Intermediate 2 NATIONAL Psychology QUALIFICATIONS

[C071/SQP127] 1

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There are two Sections in this paper. Section A—Introduction to Psychology—and Section Bwhich contains five Options.

Candidates should answer all questions in Section A and two Options from Section B.

SECTION B

Option Questions Page

1 Developmental Psychology B7–B13 4

2 Biological Psychology B14–B20 6

3 Social Psychology B21–B26 8

4 Cognitive Psychology B27–B32 10

5 Psychology of Individual Differences B33–B36 12

Intermediate 2 Ti m e : 1 h o u r 3 0 m i n u t e s

PsychologySpecimen Question Paper

NATIONALQUALIFICATIONS

[C071/SQP127]

You must answer THREE questions, as indicated, from BOTH of your chosen Options.

Each Option is worth 20 marks.

[C071/SQP127] 1

SECTION A—INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

Answer ALL questions in this section

A1. Describe the survey method of research. 3

A2. Describe one specific study which uses the observational method of research. 4

A3. Describe the behaviourist approach in psychology. 4

A4. Give one contribution made by Skinner to psychological knowledge. 1

A5. What contributions did Freud make to psychological knowledge? 4

A6. (a) Describe in your own words what a Clinical Psychologist does. 2

(b) Describe in your own words what an Educational Psychologist does. 2

(20)

[END OF SECTION A]

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SECTION B

CHOOSE TWO OPTIONS FROM SECTION B

Option Questions Page

1 Developmental Psychology B7–B13 4

2 Biological Psychology B14–B20 6

3 Social Psychology B21–B26 8

4 Cognitive Psychology B27–B32 10

5 Psychology of Individual Differences B33–B36 12

You must answer THREE questions from BOTH of your chosen Options, as indicated

at the beginning of each Option.

Each Option is worth 20 marks.

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SECTION B

OPTION 1—DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

Answer THREE questions from this Option.

Answer BOTH questions B7 and B8, and

ONE question chosen from B9 to B13.

B7. Choose two of the methods listed below:

• experimental method

• survey method

• interview method

• observational method

• case study method.

For each of the two methods selected:

(a) give the main characteristics of that method as used in developmental psychology

(b) give one example from developmental psychology of the use of that method.

B8. (a) Give a description of the concept of life span development in developmental

psychology.

(b) As a child, Daniel was a bit clumsy and inactive. He became overweight. Now that he iseighteen, however, Daniel enjoys playing sports and is fit and active a lot of the time.

Describe the role of life span development in this situation.

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Answer only ONE of the following questions B9 to B13.

Answer ALL PARTS of the question you choose.

B9. Concept—early socialisation

(a) Give a description of the concept of early socialisation in developmental

psychology.

(b) A two year old child sits by herself in a Romanian orphanage, rocking gently andstaring into space.

Describe the role of early socialisation in this situation.

B10. Concept—cognitive development

(a) Give a description of the concept of cognitive development in developmental

psychology.

(b) Teddy falls out of bed, and Emma insists that her Teddy is given a bandage for his sorehead.

Describe the role of cognitive development in this situation.

B11. Concept—social and moral development

(a) Give a description of the concept of social and moral development in

developmental psychology.

(b) David’s father sent him to his room because he told a lie.

Describe the role of social and moral development in this situation.

B12. Concept—adolescence

(a) Give a description of the concept of adolescence in developmental psychology.

(b) Fifteen year old Kaleigh is unhappy with her appearance. She spends a long timelooking at herself in the mirror in the morning before going to school.

Describe the role of adolescence in this situation.

B13. Concept—ageing

(a) Give a description of the concept of ageing in developmental psychology.

(b) May, 80, has failing eyesight, and she can no longer see to cook her dinner.

Describe the role of ageing in this situation.

[END OF OPTION 1]

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OPTION 2—BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY


Answer question B14, and

TWO questions chosen from B15 to B20.

B14. Choose the experimental method and one of the other methods listed below:

• survey method




For each of the two methods:

(a) give the main characteristics of that method as used in biological psychology

(b) give one example from biological psychology of the use of that method.

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Answer TWO questions from B15 to B20.

Answer ALL PARTS of both questions chosen.

