ioot`hmxixmal t`ypmt`n`lxs+ ilh nib`s tòann`lhixmalsxfix oil issmsx xfms mlsxmxpxmal+ ilh axf`ts kmb` mx+ mxf xf`mt zt`zitixmals eat epxptìoot`hmxixmal umsmxs+ sfapkh xf`} d` oaletalx`h mxf i smnmkit smxpixmal,

OFIKK@LC@_ XA XF@ ZTAO@__

Ihnmlmsxtixmu` Ofilc`

_an` ae xf` niml ofikk`lc`s `loaplx`t`h hptmlc xf` fak` t`.ioot`hmxixmal ztao`ss oild` ixxtmdpx`h xa ihnmlmsxtixmu` ofilc`s mxfml xf` mlsxmxpxmal, Ztmat xa xf` ztùmapsioot`hmxixmal o}ok`+ xf` plmu`tsmx} ihnmlmsxtixmal fih azx`h eat il ihnmlmsxtixmu`sxtpoxpt` xfix fih al` ae xf` smv @lcml``tmlc Xòflakac} ztactins+ Omumk @lcml``tmlcXòflakac}+ d`mlc nau`h etan xf` _ofaak ae @lcml``tmlc Xòflakac} ilh Nilic`n`lx&@XN- xa xf` l` _ofaak ae Itofmxòxpt`+ Omumk @lcml``tmlc Xòflakac} ilhOalsxtpoxmal, Xfms nìlx xfix xa hmee`t`lx Hìls `t` la t`szalsmdk` eatoaathmlixmlc xf` ID@X t`.ioot`hmxixmal ztao`ss eat apt Xòflakac} ztactins,Oanzaplhmlc xfms ztadk`n+ xf` ihnmlmsxtixmal ae xf` _ofaak ae @XN fis ofilc`hxftapcf xft`` Hìls ilh xa Mlx`tmn Hìls d`x``l ioot`hmxixmal o}ok`s, Ml ihhmxmal+xf` plmu`tsmx} mxs`ke fih cal` xftapcf xft`` Ioih`nmo Umo`.Zt`smh`lxs hptmlc xf` sin`xmn` etin , Xfms nìlx xfix ioot`hmxixmal mlmxmixmu`s `t` lax spoo`ssepkk} eakka`h pzd} spoo``hmlc ihnmlmsxtixats+ xf`t`d} h`ki}mlc xf` mnzk`n`lxixmal ae san` ae xf`t`ypmt`n`lxs eat t`.ioot`hmxixmal+ nasx laxidk}+ xf` oalxmlpaps mnztau`n`lx o}ok`, Xfòfilc`s ml xf` pzz`t ihnmlmsxtixmal iksa t`spkx`h ml ofilc`s ix xf` h`zitxn`lxik kù`k,Xf` @O@X h`zitxn`lx `lx etan fiumlc i H`zitxn`lx Fìh xa fiumlc i H`zitxn`lxOfimt mxf mlotìs`h t`szalsmdmkmxm`s, _mlo` xf` 4::5.4::3 ioih`nmo }ìt+ xf` @O@X

h`zitxn`lx fih `sxidkmsf`h il ID@X Xisb Eato` Oannmxx`` &XEO- xa atb al ID@X t`.ioot`hmxixmal mssp`s eat xf` xft`` ztactins ml xf` h`zitxn`lx, Xfms oannmxx`` isfìh`h d} i s`lmat eiopkx} n`nd`t fa fih ztùmapsk} atb`h al ztactintìoot`hmxixmal ilh fih `vz`tm`lo`s is i ID@X ztactin ùikpixat, Xf` t`sx ae xfòannmxx`` is nih` pz ae xf` ztactin oaathmlixats eat xf` @@X+ Oz@X+ ilh xf` XO@Xztactins ikalc mxf al` axf`t s`lmat eiopkx} n`nd`t mxf ID@X ztactin ùikpixmal`vz`tm`lo`, Xfms oannmxx`` is xisb`h xa hù`kaz otmx`tmi ilh ztao`hpt`s eat ikkztactins xa sixmse} xf` ID@X t`.ioot`hmxixmal otmx`tmi, Mx atb`h okas`k} mxf xf`H`zitxn`lx Ofimt ilh xf` Hìl xa oaathmlix` mxs èeatxs mxf xfas` ae axf`t ztactinsmxfml xf` _ofaak ae @lcml``tmlc Xòflakac} ilh Nilic`n`lx, Xf` @O@X H`zitxn`lx

Ofimt s`tu`h is il @v.aeemoma n`nd`t ae xf` XEO xa ztaumh` otmxmoik spzzatx ilh mlzpx+is `kk is oaathmlixmlc xf` xmn`k} tò`mzx ae mleatnixmal etan axf`t h`zitxn`lxs al


18/453


oinzps, Oaathmlixmal mxf xf` Hìl t szalsmdk` eat xf` Omumk @lcml``tmlc Xòflakac}ztactin is kèx pz xa xf` Hìl ae @lcml``tmlc Xòflakac} ilh Nilic`n`lx,

Ztao`hptik Ofilc`s

Mlmxmikk}+ _Z_P hmh lax fiu` i oaathmlixat eat ioot`hmxixmal mssp`s, Mlsxìh+ i eiopkx}n`nd`t is izzamlx`h is _IO_ Kmimsal ml 4::5 xa oaathmlix` xf` plmu`tsmx}s _IO_ioot`hmxixmal èeatxs, _mlo` xf` @lcml``tmlc Xòflakac} ztactins `t` pz eat t`.ioot`hmxixmal mxfml xf` sin` xmn` etin` is xf` _IO_ umsmx+ mx is hòmh`h xfix xfòaathmlixat apkh atb ml oalo`tx mxf xf` ieeòx`h Hìls+ ilh xf`mt H`zitxn`lx Ofimts+xa oa.athmlix` xf`mt t`.ioot`hmxixmal èeatxs, Xfms mlhmumhpik atb`h hmkmc`lxk} ml xt}mlc xa`sxidkmsf zakmom`s ilh ztao`hpt`s eat iofmùmlc i spoo`ssepk apxoan`, Faù`t+ hp` xa

xf` sf``t uakpn` ae èeatx t`ypmt`h ilh xf` eiox xfix xf` eiopkx} n`nd`t fih axf`tt`szalsmdmkmxm`s+ xf` ihnmlmsxtixmal hòmh`h xa fmt` i epkk xmn` mlhmumhpik mxf xf` xmxk` aeHmtòxat ae Mlsxmxpxmalik @eeòxmu`l`ss ilh Zkillmlc hptmlc xf` 4::3.4::6 ioih`nmo }ìt,Zitx ae xf` t`szalsmdmkmxm`s eat xfms mlhmumhpik is xa xib` au`t xf` hpxm`s ae xf` _IO_kmimsal, Xfms mlhmumhpik fih i sxtalc diobctaplh ae atbmlc mxf _IO_ ioot`hmxixmal+dpx is lax is einmkmit mxf ID@X t`ypmt`n`lxs, Xf` t`spkx is xfix smclmemoilx ofilc`s`t` nih` xa xf` ztao`hpt`s xfix fih iktìh} `sxidkmsf`h d} xf` _IO_ Kmimsal eatepkemkkmlc xf` t`.ioot`hmxixmal t`ypmt`n`lxs, Is apkh d` `vzòx`h+ xfms ihh`h i nìsptàe oalepsmal+ ilh nat` oanzk`vmx} mlxa xf` oinzps ztao`ss`s,

XF@ ID@X!_IO_ OALPLHTPN

Xf` caik ae ID@X ioot`hmxixmal ms xa `lspt` nmlmnpn ypikmx} sxilhiths it` ihf`t`h xad} mlhmumhpik ztactins, Ml umsmxmlc ztactins eat t`.ioot`hmxixmal+ ID@X ùikpixats kaabeat ùmh`lo` ae ztao`hpt`s xfix fiu` d``l `sxidkmsf`h eat oalxmlpaps mnztau`n`lx+ùmh`lo` xfix xf`s` ztao`hpt`s fiu` d``l eakka`h+ ilh xfix xf` oalxmlpaps mnztau`n`lxkaaz fis d``l okas`h, Xf`} mkk iksa kaab xa s`` xfix xf` oapts` aee`tmlcs n``x xf` sxix`hapxoan`s ilh adgòxmu`s eat xf` ztactin+ ilh xfix xf` oapts`s it` d`mlc aee`t`h is sxix`h,Eiopkx} ypikmemoixmals it` iksa tùm``h,

Ioot`hmxixmal d} _IO_ al xf` axf`t filh izzkm`s xa xf` fak` plmu`tsmx}, D`smh`skaabmlc ix ztactins ilh eiopkx} ypikmemoixmals+ _IO_ iksa kaabs ix xf` ihnmlmsxtixmal+kmdtit}+ ilh axf`t spzzatx `lxmxm`s mxfml xf` plmu`tsmx}, Aee.oinzps ztactin aee`tmlcsit` ae zitxmopkit oalo`tl ml x`tns ae ypikmx} ilh smnmkitmx} ae sxilhiths mxf al.oinzpsaee`tmlcs,

_mlo` xf` caiks ae xf` xa ioot`hmxmlc `lxmxm`s hmee`t+ xf`t` it` oanzk`v mssp`s mluaku`h mlixx`nzxmlc xa ps` xf` sin` ztao`hpt`s xa zt`zit` eat ioot`hmxixmal d} xf`s` xa dahm`s,


19/453

YPIKMX] I__PTILO@ ML @LCML@@TMLC @HPOIXMAL =

X`tnmlakac}

Al` ae xf` nasx adumaps hmee`t`lo`s aoopts ml xf`mt ps` ae x`tnmlakac}, Ml mxs c`l`tik

otmx`tmi eat ùikpixmlc @lcml``tmlc Xòflakac} ztactins+ ID@X pxmkmw`s xf` eakkamlcx`tnmlakac} R9^7

Ztactin @hpoixmalik Adgòxmu`s Ztactin `hpoixmalik adgòxmu`s it` dtaihsxix`n`lxs xfix h`sotmd` xf` oit``t ilh ztae`ssmalik iooanzkmsfn`lxs xfix xf`ztactin ms zt`zitmlc ctihpix`s xa iofmù`,

Ztactin Apxoan`s Ztactin apxoan`s it` litta`t sxix`n`lxs xfix h`sotmd` fixsxph`lxs it` `vzòx`h xa bla ilh d` idk` xa ha d} xf` xmn` ae ctihpixmal, Xf`s`t`kix` xa xf` sbmkks+ blak`hc`+ ilh d`fiumats xfix sxph`lxs ioypmt` ml xf`mt

nixtmopkixmal xftapcf xf` ztactin,

Iss`ssn`lxIss`ssn`lx ms al` at nat` ztao`ss`s xfix mh`lxme}+ oakkòx+ ilh zt`zit`hixi xa ùikpix` xf` iofmù`n`lx ae ztactin apxoan`s ilh ztactin `hpoixmalikadgòxmu`s,

@uikpixmal @uikpixmal ms al` at nat` ztao`ss`s eat mlx`tzt`xmlc xf` hixi ilhùmh`lo` ioopnpkix`h xftapcf iss`ssn`lx ztioxmo`s, @uikpixmal h`x`tnml`s xf``vx`lx xa fmof ztactin apxoan`s at ztactin `hpoixmalik adgòxmu`s it` d`mlciofmù`h+ ilh t`spkxs ml hòmsmals ilh ioxmals xa mnztau` xf` ztactin,

Oalxmlpaps Mnztau`n`lx . i haopn`lx`h ztao`ss mloatzatixmlc t`kùilx hixi xat`cpkitk} iss`ss mxs ztactin `hpoixmalik adgòxmu`s ilh ztactin apxoan`+ ilh xaùikpix` xf` `vx`lx xa fmof xf`} it` d`mlc n`x,

_IO_ al xf` axf`t filh tè`ts xa i Ypikmx} @lfilo`n`lx Zkil &Y@Z- hèml`h iseakkas R4^7

