Interaction and coordination

INTERACTION INTERACTION AND AND

COORDINATIONCOORDINATION

Autora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

What do you remember?What do you remember? 1. What senses does a predatory animal use 1. What senses does a predatory animal use

when it hunts?when it hunts?

2. What body part does the chameleon use to 2. What body part does the chameleon use to catch its prey?catch its prey?

3.What type of living being moves more quickly: a 3.What type of living being moves more quickly: a plant or an animal?plant or an animal?

4. Which of the following are involved in 4. Which of the following are involved in interaction? interaction?

heart – roots – runners – brain - kidneys - bonesheart – roots – runners – brain - kidneys - bonesAutora: Marta García T.Autora: Marta García T.

What is interaction?What is interaction?Interaction enables living beings to receive Interaction enables living beings to receive and respond to a stimulus. It involves and respond to a stimulus. It involves different elements:different elements:

1. Stimuli.1. Stimuli.2. Receptors.2. Receptors.3. Coordination Systems.3. Coordination Systems.4. Effectors.4. Effectors.


Stimuli Stimuli → Detectable changes in the internal or external → Detectable changes in the internal or external environment, which provoke responses. Stimuli can be environment, which provoke responses. Stimuli can be Physical, Chemical or Biotic.Physical, Chemical or Biotic.

Receptors Receptors → → SensorySensory structures which detect external and structures which detect external and internal stimuli.internal stimuli.

In Animals, receptors are the sense organs.In Animals, receptors are the sense organs. In Plants, repectors are found in cells.In Plants, repectors are found in cells.

Coordination Systems Coordination Systems → → Organs which process Organs which process information received by the receptors and produce a response.information received by the receptors and produce a response.

Effectors Effectors → → Structures which produce responses, such as Structures which produce responses, such as muscles and glands in animals.muscles and glands in animals.


How do receptors work?How do receptors work?SENSESENSE SENSE ORGANSENSE ORGAN WHAT STIMULI DO THEY WHAT STIMULI DO THEY

DETECT?DETECT?HOW DO THEY WORK?HOW DO THEY WORK?

SIGHTSIGHT EyesEyes They detect light. They detect light.

SMELLSMELL Vertebrates: noseVertebrates: noseArthropods: Arthropods: appendageappendage

They detect chemical substances They detect chemical substances dissolved in air or water.dissolved in air or water.

TASTETASTE TongueTongue It detects chemical substances It detects chemical substances dissolved in water.dissolved in water.

HEARINGHEARING EarsEars They detect sound, from very They detect sound, from very loud noises to soft musical notes.loud noises to soft musical notes.

TOUCHTOUCH Fish: lateral lineFish: lateral lineArthropods: Arthropods: appendageappendage

Most animals: skinMost animals: skin

They detect pressure, touch, pain They detect pressure, touch, pain and temperature changesand temperature changes



Coordination System: The Coordination System: The Nervous SystemNervous System

The nervous system receives information, The nervous system receives information, interprets it, and transmits a response to the interprets it, and transmits a response to the effectors.effectors.

It is different for invertebrates and vertebrates.It is different for invertebrates and vertebrates.


In vertebrates, the nervous system includes:In vertebrates, the nervous system includes:

The Central Nervous System (The Central Nervous System (CNSCNS) ) → The → The Brain and the Spinal Cord.Brain and the Spinal Cord.

The Peripheral Nervous System (The Peripheral Nervous System (PNSPNS))→ → Nerves originated in the brain and in the spinal cord. Nerves originated in the brain and in the spinal cord. Nerves can be:Nerves can be:

Sensory: go from the receptors Sensory: go from the receptors to the CNS, carrying information.to the CNS, carrying information. Motor: go from the CNS to theMotor: go from the CNS to the effectors, carrying a response.effectors, carrying a response.



Invertebrates have simpler nervous systems, for example:

Ganglia system (nerve cells are joined by the nerve Ganglia system (nerve cells are joined by the nerve cord).cord).

Nerve Net system (nerve cells form a nerve net Nerve Net system (nerve cells form a nerve net extending throughout the animal).extending throughout the animal).


EffectorsEffectorsThey are organs which produce a response.

There are two types of responses to stimuli:

MOTOR RESPONSES →The response is movement. They are controlled by the motor system

ENDOCRINE RESPONSES→ The response is the release of hormones into the blood. Hormones control and coordinate activities throughout the body. They are controlled by glands.



Coordination In PlantsCoordination In Plants Plants do not have a nervous or an endocrine Plants do not have a nervous or an endocrine

system. Responses to stimuli in plants are system. Responses to stimuli in plants are coordinated by coordinated by HORMONESHORMONES, which act as , which act as chemical messengers to respond to factors such chemical messengers to respond to factors such as light, gravity, water and temperature.as light, gravity, water and temperature.

Cells inside the organism detect stimuliCells inside the organism detect stimuli


There are two types of responses to There are two types of responses to external stimuli:external stimuli:

1) Tropism → → Permanent responses which Permanent responses which produce changes in the direction of the plant’s produce changes in the direction of the plant’s growth. Types:growth. Types:

Geotropism: Geotropism: The responseThe response is caused by gravity.is caused by gravity. Phototropism: The response is caused by light.


Hydrotropism: Hydrotropism: The response is The response is caused by water.caused by water.

Thigmotropism: Thigmotropism: The response is The response is caused by contact.caused by contact.


2) Nastic Movements: are temporary 2) Nastic Movements: are temporary responses of particular parts of a plant responses of particular parts of a plant to external stimuli.to external stimuli.


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Interaction and coordination