International Atomic Energy Agency

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

International Centre for Theoretical Physics

News from ICTPNo. 74175 September/October 1993

Mr. Micah Olcwuchukwu Osilikz (Nigeria), Mathematics Group, receiving tlw ICTPDiploma Certificate from Professor Luciano Bertocchi, Deputy Director, lnternational Cenrefor Theoretical Physics.

Diploma Course Awardees —New Members of the ICTP Familv

InsicfetNobel Prize in Physics andChemistry ....r..3

j 1CTP/TWAS Donation Programme! Gets Considerable Cooperation

from Institutions in the South ,.....,,5

International Centre for Scienceand High Technology (ICS) ™.,.6

Statistical Data on Activities atICTP in 1992 „,.„ ..„.. J

Award to Prof. L. Fonda 13

Where the History of ScienceInforms Science Policy: An IndianScenario „.„.„...„...„.;..., 14

Conferences and Lectures 16

Activities at ICTP in September-October 17

Getting Info on ICTP Activitiesvia Computer 22

Calendar of Activities at ICTP•in 1993-94 ...;i3

On 24 September 1993 in a smallceremony, chaired by Professor Yu Lu,the ICTP Diploma was awarded to 25young participants who had successfullycompleted the 1992-93 DiplomaProgramme. The awardees this yearcame lrom l7 developing countries.

The Deputy Director of the Centre,Professor Luciano Bertocchi addressedthe Diploma awardees and those who hadrecently arrived for the 1993-94Programme on behalf of ProfessorAbdus Salam, the Director of ICTP. Hetold them that he was very happy towelcome them as the youngest membersof the ICTP "family", specially sincethey may be considered to represent thenext generation of scientists andresearchers who will carrv on the

peaceful exchange of scientificknowledge the world over — one of themain aims of the Centre itself over thepast 30 years.

He recognized the hard work the1992-93 awardees had done during thepast twelve months for the intensiveDiploma Programme whilst having todeal with day-to-day problems of livingin a foreign country. He pointed out thatthe ICTP Diploma should, for them,mark not an end, but a beginning. Theywill face hard work in the next few years,whilst studying for a Ph.D., but theirefforts will eventually find reward. Hehoped they would keep in close contactwith the Centre and that there would bean opportunity for them to visit theCentre again in the future. He reminded

them ttrat their ultimate aim should be toreturn to adeveloping country to offer theknowledge they gain as a benefit to theirhome countries and to others who choosea career in physics or mathematics, oftenunder isolated conditions.

The individuals to be awarded theICTP Diploma were then presented bytheir Coordinators, Prof. Vijay Kumarfor Condensed Matter Physics, Prof.Faheem Hussain for High-EnergyPhysics, and 'hof. Charles E. Chidumefor Mathematics. They briefly describedthe past accomplishments and futureplans of each pailicipant.

Professor Yu Lu thanked Prof.Bertocchi and the Coordinators as well asthose who had lectured during theProgramme and/or acted as advisors to

News from fCTP * No" 74175 * Seotemtrer/October 1993

1993-1994 ICTP Diploma Programme in Brief

1 September 1993 - 3I Augnst 1994

First Term: 1 September - 23 December 1993; Second Term: 4 Janunry - May 1994

Course of study: Condensed Matter Physics

Coordinator: Vijay Kumar (India/ICTP)

First term:Lattice Dynamics (R. Prasad) - 15 hrs.Many-Body Physics (G. Santoro) - 40 hrs.Semiconductors & Superlattices (G. Goldoni) - 15 hrs.Statistical Mechanics & Phase Transirions (M. Barma) - 45 hrs.Symmetry & Bands (V. Kumar) - 27 lus.

Second term:Disordered Systems (N. Kumar) - 12 hrs.Electron Gas (M. Tosi ) -12 hrs.Magnetism (V.E. Kravtsov) - l0 hrs.Non-linear Dynamical Systems (H. Cerdeira) - l8 hrs.Quasi l-dimensional Systems &

Electron Correlations (Yu Lu) - 15 hrs.Superconductivily (S. Shenoy) - 13 hrs.Surface Physics (A. I-evi) -15 hrs.

Participants:l. Adetayo Victor Adedeji (Nigeria)2. AMullah Ibrahim Al-Sharif (Jordan)3. Orion Gjon Ciftja (Albania)4. Isam Eldin H. Hagmusa (Sudan)5. Dashdorjeen Jamy'anaa (Mongolia)6. Bijaya Bahadur Karki (Nepal)7. Angela B. Klautau (Brazil)8. George Musonda l.ombe (Zambia)9. Nguyen Hoa Hong Thi (Viet Nam)

10. Armando Villares Ferrer (Cuba)

High-Energy Physics

Faheem Hussain GgfP)

Course of study:

Coordinator:

First term:General Relativity (C. Ellis) - 30 hrs.Introduction to Lie Groups & Lie Algebras (E. Gava) - 24 hrs.Quarks & Irptons (G. Furlan) - 30 hrs.Quanrum Elecuodynarnics: Inroduction to Quannrrm

Field Theory (J.A. Strathdee) - 30 hrs.Relativistic Quantum Mechanics (F. Hussain) - 22 hrs.

Second term:Beyond Ore Standard Model (A. Masiero) - 33 hrs.Lie Groups & Lie Algebras II (K.S. Narain) - 24 hrs.Quantum Field Theory (S. Randjbar-Daemi) - 40 hrs.Standard Model (C. Verzegnassi) - 30 hrs.

Participaus:

1. HanadiM. Abd El Salam (Sudan)2. Tarig Mukhtar Abdalla (Sudan)3. Adel M.M. Ahmed (Egyp$4. Hilrniye Balkan (Turkey)5. Jorge Castineiras (Cuba)6. Luis Carlos Bassalo Crispino @razil)7. Dambasuren Erdenebayar (Mongolia)8. Petre Golumbeanu (Romania)9. Mohammad Amin Kayali (Syria)

10. Soonok You (Korea, Rep. ofl)

Course of study: Mathematics

Coord.inator: Charles E. Chidume (NigerilCTP)First term:Introduction to Differenrial Geometry (E. Ciriza) - 30 hrs.Abstract Algebra (M. Brundu/A. tngat) - 30 hrs.Functional Analysis (C. Chidume) - 30 hrs.Point-Set Topology (8. Zimmermann) - 24 Ius.

Second term:Algebraic Topology (D. Repovsft. Zimmermann) - 30 hrs.Complex Analysis (G. de Souza) - 2l hrs.Introduction to Algebraic Geomery (E. Mezzerri) - 30 hrs.Measures & Integration (C. Dal Maso) - 30 hrs.

Partial Differential Equations, including Ritz & GalerkinMethods (P. Drdbek/J. Francu) - 30 hrs.

Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations (F. Zanolin) -30 hrs.

Participans:l. Dawit Aberra (Ethiopia)2. TrinhTuanAnh (Viet Nam)3. Mukta Bahadur Bhandari (Nepal)4. Ayse Hacibekiroglu (Turkey)5. Agashi Pius Nwogbaga (Nigeria)5. Mahendra Prasad Panthee (Nepal)7. Berhanu Bogale Tameru (Ethiopia)8. Nguyen Chanh Tu (Viet Nam)

2

Nervs from ICTP - No. 74175-September/October 1993

the participants while they werepreparing their dissertations. Herecognized the amount of work involvedboth for the faculty and the participants inthe Programme, and was grateful to allthose who contributed to its success. Heended the ceremony by expressing !o theawardees his best wishes for theircontinuing studies.

The l2-month ICTP DiplomaProgramme is designed to provideyoung, promising graduates (mainlyfrom developing countries), who hold agood degree at the level of a British B.Sc.(Honours) or equivalent, with post-graduate raining suitable for pursuingteaching and research work inCondensed Matter Physics, High-Energy Physics, or Mathematics. Itconsists of 7-8 months of basic andadvanced courses in each discipline,after which participants prepare adissertation on a topic related to thecourses under the supervision ofscientists at the Centre or from nearbyinstitutions. The participants orallydefend their dissertation during the lastmonth of the Programme. The ICTPDiploma is awarded only to thosecandidates who successfully completeall requirements of the Programme. Thenumber of participants is kept small toallow close interaction between studentsand lecturers.

The hogramme was instituted inOctober 1991, courses in the firstacademic year being offered inCondensed Matter Physics and High-Energy Physics. Many of the l7awardees from that year are now in Ph.D.programmes in such places as Syracuseand Rochester Universities (USA), theUniversity of Western Ontario (Canada),Brunel University (UK), the ScuolaNorm ale Superiore @isa, Italy), the JosefStephan Institute (Ljubljana, Slovenia),and the nearby International School ofAdvanced Studies (SISSA). Severalhave gone back to their countries tocontinue teaching and/or research, andsome have also returned to take part in theCentre's scheduled activilies or to carryout further research with scientists at theICTP.

Mathematics was added as a courseof study in the Diploma Programmecommencing with October 1992. Thethird series of Courses in these threefields began at the Centre on I September1993 and will run through 3l August

1994. To date, 81 promising youngpersons from 29 developing countrieshave come to Trieste to work towards theICTP Diploma.

A brief description of the 1993-1994Diploma Programme is given in the tableon Page 2.

The fourth ICTP DiplomaProgramme is scheduled for theacademic year 1 September 1994 - 31August 1995. The deadline forapplications is 31 December 1993. _o

Nobel Prize in Physics andChemistrv

Professor Russell A. Hulse andProfessor Joseph Taylor, both ofPrinceton University, New Jersey, USA,were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physicsfor the discovery of a new type of pulsar,a discovery that has opened up newpossibilities for the study of gravitation.Professor Kary Muttis of California andProfessor Michael Smith of University ofBritish Columbia received the ChemistryPrize for developing a technique calledPCR (polymerase chain reaction) anddiscovering how to cause mutations andspecific sites on a strand of DNA.

Professor Russell A. Hulse was bornon 28 November 1950 in New York. Heis an American citizen. He got his Ph.D.in l9'l5 from the University ofMassachusetts. He has been working as aresearch physicist, Plasma PhysicsLaboratory, at Princeton University.Hulse is a Member of the AmericanPhysical Society and AmericanAstronomical Society.

Professor Joseph H. Taylor, Jr.,wasborn on 29 March 1941 in Philadelphia.He is an American citizen. He got hisPh.D. in 1968 at Harvard University. Hehas been working as Professor in theDepartment of Physics, PrincetonUniversity, USA. Professor Taylor is amember of, among other bodies, theNational Academy of Sciences, theAmerican Physical Society, theAmerican Astronomical Society and theInternational Union of Radio Science.

The discovery rewarded with thisyear's Nobel Prize in physics was madein 1974 by Russell A. Hulse and JosephH. Taylor, Jr., using the 300-mradiotelescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico,West Indies. The breakthrough came inthe early 1970's as they searched the skyfor pulsars, the superdense cinders leftover when stars explode. Hulse andTaylor were first to find a double pulsar,a pair of objecs whirling around eachother in tight formation. Einstein'stheory decreed that two such heavybodies orbiting each other should give offgravity waves, which would drain offenergy and cause the objects to cometogether eventually. Sure through, thepulsars are approaching each other at arate of about 1 I a -::J*

***

Gravity Investigated with aBinary Pulsar

CourtesY ofThe Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

The discovery rewarded with thisyear's Nobel prize in Physics was madein 1974 by Russel A. Hulse and Joseph H.Taylor, Jr., using the 300-mradiotelescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico,west Indies. Taylor, then Professor at theUniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst,and his research student Hulse weresearching systematically for pulsars — akind of rapidly rotating cosmic beaconwith a mass somewhat grcater than thatof the sun and a radius of about tenkilometers. (A human being on thesurface of a pulsar would weigh somehundred thousand million times morethan on Earth.) The pulsar's "beaconlight" is often within the radio waveregion.