B15. Concept—motivation

(a) Give a description of the concept of motivation in biological psychology.

(b) After a full meal, you still order some dessert from the dessert trolley beside you.

Describe the role of motivation in this situation.

B16. Concept—emotion

(a) Give a description of the concept of emotion in biological psychology.

(b) You check the numbers on your lottery ticket and start to laugh and shout out “I’vewon!”.

Describe the role of emotion in this situation.

B17. Concept—learning

(a) Give a description of the concept of learning in biological psychology.

(b) An office supervisor tells her workers that they will all receive a bonus in their pay thisweek because they have worked so hard.

Describe the role of learning in this situation.

B18. Concept—language

(a) Give a description of the concept of language in biological psychology.

(b) A seven year old girl looks at the word written down in front of her and says it out loud.

Describe the role of language in this situation.

B19. Concept—stress

(a) Give a description of the concept of stress in biological psychology.

(b) While driving to make an important appointment, you become stuck in heavy traffic.

Describe the role of stress in this situation.

B20. Concept—substance abuse

(a) Give a description of the concept of substance abuse in biological psychology.

(b) You are hung over and can’t finish writing up your final exam.

Describe the role of substance abuse in this situation.

[END OF OPTION 2]

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OPTION 3—SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY





• experimental method

• survey method





(a) give the main characteristics of that method as used in social psychology

(b) give one example from social psychology of the use of that method.

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Answer ALL PARTS of the questions chosen.

B22. Concept—non-verbal communication

(a) Give a description of the concept of non-verbal communication.

(b) A candidate is being interviewed for a job.

Describe the role of non-verbal communication in this situation.

B23. Concept—social pressure

(a) Give a description of the concept of social pressure.

(b) Most of your friends have had a tongue stud fitted.

Describe the role of social pressure in this situation.

B24. Concept—sex role stereotype

(a) Give a description of the concept of sex role stereotype.

(b) A two year old boy is not allowed to play with a toy cooker.

Describe the role of sex role stereotyping in this situation.

B25. Concept—aggression

(a) Give a description of the concept of aggression.

(b) One child stops another and takes his toy. Another child watches this and does thesame.

Describe the role of aggression in this situation.

B26. Concept—self concept

(a) Give a description of what is meant by self concept.

(b) A teenager has developed a crop of spots and won’t go out with friends.

Describe the role of self concept in this situation.

[END OF OPTION 3]

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OPTION 4—COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY




B27. Choose the experimental method and one of the other methods listed below:

• survey method




(a) For each of the two methods, give the main characteristics of that method as used

in cognitive psychology.

(b) The experimental method is used in each of the following areas:

perception; attention; memory; language and thinking.

Give one example of the use of the experimental method from one of these areas

of cognitive psychology.

(c) Give one example from cognitive psychology of the use of the second method you

have chosen.

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B28. Concept—perception

(a) Give a description of the concept of perception.

(b) A person looks over a cliff.

Describe the role of perception in this situation.

B29. Concept—attention

(a) Give a description of the concept of attention.

(b) You overhear a conversation in a café which refers to a friend of yours.

Describe the role of attention in this situation.

B30. Concept—thinking

(a) Give a description of the concept of thinking.

(b) While writing answers to these questions you pause and stare at the wall.

Describe the role of thinking in this situation.

B31. Concept—memory

(a) Give a description of the concept of memory.

(b) Two people meet after several years.

Describe the role of memory in this situation.

B32. Concept—language

(a) Give a description of the concept of language.

(b) A child asks his parent for a biscuit.

Describe the role of language in this situation.

[END OF OPTION 4]

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OPTION 5—PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES





• experimental method (for example, in the areas of personality, intelligence and

atypical behaviour)

• survey method (for example, in the areas of personality and intelligence)





(a) give the main characteristics of that method as used in the study of individual

differences

(b) give one example of its use by psychologists in the study of individual differences.

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B34. Concept—intelligence

(a) Give a description of the concept of intelligence.

(b) An employer wishes to select the best of his recruits as an apprentice electrician.

Describe the role of intelligence in this situation.

B35. Concept—atypical behaviour

(a) Give a description of the concept of atypical behaviour.