Xf` Ypikmx} @lfilo`n`lx Zkil &Y@Z-+ spdnmxx`h eapt xa smv ``bs ml ihuiloàe xf` al.smx` tùm` d} xf` Oannmssmal+ ms i haopn`lx hù`kaz`h d} xf`mlsxmxpxmal xfix &9- mlokph`s i dtaih.dis`h mlsxmxpxmalik ztao`ss mh`lxme}mlc b`}

mssp`s `n`tcmlc etan mlsxmxpxmalik iss`ssn`lx+ &4- eaops`s al kìtlmlc apxoan`silh!at xf` `lumtaln`lx spzzatxmlc sxph`lx kìtlmlc ilh iooanzkmsfmlc xf`nmssmal ae xf` mlsxmxpxmal+ &?- h`nalsxtix`s mlsxmxpxmalik oizidmkmx} eat xf`mlmxmixmal+ mnzk`n`lxixmal+ ilh oanzk`xmal ae xf` Y@Z+ &8- mlokph`s dtaih.dis`hmluaku`n`lx ae mlsxmxpxmalik oalsxmxp`lom`s ml xf` hù`kazn`lx ilh ztazas`hmnzk`n`lxixmal ae xf` Y@Z+ ilh &0- mh`lxmem`s caiks ilh i zkil xa iss`ss xf`mtiofmù`n`lx, Xf` Y@Z sfapkh d` eaops`h ilh spoomlox &la nat` xfil sù`lx}.emu` zic`s ae littixmu` x`vx ilh la nat` xfil x`lx}.emu` zic`s ae spzzatxmlchaopn`lxixmal at ofitxs+ ctizfs+ ilh xidk`s-,

Sfmk` xf`t` it` okìtk} san` au`tkizs ml xf` t`ypmt`n`lxs eat ID@X ilh _IO_ioot`hmxixmals+ xf`t` `t` san` hmee`t`lo`s ml mlx`tzt`xixmal ae xf` x`tnmlakacm`s ps`h,Al` ae xf` emtsx mssp`s `loaplx`t`h is ml tòalomkmlc xf` x`tn apxoan`s d`x``l xf`


20/453

YPIKMX] I__PTILO@ ML @LCML@@TMLC @HPOIXMAL 9:

ID@X t`ypmt`n`lxs ilh xf` _IO_ t`ypmt`n`lxs, Xf`t` `t` san` nigat hmee`t`lo`s mlmlx`tzt`xmlc fix is nìlx d} ID@X Mlo,+ oanzit`h xa fix is nìlx d} _IO_,

T`ypmt`n`lxs

Ix emtsx+ ` `t` ihums`h d} xf` _IO_ Kmimsal ae apt plmu`tsmx} xfix me ` n``x xfÌD@X t`ypmt`n`lxs ` apkh o`tximlk} n``x _IO_ t`ypmt`n`lxs, Mx xptl`h apx xfix mxis xtp` alk} xa san` `vx`lx+ lax `lxmt`k}, Eat `vinzk`+ ml zt`zitixmal eat xf` _IO_umsmx+ ` `t` isb`h d} xf` kmimsal xa ha xf` eakkamlc7

. @sxidkmsf apt Iss`ssn`lx N`xfahs eat apt Ztactins, @sxidkmsf i nixtmv aeiss`ssn`lx eat ìof n`xfah ofas`l, Otìx` i nixtmv nizzmlc xf` n`xfah+et`yp`lo} ae iss`ssmlc+ hixi oakkòxmal n`hmi+ fa oakkòx`h+ etan fan

oakkòx`h+ t`szalsmdk` zitx} eat oakkòxmal+ fa ùikpix`s xf` hixi+ faaex`l ùikpixmals it` hal` eat mnztau`n`lx, @sxidkmsf apt Z`teatniloÒtmx`tmi eat @IOF iss`ssn`lx n`xfah,

. _mlo` XIO!ID@X fih `vioxk} xf` sin` t`ypmt`n`lxs+ ml apt ois` &@O@XZtactins- xfms is lax il ihhmxmalik kaih, Faù`t+ is mx xptl`h apx òapkh n``x _IO_ t`ypmt`n`lxs d} pxmkmwmlc xa ae xf` xidk`s hù`kaz`h d}xf` @O@X ID@X Xisb Eato` Oannmxx`` is sfal ml Xidk`s 9 ilh 4 d`kaR?^,

Xidk` 97 Ztactin apxoan`s xidk`,

Ztactin ApxoanÒapts`

Kmlbic`Z`teatnilo`

Otmx`tmal

H`nalsxtix` il izztaztmix` blak`hc` aexf` eplhin`lxiks ae oanzpx`t `lcml``tmlcxòflakac}+ nixf`nixmos ilh som`lo`

@O@X499: 6:% ae sxph`lxs sfapkh soat` 3:% atnat`

H`nalsxtix` il izztaztmix` nisx`t} aeblak`hc`+ xòflmyp`s+ sbmkks ilh nah`tlxaaks ae xf` xòflmoik oanzal`lxs ae xfòpttmopkpn

@O@X?44: 6:% ae sxph`lxs sfapkh soat` 3:% atnat`

Xidk` 47 _pnnit} ae t`spkxs ae ztactin apxoan`s xidk`,

Ztactin ApxoanÒapts`

Kmlbic`

Z`teatnilo`

Otmx`tmal

_xph`lx

_oat`s

H`nalsxtix` il izztaztmix` blak`hc` aexf` eplhin`lxiks ae oanzpx`t lcml``tmlcxòflakac}+ nixf`nixmos ilh som`lo`

@O@X499: 6:% ae sxph`lxssfapkh soat` 3:%at nat`

64% aesxph`lxssoat`h 30%

H`nalsxtix` il izztaztmix` nisx`t} aeblak`hc + xòflmyp`s+ sbmkks ilh nah`tl

xaaks ae xf` xòflmoik oanzal`lxs ae xfòpttmopkpn

@O@X?44: 6:% ae sxph`lxssfapkh soat` 3:%

at nat`

36% aesxph`lxs

soat`h 34%,


21/453


Is ` eaplh apx xf`t` it` nil} au`tkizs+ dpx fix nib`s _IO_ t`ypmt`n`lxs xa san`h`ct`` hmsxmlox etan xf` XIO!ID@X t`ypmt`n`lxs it` xf` eakkamlc7

Mlsxmxpxmal fis xa h`nalsxtix` xfix ìof `hpoixmalik ztactin eat fmof ioih`nmoot`hmx ms iith`h i- ms izztau`h d} xf` eiopkx} ilh xf` ihnmlmsxtixmal+ ilh d-`sxidkmsf`s ilh ùikpix`s ztactin ilh kìtlmlc apxoan`s,

Xf` mlsxmxpxmal mh`lxmem`s `vzòx`h apxoan`s eat mxs `hpoixmalik ztactins ilh mxsihnmlmsxtixmu` ilh `hpoixmalik spzzatx s`tumo`s2 iss`ss`s f`xf`t mx iofmù`sxf`s` apxoan`s2 ilh ztaumh`s ùmh`lo` ae mnztau`n`lx dis`h al ilik}sms aexfas` t`spkxs,

xf` mlsxmxpxmal ztaumh`s ùmh`lo` ae alcamlc ztae`ssmalik hù`kazn`lx ae eiopkx}is xìof`ts+ sofakits+ ilh ztioxmxmal`ts

Xf` mlsxmxpxmal zpdkmsf`s zakmom`s al xf` t`szalsmdmkmx} ilh ipxfatmx} ae eiopkx} ml

ioih`nmo ilh cau`tlilo` nixx`ts,

NIBMLC MX IKK SATB

Xf` atb eat _IO_ zt`zitixmal sxitx`h ml xf` spnn`t ae 4::5 ilh oalxmlp`s, Xidk` ?sfas xf` xmn`kml` `sxidkmsf`h d} xf` mlsxmxpxmal eat zt`zitmlc eat xf` umsmxs,

Xf` ID@X umsmx xaab zkio` ml Aoxad`t ae 4::6+ ilh xf` mlsxmxpxmal ms sxmkk iimxmlc xfèmlik t`zatx etan ID@X+ Mlo, Hp` xa h`ki}s ml c`xxmlc san` ae xf` oalxmlpaps iss`ssn`lx

xaaks ml zkio`+ mx ms ilxmomzix`h xfix xf`t` mkk d` san` tòann`lhixmals eat mnztau`n`lxml xfms itì, Xf` ps` ae xf` XEO is oalsmh`t`h xa d` i u`t} èeòxmu` i} xa c`x i kax aexf` zt`zitixmal atb hal`, _mlo` xf` XEO mlokph`h xf` ztactin oaathmlixats+ mx isèeòxmu` ml hmsxtmdpxmlc xf` atbkaih+ ilh ml c`xxmlc xf` nigatmx} ae eiopkx} n`nd`tsmluaku`h ml xf` eeatx, Xf` xìn iksa atb`h xac`xf`t ml ztaaetìhmlc ilh otmxmypmlc xf`mlhmumhpik ztactin s`ke.sxph} t`zatxs dèat` spdnmssmal xa ID@X, Xfms ikka`h ps xa c`xnasx ae xf` bmlbs apx ae xfas` haopn`lxs,

T@OANN@LHIXMAL_ ILH OALOKP_MAL_

Xt}mlc xa sptumu` xf` ID@X ilh _IO_ hapdk` finn} fis ztau`l xa d` il ithpaps ilhhmeemopkx xisb is d`sx, Mx oil san`xmn`s ztau` xa d` i etpsxtixmlc ilh plzkìsilx`vz`tm`lo` xa ca xftapcf+ dpx xf` t`spkxs it` `kk atxf mx, _an` uikpidk` k`ssals fiu`d``l citl`t`h etan xf` `vz`tm`lo` xfix mkk ztau` f`kzepk hptmlc epxpt` t`.ioot`hmxixmalumsmxs ilh sfapkh ztaumh` san` psèpk mlsmcfx eat ztactins xfix eio` xf` sin` hmk`nni mlxf` epxpt`, Dis`h al xf` `vz`tm`lo`s+ ilh mlsmcfx ciml`h+ xf` ipxfats apkh kmb` xa nib`xf` eakkamlc tòann`lhixmals7

9, _xitx zkillmlc eat }apt umsmxs is ìtk} is zassmdk`, Ml xf` mhìk ois`+ is saal isxf` optt`lx ioot`hmxixmal o}ok` ms oanzk`x`h,


22/453


Xidk` ?7 Xmn`kml` eat xf` Zt`zitixmal eat ID@X ilh _IO_ umsmxs

_`n`sx`t Ioxmumx}

_pnn`t 4::5 @sxidkmsf Kìh`tsfmz Xìn &Zt`smh`lx+ _IO_ Kmimsal-, _`x pz xf` Aeemo` ae Zkillmlc Iss`ssn`lx _`x pz _IO_ Zt`kmnmlit} Dphc`x &_IO_ Kmimsal+ Kìh`tsfmz Xìn-, _`x pz _IO_ Zt`kmnmlit} Oik`lhit &_IO_ Kmimsal+ Kìh`tsfmz Xìn- D`cml fakhmlc Kìh`tsfmz Xìn n``xmlcs &_IO_ Kmimsal-

Eikk 4::5 Hù`kaz Haopn`lxixmal eat oinzps mleatnixmal al Y@Z _`ke._xph} Oalxmlp` Kìh`tsfmz Xìn n``xmlcs xftapcfapx t`sx ae _IO_ xmn`.xidk` Hù`kaz _IO_ S`dsmx` &_IO_ Kmimsal- _akmomx mhìs eat Ypikmx} @lfilo`n`lx Zkil Ztagòx etan oinzps _akmomx uakplx``ts eat daxf Y@Z ilh _`ke.sxph} oannmxx``s &Zt`smh`lx+ _IO_

Kmimsal- Oalhpox atbsfazs mxf H`zx, Fìhs al Iss`ssn`lx &Hìls+ _IO_ Kmimsal-

_ztmlc 4::3 D`cml atb al H`zx spzzatx itì oanzt`f`lsmu` s`ke.sxphm`s &Kìh`tsfmzxìn+ H`zx, Fìhs+ Hmumsmal Fìhs-

Oanzk`x` atb al H`zitxn`lx ilh _pzzatx itìs s`ke.sxphm`s &Kìh`tsfmzXìn-

D`cml tmxmlc Oat` T`ypmt`n`lx Oanzt`f`lsmu`+ _xilhiths haopn`lx &_`ke._xph} Oannmxx``s-

