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Intercultural Communication
Culture and Socialization, Corporate Discourse Systems
E-pals Project
Due end of week 14 (Sunday)Use Scollon and Scollon pp. 183-184 for basic guideline of issuesObservation + direct questioningInclude short excerpts of interaction as examples to support your pointsPay attention to the medium Eg. MSN discourse system?
E-pals Project
Analyze yourself What discourse systems do you belong to? How do they influence the way you communicate
Analyze your e-pals What discourse systems do they belong to How do they influence the way they communicate
Analyze your interaction Problems/successes Similarities/differences
Conclusion and references
Discourse Systems
Ideology (Beliefs)Face systems (Relationships)Forms of Discourse (Patterns of Communication)Socialization How people learn to be members of
their discourse systems
Culture is learned
Nature vs. nurtureStudies with twins Eg. Studies on criminal behavior
What things are ‘innate’ or ‘human nature’? Task
What things are learned? Relationships Beliefs Patterns of Communication
Task
How did you learn to be Chinese (or…)?
Socialization
In every group one has to learn the rules, expectations, and truths of that group, whether the group is your family, the army, your school or company, or the state (nation)Socialization is the process through which we learn to be a member of a discourse system
Socialization vs. Education
Socialization Informal Continuous Implicit Uncredentialed
Education Formal Periodic Explicit Credentialed
Socialization vs. Education
Both valued in all societiesValued in different waysSocialization associated with ‘being normal’ Socialization: associated with GemeinschaftEducation: Associated with Gesellshaft
Example: Gender Socialization and Gender Roles
An important part of socialization is the learning of culturally defined gender roles. Gender socialization refers to the learning of behavior and attitudes considered appropriate for a given sex. Boys learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls. This "learning" happens by way of many different agents of socialization. The family is certainly important in reinforcing gender roles, but so are one’s friends, school, work and the mass media. Gender roles are reinforced through countless subtle and not so subtle ways.
Agents of socialization
You
Religion Family
Work Peers
SchoolMassMedia
Agents of Socialization
The role these different institutions play in socialization differ in different societies at different times As well as for different individualsYour parents’ generationYouMeThe Cultural Revolution
Primary vs. Secondary Socialization
Primary Socialization (enculturation) Early in life Within family or group of intimates
Secondary Socialization Later in life Outside primary group
Education and Secondary Socialization
Education Formal Explicit
Socialization Informal Intuitive Implict
Task
Watch the videoWhat do you think children learn through this program?What aspects of this learning are part of education and which are part of socialization
How Socialization Occurs
George Herbert MeadSeparation of self from othersLearning to use symbolsObserve othersTake the role of others‘Looking glass’ self
Factors influencing Socialization
Nature of humans Motivation
Nature of the ‘self’ Individualistic vs. collectivistic
Human life cycle When does adulthood begin?
Child-rearing practicesShame Culture vs. Guilt CultureBENEDICT R (1967) The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
Shame Collectivistic External sanctions Face Concept of duty Hierarchical
Guilt Individualistic Internal sanctions Concept of sin Egalitarian
Guilt CultureGuilt-
cultureOther people believe:
I believe I didn't do it I did it
I didn't do it No problem I protest my innocence and
fight the accusation
I did it I am expected to feel guilty regardless
I am guilty and am
punished
Shame CultureShame-culture
Other people believe:
I believe I didn't do it I did it
I didn't do it No problem I am shamed and
dishonoured by their belief
I did it No-one knows, so I am not
shamed
I am guilty and am
punished
Guilt and Shame
Heidi Fung Role of stories told by adults about
children in Chinese socialization
Video
American child-rearing practices
Child rearing practices reflectIdeologyFace SystemsForms of Discourse
American child-rearing practices
1914-1928 Emphasis on limiting child’ self
expression Human nature is basically evil ‘Spare the rod and spoil the child’
1929-1945 Self-regulation Influence of Scientific Management Toilet training
American child-rearing practices
1946-1964 Dr. Spock, Baby and Child Care Self-expression/ Individual creativity Comfort NO HITTING!/ Talk it out
1964- Role of professional expertise Complicated (scary) world Media and technology Technological solutions
Athakbaskan Child-rearing
Adults who comment on a newborn baby ask, ‘Who came?’ The child is thought to have an identity that is to be discovered by those in this world, not to be created or shaped by us. Thus the role of the living in respect to the newborn is to welcome this person and to seek to learn about who he or she is.
Reflection
What kinds of principles do you think your parents used to raise you?How do you think these principles were the same as/different from those by which they were raised?How do socialization practices reflect the larger society?
Enculturation vs. Acculturation
Enculturation Learning your own culture
Acculturation One culture being dominated by
another
Assimilation Learning to adapt to a (dominant)
culture
Cultural Adjustment
Re-entry