(b) A man is teased by local children because he shouts or screams for no obvious reason.

Describe the role of atypical behaviour in this situation.

B36. Concept—personality

(a) Give a description of the concept of personality.

(b) Anna wants her friend to come bungee-jumping with her. Her friend is not interestedand would rather stay at home to read her new book.

Describe the role of personality in this situation.

Make sure you have answered from TWO of the Options.

[END OF QUESTION PAPER]

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©

Intermediate 2PsychologySpecimen Marking Instructions

NATIONALQUALIFICATIONS

[C071/SQP127]

[C071/SQP127] 15

Intermediate 2 Psychology

Marking Instructions

SECTION A

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

Candidates should answer ALL questions in this section.

A1. Describe the survey method of research.Survey method uses structured questioning with large samples 1

Surveys can take different forms, and provide one correct example of this,

eg postal, telephone, street, magazine, newspaper, consumer, television-based, etc. 1

Survey method allows results to be analysed statistically to produce accurateinformation 1

Total 3

A2. Describe one specific study which uses the observational method of research.The aim of the study is described accurately 1

The use of the survey method during the study is described accurately 1

There are accurate comments made about the usefulness/appropriateness of theobservational method for this study 1

The results obtained by this study are described accurately 1

Total 4

A3. Describe the behaviourist approach in psychology.The behaviourist approach is about human and animal behaviour 1

Three from the following are described correctly: (1 mark each)

Stimulus – responseReinforcementConditioningBehaviour shaping Up to 3

Total 4

A4. Give one contribution made by Skinner to psychological knowledge.Skinner developed the behaviourist approach which stated that all behaviour islearned

Defined Stimulus and Response to explain behaviour

Skinner’s approach led directly to the development of more effective learning/educational strategies based on feedback, ie programmed learning

Skinner’s approach led directly to the development of therapeutic treatments fordifficult/distressing behaviour, ie behaviour modification, effective parenting, treatment of phobias, etc

Total 1

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A5. What contributions did Freud make to psychological knowledge?Four of the following: (1 mark each)

Freud developed the psychoanalytic approach which stated the existence of theunconscious mind 1

Freud emphasised the importance of early childhood experience to personalitydevelopment 1

Freud’s ideas led to the development of therapeutic treatments/counsellingapproaches 1

Freud’s ideas led directly to (either) a fuller understanding of (or) effective

treatment of mental illness 1

Total 4

A6. (a) Describe in your own words what a Clinical Psychologist does.Treats mental health problems mainly in (one of the following):hospitals, community, outpatient clinics, general practice clinics, etc 1

Also mentions interdisciplinary nature of the work, ie works with, eg (one of):psychiatrists, social workers, community nurses, care staff, GPs 1

Total 2

(b) Describe in your own words what an Educational Psychologist does.Addresses educational problems in (one of the following):nurseries, schools, colleges, residential homes, etc 1

Also mentions interdisciplinary nature of work, ie works with, eg (one of):social workers, medical workers, police, etc. 1

Total 2

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SECTION B

OPTION 1: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

B7. Candidates answer on any TWO methods.

(a) Give the main characteristics of the experimental method as used in developmental psychology.Experiments should be described in terms of causal/effect relationships 1

Correct use of dependent and independent variables 1

Reference to different types of experiments 1

(b) Give one example from developmental psychology of the use of the experimentalmethod.Reference to aims, methods and results of study, using established terminology 2

Total 5

B7. (continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the survey method as used in developmentalpsychology.

Description of survey in terms of structured questions 1

Reference to different types of survey, eg postal, telephone 1

Analysis of results to produce statistical information 1

(b) Give one example from developmental psychology of the use of the survey method.Reference to aims, methods and results of study, using established terminology 2

Total 5

B7. (continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the interview method as used in developmentalpsychology.Described in terms of varying from highly structured questioning to

open-ended free discussions 1

Mainly qualitative information 1

Refer to importance of ensuring accuracy 1

(b) Give one example from developmental psychology of the use of the interview method.Reference to aims, methods and results of study, using established terminology 2

Total 5

B7. (continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the observational method as used in developmentalpsychology.Described in terms of “controlled watching” and measuring of events in laboratory 1