_pnn`t 4::6 Oanzk`x` tmxmlc Oat` T`ypmt`n`lx Oanzt`f`lsmu`+ _xilhiths haopn`lx&_`ke._xph} Oannmxx``s-

Oanzk`x` tmxmlc Ypikmx} @lfilo`n`lx haopn`lx

Eikk 4::6 Aee.smx` tùm` oalhpox`h4lh ``b ml Lau, &Kìh`tsfmz Xìn- Zkil eat umsmx ml sztmlc &Kìh`tsfmz Xìn-_ztmlc 4::= _IO_ al.smx` tùm` &Nitof 90.Iztmk ?:-&oinzps-

Ypikmx} @lfilo` Zkil hp`5 ``bs ztmat xa al.smx` umsmx &_IO_ Kmimsal-

4, @sxidkmsf il mlsxmxpxmal.mh` kmimsal z`tsal fas` sak` t`szalsmdmkmx} ms hìkmlcmxf ioot`hmxixmal nixx`ts, Mx apkh f`kz ctìxk} me xf` mlhmumhpik ms einmkmitmxf ikk xf` ic`lom`s t`szalsmdk` eat ioot`hmxixmal ae xf` hmee`t`lx ztactins aloinzps ilh plh`tsxilhs xf`mt uitmaps t`ypmt`n`lxs ilh x`tnmlakac}, Xf`}sfapkh d` idk` xa ihums` mlhmumhpik h`zitxn`lxs al d`sx ztioxmo`s eat n``xmlc

xf`mt caiks,?, @sxidkmsf h`zitxn`lxik xisb eato`s &XEOs- mxf t`szalsmdmkmx} eat xf``sxidkmsfn`lx ae ikk otmx`tmi lò`ssit} xa n``x xf` caik ae adximlmlc t`.ioot`hmxixmal eat xf`mt ztactins, Mx ms mnz`tixmu` xfix xf` h`zitxn`lx ofimt ilhikk ztactin oaathmlixats it` zitx ae xfms èeatx, Natàu`t mx ms ae xf` pxnasxmnzatxilo` xfix xf` Eiopkx} Xisb Eato` oannmxx`` fis i okìt ilh sxtmox xmn`kmlèat mxs ioxmumxm`s is sfal mx Emcpt` 9,

8, @lspt` xfix d} mxs oanzasmxmal+ xf` XEO fis `leato`n`lx oizidmkmx} xa `lspt`xfix xf` eiopkx} n`nd`ts oanzk} mxf t`yp`sxs eat mleatnixmal ml i xmn`k}nill`t,

0, @lspt` xfix ikk eiopkx} n`nd`ts+ epkk.xmn` is `kk is zitx.xmn`+ it` epkk} iit` aexf`mt t`szalsmdmkmxm`s ums..ums ioot`hmxixmal ilh oalxmlpaps mnztau`n`lx`vzòxixmals,


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YPIKMX] I__PTILO@ ML @LCML@@TMLC @HPOIXMAL 9?

5, @lspt` xfix xf` zt`zitixmal atb ms ù`lk} hmumh`h inalc eiopkx}+ is d`sx iszassmdk`,

3, Kisxk}+ me ix ikk zassmdk`+ iuamh nigat ihnmlmsxtixmu` ofilc`s ml xf` nmhhk` ae xf`

ztao`ss+ `szòmikk} okas` xa i umsmxixmal f`l zakmom`s ilh ztao`hpt`s fiuìktìh} d``l `sxidkmsf`h,

Xf` ipxfats hmh lax c`x il azzatxplmx} xa oanzit` xf`mt `vz`tm`lo`s mxf xfas` ix axf`tmlsxmxpxmals fa fiu` tò`lxk} cal` xftapcf i smnmkit èeatx, Xfms mkk d` i eakka.pzèeatx xa xfms ziz`t ml il èeatx xa hù`kaz i s`x ae d`sx ztioxmo`s,

NitofE`dtpit}Gilpit} Iztmk Ni} Gpl` gpk} Ipc, _`z, Aox, Lau, Hò,

EIO EIO EIO EIO EIO EIO EIO EIO EIO EIO EIO XEO EIO EIO EIO EIO EIO EIO

EOITùikpixmal

@vmx mlx`tum`_ztmlc _`n`sx`t

C`l`tik eiopkx} n``mlc

xa ùikpix` xf` t`spkxs

ae xf` `vmx mlx`tum`

ilh EOITs

EOIT EOIT

@vmx mlx`tum`

Eikk _`n`sx`t

N``xmlc mxf xf` h`zx,

Ofimt xa ùikpix` xf` t`spkxs

ae xf` EOIT ilh @vmx

mlx`tum`

Ikpnlm _ptu }' @nzka}`t _ptu`}'Ihumsat} daith n``xmlc

C`l`tik eiopkx} n``xmlc xa

ùikpix` xf` t`spkxs ae xf`

`vmx mlx`tum`+EOIT_+

ikpnlm ilh

@nzka}`t _ptu`}'

N``xmlc mxf xf` h`zx,

Ofimt xa ùikpix` xf` t`spkxs

ae xf` EOIT+ @vmx mlx`tum`+

Ikplm _ptu`} ilh @nzka}`t

sptu`} '

EOITùikpixmal

K`c`lh

EIO 7 Eiopkx} Iss`ssn`lx Oannmxx``

EOIT7 Eiopkx} Opttmopkpn Iss`ssn`lx T`zatx

' @nzka}`t ilh Ikpnlm _ptu`}s xfix xib`s zkio` ù`t} xft`` }ìt

Emcpt` 9, Xmn`kml` eat xf` ztao`ss ae iss`ssn`lx ilh ùikpixmal ae xf` Ztactin@uikpixmal Adgòxmu`s ilh Apxoan`s,

T@E@T@LO@_

R9^ ID@X Mlo,+ Otmx`tmi eat Ioot`hmxixmal ae @lcml``tmlc Xòflakac} Ztactins @eeòxmu` eat @uikpixmals Hptmlc xf` 4::6.44:= Ioot`hmxixmal O}ok`+ ID@X Mlo,S`d Zic`7 fxxz7!!,id`x,atc

R4^ _apxf`tl Issaomixmal ae _ofaaks ilh Oakk`c`s Oannmssmal al Oakk`c`s+Ztmlomzk`s Ae Ioot`hmxixmal7 Eaplhixmals eat Ypikmx} @lfilo`n`lx &4::6 @hmxmal-+_IO_OAO S`d Zic`7 fxxz7!!,siosoao,atc

R?^ _Z_P Mlx`tlik @O@X haopn`lx+ ID@X _`ke. sxph} T`zatx eat xf` @kòxtmoik@lcml``tmlc Xòflakac} Ztactin+ 4::6

R8^ I, Iscmkk+ Anit Wmi+ _ptumumlc Ioot`hmxixmal Hapdk` Sfinn} ml Ztao``hmlc+

I_@@ Illpik Oale`t`lo`+ Gpl`+ 4::=+ Ipsxml X`vis,


24/453


IOOT@HMXIXMAL ILH M_A O@TXMEMOIXMAL I_ XAAK_ EAT

@L_PTMLC @VO@KK@LO@ ILH XAXIK YPIKMX] ML

@HPOIXMAL

O}lxfmi O, Kkil`sAeemo` ae xf` Umo` Zt`smh`lx eat Ioih`nmo Ieeimts

Xòflakacmoik Mlsxmxpx` ae xf` Zfmkmzzml`s+ Yp`wal Omx}+ Zfmkmzzml`s

ID_XTIOX7 _mlo` mxs eaplhmlc ml 9=54+ xf` Xòflakacmoik Mlsxmxpx` ae Xf` Zfmkmzzml`s &XMZ- fis`lhìuat`h xa oalxmlpapsk} t`.hèml` xf` nìlmlc ae ioih`nmo kme`+ ml x`tns ae mxs al mh`lxmx} ilhztao`ss`s is `kk is xf` kù`k ae `vo`kk`lo` ilh ypikmx} ae xf` `hpoixmalik s`tumo`s mx aee`ts xa mxs okm`lx`k`,XMZ ms al` inalc i s`kòx lpnd`t ae sofaaks ml xf` Zfmkmzzml`s mxf i Ypikmx} Nilic`n`lx _}sx`n&YN_- o`txmem`h oanzkmilx xa xf` Mlx`tlixmalik Atcilmwixmal eat _xilhithmwixmal &M_A-, Is i i} ae`lsptmlc `vo`kk`lo` ilh xaxik ypikmx} ml `hpoixmal+ xf` sofaak uakplxitmk} spdnmxx`h mxs`ke xa xfìoot`hmxixmal ztao`ss xftapcf xf` Zfmkmzzml` Issaomixmal ae Oakk`c`s ilh Plmu`tsmxm`s Oannmssmal alIoot`hmxixmal &ZIOPOAI- is xf` ioot`hmxmlc ic`lo} plh`t xf` pndt`kki ae xf` E`h`tixmal aeIoot`hmxmlc Ic`lom`s ae xf` Zfmkmzzml`s &EIIZ-, Xfms ziz`t hmsopss`s 9- i dtmè h`sotmzxmal ae xfìoot`hmxixmal ztao`ss ml xf` Zfmkmzzml`s+ 4- xf` ioxmals xib`l d} xf` sofaak xa oanzk} mxf ioot`hmxixmalilh M_A sxilhiths+ ?- fa xf`s` èeatxs oalxtmdpx`h ml xf` tìkmwixmal ae mxs nmssmal xa xtilseatn sxph`lxsmlxa ctihpix`s mxf epkk oanz`x`lo` ml xf`mt t`szòxmu` em`khs ae sxph}+ ilh 8- xf` apxoan`s aeioot`hmxixmal ilh M_A O`txmemoixmal ztao`ss`s,

B@]SATH_7 Ioot`hmxixmal ilh M_A sxilhiths2 Xaxik Ypikmx} ml @hpoixmal2 Oalxmlpik Mnztau`n`lx aeIoih`nmo Ztao`ss`s2 Eiopkx} Hù`kazn`lx Ztactin2 _xtix`cmo Ikkmilo`s2 Oanz`x`lx Ctihpix`s

MLXTAHPOXMAL

Xf` Xòflakacmoik Mlsxmxpx` ae xf` Zfmkmzzml`s &XMZ- ms i ztmuix` x`txmit} mlsxmxpxmal

aee`tmlc ztactins ml `lcml``tmlc+ itofmxòxpt`+ oanzpx`t som`lo`+ mleatnixmal

xòflakac}+ mleatnixmal nilic`n`lx+ dpsml`ss+ nitmxmn` ilh `hpoixmal, _mlo` mxs

eaplhmlc ml 9=54+ xf` Xòflakacmoik Mlsxmxpx` ae xf` Zfmkmzzml`s fis `lhìuat`h xa

oalxmlpapsk} t`.hèml` xf` nìlmlc ae ioih`nmo kme`+ ml x`tns ae mxs al mh`lxmx} ilh

ztao`ss`s is `kk is xf` kù`k ae `vo`kk`lo` ilh ypikmx} ae xf` `hpoixmalik s`tumo`s mx

aee`ts xa mxs okm`lx`k`, XMZ ms al` inalc i s`kòx lpnd`t ae sofaaks ml xf` Zfmkmzzml`s mxfi Ypikmx} Nilic`n`lx _}sx`n &YN_- o`txmem`h oanzkmilx xa xf` mlx`tlixmalik sxilhith

M_A =::974:::,

Oalsmsx`lx mxf mxs oannmxn`lx xa zptsp` xf` ioot`hmxixmal ae xf` ctìx`sx lpnd`t ae mxs

opttmopkit aee`tmlcs is i i} ae `lsptmlc `vo`kk`lo` ilh xaxik ypikmx} ml `hpoixmal+ xf`

Xòflakacmoik Mlsxmxpx` ae xf` Zfmkmzzml`s uakplxitmk} spdnmxx`h mxs`ke xa xf` ioot`hmxixmal

ztao`ss xftapcf xf` Zfmkmzzml` Issaomixmal ae Oakk`c`s ilh Plmu`tsmxm`s Oannmssmal al

Ioot`hmxixmal &ZIOPOAI- is xf` ioot`hmxmlc ic`lo},


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Xf` ZIOPOAI ms i ztmuix` `hpoixmalik ic`lo}+ fmof cmu`s eatnik tòaclmxmal xa il