The first pulsar was discovered in1967 at the radioastronomy laboratory inCambridge, England (Nobel kize 1974to Antony Hewish). What was new aboutthe Hulse-Taylor pulsar was that, fromthe behaviour of the beacon signal, itcould be deduced that it wasaccompanied by an approximatelyequally heavy companion at a distancecorresponding to only a few times thedistance of the moon from the earth. Thebehaviour of this astronomical systemdeviates greatly from what can be

News from ICTP - No. 74175 - September/October 1993

calculated for a pair of heavenly bodiesusing Newton's theory. Here a new,revolutionary 'space laboratory' has beenobtained for testing Einstein's generaltheory of relativity and alternativetheories of gravity. So far, Einstein'stheory has passed the resrs wirh flyingcolours. Of particular interest has beenthe possibility of verifying with greatprecision the theory's prediction that thesystem should lose energy by emittinggravitational waves in about the sameway that a syslem of moving electricalcharges emits electromagnetic waves.

The significance of the discovery ofthe binary pulsar

The discovery of the first binarypulsar is primarily of great significancefor astrophysics and gravitationalphysics. Gravity is the oldest knownnatural force, the one we are most awareof in daily life. At rhe same time it is inone sense the force that is hardest to studysince it is so much weaker than the otherthree natural forces: the electromagneticforce and the strong and the weak nuclearforces. The development of technologyand science since the second World Warwith rockets, satellites, space voyages,radioastronomy, radar technology andthe precise measurement of time usingatomic clocks has led [o a renaissance ofthe study of this earliest-known naturalforce. The discovery of the binary pulsarrepresents an important milestone in thishistorical development.

Relativity theory and gravitationalphysics

According to Albert Einstein'sgeneral theory of relativity, gravity iscaused by changes in the geometry ofspace and time: space-time curves nearmasses. Einstein presented his theory in1915 and became a world celebrity whenin l919 the English astrophysicist ArthurEddington announced that one of thepredictions of ttre theory, the deflectionofstarlight passing near the surface of thesun — "the light is drawn towards thes111" — had been verified during solareclipse expeditions. This deflection oflight, together with a small general-relativity contribution to the perihelionmotion of Mercury (a slow rotation ofMercury's elliptical orbit round the sun),was for several decades the only, partlyrather uncertain, support for Einstein'stheory.

Pulsarrota lion aria

' " " " , - - • ' ' magnetic fores•*"* ,** lines

Blnary pulear

gravitatlonal wave6

The radio waves from a pulsar are emitted in two bunches which sweep across space at thesame rate as the pulsar rotates (upper figwe). From a binary pulsar, grovitational waves arealso emitted (lower figure).

(Illusuation Hasse Nilsson)

Foralong time the theory of relativirywas considered aesthetically verybeautiful and satisfying, probablycorrect, butoflittle practical significanceto physics except in applications incosmology, the study of the origin,development and structure of theuniverse.

Attitudes to rhe general theory ofrelativity changed, however, during the1960s when both experimenral andtheoretical developments madegravitational physics a topical part ofphysics. New opportunities for preciseexperiments, based on satellite and radartechnology, opened up. In particular, theresearch of the Americans R. Dicke andI. Shapiro conrributed to this. Dickeperformed precision experiments inwhich the sun's gravitational field on theearth was used for verifying what istermed the equivalence principle, theidentity between gravitational andinertial mass — one of the basic

principles of the general theory ofrelativity (and also of several alternativegravitation theories). Importantcontributions were als6 Shapiro'stheoretical prediction and experimentalverification, using radar echoes fromMercury, of a new consequence of thegeneral theory of relativity — a time-delay effect for electromagnetic signalspassing through gravitational fields.

All these experiments, however,were confined to our solarsystem with itsvery weak gravitational fields andconsequently small deviations, hard tomeasure, from fte Newtonian theory ofgravity. Hence it was possible to test thegeneral theory of relativity and othertheories only in the first post-Newtonianapproximation.

The discovery of the binary pulsarHulse's and Taylor's discovery in

1974of the first binary pulsar,calledPSR1913 + 16 e S R stands for pulsar, and

Nervs from ICTP - No. 74175- September/October 1993

1913 + 16 specifies the pulsar's positionin the sky) thus brought about arevolution in the field. We have here twovery small astronomical bodies, eachwith a radius of some ten kilometres butwith a mass comparable with that of ttresun, and at a short distance from eachother, only several times the moon'sdistance from the earth. Here thedeviations from Newton's gravitationalphysics are large. As an example may bementioned that the periastron shift, ttrerotation of the elliptical orbit that thepulsar (according to Kepler's first lawfrom the beginning of the 17th century)follows in this system, is 4 degrees peryear. The corresponding relativistic shiftfor the most favourable example in oursolar system, the above-mentionedperihelion motion of Mercury, is 43seconds of arc per century (this is lessthan a tenth of the very much largercontributions to the perihelion motioncaused by perturbations from otherplanets, chiefly Venus and Jupiter). Thedifference in size between ttre shifts ispartly due to the orbital speed in thebinary pulsar, which is almost five timesgreater than Mercury's, and partly due tothe pulsar performing about 250 timesmore orbits a year than Mercury. Theorbiting time of the binary pulsar is lessthan eight hours, which can be comparedwith the one month our moon takes toorbit the earth.

A very important property of the newpulsar is that its pulse period, the timebetween two beacon sweeps (0.05903sec) has proved to be extremely stable, asopposed to what applies to many otherpulsars. The pulsar's pulse periodincreases by less than 5Vo during Imillion years. This means that the pulsarcan be used asaclock which for precisioncan compete with the best atomic clocks.This is a very useful feature whenstudying the characteristics of thesystem.

The very stable pulse period is in facta mean of the pulse period observed onearth over the time of one orbit of thepulsar system. The observed periodactually varies by several tens ofmicroseconds, i.e. by an amount, that ismuch greater than the variation in themean value. This is a Doppler effect, andled to the conclusion that the observedpulsar moves in a periodic orbit, meaningthat it must have a companion. As thepulsar approaches the earth, the pulses

reach the earth more frequently; as itrecedes they arrive less frequently. Fromthe variation in pulse period, conclusionscan be drawn about the pulsar's speed inits orbit and other important features ofthe system.

Demonstration of gravitational wavesA very important observation was

made when the system had been followedfor some years. This followed ttreoreticalpredictions made shortly after theoriginal discovery of ttre pulsar. It wasfound that the orbit period is declining:t}te two astronomical bodies are rotatingfaster and faster about each other in anincreasingly tight orbit. The change isvery small. It. corresponds to a reductionof the orbit period by about 75 millionthof a second per year, but, throughobservation over sufficient time, it isnevertheless fully measurable. Thischange was presumed to occur becausethe system is emitting energy in the formof gravitational waves in accordancewith what Einstein in 1916 predictedshould happen to masses movingrelatively to each other. According to thelatest data, the theoretically calculatedvalue from the relativity theory agrees towithin about one half of a percent withtheobservedvalue.Thefirstreportofthiseffect was made by Taylor and co-workers at thc end of 1978, four yearsafter the discovery of the binary pulsarwas reported.

The good agreement between theobserved value and the theoreticallycalculated value of the orbital path can beseen as an indirect proofof the existenceof gravitational waves. We will probablyhave to wait. until next century fora directdemonstration of their existence. Manylong-term projects have been started formaking direct observations ofgravitational waves impinging upon theeailh. The radiation emitted by the binarypulsar is too weak to be observed on theearth with existing techniques. However,perhaps the violent perturbations ofmatter that take place when the twoastronomical bodies in a binary star (or abinary pulsar) approach each other soclosely that they fall into each other maygiverisetogravitational waves that couldbe observed here. It is also hoped to beable toobserve many other violent eventsin the universe. Gravitational waveastronomy is the latest, as yet. unproven,branch of observational astronomy,

where neutrino astronomy is the mostdirect predecessor. Gravitational waveastronomy would then be the firstobservational technique for which thebasic principle was first tested in anastrophysical context. All earlierobservational techniques in astronomyhave been based on physical phenomenawhich first became known in a terrestrialconnecuon. •

ICTP/TWASDonation Programme

Gets ConsiderableCooperation from

Institutions in the SouthH.R. Dalafi

Liaison ard Dorntion Progranttne OficerICTP

The ICTP/TWAS DonationProgramme which was initiated someyears ago with the aim of providinguniversities in developing countries withbooks, journals and proceedings in thefields of physics and mathematics, andlater chemistry and biology, continues todistribute this literature with up to40,000volumes sent every year to libraries andinstitutions in 100 developing countries.

In recent years, in spite of the fact thatsuch a large amount of matdrial was sent,the donations and the continuous helpfrom such sources as the AmericanInstitute of Physics, the AmericanPhysiological Society, the ElsevierScience Publishers, Editions Frontidres,ICSU. International Union of Pure andApplied Physics, the Royal Society andthe World Scientific PublishingCompany, to mention but a few, has seenour warehouse accumulate somewherein the order of 170,000 volumes. Wewould like the institutes in developingcountries to receive this material in arelatively short time.

Therefore, earlier this year, due to ourlimited funds. we started out with the ideaof making larger consignments of booksto each library; thus saving ontransportation costs. w e contactedvarious institutes in developing

News from ICTP - No. 74175-September/October 1993

countries, offering them up to 1500books, and proceedings, on theunderstanding that they would cover theshipping costs. A good many agreed topay and they were all very anxious tocooperate with us. We will continue inthis effort towards assisting more andmore ins[itutes in this way.

Encouraged by 0r is response, we alsosought the cooperation of embassies,national airlines, and shippingcompanies for the transportationproblem. Once more the reaction wasoutstanding. Almost all ttre companieswe spoke to, found some way of offeringus free transportation, either by air(national carriers), or by sea.

Many airlines, such as Air Algdrie,Biman Airlines of Bangladesh, CubanAirlines, Air India, PIA, the PakisraniAirlines, Thai Airlines, are willing tooffer free transportation or discountedrates. Also shipping companies are verycooperative; the Companhia Paulista deComdrcio Maritimoof 56o P6ulo, Brazil,has offered us a whole container free!The Turkish Cargo Lines of Istanbul,Turkey, have also offered freetransportation, along with others. As thismethod seems very fruitful we intend rocontinue in this direction to secure thecooperation of transportation companiesin the future. Any cooperation. from theinstitutes themselves, !o get in touch withtheir own national airlines or shippingcompanies for this purpose would be awelcome effort.

In order to facilitate the redistributionof the literature in each single country,and due to the fact that in most cases theairlines or shipping companies reachonly one or two international airports oronly a few ports, we have written to someinstitutes in these key cities to deal withthe formalities of retrieving the materialand sending it o other universities intheir own country, which are not in directcontact with international routes ofmnsportation. We have in fact alreadycontacted the Scientific and TechnicalResearch Council of Turkey who arewilling to act as a redistribution point,through the Marmara Research Centre,and pay for the local transportationexpenses. We have also had a similaroffer from India. The University GranrsCommission has offered !o redistriburethe material to other institutions in thecountry. Similar offers have come fromBrazil and Algeria. In this sense ir would

be extremely helpful and very efficient ifwe could establish a continuouscooperation with one institute in eachcountry to act as the focal point ofredisribution.