Participant and non-participant observation should be referred to 1

Reference to importance of objectivity/accuracy 1

(b) Give one example from developmental psychology of the use of the observational method.Reference to aims, methods and results of study, using established terminology 2

Total 5

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B7. (continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the case study method as used in developmentalpsychology.Described as a detailed study of individual(s) or instances of something 1

Qualitative data from past and present 1

Importance of accuracy, reliability of information 1

(b) Give one example from developmental psychology of the use of the case studymethod.Reference to aims, methods and results of study, using established terminology. 2

Total 5

B8. compulsory question

(a) Give a description of the concept of life span development in developmentalpsychology.Life span development is continuous and progressive 1

Life span development occurs in age related stages and give four of:infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, old age 1

Life span development involves all of:social, emotional, cognitive (or intellectual), physical development 1

(b) As a child, Daniel was a bit clumsy and inactive. He becameoverweight. Now that he is eighteen, however, Daniel enjoys playingteam sports and is fit and active a lot of the time. Describe the role of life span development in this situation.Life span development responsible for Daniel overcoming his childhooddifficulties ie age-related changes reduced clumsiness, etc. 1

Adolescent stage of life span development would encourage Daniel toparticipate in games with peers, become more active, reduce weight (bodyimage) 1

Total 5

Candidates answer one question from B9–B13

B9. (a) Give a description of the concept of early socialisation in developmentalpsychology.Mention formation of attachment/bonding process during first years of life 1

Give two correct examples of different child rearing styles on which earlysocialisation is based 1

Mention that separation/deprivation has possible detrimental effects and giveone correct example of this 1

(b) A two year old child sits by herself in a Romanian orphanage, rockinggently and staring into space.Describe the role of early socialisation in this situation.State the lack of opportunities for attachment/one-to-one relationships due tomaternal separation, deprivation, or privation 1

Mention that there are possible long-term effects on development in the area of (one of the following required):physical, social, emotional, cognitive, functioning 1

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B10. (a) Give a description of the concept of cognitive development in developmental psychology.Cognitive development as the development of thinking, remembering,perceiving, attention, language (four of these required) during childhood andadolescence 1

Mention that there are different stages of cognitive development according toPiaget, and describe two of these correctly (name of stage and age required) asexamples 1

Mention play or social interaction or activity as necessary for the developmentof cognitive skills during childhood 1

(b) Teddy falls out of bed, and Emma insists that her Teddy is given abandage for his sore head.Describe the role of cognitive development in this situation.Cognitive development responsible for animism ie belief that Teddy is alive 1

Animism is a feature of the pre-operational stage of cognitive development(Piaget) 1

Total 5

B11. (a) Give a description of the concept of social and moral development indevelopmental psychology.State that social and moral development occurs during early and middlechildhood and involves learning what is good and bad/right and wrong 1

Reference to influence of role models, media, etc, in developing social andmoral behaviours 1

Mention the view of moral development held by either Piaget or Freud anddescribe one aspect of this, eg moral reasoning 1

(b) David’s father sent him to his room because he told a lie.Describe the role of social and moral development in this situation.Social/moral development occurring through the teaching of rules for good

and bad behaviour 1

Use of punishment involved in shaping moral development 1

Total 5

B12. (a) Give a description of the concept of adolescence in developmental psychology.Adolescence is a period of life between childhood and adulthood and isaccompanied by physical/emotional changes 1

Erickson’s “identity” and “role confusion” stated correctly 1

Two examples of the type of difficulties experienced by adolescents given.Two from:self esteem, peer pressure, changes in appearance, sexual feelings, need for relationships 1

(b) Fifteen year old Kaleigh is unhappy with her appearance. She spendsa long time looking at herself in the mirror in the morning before goingto school.Describe the role of adolescence in this situation.Adolescence responsible for changes in physical appearance/body image 1

Adolescence also responsible for difficulties with identity/self concept/selfesteem 1

Total 5

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B13. (a) Give a description of the concept of ageing in developmental psychology.Ageing is the final phase of life and is accompanied by physical, social,emotional and cognitive changes. However, there are individual differences inthese. 1

Erickson’s “dignity” and “despair” stated correctly 1

Two examples of relevant life events during ageing given. Two from thefollowing:retirement, bereavement, disengagement, social opportunities, financialchanges, grandchildren 1

(b) May, 80, has failing eyesight, and she can no longer see to cook herdinner.