`hpoixmalik mlsxmxpxmal d} ixx`sxmlc xfix mxs ioih`nmo ztactin nimlximls idau`.iu`tic`

sxilhiths ml mxs `hpoixmalik az`tixmals+ ml x`tns ae mxs imns ilh adgòxmu`s, Mx ms al` ae xf`

ioot`hmxmlc ic`lom`s tòaclmw`h d} xf` Oannmssmal al Fmcf`t @hpoixmal &OF@H- ilh msplh`t xf` E`h`tixmal ae Ioot`hmxmlc Ic`lom`s ae xf` Zfmkmzzml`s &EIIZ-+ xf` pndt`kki

atcilmwixmal ae ioot`hmxmlc ic`lom`s ml xf` Zfmkmzzml`s 9,

Ml xf` kmcfx ae xf`s` hmtòxmals ilh azzatxplmxm`s+ xfms ziz`t sapcfx xa hmsopss7 &9- i dtmè

h`sotmzxmal ae xf` ioot`hmxixmal ztao`ss ml xf` Zfmkmzzml`s+ &4- xf` ioxmals xib`l d} xf`

sofaak xa oanzk} mxf ioot`hmxixmal ilh M_A sxilhiths+ &?- fa xf`s` èeatxs oalxtmdpx`h

ml xf` tìkmwixmal ae mxs nmssmal xa xtilseatn sxph`lxs mlxa ctihpix`s mxf epkk oanz`x`lo`

ml xf`mt t`szòxmu` em`khs ae sxph}+ ilh &8- xf` apxoan`s ae ioot`hmxixmal ilh M_A

O`txmemoixmal ztao`ss`s,

Xa ils`t xf` eat`camlc yp`sxmals ilh xa d` idk` xa h`zmox xf` XMZ `vz`tm`lo` ml

ioot`hmxixmal ilh M_A o`txmemoixmal+ xfms h`sotmzxmu` sxph} oalhpox`h i haopn`lx tùm`

ae xf` eakkamlc7 sofaaks sxtix`cmo zkil+ tùm` ae xf` sxtix`cmo zkil d} sxib`fakh`ts+h`zitxn`lx ztao`ss`s+ ilh illpik t`zatxs,

XF@ IOOT@HMXIXMAL ZTAO@__ ML XF@ ZFMKMZZML@_

Xf` Oannmssmal al Fmcf`t @hpoixmal &OF@H- `loaptic`s xf` ps` ae xf` nòfilmsn ae

uakplxit} ioot`hmxixmal is i xaak xa n``x xf` sxilhiths ae ypikmx} au`t ilh idau` xf`

nmlmnpn t`ypmt`h eat cau`tln`lx tòaclmxmal,

Xf` kù`ks ae ioot`hmxixmal ml xf` Zfmkmzzml` s`xxmlc it` R4^7

Oilhmhix` sxixps . Eat ztactins fmof fiu` plh`tcal` i zt`kmnmlit} sptu`} umsmx

ilh it` o`txmem`h d} xf` e`h`tixmal!l`xatb is d`mlc oizidk` ae ioypmtmlc

ioot`hmx`h sxixps mxfml xa }ìts2

Kù`k 9 ioot`hmx`h sxixps . Eat ztactins fmof fiu` d``l ctilx`h mlmxmik

ioot`hmxixmal iex`t i eatnik sptu`} d} xf` ioot`hmxmlc ic`lo} ilh hpk} o`txmem`h

d} xf` ioot`hmxixmal e h`tixmal!l`xatb+ èeòxmu` eat i z`tmah ae xft`` }ìts2

Kù`k MM t`.ioot`hmx`h sxixps . Eat ztactins fmof fiu` d``l t`.ioot`hmx`h d} xf`

ioot`hmxmlc ic`lo} ilh hpk} o`txmem`h d} xf` ioot`hmxixmal e`h`tixmal!l`xatb+

èeòxmu` eat i z`tmah ae xft`` at emu` }ìts dis`h al xf` izztimsik ae xf`

ioot`hmxmlc ic`lo}2


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Kù`k MMM t`.ioot`hmx`h sxixps . Eat ztactins fmof fiu` d``l t`.ioot`hmx`h ilh fiu`

n`x xf` ihhmxmalik otmx`tmi!cpmh`kml`s s`x d} xf` e`h`tixmal!l`xatb eat xfms kù`k,

Kù`k MMM t`.ioot`hmx`h plh`tctihpix` ztactins npsx sixmse} xf` emtsx xa ae xf`

eakkamlc otmx`tmi ilh xa axf`ts ae xf` spoo``hmlc al`s2 &i- I tìsalidk} fmcfsxilhith ae mlsxtpoxmal2 &d- I fmcfk} umsmdk` oannplmx} `vx`lsmal ztactin2 &o-

I fmcfk} umsmdk` t`sìtof xtihmxmal2 &h- I sxtalc eiopkx} hù`kazn`lx xtihmxmal

ùmh`lo`h d} il izztaztmix` dphc`x ikkaoixmal ilh!at s}sx`nixmo zkil eat eiopkx}

hù`kazn`lx ztactins2 &`- I fmcfk} ot`hmdk` z`teatnilo` ae mxs ctihpix`s ml

kmo`lspt` `vinmlixmals au`t xf` kisx xft`` }ìts2 &e- @vmsx`lo` ae atbmlc

oalsatxmi at kmlbic`s mxf axf`t sofaaks ilh!at ic`lom`s2 ilh &c- @vx`lsmu` ilh

eploxmalik kmdtit} ilh axf`t kìtlmlc t`sapto` eiomkmxm`s,

Kù`k MU ioot`hmx`h sxixps . Eat ioot`hmx`h ztactins fmof it` fmcfk} t`szòx`h isu`t} fmcf ypikmx} ioih`nmo ztactins ml xf` Zfmkmzzml`s ilh mxf zt`sxmc` ilh

ipxfatmx} oanzitidk` xa smnmkit ztactins ml `vo`kk`lx eat`mcl plmu`tsmxm`s

Xf`t` it` lml` sptu`} itìs plh`t ZIOPOAI ioot`hmxixmal lin`k}2 &9- Zptzas`s ilh

Adgòxmu`s+ &4- Eiopkx}+ &?- Mlsxtpoxmal+ &8- Kmdtit}+ &0- Kidatixat}+ &5- Zf}smoik Zkilx

ilh Eiomkmxm`s+ &3- _xph`lx Z`tsall`k _`tumo`s+ &6- _aomik Atm`lxixmal ilh Oannplmx}

Mluaku`n`lx+ ilh &=- Atcilmwixmal ilh Ihnmlmsxtixmal 9,

IOXMAL_ XIB@L D] XF@ _OFAAK XA OANZK] SMXF IOOT@HMXIXMAL

ILH M_A T@YPMT@N@LX_

Xf` Xòflakacmoik Mlsxmxpx` ae xf` Zfmkmzzml`s &XMZ-+ ml mxs èeatx xa ixximl xf` fmcf`sx

kù`k ae ioot`hmxixmal eat ikk ztactins ilh nimlximl mxs M_A =::974::: o`txmemoixmal fis

mlmxmix`h ioxmals xa ikmcl ikk sofaak ztactins ilh ztao`ss`s ikalc ioot`hmxixmal ilh M_A

o`txmemoixmal t`ypmt`n`lxs R?^,

9, Mnzk`n`lxixmal ae i Ypikmx} Nilic`n`lx _}sx`n

Xf` Xòflakacmoik Mlsxmxpx` ae xf` Zfmkmzzml`s hù`kaz`h ilh mnzk`n`lx`h i ypikmx}

nilic`n`lx s}sx`n xa ztaumh` xtimlmlc ilh `hpoixmal s`tumo`s xfix oalsmsx`lxk} n``x ikk

opsxan`t ilh izzkmoidk` sxixpxat}+ t`cpkixat} ilh ioot`hmxixmal t`ypmt`n`lxs R8^, Xfms

is iksa mlx`lh`h xa ihht`ss opsxan`t sixmseioxmal xftapcf èeòxmu` ilh èemom`lx

izzkmoixmal ae xf` s}sx`n+ mlokphmlc oalxmlpik mnztau`n`lx ilh xf` ztù`lxmal ae lal.

oaleatnmx},

4, Oalxmlpik Mnztau`n`lx ae Ioih`nmo Ztao`ss`s

Xf` eakkamlc ioih`nmo ztao`ss`s `t` ihazx`h ilh t`.ikmcl`h xaith ioot`hmxixmal ilh

M_A o`txmemoixmal sxilhiths R0^7


27/453


T`cpkit tùm` ae nilhixat} t`ypmt`n`lxs, Tùm` ae opttmopki+ s}kkidm+ S``bk}

K`ssal Ioxmumx} Zkils &SKIZs- ilh axf`t mlsxtpoxmalik nix`tmiks it` plh`txib`l

illpikk} mxf xf` `lh ml um` ae mlx`ctixmlc l` hù`kazn`lxs at xòflakacm`s,

@u`t} ioih`nmo h`zitxn`lx ms nilhix`h xa otìx` mxs al ioih`nmo ihumsat}

daith fas` xisb ms xa oalhpox z`tmahmo t`.iss`ssn`lx ae opttmopkit aee`tmlcs,

Xfms ms xa b``z xf` ztactins ae sxph} t`kùilx xa xf` l``hs ae xf` mlhpsxt}, Xf`

ihumsat} daith ms oanzas`h ae ioih`nmo `vz`txs+ mlhpsxt} `vz`txs+ eiopkx}

n`nd`ts+ ikpnlm+ ilh sxph`lxs, Xf` ioih`nmo ihumsat} daith ms `vzòx`h xa

h`tmu` zassmdk` ofilc`s xa xf` opttmopkpn dis`h al t`ypmt`n`lxs s`x d} mlhpsxt}

mluakumlc xf` izzkmoixmal ae l` ztioxmo`s ilh xòflakacm`s ml xf` atb zkio`,

Mlx`ctixmal ae ztactin `lfilo`n`lxs, Xa èeòxmu`k} t`szalh xa ofilcmlc zixx`tlsilh t`ypmt`n`lxs ae `nzka}n`lx ilh xf` l``hs ae xf` oannplmx} ilh mlhpsxt}+

xf` sofaak ztaioxmu`k} ihht`ss`s b`} mssp`s h`tmu`h etan oalxmlpmlc hmikacp`s

mxf zitxl`ts ilh etan kmsx`lmlc nòfilmsns spof is e``hdiob+ spcc`sxmals ilh

ù`l oanzkimlxs etan sxib`fakh`ts,

_ù`tik xòflakac} mlx`ctixmal mlmxmixmu`s h`smcl`h xa hmtòxk} mnziox ikk

opttmopkit aee`tmlcs it` d`mlc mnzk`n`lx`h spof is7 &i- mlx`ctixmal ae mlhpsxt}

saexit` ml s`kòx`h ztactins &d- xf` mlokpsmal ae xf` sz`òf kidatixat}

oanzal`lx ml ikk @lckmsf spdgòxs+ ilh &o- xf` oalhpox ae kòxpt` s tm`s al

t`kùilx xazmos+ inalc axf`ts,

I =.fapt sz`òf kidatixat} oanzal`lx is mlx`ctix`h ml ikk @lckmsf spdgòxs ml

t`szals` xa xf` e``hdiob ae mlhpsxt} zitxl`ts xfix san` XMZ ctihpix`s fiu`

hmeemopkx} `vzt`ssmlc xf`ns`ku`s hptmlc xf` gad mlx`tum`,

Mluaku`n`lx ae mlhpsxt} ztioxmxmal`ts ml xf` mlsxtpoxmalik ztao`ss, XMZ b``zs i zaak

ae mlhpsxt} ztae`ssmaliks ilh ztioxmxmal`ts fa xìof szòmemo oapts`s ikmcl`hmxf xf`mt itìs ae szòmikmwixmal ilh fa f`kz ml xf` mnztau`n`lx ae opttmopki

xftapcf xf` sfitmlc ae xf`mt mlhpsxt} ztioxmo`s ilh `vz`tm`lo`s, Xf`s` szòmik

kòxpt`ts eat ztae`ssmalik oapts`s etan xf` mlhpsxt} zitxl`ts isspt` sxtalc

mlhpsxt} zitxmomzixmal al oinzps ilh i t`kmidk` spzzk} ae `kk ypikmem`h ilh

mlhpsxt} kmx`tix` eiopkx} n`nd`ts, Ismh` etan xìofmlc issmcln`lxs+ xf`mt

zitxmomzixmal ml xf` mlsxtpoxmalik ztao`ss iksa mlokph`s &i- opttmopkpn

hù`kazn`lx+ &d- s`xxmlc ae ztactin adgòxmu`s+ &o- mh`lxmemoixmal ae mlhpsxt}.