As we continue to receive donationsfrom publishing companies and oftersources in the indusrialised world, wewill be in a position to go further in ourtask of helping more and more institutesin developing countries and with theircooperation as well, we will be able todistribute the literature in the mostefficient way possible.

We have been helped in our job ofautomating the Donation Programmewith a very generous conribution madeby UNESCO. With the computerisationof the Programme it will be possible to

keep an updated track of all the materialsent to the developing countries and allthe material arriving in Trieste.

The ICTP/TWAS DonationProgramme is also part of theInternational Network of the Availabilityof Scientific Publications (INASP). Thisis an organisation supported also byUNESCO and the European Communityworking under the aegis of ICSU Press.It is a network of donors andrepresentatives of recipient institutions.

We would like to thank all thoseinstitutions, organisations companiesand individuals who have collaboratedwith our Donation Programme and wehope that others will join us to make theDonation Programme even moresuccessful. •

International Centre for Science and High Technology(rcs)

After 20 years of existence, in 1984,the training and research activities atICTP expandcd so much as to cover allbranches of physics and mathematics.During that phase, it was clear that wehad n include also experimental andapplied physics in our programmes.

The first practical demonstrationsand experimental activities with theinvolvement of the participans of theICTP activities were organized in 1985on the occasion of a course onmicroprocessors and a college on lasers.The interest shown by the paflicipantswas so strong that it was decided to set uplaboratories in order to offer trainingopportunities to the participants ofseveral other courses.

In 1985, hofessor Abdus Salam,Director of the International Centre forTheoretical Physics (ICTP) andPresident of the Third World Academy ofSciences (TWAS), proposed, to theItalian Govemment, to support a projectaimed at establishing three newinternational institutes on the model andwith the purposes of ICTP, with astronger orientation towards appliedsciences and technologies.

They are:- International Institute for High

Technology and New Materials(IITM)

- Intemational Institute for Pure andApplied Chemistry (IIC)

- International Institute for Earth,Environmental and Marine Sciencesand Technologies (llEM)

which are the components of theInternational Centre for Science andHigh Technology (ICS). The proposalwas accepted and the ICS became aUNIDO Project sponsored by the ItalianGovernment.

In order to identify the scientificstrategy and the main research andtraining lines of the ICS institutions,international steering committees foreach of the three institutes wereappointed. The Committees were able togive the general suggestions, while thefirst pilot activities started in 1989, incooperarion with ICTP.

In 1990 the first official conferencewas organized entirely by ICS:"Conference on Lasers in Chemistry".This was followed by an intensiveprogramme of conferences and

6

Nervs from ICTP - No. 74175- September/October 1993

workshops within ttre three institutes.

ActivitiesThe activities of ICS are made up of

several components: research, training,networks and advisory services.

The programme of activities of ICS isdesigned in accordance with therecommendations made by the SteeringCommittees during the Feasibility Studyphase and in close collaboration with theInternational Centre for TheoreticalPhysics, at least in the disciplines whichare dealt wirh in bo$r institutions.

The training programmes jointlyorganized by ICS and ICTP, for instance,reflect the main orientation of the twoCentres: emphasis on the fundamentalpoint of view of the phenomena at ICTPand focus on applications at ICS. In acourse on lasers, for example, there arelectures on the fundamentals of lasers. onholography and Fourier optics, etc., butthere are also lectures on optical datastorage, on optical communicationsystems, on fibre technology and otherswhich are thenecessary basis not only forthe practical exercises of the course but,also for the participants wishing to jointhe Photonics Laboratory for a researchperiod.

Another point taken intoconsideration in the elaboration of theprogramme is its coherence and itssynergy both in research and in raining,within each institute and within ICS as awhole. This affinity serves a dualpurpose: on one hand, courses offer ICSresearch leaders possibilities foridentifying suitable candidates forresearch in the institutes and trainees inthe laboratories to widen theirbackground through attendance in thecourses and workshops, and, on the otherhand, participants in the trainingprogrammes do have an opportunity tovisit the ICS laboratories and decidewhether these meet their necessities.

It should also be noted rhat rheresearch lines have many facets.Catalysis, for instance, is important fromthe industrial point of view but it is alsointimately related to environment. issueslike automotive emission conuol, whichis the province of IIEM, to the synthesisof pharmaceuticals which is acompetence of medicinal chemisry —another research line of IIC — and evento the Composite Materials (llTM)Laboratory where a new material for

catalyst support is being developed.Last but not least, synergy between

environment, chemistry and hightechnology is operating in a context ofvery high economic interest.

ResearchResearch is canied out in all thxee

Institutes throughout the year under theguidance of full university professors.Trainees from developing countriesworking in the laboratories are given anopportunity to execute projects whichhave a relevance to the needs of theircountries of origin and to get acquaintedwith scientific instrumentation andtechniques which will be of benefit notonly to themselves but also to theinstitutions where they come from. Theprojects undertaken by the trainees mayvary in scope and in duration dependingon the nature of the problems they areaddressed to. Some may last, from six totwelve months or even longer whileothers are designed for aduration of a fewmonths only. As a rule, trainees alreadyhave some research experience and anM.Sc. degree. In practice, the majority ofthem have obtained their Ph.D.

Training for ResearchIn addition to the raining done in the

labqratories through participants in theresearch projects, ICS organizes: coursesat the post-doctoral level (they lastseveral weeks); hands-on experimentsand computer work are emphasizedwhenever relevant; workshops lastingfor a few weeks for small groups to workon well-defincd projects; conferences ontopical subjects.

Network of Affiliated ResearchCentres

All research lines have already set upcollaboration links with many researchinstitutions in the developing countries.ICS is in the process of creating anetwork with ten to fifteen institutions ofexcellence already operating in thedeveloping countries which will benamed Affiliated Research Centres.These Cenres will serve as institutionswhich can undertake trainingprogrammes. They will also conductjoint research projects with ICS withjoint financial support.

Advisory ServicesFor institutions in developing

countries which need them, ICS willprovide free advisory services liketraining specialists of computer centresand instrumentation technicians.

The Scientific StaffEach Institute of the ICS is envisaged

to include:- a core Scientific Staff employed on a

long-term basis, part-timeconsultants from the University ofTrieste and from other Italian orforeign institutions;

- Associates or distinguished scientistsfrom developing countries who havethe opportunity of paying threeresearch visits to ICS in six years,each lasting a maximum of threemonths;

- Research Fellows appointed forperiods ranging from six months totwo years;

- Trainees appointed for relativelylong periods.

Statistical dataNinety-five countries were

represented, last year, in the ICSprogrammss: seventy-five from thedeveloping world and twenty from theindustrialized areas.

Altogether, 1005 scientists took partin the research and naining activities fora total of 854 person/months, with anoverall average duration of stay at ICS of0.85 months or 26 days. While thisaverage was of the order of 18 days or 3weeks approximately in the trainingactivity, it reached 6.5 months in theresearch component.

Scientists from developing countriesaccount for 63Vo and 65Vo of the totalparticipants expressed in number ofpersons attending and in person/months,respectively.

It should be noted that the majority ofscientists from the industrializedcountries are lecturers or course directorsin the training activities. Participantsfrom the same group of countries are notfinancially supported by the I C S . , - o

News from ICTP - No. 74175-September/October 1993

Statistical Data on Activities at ICTP in 1992

The following tables deal with all activities combined, therefore they show the actual number of visitors, i.e.those scientists who participated in more than one activity are counted only once.

Summary of Participation

Table l.a1992 vs. l99l

1992

t99l

Visitors Person/months (Pftt)

Dev. Adv. Dev. Adv.

1885 1700 3136.82 1053.49

2066 l9l8 3t62.77 1059.11

Total

Visitors PA4

3585 4190.31

3984 422r.88

1992 vs. 1991Increase/Decrease -9.60Vo -12.82Vo -0.83Vo -0.53% -11.13% -0.75%

Percentage(Dev. vs. total)

Visitors PA4

52.58 74.86

51.86 74.9r

The above figures for \992 include:Outside activities

107 4 684.09 0.26

Co'snonsored activities2 14 0.26

Co-soonsored activities23 rr2

1.70

The above figures for 1991 include:Outside activities

r24 3 724.r0 l.4l

19.@ 56.25

l l l 684.35 96.40 99.96

l6 r.96 12.50 13.27

r27 725.51 97.& 99.81

135 75.89 17.04 82.96

Table l.bParticipation by geographical area

in the research and training-for-research activitiesof the ICTP from I January to 31 December 1992

Geographical area

AfricaAsiaEuropeIndonesia and OceaniaNorth and Central AmericaSouth AmericaIntemational Organizations

TOTAL

VisitorsDev.

254799497

673

256-

188s

Adv.

I5l

l l854

355_

104

1700

Person/monthsDev.

465.761527.94&7.27

6.&90.57

398,&-

3136.82

Adv.

0.2335.36

603.382.63

259.55

15234

r053.49

TotalVisitors

255850

1682l0

428256104

3585

for AreaP/lvfonths

466.0r1563.301250.65

9 . n350.12398.&152.34

4190.31

% Developing vs. Total 52.58 74.86

Nervs from ICTP - No.74175 -SeptemberlOctober 1993

Breakdown of the number of scientistsJanuary to 31 December 1992

and of person/months by scientific field

Previous tables show that the total number of scientists who came to the ICTP is 3585 while the total numberof person/months is4l90.3l. In the tables which follow the number of scientists will be higher since several of themtook part in more than one activity (visits).

Table Z.a shows a summary of the breakdown while Table 2.b shows the details. Percentages refer to the totalparticipation in the field vs. the grand total.

Table 2.aBreakdorvn by field of activity

cti

l.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.

vity

Fundamental PhysicsCondensed MatterMathematicsPhysics & EnergyPhysics & EnvironmentLiving StateApplied PhysicsAdriatico ConferencesMiscellaneous

NumberDev.

35766536092

2032322138290

Adv.

36753924462

135153ll023058

of VisitsToral

7241204('041543383853233r2148

2>

16.7627.8813.983.577.838.917.487.223.43

Number of P/monthsDev.

5r2.6r710.35424.34100.58117.31143.13258.83

24.02101.30

Adv.

379.49249.82180.8927.4950.1842.5168.1638.80r4.r9

Toral

892.10r020.r7605.23128.07167.49185.64326.9962.82

rr5.49

a2r.2924.3514.443.064.004.437.801.502.76

Total

Outside activities

2294 1898 4192 97.06

ro7 l l l 2.57

2452.47 1051.53 3504.00 83.63

684.09 0.26 684.35 16.33

Co-sponsored activities t4 16 0.31 0.26 1.70 1.96 0.05

GRAND TOTAL 2403 1916 4319 3136.82 1053.49 4190.31

Hosted activities

1. Convegno Nazionale"ContinenteEuropa: Formazione e Professione", l8-19 January.2. UNESCO-TWAS Business Session, 23 Januuy.3. Scuola INFN di studi avanzati in fisica nucleare e subnucleare, l5-21 March.4. Theoretical Course on Research and Biotechnology Applications to the Problems

Related to Development, 23 March-10 April.5. European Advanced School on Structural Geology and Tectonics, 23 March-lI April.6. Theoretical Course on RNA Structure and Function, 8-10 April.7. Theoretical Course on Yeast Molecular Genetics, l2-15 April.8. Convegno "Leibniz e laQuestione della Soggettivith", 11-14 May.9. International Summer School of Theoretical Geodesy, 25 May-5 June.

