Internationalsiteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETSOCIAL... · • US$ 8 Billion tropical timber (ITTO, 2004) • US$ 19 Billion NTFP international trade ... PowerPoint Presentation

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International

• US$ 141 Billion of total timber trade (ITTO, 2004)

• US$ 8 Billion tropical timber (ITTO, 2004)

• US$ 19 Billion NTFP international trade (PROFOR, 2005)

• US$ 37 Billion pharmaceuticals (Laird, 2002)

Scale of Forest Enterprises

Presented at the Arusha Conference, “New Frontiers of Social Policy” – December 12-15, 2005

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• 98% of wood industry in Brazil SMEs; 94% in India,

• NWFPs are > 30% rural incomes in 14 African countries

• At least 763,000 grass/cane sellers in Africa

Most Forest Enterprise is Small Scale in Developing Countries

• 18 million headloaders, mainly women, in India

• 0.5 M mandays/yr generated by Petén CFEs,

• 1 permanent job for every US$10,000 invested in Mexico CFEs


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Important supplier of forest products

Financial and economic viability

Can have high returns to local economy in terms of employment, diversifying income streams, supporting agricultural production, and business skills

Platform for effective biodiversity conservation, fire control, watershed management

Enhance cultural well being and investment in social goods

Generate increased revenues at multiple levels of the productive chain

CFEs generate many types of benefits


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Conservation Benefits exceed investmentIn southern Mexico, GIS documents forest conservation in tropical timber-

producing CFEs (Bray, et al 2002)

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Community enterprises in frontier areas can exceed protected area benefits

Research indicates less deforestation in CFE forests Some CFEs are as effective, in not more, than the state as managers

Guatemala Community Guatemala Community ConcessionsConcessions


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Pueblos mancomunados belongs to thezapoteca ethnicity, and actively conserves its customary systems and the values of itsancestors

Conserving our values:

Honesty, work ethic, respect (for human life, the family, nature), the principle ofauthority, the practice of “tequio” (work for collective benefit), the “guelaguetza”event, our love of education.

Statement from Peublos Macomunados


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Background: Forestry’s feudal history (and present)

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Administered by Government

Reserved for Community and Indigenous Groups

Community / IndigenousIndividual / Firm

2002

2015

1. Colonial/imperial era: 77% of all forests government owned

2. Post WWII – industrial expansion/concession model, state-owned forest enterprises dominate

3. Centralized, proscriptive, overregulation (regardless of tenure)

4. ‘80’s-90’s collapse of industrial model: illegal logging, end of old growth, low, declining contributions to GDP, protected area focus

5. All models are state-centric


9Presented at the Arusha Conference, “New Frontiers of Social Policy” – December 12-15, 2005

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Global Context for CFEs is changing

Sarawuk Tropical Log Prices: SQ Up, Small and Super Small

0.00

100.00

200.00

Jan-9

8

Jan-9

9

Jan-0

0

Jan-0

1

Jan-0

2

Jan-0

3

Jan-0

4

Jan-0

5

1998 Prices = 100

Meranti SQ Up Meranti Small Meranti Super SmallKeruing SQ Up Keruing Small Keruing Super Small

Industrial Plantation Roundwood Output

0102030405060

1995 2010 2020 2050Year

% o

f tot

alin

dust

rial

roun

dwoo

prod

uctio

n Scenario 1Scenario 2


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Why do Community Enterprises and SMEs have poor markets

Policies:Monopoly sellers and buyersDiscriminatory market policies, subsidiesUnreasonable, hi-cost rules & regulations (criminalization of small enterprises)Lack of legal ownership/control of the resource


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Why do Community Enterprises and SMEshave poor markets

Community/Enterprise Factors

Internal conflict; disorganizationInadequate finance, info, technologyLack of market links, gaps in value chainUnable to exploit economies of scaleLack of business expertise


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Source: Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper 99


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Inspiration from the Ag. Sector’60’s – ’90’s global community invests billions in establishing governance structure in agricultural areasRapid response to policy reforms

China ’78-’84 – regulatory, administrative, property reforms led to 2X production and 3X income increase

No similar level of effort in the forest sectorGovernment’s beginning to respond, the Big Question: will these decisions be pro-poor, pro-community?

The Challenge: Establishing the Institutional Platform for Forest-based Development, Growth, Conservation

Indices of G ross O utput in C hinese A griculture

1978-2003

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150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1978 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

T otal Farm ing Forestry


Communities respond to Policy and Tenure Reforms


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CFEs expanding in scale and scope in response to policy reforms Examples

Bolivia: comprehensive reforms led to 1.1 million has.

of CFE forests since 1999 from none; smallholder area increased 5x

Mexico 1980s reforms enabled 1300 CFEs to emerge by 1995

Philippines: forest sector reform 10 years ago created new opportunities for community-based resource management

Gambia170,000 has. --honey, palm, timber


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80 % of Mexico Forests managed by indigenous communities and ejidos since 1910Reforms in the 1980s and 1990s led to emergence of CFEs and CFE associations