t`ypmt`h oanz`x`lom`s+ &h- ztaumsmal ae azzatxplmxm`s eat sxph`lxs mlhpsxt}

mnn`tsmal+ ilh &`- xtimlmlc ae eiopkx} n`nd`ts+ inalc axf`ts,


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Xf` plh`tk}mlc isspnzxmal is xfix xf` zitxmomzixmal ae mlhpsxt} ztioxmxmal`ts

oil oalxtmdpx` xa xf` h`smt`h apxoan` ae xf` oalxmlpik mnztau`n`lx ae xf`

sofaaks `hpoixmalik ztao`ss eatctìx`t opsxan`t sixmseioxmal,

T`cpkit nalmxatmlc ilh ùikpixmal ae ioih`nmo ztao`ss`s, Xf` sofaak `nzka}s

uitmaps s}sx`ns ae nalmxatmlc xf` èeòxmu`l`ss ae xìofmlc ilh kìtlmlc ml

t`kixmal xa opttmopkpn oalx`lx ilh kìtlmlc apxoan`s ae ìof ztactin,

Opsxan`t e``hdiob nòfilmsn, Ikk atcilmwixmalik plmxs it` t`ypmt`h xa `sxidkmsf ilh

nimlximl xf`mt t`szòxmu` sxib`fakh`t e``hdiob nòfilmsns xa `lidk`

nìspt`n`lx ilh nalmxatmlc ae sxib`fakh`t sixmseioxmal, Xf`s` e``hdiob

nòfilmsns mlokph` sptu`}s+ eaops`h ctapz hmsopssmals+ ilh sxib`fakh`t

iss`ndkm`s, Inalc xf` mlzpxs cixf`t`h it` spcc`sxmals oalo`tlmlc opttmopkpnh`smcl ilh mlsxtpoxmalik ztao`ss, Xf`s`+ ml xptl+ fiu` c`l`tix`h inalc XMZsioih`nmo nilic`ts+ i b``l`t iit`l`ss ae xf` hmtòxmal ae mlhpsxt} h`nilhs

ilh i f`mcfx`l`h s`lsmxmumx} xa iuimkidk` xòflakac},

_xph`lx oanz`x`lo} iss`ssn`lxs, Oanz`x`lo} `vinmlixmals ml mh`lxmem`h otmxmoik

oapts`s it` oalhpox`h xa ztaumh` iss`ssn`lx ae xf` sxph`lxs kìtlmlc apxoan`s,Xf`s` it` ps`h xa nìspt` xf` èeòxmu`l`ss ae xf` eiopkx} n`nd`t filhkmlc xf`

spdgòxs ml xf` h`kmu`t} ae mlsxtpoxmals, Xf`s` oanz`x`lo} `vinmlixmals it` iksa

ps`h xa ùikpix` xf` `vx`lx ae kìtlmlc iofmù`h d} sxph`lxs, Oannmxx``s

oanzas`h ae eiopkx} n`nd`ts mxf xf` t`ypmt`h `vz`txms` eat xf` spdgòx

eatnpkix` xf` `vinmlixmal yp`sxmals, Xf` oannmxx`` ms ml ofitc` ae `lsptmlc

xfix xf` xazmos mlokph`h ml xf` `vinmlixmal oau`t xf` oapts` s}kkidps ilh xfix xf`

h`ct`` ae hmeemopkx} ae xf` `vinmlixmal ms mxfml xf` sxilhiths s`x d} xf` sofaak,

Hèmom`lom`s mh`lxmem`h etan xf` t`spkxs ae xf` Oanz`x`lo} @vinmlixmals ilh

Z`tmahmo Eiopkx} @uikpixmals it` ihht`ss`h xftapcf uitmaps mlmxmixmu`s spof is

ioih`nmo oapls`kmlc+ xpxatmik okiss`s+ eiopkx} oaiofmlc ilh n`lxatmlc

X`sx mx`n ilik}sms, X`sx mx`n ilik}s`s it` oalhpox`h ml xf` emlik spnnixmu`

iss`ssn`lx ml ikk spdgòxs xa ùikpix` xf` uikmhmx} ilh t`kmidmkmx} ae x`sx

mlsxtpn`lxs, Eptxf`tnat`+ xf` x`sx mx`n ilik}sms f`kzs xf` eiopkx} n`nd`ts xa

ùikpix` xf` h`smcl`h hmsxtmdpxmal ae xf` h`ct`` ae hmeemopkx} ae xf` mx`ns cmu`l

hptmlc xf` `vinmlixmals, Mx iksa `lidk`s xf` eiopkx} n`nd`t xa iss`ss xf` au`tikk

z`teatnilo` ae xf` sxph`lxs ilh s`tu` is i xaak al xf` zitx ae xf` eiopkx}

n`nd`t eat xf` lò`ssit} ihgpsxn`lx ae fms xìofmlc izztaiof,

_xph`lx eiopkx} ùikpixmal, _xph`lx eiopkx} ùikpixmal ms oalhpox`h xa h`x tnml` xf`

z`teatnilo` ae xf` eiopkx} is z`to`mu`h d} xf` sxph`lx, Ml xfms ùikpixmal+


29/453

YPIKMX] I__PTILO@ ML @LCML@@TMLC @HPOIXMAL 9=

sxph`lxs it` xa ùikpix` xf`mt eiopkx} n`nd`ts t`cithmlc uitmaps iszòxs inalc

fmof mlokph` xf` xìofmlc n`xfahakacm`s ilh fa xf`s` oalxtmdpx` ml xf`

oalhpox ae okisstaan ioxmumxm`s ilh xf` iofmù`n`lx ae xf` szòmemo kìtlmlc

adgòxmu`s mlx`lh`h eat xf` n``xmlc,

Illpik opttmopkit ztactin tùm`, Illpik opttmopkit ztactin tùm` ms oalhpox`h

xa nalmxat xf` z`teatnilo` ae ìof opttmopkit ztactin mxf t`cith xa sxph`lx

ztaemk`+ xìofmlc ilh kìtlmlc ypikmx}+ t`sapto`s ilh nitb`x t`szalsmu`l`ss,

Oanzt`f`lsmu` opttmopkit ztactin tùm`, I oanzt`f`lsmu` opttmopkit ztactin

tùm` ms oalhpox`h ix kìsx ù`t} eapt }ìts eat i 8.}ìt oapts` ilh ù`t} emu`

}ìts eat i 0.}ìt oapts`, Xf` oanzt`f`lsmu` opttmopkit ztactin tùm` sfikk

u`tme} ztactin ypikmx}+ umidmkmx}+ ilh oanzixmdmkmx} mxf XMZs sxtix`cmohmtòxmal+ ilh t`szalsmu`l`ss xa xf` l``hs ae xf` mlhpsxt},

Opttmopkit ztactin ùikpixmal sptu`}, Opttmopkit ztactin ùikpixmal sptu`} ms

oalhpox`h illpikk} mxf ctihpixmlc sxph`lxs is t`szalh`lxs xa ùikpix` xf`

ixximln`lx ae ztactin adgòxmu`s,

Oapts` ùikpixmals, Oapts` ùikpixmals it` oalhpox`h al s`kòx`h ztae`ssmalik

spdgòxs ix xf` `lh ae ù`t} s`n`sx`t, Xf` zptzas` ae xf`s` ùikpixmals ms xa d`

idk` xa sakmomx sxph`lx ùikpixmal al xf` iszòxs ae oapts` adgòxmu`s+ oalx`lx+

n`xfahakac}+ eiomkmxm`s!t`sapto`s+ inalc axf`ts,

Mlhpsxt} z`to`zxmal sptu`}, Ml mxs èeatx xa oalxmlpapsk} mnztau` ilh `lfilo` mxs

opttmopkit ztactins+ XMZ oalhpox`h il mlhpsxt} z`to`zxmal sptu`} imn`h 9- xa

mh`lxme} xf` sbmkks ilh oanz`x`lom`s t`ypmt`h d} mlhpsxt}+ 4- xa h`x`tnml` xf`

ioo`zxidmkmx} ae XMZ ctihpix`s d} mlhpsxt}+ ilh ?- xa mh`lxme} cizs at itìs eat

opttmopkit hù`kazn`lx,

?, I Oanzt`f`lsmu` Eiopkx} Hù`kazn`lx Ztactin

Xf` Xòflakacmoik Mlsxmxpx` ae xf` Zfmkmzzml`s pzfakhs xf` d`kmè xfix inalc axf`t

eioxats+ xf` oanz`x`lo` ae xf` eiopkx} ae mlsxtpoxmal nib`s i hmee`t`lo` ml xf` ypikmx} ae

sxph`lxs z`teatnilo` ilh sofakisxmo iofmù`n`lx,

Xf` ioih`nmo ot`h`lxmik ae xf` eiopkx} ms al` ae sù`tik plmu`tsikk} ioo`zx`h otmx`tmi eat

oalx`lx oanz`x`lo`, Xfps+ xf` mlsxmxpxmal oalxmlpapsk} mnzk`n`lxs otìxmu` nòfilmsns

xa tòtpmx ypikmem`h xìof`ts mxf ctihpix` ilh zasx.ctihpix` h`ct``s+ at hù`kaz ilh

`lidk` l` n`nd`ts ae xf` eiopkx} xa adximl xf` sin` au`t i szòmem`h z`tmah ae xmn`,


30/453

YPIKMX] I__PTILO@ ML @LCML@@TMLC @HPOIXMAL 4:

Ml ihhmxmal xa ioih`nmo zt`zitixmal+ xf` mlsxmxpxmal iksa tòaclmw`s xfix xf` mlhpsxt} at

ztae`ssmalik `vz`tm`lo` ae xf` xìof`t t`mleato`s fms xfàt`xmoik blak`hc` xf`t`d}

oalxtmdpxmlc xa d`xx`t xìofmlc ztao`ss, Xfms ypikmemoixmal otmx`tmal cpmh`s xf` mlsxmxpxmal

ml xf` fmtmlc ae l` xìof`ts is `kk is ml xf` mnzk`n`lxixmal ae xf` eiopkx} hù`kazn`lxztactin,

Icct`ssmu` tòtpmxn`lx ae mlhpsxt} kòxpt`ts &mlhpsxt} ztioxmxmal`ts xìofmlc zitx.xmn`- ms

oalxmlpapsk} mnzk`n`lx`h is i nìls xa dikilo` oalx`lx blak`hc` mxf ztioxmo`

`vz`txms` ml xf` hmee`t`lx hmsomzkml`s, Is nixx`t ae zakmo}+ mlhpsxt} kòxpt`ts it` issmcl`h

spdgòxs ikalc xf`mt optt`lx mlhpsxt} eploxmal at `vz`tm`lo`,

Xf` eiopkx} kaihmlc zakmo} nilhix`s xfix ikk ctihpix` ilh zasx.ctihpix` h`ct`` fakh`ts+

inalc axf`t otmx`tmi+ d` cmu`l ztmatmx} ml kaihmlc issmcln`lx, Xfms sof`n` `lidk`s xfìoih`nmo h`zitxn`lxs xa sìnk`ssk} kaih xf` ypikmem`h eiopkx} mxf spdgòxs t`kix`h xa

xf`mt ctihpix` sxphm`s+ xtimlmlc+ o`txmemoixmal &me il}-+ at mlhpsxtmik `vz`tm`lo`,