10. Meeting of ttre Interim Executive Committee of the Third WorldOrganization for Women in Science (TWOWS), 25-27 September.

I l. IITM-ICS "Advanced Workshop on Whiskers and Particles", 5-9 October.12. Meeting on Perception, 28-30 October.13. IIC-ICS Second Workshop on Catalyst Design, 10-14 November.14. First Annual Users Meeting-Sincrotrone Trieste, 23-24 November.

9

News from ICTP - No. 74175 - September/October 1993

Table 2.bActivities held at and outside the ICTp

Figures on research include long- and short-term scientists as well as Associate Members, some scientists fromFederated Institutes and seminar lecturers.

Activit.v Number of VisitsDev. Adv. Total

Number of Person/monthsDev. Adv. Toral

1. At the ICTP(a) Research:

Fundamental PhysicsCondensed lvlatterMathematicsPlasma PhysicsMicroprocessors Lab.High T. Superc. Lab.Laser Lab.Atmospheric Physics

and Radioprop. Lab.Science, High Tech. &Other

Total

% Total vs. Grand Total

O) Training for ResearchTotal

% Total vs. Grand Total

2. Outside activitiesItalian Laboratories

% Total vs. Grand Total

109t2798t28

t2ll

t2Dev. 2

70

46r

19.18

903228

655

24

18

r7

216

t t .27

(Courses, Workshops and1833

76.28

r07

4.45

1682

87.79

4

0.2',1

r99159126

18135r735

131087

677

t5.67

Conferences)3515

81.38

ll1

2.57

2r4.r8222.97zffi.22

35.2730.2638.4426.90

15.695.39

93.45

942.77

30.05

1509.70

48.13

684.09

2t.81

205.8457.9290.92

7.8822.7813.682.79

0.432.408.01

4r2.65

39.r7

638.88

60.&

420.02280.89351.1443.r553.0452.t229.69

t6.127.79

101.46

1355.42

32.35

2148.58

5r.27

0.26

0.u2

684.35

16.33

3. Co-sponsored activitiesPacem in Maribus XX

% Total vs. Grand Tota-

GRAND TOTAL

2

0.08

2403

t4

0.73

1916

l6

0.37

43t9

o:26

0.01

3r36.82

1.70

0.16

1053.49

r.96

0.05

4190.31

10

Nervs from ICTP - No. 74175-September/October 1993

Table 2.cParticipation in the research and training-for-research activities

Activity(short titles)

Fundamental PhysicsHigh Energy-Asrophysics/ResearchDiploma High Energy/Course*String Theory/ School-WorkshopNew Elementary Particles /TVorkshopHigh Energy and Cosmology/SchoolDiploma High Energy/Course*Phenomenology/Conference

TOTAL% vs. Grand Total

Condensed Matter. Atomicand Molecular PhysicsSolide State/ResearchDiploma Condensed Matter/Course*Atom-RadiationAMorkshopSuperconductivity/College and

HTS Advanced Activities7th Semiconductor/SymposiumElectron Systems IVfir4iniworkshopCondensed Matter/IVorkshop and

25th Anniv. Symp. in Cond. MatterNon-LinearityMiniworkshopElectronic StructureMiniworkshopQuantum Field Theory/CourseChemical Evolution/ConferenceDiploma Condensed Matter/Course*

TOTAL% vs. Grand Total

MathematicsMathematics/ResearchDynamical Systems/SchoolDynamical SystemsAVorkshopAlgebraic Geomeny/Adv. WorkshopCommutative Algebra/WorkshopDiploma Mathematics/Course*

TOTAL% vs. Grand Total

Physics and EnergyPlasma Physics/ResearchNuclear Energy/IVorkshopEnergy Systems Dev./TVorkshop

TOTAL% vs. Grand Total

DatesI Jan/31 Dec.

All yearI Jan-30 Sep30 Mar-10 Apr20-22 May15Jun-31 JulI Oct-31 Dec19-23 Ocr

All yearI Jan-30 Sep24 Feb-6 Mar

27Apr-19Jun8-12 Junl5Jun-I0Jul

22Jun-31 Augl3-24Jul10-21 Aug24-31 Aug26-30OctI Oct-31 Dec

All year25 May*5 Jun8-19 Jun31 Aug-11 Sep14-25 SepI Oct-31 Dec

All yearl0Feb-13Mar2l Apr-8 May

No.Dev.

1091l28l l

145124l

357

r271544

859

25

208l8414534t42

665

985463755812

360

12394t

92

of VisitsAdv.

909

833096

752

367

321228

4713342

93302860322

539

2839426369

3

244

62531

62

Total

19920

11141

24r1993

72416.76

1592772

r3214267

3014869

1056616

120427.88

12693

105138r27

15

60413.98

186472

1543.s7

No. ofDev.

214.1868.3413.84

1.10163.5136.3315.31

5L2.6L

222.9786.90r9.r2

128.884.21

12.27

199.407.54

20.8520.u23.426.96

4t.21

770.35

260.2225.703r.4544.9r32.4029.66

424.34

35.2744.3820.93

100.58

Person/mAdv.

205.8447.3427.224.M

63.6220.U11.36

379.49

57.925.096.21

31.6026.5317.08

53.508.659.39

23.426.154.28

249.82

90.9216.8116.1526.7023.&6.67

180.89

7.8812.597.02

27.49

monthsTotal

420.02115.6841.06

5.17227.13

56.3726.67

892.1021.29

280.899r.9925.33

160.4830.7429.35

252.9016.1930.2443.4613.lI45.49

L020.172.4.35

351.1442.5r47.ffi7r.6156.0436.33

60s.2314.44

43.1556.9727.95

128.073.06

* Figures refer to the Statistical year (Jan./Dec.) and not to the Academic Year.

11

News from ICTP - No. 74175-September/October 1993

Continued

Activitv(short titles)

Physicsand EnvironmentEarthquake ProjectCyclones StudiesAMorkshopClimate VariabilityAMorkshopAtmosphere SystemAtmospheric Phys. and Radiop. Lab.Mathematical EcologySeismic Waves

TOTAL% vs. Grand Total

Physics of the Living StateNeurophysicVCollegeMedical Physics/CollegeMedicine and Biology/ConferenceB iophysics/College

TOTAL% vs. Grand Total

Applied Physics and High TechnologyMicroprocessors Lab/ResearchHTS Experimental Lab/ResearchLaser lab/ResearchLasers and Optical Fibers/CollegeComputer NetworldWorkshopMicroprocessor/College

TOTAL% vs. Grand Total

Adriatico Research ConferencesPolarization DynamicsClusters & FullerenesWrinkling of SurfacesSynergeticsHydrogen Atoms

TOTAL% vs. Grand Total

MiscellaneousMiscellaneous/ResearchScience, High Tech. and Develop.Economic Developmentfr4eeting

TOTAL% vs. Grand Total

DatesI Jan/31 Dec

7 May-31 Dec18-22 May17-21Aug26 Oct-6 NovI Sep-31 Dec2-20 Nov30 Nov-l I Dec

2-27 Mar3l Aug-18Sep2l-25 Sep28 Sep-23 Oct

*

All yearAll yearAll year27lan-2l Feb30 Mar-18 Apr5-30 Oct

7-10 Jan23-26Jun2l-24 Jul4-7 Augl8-21 Aug

All yearAll year22-24 Apr

No.Dev.

3251659l25632

203

3962706l

232

812ll705854

2r3

l02226

7r7

82

702

18

90

of VisitsAdv.

4152016

I4534

135

28277820

153

35

243728ll

108

5979401933

230

t78

33

58

Total

7.40367513

10166

3387.83

6789

14881

3858.91

13r735

1078665

3237.48

69l0l662650

3127.22

87r051

1483.43

No. ofDev.

2.525.655.7r

26.4615.6945A215.86

11731

34.8643.7r11.6452.92

143.13

30.2638.4426.9062.9648.5251.75

2s8.83

2.5t5.396.052.907.r7

24.02

93.455.392.46

101.30

Person/monthsAdv.

5.502.964.005.U20.43

17.8314.44

50.18

9.6111.5612.558.79

42.51

22.7813.682.79

10.811r.236.87

68.16

rr.4613.984.r42.806.42

38.80

8.012.403.78

14.19

Total

8.A2.8.619.7r

31.4816.1263.2530.30

167.494.00

44.4755.2724.196r.7r

185.644.43

53.0452.1226.69Till59.7558.62

2326.997.80

13.9719.3710.195.70

13.59

62.821.50

r0r.467.796.24

115.492.76

12

Nervs from ICTP - No. 74175-September/October 1993

Continued

Activity Dates(short titles) I Jan/31 Dec

Outside activitiesTraining and Research at Italian Labs. All year

No. of Visits No. of Person/monthsDev. Adv. Total Dev. Adv. Total

107 4 l l l 684.09 0.26 68/'.3s

TOTAL% vs. Grand Total

Co-sponsored activitiesPacem in Maribus XXikep. Workshop l0-12 Sep

r07 4 t t l 684.09. 0.26 684.352.57 16.33

2

2

t4 l6 0.26 1.70 t.96

TOTAL% vs. Grand Total

GRAND TOTAL

14 160.37

0.26 1.70 t.960.05

2403 1916 4319 3136.82 1053.49 4190.31

Award to Professor Luciano Fonda

Professor Luciano Fonda, aconsultant of the ICTP, has been awardedthe 1993 "San Giustod'oro" prize. Everyyear, the journalists from Trieste rewardin this way a fellow citizen who has madeTrieste famous both at the national andinternational level. This year, theyunanimously chose to award theprestigious prize to the promoter of the"ELETTR A" synchrotron light machine."By choosing Prof. Fonda, the Triestinojournaliss mean to reward Trieste Cityof Science", read the communiqud fromthe local press. The award had alreadybeen awarded to eminent local scientiss— among them, Prof. Paolo Budinich,former Deputy Director of the ICTP.

Prof. Luciano Fonda was born inTrieste on 12 December 1931. Heobtained his degree in physics withhonors at the local university in 1955. Heworked in theUnited States asa ResearchAssociate in Bloomington (Indiana),Rochester (New York), and at rheInstitute for Advanced Study inPrinceton (New Jersey) upon invitationby Roben Oppenheimer. He becameProfessor and then Full Professor oftheoretical physics at the University ofTrieste in 1960 and 1963, respectively.

He keeps close contacts with hiscolleagues in the US, through researchand teaching periods at the universities ofCalifornia (Irvine, Los Angeles, SantaBarbara, CalTech), in Bloomington,Cincinnati, and at the laboratories inBerkeley, Brookhaven and Stanford witha special aim at promoting the"ELETTRA" synchrotron machine ofTrieste.

Prof. Fonda is the author of about ahundred articles on elementary particle,nuclear, atomic and molecular physicswhich have been published in journals ofinternational repute. He has written alsomany papers on synchrotron light for thepublic at large.

He directed the UNESCO-IAEA-INFN Advanced School of Physics from1965 to 1980, and has direcred rhe Inter-University Consortium of PhysicsInstitutes since 1980, and the ScientificDivision of the company "SincrotroneTrieste" since 1987.