Describe the role of ageing in this situation.Ageing process responsible for physical decline (eyesight) 1

Resultant loss of independence could lead to difficulties in adjusting to ageingand maintaining a positive attitude to life 1

Total 5

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[END OF OPTION 1]

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OPTION 2 – BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

B14.Compulsory method(a) Give the main characteristics of the experimental method as used in biological

psychology.Experiments should be described in terms of causal/effect relationships 1Correct use of dependent and independent variables 1Reference to different types of experiments 1

(b) Give one example from biological psychology of the use of the experimental method.Reference to aims, methods and results of study, using established terminology 2

Total 5

Candidates choose ONE other method

B14.(continued)(a) Give the main characteristics of the survey method as used in biological psychology.

Description of survey in terms of structured questions 1Reference to different types of survey, eg postal, telephone 1Analysis of results to produce statistical information 1

(b) Give one example from biological psychology of the use of the survey method.Reference to aims, methods and results of study, using established terminology 2

Total 5

B14.(continued)(a) Give the main characteristics of the interview method as used in biological

psychology.Described in terms of varying from highly structured questioning to open-ended free discussions 1Mainly qualitative information 1Refer to importance of ensuring accuracy 1

(b) Give one example from biological psychology of the use of the interview method.Reference to aims, methods and results of study, using established terminology 2

Total 5

B14.(continued)(a) Give the main characteristics of the observational method as used in biological

psychology.Described in terms of “controlled watching” and measuring of events innatural environment or laboratory 1Participant and non-participant observation should be referred to 1Reference to importance of objectivity/accuracy 1

(b) Give one example from biological psychology of the use of the observational method.Reference to aims, methods and results of study, using established terminology 2

Total 5

B14.(continued)(a) Give the main characteristics of the case study method as used in biological

psychology.Described in terms of detailed study of individual(s) or instances of something 1Qualitative data from past and present 1Importance of ensuring accuracy/reliability of information 1

(b) Give one example from biological psychology of the use of the case study method. 2Reference to aims, methods and results of study, using established terminology

Total 5

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Candidates answer TWO questions from B15–B20

B15. (a) Give a description of the concept of motivation in biological psychology.Fulfilment of needs/wants/drives/which determines behaviour 1

Some motives/drives are unlearned and give one example from:hunger, thirst, warmth, sex, maternal, stimulation 1

Other motives are psychological and give one example from:esteem, achievement, actualisation 1

(b) After a full meal, you still order some dessert from the dessert trolleybeside you.

Describe the role of motivation in this situation.Eating dessert not motivated by hunger, ie not physiological 1

Motivation to eat determined by external cues and own knowledge, ie seeing the desserts and knowing that you like them 1

Total 5

B16. (a) Give a description of the concept of emotion in biological psychology.Physical changes occur during emotions which involve theautonomic/sympathetic nervous system 1

Pattern of physiological changes are the same regardless of which emotion isbeing experienced, ie joy, grief, pride, shame, etc 1

Our own interpretation of the situation (cognitive appraisal) determines whichemotion is experienced or what is expressed (behaviour) 1

(b) You check the numbers on your lottery ticket and start to laugh andshout out “I’ve won!”.

Describe the role of emotion in this situation.You become excited/aroused (physiological) because you know you have wonsome money 1

You “feel” the emotion which is appropriate to this situation, ie happiness, joy 1

Total 5

B17. (a) Give a description of the concept of learning in biological psychology.Learning involves brain changes which occur when neurones set off otherneurons 1

Learning occurs by association in that two things become linked together bythe brain 1

There is a change in behaviour which is relatively permanent 1

(b) An office supervisor tells her workers that they will all receive a bonusin their pay this week because they have worked so hard.

Describe the role of learning in this situation.Workers associate amount of work done with receiving a bonus 1

Increase in output (behaviour change) due to learning 1

Total 5

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B18. (a) Give a description of the concept of language in biological psychology.Communication of ideas/thoughts using symbols 1

Language function localised on one hemisphere only. All language areas are

on the left side (hemisphere) of the brain 1

Brain areas concerned with language correctly given. Two of:

Broca’s area (speech), Wernicke’s area (language comprehension), Angulargyrus (converting written words into sound patterns in brain) 1

(b) A seven year old girl looks at the word written down in front of her andsays it out loud.