Xf` Umo` Zt`smh`lx eat Ioih`nmo Ieeimts ms xf` kìh mnzk`n`lx`t ae xf` sofaaks Eiopkx}Hù`kazn`lx Ztactin ml oaathmlixmal mxf xf` Fpnil T`sapto`s H`zitxn`lx &FTH-+

xf` O`lx`t eat Xìofmlc @vo`kk`lo` &OX@- Aeemo`+ ilh xf` t`szòxmu` Hìl!Ofimt ae xf`

hmee`t`lx ioih`nmo h`zitxn`lxs,

Xf` Eiopkx} Hù`kazn`lx Ztactin ms mlx`lh`h xa hù`kaz xf` eiopkx} n`nd`ts ml xf`

eakkamlc itìs R5^7

Ioih`nmo ypikmemoixmals ilh ztae`ssmalik oanz`x`lo`, Uitmaps spzzatx mlmxmixmu`s

it` ml zkio` xa `lidk` lal.nisx`ts h`ct`` fakh`ts adximl xf`mt ikmcl`h ctihpixìs `kk is zasx.ctihpix` h`ct``s au`t i zt`sotmd`h z`tmah, Xf`s` mlmxmixmu`s

mlokph`+ dpx lax kmnmx`h xa 9- `vx`lhmlc mlx`t`sx.et`` oisf ihuilo` xa ypikmem`h

eiopkx} n`nd`ts ix xf` sxitx ae ù`t} x`tn eat ctihpix` sofaak nixtmopkixmal

spzzatx2 4- eiomkmxixmlc xf` izzkmoixmal ae ypikmem`h eiopkx} n`nd`ts xa uitmapssofakitsfmz mlhas eat ctihpix` `hpoixmal iuimkidk` etan cau`tln`lx

ic`lom`s spof is xf` OF@H ilh xf` HA_X2 ?- `vx`lhmlc hmtòx emlilomik

issmsxilo` xa ypikmem`h eiopkx} n`nd`ts ml ath`t eat xf`n xa emlmsf xf`mt nisx`tsat haoxatik h`ct``s,

Xf` mlsxmxpxmal iksa ztaumh`s il `lidkmlc nòfilmsn eat szòmemo n`nd`ts ae xf`

eiopkx} fa kiob mlhpsxt} `vzaspt` xa ciml xf` lò`ssit} mlhpsxt} `vz`tm`lo`

ikalc xf`mt hmsomzkml`, Xf` mlsxmxpxmal hù`kaz`h i zakmo} xa ztact`ssmu`k} `lidk`

ypikmem`h n`nd`ts ae xf` eiopkx} adximl zimh mlhpsxt} mnn`tsmal hptmlc xf`spnn`t x`tns,


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Hmsomzkml`.t`kix`h oanz`x`lo`, Xf` mlsxmxpxmal uikp`s oalxmlpaps pzctihmlc ae

eiopkx} oanz`x`lo` ml t`kixmal xa tò`lx hù`kazn`lxs ml xf`mt t`szòxmu`

ioih`nmo em`kh, Ikk ioih`nmo h`zitxn`lxs it` hmtòx`h xa mh`lxme} l` xt`lhs

ilh xòflakacm`s ml xf`mt t`szòxmu` hmsomzkml` ilh oalhpox ix kìsx al` &9-mlx`tlik hmsomzkml`.t`kix`h s`nmlit at atbsfaz, Ml ihhmxmal+ eiopkx} n`nd`ts

it` iksa `loaptic`h xa ixx`lh `vx`tlik hmsomzkml`.szòmemo s`nmlits+ atbsfazs

at oale`t`lo`s

Xf` n`nd`ts ae xf` eiopkx} it` naxmuix`h xa dòan` ioxmu` ml atcilmwixmals

ikmcl`h mxf xf`mt ztae`ssmalik ieemkmixmal, Xaiths xfms `lh+ xf` mlsxmxpxmal

ztaumh`s spzzatx d} `vx`lhmlc oisf ihuilo`s xa eiopkx} n`nd`ts eat xf`mt

illpik n`nd`tsfmz e``s ml xf`s` atcilmwixmals,

Z`hicacmoik oanz`x`lo`, Xf` O`lx`t eat Xìofmlc @vo`kk`lo` &OX@- ms xf` kìh

aeemo` xisb`h xa oalhpox oalxmlpmlc xtimlmlc mlmxmixmu`s ml ath`t xa zfis`.ml l`

fmt`s mlxa xf` xìofmlc ztae`ssmal, Ml ihhmxmal xa xf` t`cpkit xtimlmlc ztactin

d`mlc mnzk`n`lx`h d} xf` OX@ ilh ikalc xf` mlsxmxpxmalik xftpsx xa hù`kaz

xìof`ts xa dòan` `vo`kk`lx `hpoixats+ xf` XMZ iksa aee`ts xf` Xìofmlc

O`txmemoix` Ztactin &XOZ-+ il 96.plmx zasxctihpix` oapts` xfix xtimls lal.

`hpoixmal xìof`ts mxf xf` itx ilh som`lo` ae z`hicac} ilh ypikmem`s xf`n xa

xib` xf` cau`tln`lx Kmo`lspt` @vinmlixmals eat Xìof`ts &K@X-,

Xf` sofaak ztaumh`s spzzatxmu` ihnmlmsxtixmu` ilh zf}smoik sxtpoxpt`s xa `lidk`

eiopkx} n`nd`ts `nzka} mllauixmu` sxtix`cm`s xa eiomkmxix` kìtlmlc, XMZ fis i

Eiopkx} T`sìtof O`lx`t+ fmof spzzatxs xf` oanzpxmlc l``hs ae xìof`ts f`l

xf`} zt`zit` npkxmn`hmi zt`s`lxixmals eat szòmemo xazmos ml xf` s}kkidps,

Eiomkmxm`s eat npkxmn`hmi zt`s`lxixmals `t` iksa ztaumh`h,

T`sìtof oanz`x`lo`, Xf` XMZ T`sìtof ilh Hù`kazn`lx Aeemo` &THA- is

`sxidkmsf`h xa nilic` xf` mlsxmxpxmalik t`sìtof ztactin ilh `lspt` xfèpkemkkn`lx ae xf` sofaaks t`sìtof adgòxmu`s, Xf` THA plh`txib`s uitmapsioxmumxm`s xa `lfilo` xf` t`sìtof oizidmkmx} ae eiopkx} n`nd`ts, Eat xf` zisx

emu` }ìts+ xf` sofaaks t`sìtof ztactin }m`kh`h i daplxmepk fitu`sx ae idapx4:: t`sìtof`s z`t oinzps ikmcl`h mxf xf` OF@Hs ilh H`zitxn`lx ae _om`loìlh Xòflakac} &HA_X- t`sìtof ic`lhi eat lixmalik hù`kazn`lx, T`sìtof

fiu` d``l zt`s`lx`h ml lixmalik ilh mlx`tlixmalik oale`t`lo`s ilh eatpns+ ilh

spds`yp`lxk} zpdkmsf`h, Xftapcf xf`s` lixmalik ilh mlx`tlixmalik `vzaspt`s+

inalc axf`t d`lèmxs+ `vofilc` ae uikpidk` mleatnixmal ilh mlsmcfxs mxf axf`t

t`sìtof oannplmxm`s is c`l`tix`h+ s`tumlc is mlzpxs eat xf` mnztau`n`lx aet`sìtof ilh eat zassmdk` oakkidatixmal ml xf` epxpt`,


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Xf` fmcf apxzpx kù`k ae t`sìtof`s au`t i z`tmah ae emu` }ìts is nimlk} hp`

xa xf` sofaak ihnmlmsxtixmals spzzatx xa xf` eiopkx} ml x`tns ae xòflmoikissmsxilo` xftapcf xf` THA+ t`sìtof mlo`lxmu`s+ t`sìtof oanz`xmxmals ix

hmee`t`lx oix`catm`s+ emlilomik spzzatx eat ziz`t zt`s`lxixmals &kaoik ilhmlx`tlixmalik- ilh zpdkmoixmal ae emlmsf`h t`sìtof`s xftapcf uitmaps t`sìtof

gaptliks,

Z`tsalik ztae`ssmalik hù`kazn`lx, Xf` eiopkx} n`nd`ts it` `lgaml`h xa oalxmlpikk}

pzhix` xf`mt blak`hc` idapx xf`mt t`szòxmu` em`khs xftapcf n`nd`tsfmz ml

ztae`ssmalik atcilmwixmals ilh xf` zptspmx ae ctihpix` h`ct``s, Is mlhmoix`h

ztùmapsk}+ xf` mlsxmxpxmal xaiths xfms `lh ztaumh`s nah`sx spdsmhm`s,

Is zitx ae xf` xaxik mlo`lxmu` ziobic` aee`t`h xa xìof`ts+ ztact`ssmu`ztae`ssmalik hù`kazn`lx ms tìth`h dis`h al n`tmx, _pof emlilomik mlo`lxmu`s

it` cmu`l xa eiopkx} n`nd`ts fa &9- adximl i ztae`ssmalik kmo`ls` f`l xf`

hmsomzkml` sa t`ypmt`s2 &4- adximl i szòmem`h lpnd`t ae ctihpix` plmxs xaith il

ikmcl`h ctihpix` at zasx.ctihpix` h`ct``2 &?- adximl il ikmcl`h ctihpix` at zasx.

ctihpix` h`ct``2 ilh &8- adximl i ztae`ssmalik o`txmemoixmal+ inalc axf`ts,

Z`teatnilo` tùm`s d} sxph`lxs ilh xf` H`zitxn`lx Ofimt it` oalhpox`h ù`t}

s`n`sx`t+ dèat` xf` sof`hpk`h nmhx`tn `vinmlixmals, I tùm` ni} iksa d`

oalhpox`h ml xf` ù`lx ae i ztanaxmal at ofilc` ml hpxm`s ilh t`szalsmdmkmxm`s ae

i oalo`tl`h eiopkx} n`nd`t, Z`teatnilo` ùikpixmal ms ps`h xa h`x`tnml`

f`xf`t i eiopkx} n`nd`t z`teatns fms gad sixmseioxatmk}, Mx ms iksa i xaak ps`h xa

mnztau` mlsxtpoxmalik oanz`x`lo},

Hptmlc eatnik z`teatnilo` tùm`s+ xf` H`zitxn`lx Ofimt!Hìl ùikpix`s xf`

eiopkx} n`nd`t ml xf` itìs ae7 &9- Nisx`t} ae xf` _pdgòx Nixx`t+ &4- N`xfahs

ilh _xtix`cm`s+ &?- Zploxpikmx} ilh Ixx`lhilo`+ &8- Okisstaan Nilic`n`lx+ &0-

Oannilh ae xf` Kilcpic` ae Mlsxtpoxmal+ &5- Ixxmxph` Xaiths xf` _xph`lxs+ &3-Z`tsalikmx}+ &6- Ads`tuilo` ae _ofaak Zakmom`s+ ilh &=- Fpnil T`kixmals+

inalc axf`ts,

@uikpixmals it` oalhpox`h xa mh`lxme} xf` eiopkx} n`nd`ts sxt`lcxfs ilhìbl`ss`s mxf xf` `lh ml um` ae mnztaumlc fms au`tikk z`teatnilo`, Xf`

t`spkxs ae xf`s` ùikpixmals it` oakkix`h+ ilik}w`h+ ilh spnnitmw`h, Xf`s` it`

xf`l hmsopss`h mxf xf` oalo`tl`h xìof`t ilh s`tu` is disms eat7 &9- zassmdk`

ztanaxmal ml tilb+ &4- emlilomik mlo`lxmu`s+ &?- oann`lhixmals me xf` t`spkxs it`

laxàtxf}+ ilh &8- oattòxmu` ioxmals me lal.oaleatnmxm`s it` mh`lxmem`h,


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YPIKMX] I__PTILO@ ML @LCML@@TMLC @HPOIXMAL 4?