Although Prof. Fonda is a theoreticalphysicist, he has been one of the firstadvocates for building a synchrotronlight machine in Triesre. To this end, hecontacted many internationally-knownscientific and non-scientific

personalities ever since 1970s.Currently, Prof. Fonda is Vice-

President of the company "SincrotroneTrieste". Prof. Carlo Rubbia himself(Nobel Laureate 1984) proposed him forthe post.

The presentation ceremony of the"San Giusto d'oro" award shall takeplace, as is customary, in the CityCouncil Hall of Trieste in December.

The prize is named after the patronsaint of Trieste. •

13

News from ICTP - No. 74175-September/October 1993

Where the History of Science Informs Science Policy:An Indian Fin-de-sidcle Scenario on the "New

Knowledge" and Development

by Dhruv Raina,National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies,

New Delhi, India.

This is the swrnary tat of a lecture delivered at the Inerrntional Ceure for TheoreticalPhysics,Trieste, on I3th May I993. The lecture is based on thefollowing papers: Dlvuv Raina,S. Irfan Habib, *The Ur{oWing of an Engagemeu. The Dawn on Science, Teclnical Educationand lndustrialization: India 1896-1912" ,Studies inHistory, Jan.- June 1993; andDlvuv Rabu,S, Irfan Habib: "lnstitutiotul Prolderation Embodying Bhadrabk Perceptions of Scienre,Techrclogy and Cultural Nationalism: The NCEIBNC-SPTE|BTI Divide (1905-1912)",NISTADS Preprint-HPSSl920820.

The distinctions between science andtechnology becoming increasinglyblurred, it would appear thar thecommunity of scientific researchersshould not be facing the kind oflegitimation crisis it is facing today:particularly when money for research inthe pure sciences is becoming more andmore difficult to acquire (whencompared to funding available in, say,computer science or biotechnology).This is certainly true of the developingworld, and may be so in the developedcountries as well. Disciplines like thehistory and philosophy of sciencetraditionally served the fallingobjectives:- as heuristic aids in the pedagogy of

science teaching,- fulflling a cognitive role within the

practice of sciences, providing both alineage of ideas and a resource uponwhich to draw,

- contributed at the cultural levelinasmuch as they located the hisroryof science within the broader historyof ideas.In the present context such

disciplines may acquire another kind ofsignificance. This has to do withhistorical and philosophical inquiry intoscience, or historical inquiry in thephilosophical mode, that could informcontemporary issues of science policyand planning by disclosing the affinitiesand elisions characterizing discourses onscience and technology.

As the French philosopher of science,Gaston Bachelard once pointed out, the

history of science, as different from otherkinds of history, given the nature ofscientific knowledge, will have to bewritten afresh in every age. In the processhe stands our conception of history on i shead, for the perspective on historystands reversed: the present now guidesthe past, and not as conventionallyunderstood, the other way around.

We are presently witnessingprocesses at the global level that partiallyeclipse the Enlightenment ideal (and wehope only temporarily), which indeveloping country contexts calls intoquestion the on going processes ofmodernization as well as development.Are the models of technologicaldevelopment and industrializationadopted in the developing worldcommensurate with the goals of thesecivilizations and cultures ? We shall takeup of an important discussion organizedat the turn of the century among a smallcommunity of Western-educatedBengali thinkers in India, from whoseranks would spring forth the futuregenerations of Indian scientists andinstitute builders. The period we havechosen is important, in that 1870-1914,could well be considered the beginningof India's graduation into the age ofmodernity. The discourse characterizingthis community is relevant. since it raisesissues on modern scientific andtechnological knowledge, as well asindustrialization at a time whenquestionsof opting fora particular modelwere being discussed. These issuescontinue to be burning issues in India,

and have acquired urgency in the post-1970s period, which policy expertsconsider the crisis in developmental ismperiod. Such historical investigations arethus undertaken with an end in mind, thatof revealing unresolved problematicsconcealed under accumulatedexperience, overlooked by time, eitheron account of the 'immedircy of politics,or on account of the inability to act onresolutions in the past.

In India the years 1890-1920 areyears of heated debate on industrialpolicy,and naturally matters of industrialpolicy would also be related to the bankof technologies and technological skillsavailable in a society. And while theimperial government was weighing theseissues, a group of Indian intellectuals wasattempting to visualize a future scenariofor the industrial development of Indiaand the transformation of the social baseof this society. From the perspective ofthe sociology of science, a discipline thathas grown with the growth of scientificinstitutions, funding for science andtechnology, and the exponentialexpansion of scientific knowledge, it isabsolutely essential to distinguishbetween the self-image of a communityand its practices: while they maysymbiotically shape each other, they arealso in many ways distinct. A point thatAndrew Pickering makes in his book,Constructing Quarks; that the scientist'saccount of his work is not the account ofhis work.

This distance separating thediscourse from the discursive practice,while at important points appearing to bein conjunction, could be observed, in theexchanges of this group between 1896and 1905. In 1906 they commencedsetting up institutes to give flesh to theirvision. And here it is possible to reveal,post facto naturally — and as is oftendone in history, the limitations within thediscourie and how this was manifest inthe institutions they set up. Disciplineslike the sociology of science make it theirbusiness to gauge the distance separatingthe self-image from the practice, for it isin this interregnum that the complexity ofsocial processes and historicity makelhemselves manifest.

This story begins in fin-de-siicleCalcutta: the Bengal of the period 1890-

t4

Nervs from ICTP - No.74175-September/October 1993

1915. The forty years 1870-1910, asmentioned earlier could be consideredthe years of India's reckoning with theage of modernity, the years when Indiaembarked slowly but gradually onprocesses of modernization — putting itrather loosely, this could well mark aphase Eansition. In this milieu, there isbuilding up in India resistance to Britishrule, there is a mobilization of thinkerswithin the freedom snuggle. And here wewould like to take a lookat how membersof the Bengali Bhadralok community(Western educated Bengali professionalclass) constructed a world premised onthe ideology of science. As is wellknown, the origins of modern scientificresearch in India are traceable back toCalcutta: it is here that scientific researchtraditions came to be founded andsubsequently dispersed throughout thecountry.

In the last decade of the nineteenthcentury, Satish Chandra Mukherjee setup a joumal called The Dawn Magazine,and which in 1902 was upgraded into TheDawn Society Magazine. This journalserved as the forum for culturalredefinition in ttre lightof the burgeoningfreedom struggle. Every body who wasanybody in the cultural constellation ofBengal during these years wrote in thejournal. There are three distinct phases inthe history of the journal. The first phasespans the years 1896-1902. The articlesduring these years predominantly reflectthe Bengali fascination wirh the norion ofhistory, and its relation to culture.History, as the political theorist SudiproKaviraj informs us, at this rime, isimbued with a dual significance, beingboth the name of hope as well as that ofdespair. In a sense then these years arewitness to the recreation of a moderncultural consciousness in opposition tothe colonial definition of Indianculture.The second phase extends from1902 to 1907. These are the years whenthe deliberations on history and culture,having reached a point 3 of saturation,now guides interest to the domain ofsocial action. Focus now shifts to India'snatural resource endowment, to the richtradition of artisanal skills, the slowlyeroding handloom and textile industriesin the face of the onslaught of mass-produced goods. And it is at this juncture

that the discussion immediately shifts tothat of technical education andpedagogy. This could well be theassimilative phase of lhe discourse:assessing what should be kept alive fromthe past and what should be assimilatedfrom the traditions of the West. Andfinally the last phase covers the years1907 to 1913. In ttris phase, both the logicof the evolution of ideas as well aspolitical contingencies co-produce adiscourse of science, technology andculture interwoven with that of poli tics. Itis the commencement. of the full-fledgedpolitical phase of the nationalist struggle:in other words the discourse on historicalconsciousness is substantiallytransflormed in to a theory of politicalaction, via a politico-economicunderstanding of colonialism.

Without going into the details of ttredebate, we shall summarize some of theessential features that are represcntativeof their thinking on science, technicaleducation and the sort of model ofindustrialization that they wished to optfor. The group as a whole hardlyquestioned the relsvance oI scienti fic andtechnological knowledge in the Indianenvironment. A fundamental postulate,contested in today's context, was thentaken asaxiomatically given, namely thatscience and technology are importantagents of social and economicdevelopment. Presently, with ycars ofexposure todevelopmental philosophies,we naturally are forced inl.o asking as tohow processes related to the generationof scientil'ic knowledge andtechnological artifacs, intermesh withthe cultural, social and other spheres of anation's life cycle.

Commencing with this axiom theythen had to contend with exigencies ashistorical subjects, which in effect meantrecognizing that scientific knowledgeactivates diffcrent sorts of processes indifferent environmenLs. This entailed thedomestication of this knowledge form inthe lndian environment. The uneasinesswith the Western model ofindustrialization found voice in thecritique of the reigning paradigm ofindustrialism. They were two essentialfeatures of this critique. One was theconjuncl.ion witlr the Victorian repulsionconcerning industrialization. This

repulsion arose from the perception ofthe dehumanization that seems to havebeen ushered by the new lifestylesengendered by industrial life in thecities.The processes of industrialization hadalso produced the squalor, congestionand the pollution of cities, so aptlynarrated in the literature of thenineteenth-century Dickensianunderworld. And finally, in terms oftechnology itself, the mass-producedcommodity appeared to have ushered ina new era of the depersonalized artefact,where the artefact was divested of thesignature of the producer of the artefact.In addition to this Victorian critique, wasa nationalist one, and this had to do withthe finding that Western industrialismwas highly insensitive to the artisanalbase of the country, and that it, wasushering in a programme in which theartisan conceived as the country's capitalwas being further immiserized. Andsecondly, it was also felt that in theprocess such large-scale production wasunsuited to India's civilizational charter— that such large-scale production,distribution and consumption of goodsdid not mesh with the nation's trajectoryof development, or if it did it woulddisturb the system sufficiently.

There were two essential ways out. ofthe deadlock. One institutional and Lheother paradigmatic. The institutionalchanges suggested required a greaterdeal of intervention from thestate. As hasbeen suggested by historians ofeconomic thought, if the nineteenthcentury was one of laissez-faireeconomics, the twentieth century wasone of state intervention or stateprotection of the interests of financecapital. The Dawn interlocutorssuggested that to begin with it wasessential that technical institutes be setup that would upgrade the skills of Indianardsans in the light of developmens ofmodern technology, so that they could bebrought into the mainstream ofindustrialization, as well as exposed tofte products of the markets abroad and inIndia. These institutes could be set up bythe state. as had been done in the nativestates of India or through publicdonations. However, it was duty of thestate nevertheless, to set up two kinds ofinstitutions in order to be able to

News from ICTP - No. 74175-September/October 1993

moderate a more benign and profitableindustrial environment. The first had todo with establishing a system ofcommercial intelligence, that wouldkeep the manufacturer informed oftrends in the market as well as to suggestwhich products would go down well withwhich set of consumers. In addition thestate was requested to institute fiscalmeasures that would pull the artisan outofhisstateofmisery.It was in the state'sown interests to do so, for a neglect of theartisans state, it was felt could in turncreate an insurrectionary situation asEurope had witnessed earlier.