Describe the role of language in this situation.Language involved in recognising the word, and saying the sound associatedwith the word 1

This language function occurs in left hand side of the brain 1

Total 5

B19. (a) Give a description of the concept of stress in biological psychology.The reaction produced when external demands are known to be threatening

or challenging 1

Involves both physical (eg heart rate increases, blood pressure increases, breathing rate increases, muscle tension increases, etc) and psychological/

emotional responses (eg fear, panic, anger, anxiety, etc) 1

Depends on whether the person believes they can cope 1

(b) While driving to make an important appointment, you become stuckin heavy traffic.

Describe the role of stress in this situation.Knowledge of problem produces bodily reactions (eg heart rate increases, bloodpressure increases, breathing rate increases, muscles tense) 1

Emotional/psychological reaction follows, giving frustration/annoyance/panic/fear, etc 1

Total 5

B20. (a) Give a description of the concept of substance abuse in biological psychology.Continual use of a substance (eg drugs, alcohol, tobacco, glue, etc) so that itproduces dependency (physical and/or psychological) 1

Physical dependence characterised by increased tolerance, ie the need to take more and more of the substance in order to get the same effect 1

Psychological dependence characterised by the substance bringing about areduction in anxiety (relaxation) during stressful situations 1

(b) You are hung over and can’t finish writing up your final exam.

Describe the role of substance abuse in this situation.Physical reactions/symptoms associated with intoxication. One of:dehydration, drowsiness, headache, nausea, slowing of brain reactions 1

Use of alcohol to handle stress and anxiety produces physical and

psychological dependency 1

Total 5

[END OF OPTION 2]

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OPTION 3 – SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Candidates answer two methods in B21

B21. (a) Give the main characteristics of the experimental method of research as used insocial psychology.Experiments should be described in terms of causal effect relationships 1



(b) Give one example from social psychology of the use of the experimental method.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using established

terminology 2

Total 5

B21.(continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the survey method of research as used in socialpsychology.Description of survey in terms of structured questions 1



(b) Give one example from social psychology of the use of the survey method.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using establishedterminology 2

Total 5

B21.(continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the interview method as used in social psychology.Described in terms of varying from highly structured questioning to




(b) Give one example from social psychology of the use of the interview method.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using establishedterminology 2

Total 5

B21.(continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the observational method as used in social psychology.Described in terms of “controlled watching” and measuring of events in naturalenvironment or laboratory 1

Participant and non-participant should be referred to 1


(b) Give one example from social psychology of the use of observational method.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using establishedterminology 2

Total 5

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B21.(continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the case study method as used in social psychology.Described in terms of detailed study of individual(s) or instances of something 1


Importance of ensuring accuracy/reliability of information 1

(b) Give one example from social psychology of the use of the case study method.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using establishedterminology 2

Total 5


B22. (a) Give a description of the concept of non-verbal communication.Non-verbal communication as a form of body language aiding speech 1

Body language conveying emotional states and attitudes 1

Mention one from:eye-contact, proximity, gesture, facial expression, gesture, touching, posture 1

(b) A candidate is being interviewed for a job.

Describe the role of non-verbal communication in this situation.Body language involved in communicating positive attitudes such asenthusiasm, commitment, etc. 1

Non-verbal communication used to back up/show consistency with spokencommunication 1

Total 5

B23. (a) Give a description of the concept of social pressure.Desire to conform to others’ expectations and need to be accepted 1

Mention conformity, compliance or obedience 1

Mention influences such as group pressure or media pressure 1

(b) Most of your friends have had a tongue stud fitted.

Describe the role of social pressure in this situation.Social pressure being used to bring about conformity behaviour (wearingtongue stud) within group 1

Individual’s needs for acceptance influencing conformity to group 1

Total 5

B24. (a) Give a description of the concept of sex role stereotype.Involves a social generalisation about sex differences which may be extreme 1

Reference to social learning of such stereotypes 1

Sex and gender role behaviours mentioned, and one example given correctly,

eg boy given train set for Christmas 1

(b) A two year old boy is not allowed to play with a toy cooker.