• 1348 CFES in 1995; ~2400 CFEs today

Mexico: Response to Reforms

CFEs and their Associations in Mexico (1995)

3 2 6 2 1111461212141020

50100

150

200250

300

Cam

pech

e

Chihu

ahua

Dur

ango

Gue

rrer

o

Hidalgo

Jalis

co

Micho

acán

Nay

arit

Oax

aca

Pueb

la

Quintan

a

San Lu

ís

Sina

loa

Tamau

lípas

Vera

cruz

No.AssociationsNo. CFEs

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Timber Volume Trends in Oaxaca CFE

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100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

m3

Volume

Mexico: Productivity Recovers after Transition to Communities

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Community conservation is significant and growingat least 370 M has and probably triple that

Communities conserve more forests and forest landscapes than are in publicprotected areas systems

370 M in four continents compared to 450 M forest conservation overall

Communities invest as much in conservation as donors and governments in developing countries

1.3 billion compared to 1.4 billion

Main findings of the review




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Wither Global Finance For Conservation

Government support to protected areas systems

Overseas development assistance and foundation support

Community investment

STABLE$ 3 billion per year$1000-3000/ha VS$12-200/ha LDC

IN DECLINE$ 1.3 billion a year ODA (1/3)$ 200 million a year Others

GROWINGCan be $ 1.5-2.5 billion per year at a minimum


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1.Organized indigenous and traditional communities in their ancestral territories who own or administer large, areas of natural habitat. (minimum 120 million hectares).

2.Long-settled communities who own or administer working landscape mosaics, large patches of natural habitat, interspersed with intensive but biodiversity-compatible land uses (minimum 100 million hectares).

3.Recent settlers of agricultural frontier zones living in and around state and private lands, who are extractivists, agriculturalistsand/or pastoralists (minimum 50 million hectares).

4.Long-settled communities, practicing individual and community-based resource management in intensively-managed landscapes who actively seek to restore natural areas (+100 million hectares).

Types Of Community Conservation


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Part of the 130 million hectares of indigenous reserves in the Amazon (Instituto Socio-ambiental 2001; Bamberger 2003)

One million hectares in the southern cone of Latin America (Oviedo 2002)Five million hectares of forested areas of Canada (Smith 2002)

Eight million hectares of community-managed forest lands within the U.S. (IFMAT 1993, Brechin et al. 2003)

At least 3 million hectares of community or village forests in 5,000 African communities (Alden Wiley 2000)

Type 1: Large Continguous Habitat


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Agroforests in Central, South, East and West Africa

Community Forest enterprises in Mexico

Successional forests in agroforest systems of South and SE Asia

Sacred groves in India and Africa

Barrow 2000; Adams and McShane 1992; Neumann 1998

Bray, et al. 2002; Antinori and Bray 2003; Segura 2003

Poffenberger 2000; Colfer et al. 2001

Borrini-Fereyabend 2002; Pathak et al. 2002

Type 2: Community Forest Landscapes


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Community Concessions in the Petén Guatemala (Sosa 2002, Oveido2003)

Extractive reserves in the Amazon (Nepstead et al, 2004, Amaral 2001)

NTFP management in the United States (Jones, McLain and Weijnand2004)

Transmigration settlers in Indonesia and Malay Peninsula (Colfer 2002)

Upland migrants who have maintained forested landscapes in the Philippines (Barry et al. 2002).

Type 3: New Settlers In The Forest


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Successional forests in agroforestsystems of South and SE Asia

Organic and shade coffee in Mesoamerica

Collective plantations and forests in agricultural villages in China

Bushcare programs in Australia set aside biodiversity reserves in farmlands for watershed rehabilitation

Fox 1999, Gilmour and Fisher 2000.

Chapela 2001, Toledo 1998, 2001.

Miao et al 2004

Garrity et al 2001.

Type 4: Restoration Of Community Forest Landscapes


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An Agenda For Producer CountriesCreate enabling conditions for CFE growth at national and regional level

Reduce regulatory barriers

Secure tenure and use rights

Promote business and technical support services

Support CFE networking and market information

Include CFEs into rule-setting processes for emerging markets

Tailor taxes and investments to multiple returns of CFEs (economic, social, conservation)


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Recommendations For A New AgendaSupport community conservation efforts on their

terms rather than only seeking to conserve areas selected for their “biodiversity”

Empower and build capacity of communities to monitor and manage forests for conservation and sustainable use; community driven research models

Recognize tenure rights and work within co-managed models where multiple stakeholders and conflict--change the boundaries (India tribal bill)

Incorporate communities into policy setting and standards for emerging markets for ecosystem services and payment schemes.


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THANK YOU

Augusta Molnar

Forest Trends and Rights and Resources.


Documents

Internationalsiteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETSOCIAL... · • US$ 8 Billion tropical timber (ITTO, 2004) • US$ 19 Billion NTFP international trade ... PowerPoint Presentation