At the paradigmatic level, thereappeared to have been three options tochose from. One was the already reigningparadigm of Western industrialism.Counterposed to this was the Tolstoyanvision of some sortof pastoral Utopia,theideal of autarchic self-sustainingcommunities. The Gandhian ideal wasclose to, but yet different from this, insofar as it visualized the entire edifice ofIndian society to be built from these self-sustaining units. But what ourinterlocutors were talking about was of athird alternative. And this alternativeconsidered the possibiliry of deployingscientihc and technological knowledgeto work at scales smaller than those atwhich large-scale lechnologies wereseen to be profitable with the thenprevalent model of industrialization. Itpostulated that. there existed lower scalesof production where technologicalknowledge could be deployed to produceeconomies of scale. This in turn wouldalso require a different kind of regime ofskills, wherein it would be possible tolocate the Indian artisan, with hisupgraded knowledge, at the centre of theindustrialization process.

As the debate proceeded, certainhistorical contingencies accelerated therate at which our interlocutors wereforced into creating the institutionswhere they would give concrete form tothe developmental scenario they wereworking out. To mention some of thesecontingencies: the first was theproduction of a large intellectualproletariat who were finding it difficultto obtain a niche within the imperialdispensation; and secondly the partitionof Bengal was to come as a major blow tothe notion of Bengali self-hood. In

addition to stoking the raging nationalistmovement in several modes, it also gaverise to the founding of an alternatepedagogic movement, founded in 1906and called the National Council ofEducation. Those involved in thefounding of the movement belonged tothe cream of Bengal's culturalrenaissance. Other than Satish ChandraMukherjee, there was Aurobindo Ghoshbefore his seditionary writing landed himin prison, Rabindranath Tagore — thepoet laureate, Radha Kumud Mukherjee

— the sociologist, Benoy Kumar Sarkar— sociologist, and leading physicisrsand chemists of the time, P.C.Ray — ttrefounder of the tradition of modernchemistry in India, J.C.Bose — rhephysicist, P.N.Bose — the geologist andinstrumental in the founding of the TataIron and Steel Works. Ramendra Trivediand others.

Already one could see the emergenceof a certain kind of professionalization.When the matter of founding aninstitution canre up, this community wassplit down the line. At stake weredifferent conceptions of scientific andtechnical education. Those with a liberalarts background, felt that what wasessential was to instil a sense ofnationalism and consciousness of Indiancivilization in thestudents if science andthe processes of industrialization were tobe domesticated to the needs of Indiancivilization. On the other hand, thosetrained in the sciences, and the fewengineers who happened to be present inthe debare, felt thar the r.ask of technicalcapability building did nor necessirare abackground in the liberal arrs. They sawthe task as proceeding directly to thesciences, and spending as much timeexposing the students to as much ofscience and technology during lhe courseschedule.

These contesting viewpoints sawrealization thus in the split of the groupand the fbunding of two separate centers.There followed four years of what. is nowreferred to as Kultur Kampfa at Lhe cud ofwhich the two sides decided to patch up,and come under the umbrella of theNational Council of Education. But.however, they rerained their distinctionto reconfigure their pedagogic incontradistinction to that of the CalcuttaUniversity. Leading scientists like

J.C.Bose and P.C.Ray, in those years,while still employed by the Calcutt;aUniversity, maintained a clandestinerelation with the newly-foundedinstitutes — in fact playing an importantrole in shaping their future. By the mid-1920s, the institutesset up by the Councilcame to be amalgamated under oneuniversity, today known as JadavpurUniversity.

However, from the point of view ofpolicy, as well as contemporaryconcerns: the resolution of thedifferences between 0re two camps, andthe answers sought to the fundamentalproblems they had raised are rather tame.In fact, on such a fundamental issue ofdistinct technological or industrialalternatives, it appears an importantopportunity was missed. In nineteenth-century Europe, both the capitalists aswell as the Marxists appear to haveshared a frame of industrialization. Thedistinct concem that the Marxists raisedwas, who would own the means ofproduction. But, say, on an issue such asTaylorism, their views were not verydistinct. Amongst our Indianinterlocutors, as amongst the O wenites inindustrial England, the possibility ofanother alternative was discussed.Nevertheless, the immediacy of politicalintervention in nationalist struggle, and anumber of push factors from India'snewly emerging indusnial class, appearsto have sealed both the fate of the debate,and in the process decided the principalframe for the industrialization of Indiafor the next six decades. I

Conferences and Lectures

Prof. S.J. Abbasi from Karachi, aPost-doctoral st.udent in the ICTPMathematics Research Group, wasinvited to present the talk "Matrix near-rings" at the Mathematics Institute ofJohannes Kepler UniversilAt in Linz,Austria, on 6 October 1993. o

l6

Nervs from ICTP - No. 74175-September/October 1993

Activities at ICTPin September-October

Ti t l e : RESSLNCH WORXSSOP ON

coNDENsED MATTER prrysrcs, 21 June - 3September.

Organizers: Professors A. Aronov(A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute,Academy of Science, St. Petersburg,Russia), G. Baskaran (Institure ofMathematical Sciences, Madras, India),E. Burstein (University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, USA), P.N. Burcher(University of Warwick, Coventry, UK),H. Cerdeira (Universidade Estadual deCampinas, UNICAMP, Campinas,Brazil, and ICTP), F. Garcia-Moliner(Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales,Madrid, Spain), F. Gautier (UniversitdLouis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France), V.Kumar (Indira Gandhi Centre for AtomicResearch, Kalpakkam, India, and ICTP),A. l,evi (Universiti di Genova, ltaly), S.Lundqvist (Chalmers University ofTechnology, Gothenburg, Sweden, andICTP), Chi Wei Lung (lnstitute of MenlResearch, Academia Sinica, Shenyang,P.R. China), N.H. March (University ofOxford, UK), A. Mookerjee (S.N. BoseNational Centre for Basic Sciences,Calcuna, India), F.S.Persico (Universitirdi Palermo, Italy), E. Tosatri(International School for AdvancedStudies, SISSA, Triesre, Italy, andICTP), M.P. Tosi (Scuola NormaleSuperiore, Pisa, Italy) and Yu Lu(Academia Sinica, Beijing, P.R. China,and ICTP).

Plenary Seminars: The heavyfermion enigma. Molecular pump: activetransport. Exact diagonal izationcalculations of spectral weight. functions.Gauge properties of the interactions ofcharged particles with surface electronicexcitations. Interylay of self-similarityand local symmetry on the vibrationaldynamics of a Vicsek fractal. Electronsin contact with stochastic baths. Meltingat the surface of ice. Topologicalmagnetic solitons in the two-dimensional Mott-Hubbard gap.Communications at single quantumlevel. Prefened path migration of alkaliions and mixed alkali effecr. ACconductivity and dielectric function incomplex metallic systems. Fluctuations

in quantum chaos: prelirninary results.Quantum statistical effects in electronand photon transport. in small waveguides. Stochastic systems and quantumspin models: jamming, non-ergodicityand slow dynamics. Nonlocal,nonequilibrium and contact properties inquantum Hall effect. Sructure instabilityand superconductivity in high \

cuprates. Surprising elasticity: materialswith negative Poisson's ratio.Photoinduced carriers in insulatingcuprates: Fermi-glass state, metal-insulator transition and super-conductivity. Quantum statistical effectsin electron and photon transport in smallwave guides.

Group Activities:Nonlinear dynamics: Micro-

workshop on nonlinear dynamics.Wavelength doubling bifurcations inspatio-temporal systems. Topologicalquantum numbers in chaotic systems.

Classical and quantum liquids:Plasmon damping in a two-dimensionalelectron gas. Hartree-Fock method posedas a density-functional theory.

Correlated electron rysremJ; Fieldtheory of a frustrated Heisenbergantiferromagnet.

Strongly correlated electronsystems: Hole in a quant.umantiferromagnet. Anomalous behaviourof U = - Hubbard model. Gauge theoryof normal state transport of the fluxfinding phase in the t-J model.Evaluation of quantum partition functionin the Hubbard model.

Semiconductor physics: Polaronlocalization versus Mott-Hubbardtransition at GaAs (110) with alkali-metal adsorbates. Electron-phononinteraction in Al As/Ga As quantumwells. Linear Boltzmann equat.ionwithout linearization. Dynamicfractional stark ladder in time-periodicelectric fields. Nonlinear opticalproperties of CuCl and CdSSe quantumdo ts. Valencc band structure insuperlattice with 6-like potenrial.

Electronic structure: Oxygenordering in YbArCurOu,*. Fermi surfacestudies of Li-Mg alloys. Electronicstructure of random alloys —- someoutstanding problems. Short rangedorder in alloys (group discussion).Superconductivity in the disorderedHubbard model. Hierarchical structureof the electronic localization for lDquasilattices. Study of hydrogen, oxygen

and ninogen bonding ina-Si by FTIR andthermal effusion spectroscopies.Rigorous approach to the const{uction ofpseudopotential from crystallineenvironment.

Defects of mechanical properties:Analytical solution to a model meant toexplain jump in creeps. On the

.propagation of helicons in interfaces.Surface segregation of hydrogenisotopes in transition metal hydrides.Dynamic strain ageing (DSA) and grainboundaries —-some interesting results ofHall-Petch analysis in DSA regime.Interatomic potentials for the computersimulation of defecs in metals.

Highlight activity on "Scatteringfrom surfaces" (5-16 July):

Lectures: Introduction 1o atom-surface scattering. Introduction toelectron-surface scattering. Microscopicmechanisms of desorption induced byelectronic transitions, or how to squeezeatoms out of a solid surface. Real spaceGreen's functions method applied tosurface problems.

Informal Seminars: Ab-initio surfacecalculations. Experimental results.Optical properties of surfaces: moleculardynamics surface simulations. Interplayof reconstruction and roughening.

Working Group on atom-radiationinteraction" (20 July - I0 August):

Lectures: Fundamentals of atomicdynamics in intense laser fields.Introduction and overview of intensefield laser-atom interaction physics.Multiphonon processes, higher orderperturbation theory, diagrammaticmethod. Strongly perturbed quantumsystems in laser fields, above thresholdionization and detachment (ATI ATD),the Volkov-solution and the KFR model.The Floquet theory; ionization andstability in intense fields. Thresholdstructures; inverse Bremsstrahlung and'capture-escape' resonances, multi-harmonic emission.

Working party of smallsemiconductor structures (2-l3August):

Lectures: Resonant tunnelingthrough a double-barrier structure: theeffecs of electron-phonon interaction,magnetic field, high-frequency AC biasand electron-electron interaction.Magnetotunneling and chaos. Optical

17

News from ICTP - No. 74175-September/October 1993

non-linearities in n-i-p-i dopingsuperlattices. Dielectric response of theinhomogeneous quasi-2D electron gas.Impurity bands in two-dimensionalsystems. Non-equilibrium persistentcurrent, in a ballistic quantum dot.Electronic sFucture of semiconductorsuperlattices. Polar optical modes insemiconductor heterostructures.Acoustic mode confinement within low-dimensional elecron gas due tro electron-phonon interactions. On the possibilityof spontaneous currents in mesoscopicsystems. Excitons in low-dimensionalsystems. Stochastic approach to thetheory of shot noises in double barrierresonant tunneling structures. opticalspectroscopy of type I and type IIsuperlattices. Modulation dopedheterostructures. Quenching of theinteger quantum Hall effect in an electronwave guide. Magneto transport in thinfilms and snips. Shallow impurity statesin GaAs-(Ga,A/)As quantum wells andquantum-well-wires. The totalabsorption of infra-red radiation in a thinslab of small metallic particles.Frequency dependent current partition.Theory of mesoscopic semiconductor-superconductor interfaces. Universalityin the random-matrix theory of quantumtransport. Nonideal contacts in ballistictransport and quantum Hall effect —microscopic model for a metal/2DEGcontact. Disorder-induced flicker noisein resonant-tunneling structures.Transient effects and the tunneling timeproblem. Single impurity in a ballisticmicrojunction. Finite-frequency shotnoises in a correlated tunneling current.Persistent current of a Wigner crystal-ring. Mesoscopic fluctuations in the shotnoise power of metals. Bistability,traversal time and shot noise in DBRTSand lD random structures. Electric fieldeffects on finite length superlattices.Electromagnetic absorption ofmesoscopic rings. ac-conductance of aquantum wire with an electron-phononinteraction (effects from the longitudinalinhomogeneity). Ferroelectric phasetransitions in molecular-like array o[quantum dots.