Describe the role of sex role stereotyping in this situation.Boy being taught (by parents, teachers, or peers) what toys are appropriate forhis sex 1

Mention that this is stereotyping according to sex/gender roles 1

Total 5

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B25. (a) Give a description of the concept of aggression.Deliberate attempt to hurt/inflict harm 1

Can be an action (behaviour), a feeling (emotion) or an intention (thought) 1

Aggression can be learned by (one of the following): observation, imitation,modelling 1

(b) One child stops another and takes his toy. Another child watches thisand does the same.

Describe the role of aggression in this situation.Aggression being used to achieve an aim (obtain the toy) 1

Aggression being learned by others through observation and imitation 1

Total 5

B26. (a) Give a description of what is meant by self concept.Reference to set of ideas/knowledge individual has about him/herself as a person 1

Consists of self-image (description) and self-esteem (evaluative) 1

Self concept is the sum total of these different ways of seeing oneself. 1

(b) A teenager has developed a crop of spots and won’t go out with friends.

Describe the role of self concept in this situation.Self concept is negative due to poor self image 1

Ideas about him/herself as unattractive prevents socialising with friends 1

Total 5

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[END OF OPTION 3]

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OPTION 4 – COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

B27.Compulsory method

(a) Give the main characteristics of the experimental method as used in cognitivepsychology.Experiments should be described in terms of causal effect relationships 1



(b) The experimental method is used in each of the following areas: perception;attention; memory; language and thinking. Give one example of the use of theexperimental method from one of these areas of cognitive psychology.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using establishedterminology 2

Total 5

Candidates answer on ONE other method

B27.(continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the survey method as used in cognitive psychology.Description of survey in terms of structured questions 1



(b) The survey method is used in cognitive psychology, for example, in the areas ofmemory and perception. Give one example of its use from one area in cognitivepsychology.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using establishedterminology 2

Total 5

B27.(continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the interview method as used in cognitivepsychology.Described in terms of varying from highly structured to open-ended freediscussions 1



(b) Give one example of the interview method as used by cognitive psychologists.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using establishedterminology 2

Total 5

B27.(continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the observational method as used in cognitivepsychology.Described in terms of “controlled watching” and measuring of events in

natural environment or laboratory 1



(b) Give one example of the observational method as used by cognitive psychologists.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using establishedterminology 2

Page 14[C071/SQP127] 28Total 5

B27.(continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the case study method as used in cognitivepsychology.Described in terms of detailed study of individual(s) or instances of something 1



(b) Give one example of the case study method as used by cognitive psychologists.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using establishedterminology 2

Total 5


B28. (a) Give a description of the concept of perception.Perception is an active process involving organising information from senses 1

Functions of perception, eg accurate information about external world 1

Types of perception mentioned. Two from:

visual perception, auditory perception, tactile perception, olfactory perception,taste perception 1

(b) A person looks over a cliff.

Describe the role of perception in this situation.Visual perception involved in sensing depth/drop of cliff 1

Perceptual system also uses previous experience/knowledge 1

Total 5

B29. (a) Give a description of the concept of attention.A mechanism to enable us to select and deal with stimuli from external world 1

Mention focusing or actively concentrating 1

Description should include reference to selective attention, ie the channelling

of certain information while ignoring others 1

(b) You overhear a conversation in a café which refers to a friend of yours.

Describe the role of attention in this situation.State that attention would produce active listening to this particularconversation 1

One thing that would be screened out of attention accurately, eg otherconversations, background music, noise of traffic, noise of machinery 1

Total 5

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B30. (a) Give a description of the concept of thinking.Involves manipulation of ideas/information 1

Involves other cognitive processes. Two of:

memory, perception, attention, language 1

Involves developing concepts and producing solution to problems 1

(b) While writing answers to these questions you pause and stare at thewall.