Xf` mlsxmxpxmal d`kmù`s xfix xf` azxmnpn cipc` ae xf` èeòxmu`l`ss ae xf`

eiopkx} hù`kazn`lx ztactin ms xf` oals`yp`lx mnztau`n`lx ae xf` ypikmx} ae

xìofmlc, Ml xfms t`cith+ xf` nìspt`n`lx nòfilmsn `nzka}`h d} xf`

mlsxmxpxmal xaiths h`x`tnmlmlc xf` ypikmx} ae xìofmlc pxmkmw`s sù`tik mlzpxnìspt`s7 &i- xf` t`spkxs ae xf` eiopkx} ùikpixmal d} spz`tumsats+ sxph`lxs ilh

z``ts+ &d- oapts` ùikpixmal ae szòmemo spdgòxs oalhpox`h ix xf` `lh ae ù`t}

x`tn+ ilh &o- xf` t`spkxs ae sxph`lx sixmseioxmal iss`ssn`lxs, Ikk hixi mlhmoix`

xfix xf` eiopkx} hù`kazn`lx ztactin fis f`kz`h mnztau` xf` ypikmx} ae

xìofmlc,

8, _xtix`cmo Ikkmilo`s

Is il mlsxmxpxmal oannmxx`h xa dtmlc ilh nimlximl fmcf sxilhith ae mlsxtpoxmal xa sxph`lxsoanz`x`lx ml xf`mt em`khs ae sxph} ilh mndp`h mxf xf` ztaz`t uikp`s+ xf` sofaak fis

l`xatb`h sxtix`cmoikk} mxf axf`t kaoik ilh mlx`tlixmalik oakk`c`s ilh plmu`tsmxm`s ilh

fis b`zx okas` ikkmilo`s mxf ztae`ssmalik atcilmwixmals ilh mlhpsxt}, Xftapcf xf`s`

kmlbic` ittilc`n`lxs+ uitmaps itìs ae oaaz`tixmal `t` tìkmw`h mlx`lh`h xa `lfilo` xf`

mlsxmxpxmals oizidmkmx} xa h`kmu`t mxs eploxmals ae mlsxtpoxmal+ t`sìtof+ztahpoxmumx}!kmlbic`s ilh `vx`lsmal s`tumo`s xa mxs sxph`lxs ilh axf`t sxib`fakh`ts,

0, _xt`lcxf`lmlc ae xf` _ofaaks Oannplmx} Apxtìof Ztactin

Oalsmsx`lx mxf mxs umsmal xa d` i sofaak sx``z`h ml oannplmx} s`tumo`+ XMZ nimlximls

ioxmu` oannplmx} hù`kazn`lx ztactins xa sxt`lcxf`l oannplmx} t`kixmals ilh nib`

xf` ihazx`h oannplmx} t`smh`lxs s`ke.t`kmilx,

Xf` Aeemo` ae _aomik Atm`lxixmal ilh Oannplmx} Mluaku`n`lx &_AOM- is `sxidkmsf`h d}

xf` mlsxmxpxmal xa `lspt` ztaz`t zkillmlc+ mnzk`n`lxixmal+ nalmxatmlc ilh ùikpixmal ae

oannplmx} ztagòxs,

Ml ath`t xa èeòxmu`k} oalxtmdpx` xa kaoik+ t`cmalik ilh lixmalik hù`kazn`lx xftapcf mxs

`vx`lsmal ztactins+ xf` sofaak mnzk`n`lxs nòfilmsns spof is7 &9- Oalhpox ae i }ìtk}l``hs iss`ssn`lx sptu`} xa mh`lxme} xf` mnn`hmix` l``hs ae xf` oannplmx}2 &4-

Oanzt`f`lsmu` sxtix`cmo zkillmlc eat xf` ihazx`h oannplmx} imn`h ix f`kzmlc xf`n

dòan` s`ke.t`kmilx oannplmx}2 ilh &?- @uikpixmal ilh nalmxatmlc ae mnzk`n`lx`h

oannplmx} ztagòxs,

XMZ fis mnzk`n`lx`h oannplmx} ztagòxs xftapcf uitmaps ioxmumxm`s hmsopss`h ml xf`

spoo``hmlc zitictizfs R3^7

Ztagòxs eat xf` ihazx`h oannplmxm`s, Is i oalxtmdpxmal xa kaoik oannplmx}hù`kazn`lx+ oannplmx} hù`kazn`lx ztagòxs `t` plh`txib`l d} XMZ ilh


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zitxmomzix`h d} xf` eiopkx}+ lal.xìofmlc z`tsall`k ilh sxph`lxs f`t` kaoik

ihazx`h oannplmxm`s `t` xf` nigat d`lèmomitm`s, Xf` _ofaak ztaumh`h xf`

oannplmx} t`smh`lxs+ is ztagòx zitxmomzilxs+ xòflmoik issmsxilo` kìhmlc xa xf`

ioypmsmxmal ae szòmemo `nzka}n`lx at `lxt`zt`l`ptmik sbmkks is `kk is mlmxmixmu`smlx`lh`h xa hù`kaz hmsomzkml` ilh s`ke.t`kmilo` eatnixmal, Nat` xfil 0:

einmkm`s etan xf` ihazx`h oannplmxm`s d`lèmx`h òalanmoikk} etan xf`s`

spsximlidk` hù`kazn`lx ztagòxs,

Ztagòxs eat xf` ihazx`h fmcf sofaaks, Xf` sofaak fis ihazx`h sù`tik fmcf sofaaks

ml t`szals` xa xf` oikk ae xf` cau`tln`lx eat spof spzzatx etan xf` ztmuix`

sòxat, Xf`t` it` xa oalxmlpmlc ztactins hù`kaz`h ilh h`zka}`h fmof `t`

mlx`lh`h xa d`lèmx xf` ihazx`h Fmcf _ofaaks7 xf` Oanzpx`t Kmx`tio} Ztactin

ilh xf` Nixf Okmlmo, Is il apxoan`+ sxph`lxs etan xf`s` ihazx`h fmcf sofaaks`t` idk` xa ixximl d`xx`t z`teatnilo` ml xf` _òalhit} Iofmù`n`lx X`sx eat

Nixf`nixmos hp` zitxk} xa xf` Nixf Okmlmo, Ml ihhmxmal+ sxph`lxs etan xf`

ihazx`h fmcf sofaaks lax alk} mnztau`h xf`mt MOX oanz`x`lo} dpx ù`l

citl`t`h mllmlc zkio`s ml Mlx`t._ofaak oanz`xmxmals ml oanzpx`t izzkmoixmals,

Nat` xfil xa xfapsilh &4:::- fmcf sofaak sxph`lxs etan xf` hmee`t`lx zpdkmo

fmcf sofaaks ml eapt mh`lxmem`h Hmumsmals ae Omx} _ofaaks d`lèmx`h etan xf`s`

`vzilh`h Oanzpx`t Kmx`tio} ilh Nixf Okmlmo ztactins,

Axf`t `lumtaln`lx t`kix`h ztagòxs!plh`txibmlcs, Ml kml` mxf xf` sofaaksoannmxn`lx ae ztanaxmlc oit` eat xf` `lumtaln`lx ilh xf` h`smt` xa oalxtmdpx`

xa xf` c`l`tik `keit` ae xf` saom`x}+ XMZ ms ioxmu`k} mluaku`h ml `lumtaln`lxik

ztagòxs spof is7

Ihazx.Mza Hin Ztagòx, Xf` sofaak zitxl`t`h mxf xf` H`zitxn`lx ae

@lumtaln`lx ilh Lixptik T`sapto`s &H@LT-+ Nilmki Six`t ilh

_``tic` _}sx`n &NS__-+ Nilmki Six`t+ ilh Nplmomzikmx} ae

Latwiciti} eat xf` ihazx xf` Mza Hin ztagòx, Uakplx``t sxph`lxs+eiopkx} n`nd`ts ilh sxiee fiu` d``l ioxmu`k} mluaku`h ml xt`` zkilxmlc

ilh nimlx`lilo` ae xf` ihazx`h kax itì, Xf` Xòflakacmoik Mlsxmxpx` ae

xf` Zfmkmzzml`s is tò`lxk} iith`h d} xf` Nilmki Six`t Oanzil} is

al` ae xf` 96 mlsxmxpxmals tòaclmw`h eat xf`mt èeatxs ml ztanaxmlc

`lumtaln`lxik iit`l`ss inalc mxs oalsxmxp`lxs

Mluaku`n`lx ae XMZ Aeemo`ts ilh Eiopkx} N`nd`ts is Iss`ssats al

Okìl`t Ztahpoxmal, _`kòx`h Aeemo`ts ilh Eiopkx} N`nd`ts ae XMZ fa

`t` xtiml`h is okìl`t ztahpoxmal iss`ssats it` h`zka}`h is xòflmoikoalspkxilxs eat xf` mnzk`n`lxixmal ae Ct``l Etinàtb ae Mllauixmu`


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_xtix`cm`s al _psximlidk` oalspnzxmal ilh Ztahpoxmumx} ml Nitmbmli

Omx},

5, Ztaumsmal ae @vx`lsmu` ilh Eploxmalik Kìtlmlc Eiomkmxm`s

Xf` Xòflakacmoik Mlsxmxpx` ae xf` Zfmkmzzml`s `lumsmals mxs`ke is xf` kìhmlc sofaak ml xf`

em`khs ae @lcml``tmlc ilh ml ikk mxs axf`t ioih`nmo aee`tmlcs, Xa spzzatx xfms umsmal+ xf`

sofaak ms oannmxx`h xa ztaumh` pz.xa.hix` kmdtit} t`sapto`s ilh eiomkmxm`s xfix it`

oalhpomu` xa kìtlmlc, Xf` ztaopt`n`lx ae t`kùilx ilh pzhix`h kmdtit} t`sapto`s ilh

pzctihmlc ae kidatixat} eiomkmxm`s ms i oalxmlpmlc ztao`ss,

3, _xph`lx Hù`kazn`lx Ztactins

Ztao`ss`s mluakumlc oit``t zkillmlc ilh hù`kazn`lx eat sxph`lxs+ etan ihnmssmal xa

ctihpixmal+ it` ml zkio` ilh eeòxmu`k} atbmlc, Xf`s` ztao`ss`s mlokph` inalc axf ts7

Zt`.ztao`ss nixofmlc, Is zitx ae xf` ihnmssmal ztao`ss+ mloanmlc sxph`lxs it`

mlx`tum``h d} xf` Cpmhilo` Oapls`kats xa h`x`tnml` xf`mt mlhmumhpik oapts`

ztè`t`lo`, I kù`kmlc ae `vzòxixmal ms oalhpox`h xa mleatn xf` sxph`lxs ae xf`

plmyp` t`ypmt`n`lxs ae xf` ztactin xf`} ztè`t+ mlokphmlc szòmik idmkmxm`s ilh

izxmxph`s `vzòx`h etan xf`n, Xftapcf xf`s` mlx`tum`s+ xf` sofaak `lspt`s xf`

èeòxmu` nixofmlc ae idmkmxm`s ilh izxmxph`s ae sxph`lxs xa xf` h`nilhs ae xf`ztactin xa fmof xf`} mlx`lh xa `ltakk,

Ml.ztao`ss nixofmlc, Xf` Cpmhilo` ilh Oapls`kmlc O`lx`t fis i x`sxmlc sof`hpk`

z`t }ìt kù`k+ fmof mlokph`s xf` oalhpox ae Ioih`nmo Izxmxph` X`sxs xa

sòalh }ìt sxph`lxs, T`spkxs it` hmsopss`h xa sxph`lxs sa xfix xf`} oapkh

dòan` iit` ae xf`mt izxmxph`s,

@hpoixmalik cpmhilo` ms oalxmlpapsk} ztaumh`h xa sxph`lxs xftapcf eaops ctapz ilh

c`l`tik iss`ndk} n``xmlcs mxf xf`mt t`szòxmu` Hìls!H`zitxn`lx Ofimts, Xf`s` ztaumhì nòfilmsn xa `lidk` sxph`lxs xa oaz` mxf xf` hmeemopkx} ae oakk`c` kme`, Xf`s` iksa

s`tu` is u`lp` eat xf` kù`kmlc ae `vzòxixmals z`tximlmlc xa xìof`t oanz`x`lo}+

ih`ypio} ae eiomkmxm`s ilh axf`t ioih`nmo.t`kix`h oalo`tls, Xf` Cpmhilo` ilh

Oapls`kmlc O`lx`t iksa ztaumh`s t`cpkit oapls`kmlc issmsxilo` xa ikk sxph`lxs mxf

`nzfisms al sxph`lxs mxf mh`lxmem`h szòmik l``hs,


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T@IKMWIXMAL AE XMZ_ NM__MAL XA XTIL_EATN _XPH@LX_ MLXA

OANZ@X@LX CTIHPIX@_

Xf` sofaaks èeatx xa oanzk} mxf ioot`hmxixmal ilh M_A sxilhiths fis t`spkx`h ml ilmnztau`h z`teatnilo` ae sxph`lxs ilh ctihpix`s is xf`} `vo`kk`h ml xf` eakkamlc itìs