Round Table: Small semiconductorstructuresr state-of-the-art andperspectives.

Highlight activity on "Magneticmultilayers" (9-I3 August):

Lectures: Magnetic metallic

multilayers. Magnetic domains in ulna-thin films: an overview. Interfacial andinterlayer magnetic coupling in merallicsuperlattices. Experimental observationof interlayer exchange coupling in Co/Cu, FelCr and Fe/Mn. Theory ofinterlayer exchange coupling.Theoretical description of transport inmagnetic multilayers. Magnetic domainsin ultra-thin films: the role ofanisotropies. Electronic properties ofrandom magnetic surfaces. Segregationeffects on the magnetic properties ofbimetallic multilayers. Themagnetoresistance in exchange biasedpermalloy/Cu/permalloy systems.Theory of negative magnetoresistance inmagnetic metrllic multilayers.

During the first week (21-25 June),the participants in the ResearchWorkshop attended the lectures of theMiniworkshop on strongly correlatedelectron systems V and of the AdriaticoResearch Conference on "Strongcorrelation phenomena at low carrierdensities".

The Workshop was attended by 254lecturers and participants (180 fromdeveloping countries).

Title: WONXSUOP ON MATERIALS

SCIENCE AND PHYSICS OF NON-

coNVENTIoNAL ENERGY s o u r c g s , 3 0

August - 17 September.Organizers: Professors G. Furlan

(University ol Trieste and ICTP, Italy),C.G. Granqvist (Chalmers University ofTechnology, Gothenburg, and UppsalaUniversity, Sweden), D. Nobili (lstitutodichimicaetecnologiadeimaterialiedeicomponenti per I'elettronica, LAMEL-CNR, Bologna, Italy) and A. Sayigh(University of Reading, UK).

Lectures: Transparent insulationmaterials for active and passive solarenergy applications. Principles of P.V.materials and devices. Recent, progressof amorphous silicon solar cells: devicephysics and technology. Module designand testing. Status and [uture ofphotovoltaic technologies. Highefficiency solar cells with concentration.Standard evaluation of photovoltaicperformance: cells and modules.Activities on alternative P.V. materialsand devices at the Portici (Ilaly) ResearchCenter. P.V. systems simulation.Calibration of reference cells. Optics of

solar cells and batteries. Surface coatingswith spectral and angular-dependentselectivity. Passive and low energycooling systems. Field monitoring ofP.V. generators: an overview of theEuropean Solar Test Installation.Chromogenic thin films for energy-efficient windows. Combined P.V. andthermal solar design. Energy education.Energy for a sustainable world. Thetechnology P.V. issue for industrialapplications. Advances in materials forP.V. conversion. The DELPHOSProject: results and developments.Environmental and health effects ofdifferent energy systerns. The StuttgartCenue for Solar and Hydrogen Research(ZSW). P.V. syserns. An overview ofpassive uses of solar energy. Powerconditioning in large grid-connectedP.V. installations. Egyptian-IralianRenewable Energy Project in the South-West desert in Egypt. Wind energy:national programmes and internationalperspectives. Electricity production bythe P.V. source. Overview of the ENEL(ltaly) activities in renewable energies.System sizing. PersPectives forrenewable energies in Romania. Metalgrid failures in microelectronic devices.P.V. perspective of a-Ge:H. Solarvillage. Batteries. Fuel cells: presentstatus and future perspectives. Fuel cellsR&D and applications: worldprogrammes. Adsorptive refrigeration.Perspectives on agricultural biomassproduction. Solar hydrogen: whY,potential, when? Photoelectrochemicalenergy conversion and storage. Anoverview of passive uses of solar energy.

Seminar and discussion sessions.National programmes.

Field trip to Helios TechnologY(Padua, Italy). Visit to the TriesteResearch Area (science park).

The Workshop was attended by 123lecturers and participants (95 fromdeveloping countries).

Title: COUNSE ON GEOMETRIC PTHSES,

6 - l 7 September.Organizers: Professors M. BenY

(University of Bristol, UK) and H.Cerdeira (Universidade Estadual deCampinas, UNICAMP, CamPinas,Brazil, and ICTP).

Lectures: Introductory lectures:some geometric phases. Opticalmanifestations of the geometric phase:

18

Nervs from ICTP - No.74175-September/October 1993

theory and experiment. The geometricphase in molecular systems. Classicalholonomy geometry. Anyons. The Kuboformula as a topological invariant.Topological phases and fractionalst4tistics. Hierarchy theory of thefractional quantum Hall effect.Geometry of Hilbert space and quantumreality. NMR, with lots of quanta. The'fractional exclusion principle' in thefractional quantum Hall effect. Gaugekinematics of self-propulsions: thegeometry of swimming and diving.Classical and quantum anholonomy andchaos. Berry's phases and fractionalstatistics? Post-mortem on anyonsuperconductivity. Gauge kinematics ofspins and cats. From ICOSAHEDRA tosQUrDS.

Short communications: Berry'sphase in conducting rings. Fractionalspin in a group theoretical context. Phasespace geometry and phase space pathintegrals. Many anyon wave functions ona plane. Asymptotic Berry phase forflows on 3-manifolds. On the geodesicrule in filtering measurements.Geometrical phase and dynamicalsymmetries of quantum systems. Non-zero curvature in elementary classicalmechanics. On geometric phase formixed states. Geometric phases inresonance systems and laser models.Geometric phase for all quantumevolution and ottrer geometric structures.Topological phaseand the quantum Halleffect. Semi-classical born Oppenheimerapproximation in the hypersphericaladiabatic channel approach for heliumdoubly excited states. Geometric phasesand Mielnik's evolution loops. Theoptical Berry phase and the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. Energy levels and threeanyons in an harmonic potential.

The Course was attended by 56lecturers and participants (28 fromdeveloping countries).

Title: COR-T-ECE ON SORT- PHYSRCS, 6 - 24September.

Organizers : Professors D.M.Gabriels (State University of Ghenr,Belgium), GC. Ghirardi (University ofTrieste and ICTP, Iraly), D.R. Nielsen(University of California, Davis, CA,USA), I. Pla Sentis (Universidad Cenralde Venezuela, Malacay, Venezuela) andE.L. Skidmore (U.S. Deparrment ofAgriculture, Kansas State University,

Manhatlan, Kansas, USA).Lectures: Soils of the world. Soil

composition, aggregation, porosity. Soilstructure degradation. Soil surfacesealing and crusting. Water erosion.Revised universal soil loss equation.Hydrodynamic dispersion of a solutionin porous media. Monitoring of soilmoisture through microwave remotesensing. Modification of soil structureunder different fallow systems in themoist savanna zone of Nigeria.Modelling study of the soil-atmosphere-vegetation coupled system. Winderosion. Soil conservation. Soil waterdeterminations. Soil water potential.Nuclear techniques in soil physicsstudies. Water balance. Soil salinity. Saltand water balance in inigated soils. Soiltemperature. Heat transferin soils. Effectof tillage and nitrogen levels on the yieldattributes and yield of rain-fed rice.Equipment for soil moisture measureusing microwave attenuation technique.Application of SLEMSA and USLEerosion modcls for potential erosionhazard mapping in South-EasternNigeria. Changes in soil bulk density andtotal porosity following conversion ofrain forest, into t.ree plantations.Calibration of field methodology toevaluate soil physical constraints.Effecs of erosion on soil properties andcrop yields in Venezuelan Andean soils— Influence of mp soil removal, manureand fertilizer applications. Some aspecsof using microcomputer systems forestimation of soil-plant-atmosphereproperties in the field. Soil moisturestudies in Jordan. Soil physics problemsin Peru. Influence of cattle rampling onsoil porosity under alternative dry andponded conditions. Sustaining cropproduction and soil productivity underintensive cropping in the Central Hills ofNepal. Concepts of soil hydrology —pores to landscape scales. Flow of waterin soils (steady srarc). Solute and watermovement (observations and theory;theory and applications). Concepts ofspatial variability (field observations).Influence of the acacia on the physicaland chemical properties under theexperimental plantation of plateau ofKinzono. Experimental and modellingstudies on the process of land-surfaceevaporation as it. relates to soil moisture.Water movement across plant bed andwater use of Chinese cabbage (brassicacampestis L. ssp. pekinensis). Flow of

water in soils (unsteady state) — The'key' of boundary conditions. Water useby maize. Assessment of soil-conditioning capacity of tree gums viahydraulic conductivity measurements.Infiltration — Neuman boundaryconditions versus Dirichlet boundarycondit,ions. Redistribution andevaporation — Applications in the field.Spatially analyzing soils and crops.Integrating field concepts. A newbeginning.

Presentations by participants.Excursion to Grotta Gigante

(Trieste).

The College was attended by 50lecturers and participants (47 fromdeveloping countries).

Title: SSCONO WONXSSOP ON

coMposmE MEDIA AND HoMocrmznnoN, 20

September - I October.Co-sponsored by The International

School for Advanced Studies (SISSA,Trieste, Italy), InterdisciplinaryLaboratory (SISSA), EEC Project"EURHomogenization", CNR (ltalianNational Research Council) Project"Irregular Variational Problems".

Organizers: Professors G. Dal Maso(SISSA) and G.F. Dell'Antonio(Universith"LaSapienza", Rome, Italy).

Lectures: BMO fields and boundsfor nonlinear composite response.Relaxation for certain optimal controlproblems and application to shapeoptimization. Homogenization of aspectral problem arising in fluid-solidstructures. Homogenization andpolyconvexity. Composite media with aperiodic microstructure: a newcalculational method and some newphysical phenomena in magneto-transport and optical bistability.Relaxation of a general optimal designproblem: reducing o minimization of thesum of energies. Lavrentievphenomenon and homogenization forsome variational problems.Homogenization on BV for integralfunctional s with linear growth defined onvector-valued functions. Continuumpercolation models. Homeopathiccylinders: strange behaviour at theboundary of ellipticity. Compositematerials with imperfect interface.Homogenization in locally periodicperforated domains. Homogenization ofthe Laplace equations in a partially

t9

News from ICTP - No. 74175-September/October 1993

perforated domain. Ht-estimate ofoscillating functions. Using asymptoticmethods and homogenization to studyscattering of an elec8omagnetic wave bya body coated with a composite medium.Limits of strongly nonlinear problems.Existence, uniqueness homogenizationand correctors of renormalized solutionsof elliptic equations. Control inthermoelasticity. Homogenization ofstratified structures with low and highconductivity inclusions. Asymptoticbehaviour of a frame-type antenna.Homogenization of nonlinear parabolicboundary value problems in perforateddomains. Variational principles for themedia with complex moduli. Thehomogenization of the Stokes equationin random porous media. On the relationbetween Young measures and H-measures, and application to bounds ofeffective coefficients. Alternativegeometries in homogenization. On theprediction of extremal materialproperties for the optimal design oftopology, shape and material. Lowconcentration limit for the Dirichlethomogenization problem. Propagationof waves in periodic and random elasticmedia with small compressibility.Modelling of chemical processes in

porous media on micro- and macro-scales. On propagation of waves inperiodic and random media with smallviscosity and small heat conductivity. Arelaxation approach to Hencky'splasticity. Some estimates forhomogenization error for second. orderoperators with random coefficients.Some issues on magnetostriction. Shapememory polycrystals. A saddle pointtheorem with application to problems inoptimal structural design. G-convergence of nonlinear ellipticoperators with varying domain ofdefinition. Second order ellipticequations with rapidly alrernatingboundary conditions. Direct relaxarionof material layout problems. Onhomogenization problems for secondorder elliptic equations in a partiallyperforated domain.