Describe the role of thinking in this situation.Mention that thinking here involves use of (two from):

memory, language, attention 1

This thinking is enabling you to produce answers and write them down 1

Total 5

B31. (a) Give a description of the concept of memory.Described in terms of memory as a system for dealing with and organisinginformation which is stored 1

Mention that memory takes different forms and give one example, eg visual,acoustic 1

Description should distinguish between short-term and long-term memory 1

(b) Two people meet after several years.

Describe the role of memory in this situation.Memory is necessary to recognise a person and recall other details about them,eg name, age, events, etc. 1

Cued recall mentioned as an aspect of memory which will be involved duringthis situation 1

Total 5

B32. (a) Give a description of the concept of language.Described as a process of communication which organises words in ameaningful way 1

Description to include reference to symbols as representing ideas 1

Description to mention all aspects of language/communication, ie reading,writing, listening and talking 1

(b) A child asks his parent for a biscuit.

Describe the role of language in this situation.Language is needed for communication to be successful (for child tocommunicate idea/need/intention) 1

Both listening and talking aspects of language should be mentioned as beinginvolved 1

Total 5

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OPTION 5 – PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Candidates answer TWO methods in B33

B33. (a) Give the main characteristics of the experimental method as used in the study ofindividual differences.Experiments should be described in terms of causal/effect relationships 1



(b) The experimental method is used in each of the following areas: intelligence,atypical behaviour and personality. Give one example of its use from one of theseareas.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using establishedterminlogy 2

Total 5

B33.(continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the survey method as used in the study of individualdifferences.Description of survey in terms of structured questions 1



(b) The survey method is used in the study of individual differences, for example, in theareas of personality and intelligence. Give one example of its use from one area inthe study of individual differences.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using establishedterminlogy 2

Total 5

B33.(continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the interview method as used in the study ofindividual differences.Described in terms of varying from highly structured questioning to




(b) Give one example of the interview method as used by psychologists studyingindividual differences.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using establishedterminlogy 2

Total 5

B33.(continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the observational method as used in the study ofindividual differences.Described in terms of “controlled watching” and measuring of events in naturalenvironment or laboratory 1



(b) Give one example of the observational method as used by psychologists studyingindividual behaviour.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using establishedterminlogy 2

Total 5

B33.(continued)

(a) Give the main characteristics of the case study method as used in the study ofindividual differences.Described in terms of detailed study of individual(s) or instances of something 1



(b) Give one example of the case study method as used by psychologists studyingindividual behaviour.Reference to aims, methods and results of the study, using establishedterminlogy 2

Total 5


B34. (a) Give a description of the concept of intelligence.Related to particular activities/abilities, especially ability to think and reason 1

Intelligence is measured using psychometric tests and is then called IQ 1

Correctly state how intelligence quotient is obtained 1

(b) An employer wishes to select the best of his recruits as an apprenticeelectrician.

Describe the role of intelligence in this situation.Intellectual abilities may determine who is the “best” recruit 1

Tests can be used, especially for problem solving and memory, to indicate whois most suitable 1

Total 5

Page 18[C071/SQP127] 32

B35. (a) Give a description of the concept of atypical behaviour.Atypical behaviour is behaviour that is: (give two from):

different from the norm and provide one correct example of this, does notconform to social demands and provide one correct example of this, ismaladaptive and provide one correct example of this, ispainful/distressing for the individual and provide one correct example ofthis 2

Reference made to labelling and its negative consequences 1

(b) A man is teased by local children because he shouts or screams for noobvious reason.

Describe the role of atypical behaviour in this situation.Behaviour is atypical because it is socially unacceptable 1

Their knowledge that he is atypical allows children to “label” him and teasehim, thus adding to his distress 1

Total 5

B36. (a) Give a description of the concept of personality.Should be described in terms of known traits or patterns of behaviour thatdistinguish individual behaviour 1

Reference to measurement of personality using psychometric tests and give

one correct example of this, eg Cattell or Eysenck 2

(b) Anna wants her friend to come bungee-jumping with her. Her friendis not interested and would rather stay home to read her new book.

Describe the role of personality in this situation.Friends have different personalities – one friend likes excitement while

another likes to be calm 1

These differences in personality account for their different preferences 1

Total 5

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[END OF MARKING INSTRUCTIONS]

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[C071/SQP127] 34

Documents

Intermediate 2 NATIONAL Psychology QUALIFICATIONS