R6^7

Kmo`lspt` @vinmlixmals, Xf` sofaaks èeatxs xa mnztau` xf` mlsxtpoxmalik h`kmu`t}

fiu` t`spkx`h ml i smclmemoilx mnztau`n`lx al z`teatnilo` ml kmo`lspt`

`vinmlixmal is XMZ ctihpix`s oalsmsx`lxk} z`teatn`h fmcf`t xfil lixmalik

zissmlc z`to`lxic` ml Nitml` @lcml``tmlc+ Omumk @lcml``tmlc+ @kòxtmoik

@lcml``tmlc ilh @hpoixmal ztactins, XMZ fis iksa ztahpo`h i caah lpnd`t

ae xazlaxof`ts ml kmo`lspt` `vinmlixmals,

Lixmalik Oanz`xmxmals, XMZ sxph`lxs `t` hòkit`h mll`ts ml zt`sxmcmaps lixmalik

oanz`xmxmals spof is X`l Apxsxilhmlc _xph`lxs ae xf` Zfmkmzzml`s+ Z`xtal Itx

Oalx`sx+ _f`kk Itx Oanz`xmxmal+ Lixmalik Ypmw D``s+ inalc axf`ts,

@nzka}idmkmx} ae Ctihpix`s, Xf` ctihpix` xtio`t sxph} oalhpox`h d} xf` ikpnlm

aeemo` eat xf` zisx emu` }ìts sfas il nzka}n`lx tix` ae =9,5%

Ioo`zxidmkmx} ae XMZ Ctihpix`s d} xf` Mlhpsxt}, I sptu`} oalhpox`h xa iss`ss xfìoo`zxidmkmx} ae XMZ ctihpix`s d} xf` mlhpsxt} tùìk`h i nìl tixmlc ae 8,9? al

i soik` ae 9 xa 0+ f`t` 0 d`mlc xf` fmcf`sx soat`,

APXOAN@_ AE IOOT@HMXIXMAL ILH M_A O@TXMEMOIXMAL ZTAO@__

Ml xf` tò`lx }ìts+ XMZ fih xf` ztmumk`c` xa tò`mu` tòaclmxmals eat `v`nzkit}

z`teatnilo` ml xf` ztaumsmal ae ypikmx} `hpoixmal spof is 7

Ipxalanaps _xixps ilh H`t`cpkix`h _xixps, Ml Lau`nd`t 4::=+ xf` Oannmssmal al

Fmcf`t @hpoixmal &OF@H- iith`h XMZ Yp`wal Omx} Ipxalanaps _xixps ilh

XMZ Nilmki H`t`cpkix`h _xixps, Ipxalanaps sxixps xf` fmcf`sx zassmdk` iith

cmu`l d} OF@H xa i fmcf`t `hpoixmal mlsxmxpxmal, Xfms ms ml tòaclmxmal ae mxs

`v`nzkit} z`teatnilo` sfal ml xf` ztaumsmal ae ypikmx} fmcf`t `hpoixmal+

t`sìtof ilh `vx`lsmal atb, Smxf XMZ Yp`wal Omx}s ipxalanaps sxixps+ mxgaml`h xf` `vokpsmu` kìcp` ae 84 ipxalanaps sofaaks etan 9+389 fmcf`t

`hpoixmal mlsxmxpxmals lixmalmh`,


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O`lx`ts ae Hù`kazn`lx, XMZ is tòaclmw`h is OF@H O`lx`ts ae Hù`kazn`lx

&OAH- ml xft`` ztactins lin`k}+ 9- Oanzpx`t @lcml``tmlc eat XMZ Yp`wal

Omx} ilh XMZ Nilmki+ 4- Omumk @lcml``tmlc eat XMZ Yp`wal Omx} + ilh ?-

Mleatnixmal Xòflakac} @hpoixmal eat XMZ Nilmki ilh XMZ Yp`wal Omx} fmofmlokph`s xf` ztactins Mleatnixmal Xòflakac}+ Oanzpx`t _om`lo`+ ilh

Mleatnixmal _}sx`ns,

Kù`ks ae Ioot`hmxixmal, XMZ fis uitmaps ioot`hmxixmal kù`ks eat mxs hmee`t`lx ztactin

aee`tmlcs plh`t xf` E`h`tixmal ae Ioot`hmxmlc Ic`lom`s ae xf` Zfmkmzzml`s.

Zfmkmzzml` Issaomixmal ae Oakk`c`s ilh Plmu`tsmxm`s Oannmssmal al

Ioot`hmxixmal &EIIZ.ZIOPOAI-, Is ae Gpk} 4:99+ ikk ae xf` ypikmem`h

ztactins ae XMZ it` ioot`hmx`h ix uitmaps kù`ks, XMZ Yp`wal Omx} fis 3 Kù`k

MMM ioot`hmx`h ztactins lin`k}+ Omumk @lcml``tmlc+ Oanzpx`t @lcml``tmlc+@kòxtmoik @lcml``tmlc+ Mlhpsxtmik @lcml``tmlc+ Nitml` @lcml``tmlc+ Oanzpx`t

_om`lo` ilh Dpsml`ss Ihnmlmsxtixmal, Lml` apx ae 98 ztactins ae XMZ Nilmki

it` Kù`k MM ioot`hmx`h lin`k}+ Omumk @lcml``tmlc+ Oanzpx`t @lcml``tmlc+

@kòxtmoik @lcml``tmlc+ Nòfilmoik @lcml``tmlc+ Mlhpsxtmik @lcml``tmlc+ Nitml`

@lcml``tmlc+ Nitml` Xtilszatxixmal+ Oanzpx`t _om`lo` ilh Dpsml`ss

Ihnmlmsxtixmal,

Ml 4::5+ XMZ is iith`h d} xf` ZIOPOAI plh`t Oix`cat} I is al` ae xf`

xaz emu` sofaaks mxf xf` fmcf`sx lpnd`t ae ioot`hmx`h ztactins mxfapx nigats7

XMZ Nilmki is Lpnd`t 9 mxf 99 ioot`hmx`h ztactins fmk` XMZ Yp`wal Omx}

is Lpnd`t 4 mxf 9: ioot`hmx`h ztactins,

Ml 4::3+ XMZ Nilmki is i szòmik iith`` ae xf` ZIOPOAI is xf` sofaak mxf

xf` fmcf`sx lpnd`t ae Kù`k M ilh Kù`k MM ioot`hmx`h ztactins,

XMZ Yp`wal Omx} is i szòmik iith`` ae xf` ZIOPOAI is xf` sofaak mxf

xf` Emtsx Nitml` @lcml``tmlc Ztactin xa fiu` d``l ctilx`h Kù`k MMMTìoot`hmx`h _xixps ml xf` Lixmalik Oizmxik T`cmal &LOT- ilh xf` Emtsx

Oanzpx`t _om`lo` Ztactin xa fiu` d``l ctilx`h Kù`k MMM Tìoot`hmx`h _xixps

ml xf` Zfmkmzzml`s ilh ml xf` Lixmalik Oizmxik T`cmal &LOT-,

M_A O`txmemoixmal=, XMZ ms al` inalc i s`kòx lpnd`t ae sofaaks ml xf` Zfmkmzzml`smxf i Ypikmx} Nilic`n`lx _}sx`n &YN_- o`txmem`h oanzkmilx xa xf`

mlx`tlixmalik sxilhith M_A =::974:::,

M_A =::974::: szòmem`s t`ypmt`n`lxs eat i ypikmx} nilic`n`lx s}sx`n f`tìl atcilmwixmal 9- l``hs xa h`nalsxtix` mxs idmkmx} xa oalsmsx`lxk} ztaumh`


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ztahpox xfix n``xs opsxan`t ilh izzkmoidk` t`cpkixat} t`ypmt`n`lxs+ ilh 4- imns

xa `lfilo` opsxan`t sixmseioxmal xftapcf xf` èeòxmu` izzkmoixmal ae xf` s}sx`n+

mlokphmlc ztao`ss`s eat oalxmlpik mnztau`n`lx ae xf` s}sx`n ilh xf` issptilo`

ae oaleatnmx} xa opsxan`t ilh izzkmoidk` t`cpkixat} t`ypmt`n`lxs 9:,

Xf` o`txmemoixmal oau`ts xf` `lxmt` az`tixmal ilh s`tumo`s ae xf` mlsxmxpxmalsztaumsmal ae x`txmit} `hpoixmal ml `lcml``tmlc+ itofmxòxpt`+ dpsml`ss+

mleatnixmal ilh oannplmoixmals xòflakac}+ ilh nitmxmn` `hpoixmal mlokphmlc

xtimlmlc eat xf` lixmalik ilh mlx`tlixmalik mlhpsxtm`s, XMZs M_A =::97 4:::O`txmemoix` ae Oaleatnmx} is mssp`h d} H`x Latsb` U`tmxis &HLU-

O`txmemoixmal Kxh9:,+ i o`txme}mlc dah} ioot`hmx`h d} xf` Plmx`h BmlchanIoot`hmxixmal _`tumo` &PBI_-,

_PNNIT] ILH OALOKP_MAL_

Dis`h al XMZs `vz`tm`lo`+ xf` eakkamlc ztioxmo`s f`kz`h xaith epkk oanzkmilo` mxfioot`hmxixmal ilh M_A o`txmemoixmal t`ypmt`n`lxs7 9- Mnzk`n`lxixmal ae ypikmx}

nilic`n`lx s}sx`n + 4- Oalxmlpik mnztau`n`lx ae ioih`nmo ztao`ss`s+ ?- I

oanzt`f`lsmu` eiopkx} hù`kazn`lx ztactin+ 8- L`xatbmlc ilh kmlbic`s+ 0-

_xt`lcxf`lmlc ae xf` sofaaks oannplmx} apxtìof ztactin+ 5- Ztaumsmal ae @vx`lsmu`

ilh Eploxmalik Kìtlmlc Eiomkmxm s+ ilh 3- I sxtalc sxph`lx hù`kazn`lx ztactin +inalc axf`ts,

Smxf mxs uitmaps mlmxmixmu`s ilh xf`mt t`spkxmlc apxoan`s+ XMZ fis spoo``h`h xa i o`tximl

`vx`lx ml mxs oannmxn`lx xa `vo`kk`lo` ilh xaxik ypikmx} ml `hpoixmal, Faù`t+ xf`t` ms

sxmkk npof xa d` h`smt`h, Ypikmx} omtok`s it` oalxmlpikk} `vzkatmlc zassmdk` itìs ae

mnztau`n`lx, Xf`s` èeatxs it` nìlx xa dtmlc opsxan`t sixmseioxmal xa i fmcf`t kù`k ilh

`lidk` XMZ xa iofmù` mxs umsmal xa d` xf` kìhmlc sofaak ml ikk mxs ioih`nmo aee`tmlcs,

IOBLASK@HC@N@LX

Xf` ipxfat msf`s xa xfilb Ht, @kmwid`xf Y, Kifaw+ XMZ Zt`smh`lx ilh xf` n`nd`ts ae

xf` XMZ @vòpxmu` Nilic`n`lx Oannmxx`` &@VNILOAN- eat hamlc xf`mt sfit` xaith

xf` oanzk`xmal ae xfms ziz`t,

T@E@T@LO@_

R9^ Zfmkmzzml` Issaomixmal ae Oakk`c`s ilh Plmu`tsmxm`s Oannmssmal al

Ioot`hmxixmal &4::5-, Nilpik ae ioot`hmxixmal,


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YPIKMX] I__PTILO@ ML @LCML@@TMLC @HPOIXMAL 4=

R4^ Oannmssmal al Fmcf`t @hpoixmal &4::6-, Nilpik ae t`cpkixmal eat ztmuix` fmcf`t

`hpoixmal ae 4::6,

R?^ X`oflakacmoik Mlsxmxpx` ae xf` Zfmkmzzml`s &4::=-, XMZ sxtix`cmo zkil eat 4::=.

4:94,R8^ X`oflakacmoik Mlsxmxpx` ae xf` Zfmkmzzml

Documents

International Forum on Engineering Education (IFEE 2010) Proceedings held in University of Sharjah, UAE