EUR Homogenization Meeting.

The Workshop was arr.ended by I14lecturers and participants (45 fromdeveloping countries).

Title: WOXRSHOP ON RCLEUELCS, 27September - 22 October.

Sponsored by Direzione generale perla cooperazione allo sviluppo (Minisrry

of Foreign Affairs, Rome, Italy).Organizer: Professor M.V. Pitke

(Tata Institute of Fundamental Research,Bombay, India).

Lectures: Basic telephony. Telecomswitching. Practical switchingarchitecture. Computer networks. Packetswitching. Data communicationprinciples. Digital signal processing.Optical fibre communication. Satellitenetwork project. Computer vision. Highspeed switching. Telematics services.Campus networks. Protocol engineering.VLSI design. Signaling system 7.Photonic switching architecture.Development of telematics technology.Intelligent network. Ruralcommunications — issues and options.B-ISDN technology. Multiple accesstechniques. Multimedia in telecomnelworks. Speech recognitionrcchnology. Communication softwareengineering. Voice servers in publicneworks. Satellite networks. Multipleaccess techniques for mobile radiosystems. Overview of cordless andcellular systems. Fixed channelallocation and outage probabilityevaluation in cellular mobile radiosystems. Real-time design. Parallelcomputers for applications.

Workshop on telematics, 2T September - 22 October.

News from ICTP - No. 74175 - September/October 1993

Confererce on the origin of life, 25 - 29 October.

Programming with C**. From narrowband to broad band ISDN-strategicanalysis. Involving high speed datanetworks towards B-ISDN. Messagehandling systems. Multi-networkservices. System design implementationtechniques.

Laboratory sessions.Visit to the ICTP Microprocessor

Laboratory and Laser and Optical FibresLaboratory.

The Workshop wits attended by 73lecturers and participants (60 fromdeveloping countries).

Title: COR.WRNRNCE ON RHE ORRCRN OFLIFE (in honour of Prof. C.Ponnamperuma), 25 - 29 October.

Co-sponsors: International Centrefor Science and High Technology (ICS),Commission of the EuropeanCommunities, and UNESCO.

Organizers : Professors C.Ponnamperuma (University of Marylandat College Park, USA), and J. Chela-Flores (Instituto Internacional deEstudios Avanzados, Caracas,Venezuela, and ICTP).

Opening Ceremony: Presentationsby representatives of sponsoring

agencies. Award of a plaque to Prof. C.Ponnamperuma. Comments on researchon chemical evolution in India, Mexico,Japan and P.R. China.

Lectures: Comets as "sowers" ofprebiotic molecules in the galaxy. Roleof nirites and other reactive molecules inchemical evolution. Formation of aminoacid precursors by cosmic radiation inprimitive terresrial and extraterrestrialenvironments. Hydrogen cyanidepolymers: prebiotic agents for the originand self-organization of proteins andnucleic acids. A plausible roure for thesynthesis of bio-organic compounds inthe primitive Earth form mineral salts —an overview. Energy, matter and self-organization in the early molecularevolution of bioenergetic systems.Exploring errors and spatial self-structuring in mathematical models ofearly stages in the origin of life.Computational support for origins of liferesearch. on attempts to create life-mimicking cells. Some evolutionaryaspects of biochemistry polyphosphates.Membrane phase separations,asymmetry, and implications in theorigin of life. Co-evolution of peptidesand nucleic acids via self-assembly intointer-helical structures. General crystals

in prebioric context. Self-organizationand polymerization in biologicalmacromolecules and symmetrybreakdown. Archaebacteria: keyorganisms for the study of the earlyevolution of life. RNA: genotype andphenotype. Gradual rise of cellulartranslation. Molecular relics fromchemical evolution and the origin of life.Aspects of ecopoiesis. Unexpected invitro intron splicing of common beanchloroplast trnL(UAA) gene andpseudogene by T7 RNA polymerase.Fluorescence imaging of replicatingRNA in capillaries. On Dyson's model ofthe origin of life and possibleexperimental verification. Randomness,determinism, thermodynamics, andevolution. Role of informationprocessing in the evolution of complexlife forms. The initiation of biologicalprocesses on Earth: summary ofempirical evidence.

The Conference was attended by 69lecturers and participants (23 fromdeveloping countries). o

2l

News from ICTP - No. 74175-September/October 1993

Getting Information on ICTP Activities via Computers

Information on the various ICTP activities throughout the year can be renieved via electronicmail or using the Internet Gopher. The procedure is as follows.

Using Electronic Mail

(1) ScientiJic Program of ICTP ActivitiesThe complete Scientific Program can be obtained by sending an e-mail to

smr@ i c t P . t r i e s t e . i tusing as Sub jec t : ge t calendar

Note: The Scientific Program is constantly updated. So, please check the issue date.

To each activity listed in the Scientific Program there is an assigned smr-nuaberfromwhich you can obtain more detailed information, when available.

(2) Information on a specitic ICTP activityTo receive a list with the names of documents available for a particular activity, you should

first identify the smr### code as indicated above. Then send an e-mail tosmr###Gictp.trieste.it

using as Subject: get index

If you send another mail tosnr###@ictp . t r i e s t e . i t

yling as Subject : get document_name(e.g., announcement, etc.)you will receive detailed information on the topic documentnameNote: If you wish more than one document of an activity then use

Subject : get docT doc2... etc.

Using Internet Gopher

The ICTP Gopher server (hostname: gopher. i c t p . t r i e s t e . it)allows you to explore,search and retrieve general information regarding the many scientific activities carried but atICTP. It is also possible to obtain information on the in-house scientific -publications, diplomacourses, _scientists present at ICTP as well as the services offered by the

• ICS-Intemational Centre for Science and High -Technology and• TWAS-Third World Academy of Sciences.

When issuing the gopher command, you will be connected automatically to your defaultlocal YhlnGopler !*suingserver. Then it is possible to access the Gopher space by expl6rin! the branch"Other Gopher servers in the world" pointing to itre gi:ogiaphical region:Europe+ Ita1y+ICTP.

To access directly to the ICTP server, you can issue the command:gopher g o p h e r . i c t p . t r i e s t e . i t

For further information please write toSCS-Scientific Computing Section, International Cenne for Theoretical Physics,P.O. Box 586, 34100 Trieste, Italyor send e-mail to: adminGictp. t r i e s t e . i t

22

Nervs from ICTP - No. 74175-September/October 1993

Calendar of Activities at ICTP

1993

Second School on the use of synchrotron radiation in science and technology:

"John Fuggle Memorial" 25 October- 19 November

Second Tttorkshop on non-linear dynamics and earthquake prediction « 22 November - 1 0 December

L994SMR

751 Follow-up to the Workshop on preparation of radiomaritime master plans

for English-speaking African countries 7-18 February

752 Winter College on quantum optics 14 February - 4 March

753 IVorkshop on study of atmospheric interactions by remote s e n s i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 February - 4 March

755 Workshop on fluid mechanics „ 7 - 25 March

754 Workshop on science and technology of thin films „ 7 - 25 March

803 Training Course on dosimetry and dose reduction techniques in diagnostic radio|ogy 16 - 25 March

756 Spring Schoot and Workshop on string theory, gauge theory and quantum g r a v i t y . . . . . . 1 1 - 22 April

757 Workshop on nuctear reactors — physics,design and s a f e t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 I I April- 13May

758 Spring College on quantum phases 3 May - 10 June

759 International Monsoon Conference 9 - 13 May

761 Workshop on commutative algebra and its relation to combinatorics and computer algebra 16 -27 May

760 College on atmospheric boundary layer and air pollution modelling 16 May - 3 June

762 Summer School in high energy physics and c o s m o l o g y . . . . . . . . . - . . . - . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 June - 29 Julyincluding

Workshop on perspectives in theoretical and experimental particle p h y s i c s . . . . 7 - 8 July

Workshop on strings, gravity and related topics 28 - 29 July

764 Research Workshop on condensed matter physics 13 June - 19 August

766 Workshop on submicron quantum dynamics 13 June - 1 July

765 Quantum transport in nanostructures (Adriatico Research C o n f e r e n c e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 - 24 June

767 Miniworkshop on strong correlations and quantum critical phenomena 4 - 22 July

768 Cooperative phenomena in many-electron systems and their response to external fields

(Adriatico Research Conference) „ 2 6 - 2 9 July

23

News from ICTP - No. 74175-September/October 1993

769 Workshop on: non-linear electromagnetic interactions in semiconduc to r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 10 August

806 Lasers in surface science (Adriatico Research Conference) 9 -12 August

770 Advanced Workshop on algebraic geometry IS - 26 August

771 Conference on the structure and model of the first cel l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 August - 2 September

773 College on medical physics: Radiation protection and imaging t e c h n i q u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 23 September

772 International Workshop on parallel processing and its applications in physics,

chemistry and materials science 5 - 23 September

775 College in biophysics: experimental and theoretical aspects of biomolecules....-.---..26 September - 14 October

774 Third College on microprocessor-based real-time control —

principles and applications in physics 26 September - 21 October

777 3rd Trieste Conference on recent developments in the phenomenology of particle physics 3 - 7 October

779 Workshop on variational and local methods in the study of Hamiltonian systems 10-28 October

750 College on physics of archaeometry and preservation of rvork of a r t . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 - 28 October

780 Fourth Autumn Course on mathematical e c o l o g y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 October - 11 November

781 Suivi de I'atelier sur la pr6paration des plans directeurs radio-maritimes

pour les pays africains francophones 31 October- 11 November

782 Second Workshop on three-dimensional modetling of seismic waves generation,

propagation and their inversion 7 - 18 November

783 International Conference on mathematical ecology 14 - 18 November

749 5th Training College on physics and applications of lasers and optical fibres 21 November - 9 December

748 IcTP-UNu'Microprocessor Lab: Third Course on basic VLSI techniques 2l November- 16 December

804 Ultrafast phenomena and applications (Adriatico Research C o n f e r e n c e ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - ,9 December

For inf,ormation and applications to courses, kindly wrile to the Scientific Programme Office.

News from ICTP is elso available on Gopher server.

International Centre for Theoretical Physicsof IAEA and UNESCOP.O. Box 586341fi)TriesteIt"ly

Telephone: @q 22401Cablq CENTRATOMTeler 460392 ICTP ITelefax: (40) 224163

E-mait posoffi@ictp.trieste.it

EDffORIAL NOTE - News from ICTP is not an official document of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics. Its purpose is to keepscientists informed on past and future activities at the Centre and initiatives in their home countries. Suggestions and criticisms should be addressedto Dr. M. Farooque, Scientific Information Officer.