Interacciones animales-microorganismos

7/23/2019 Interacciones animales-microorganismos

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HLKQFALFEFCÈ@ HÌMLK@

Ds de dstumlf md e`s lbtdr`kklfbds dxlstdbtds dbtrd `blhèds(prlbklpèhdbtd de guh`bf) y efs hlkrffrc`blshfs kfhf a`ktdrl`s,

vlrus, gfbcfs y p`ràsltfs



Lbtdr`kklfbds dbtrd efs hlkrffrc`blshfs y de gfhard

Adbìnlk`s Zdroumlklèds

E` lbtdr`kklfbds dbtrd ub` cr`b v`rldm`m mdhlkrffrc`blshfs pudmd kfbslmdr`rsd db tìrhlbfs md

sèum f dbndrhdm`m.



HLKQFALF]@ BFQH@E

¶Pulìb vlvd kfbhlcf66666........



¶Puì ds e` hlkrfalft` bfrhè6

Ds de kfboubtf md hlkrffrc`blshfs qud sddbkudbtr`b db sltlfs p`rtlkue`rds mde kudrpf

guh`bf, db lbmlvlmufs s`bfs.

NEFQ@ BFQH@EALF]@ F HLKQFALF]@HLKQFALFH@ GTH@BF



KfhdbsèlshfQdnuclf y èlhdbtf

Z`r`sltlshfadbdnlklf uble`tdrè

Hutuèlshfadbdnlklf rdkèprfkf

@sfkl`klfbds slhalûtlk`s dbtrd hlkrffrc`blshfs y sugfspdmdrf

(vlvldbmf oubtfs)

Gàltuèhdbtd h`btldbdb ub` rde`klûb slhalûtlk`, kfhdbsè fhutuèlst` kfb de gfspdmdrf



ALF]@ QD[LMDB]D

Hf nlofs y kfbst`btdsZudmd sdr pdrtura`m`

pdrf prfbtf sdrdstàedkd

ALF]@ ]Q@B[L]FQL@

Lbkeuyd hf p`tûcdbfsy bf p`tûcdbfs

Gàlt`b gfr`s, mè`s fsdh`b`s

HLKQFALF]@ BFQH@E

Kfefblz`bmf? `mgdrdbkl`, `m`pt`klûb y prfelndr`klûb



¶Kuàbmf `p`rdkd6

Ndtf? dstìrle

¶Zudmd v`rl`r6

Mdsmd de hfhdbtf mde b`klhldbtf

[dcÿb e`s kfbmlklfbds

nlslfeûclk`s!..

Dm`mMldt`Dst`mf gfrhfbèDst`mf md sèum

Glcldbd pdrsfbè



¶Zfr quì ds lhpfrt`btdkfbfkdre`6



Efkèlz`klûb md e` hlkrfalft` bfrhè

Ds mlstlbtlv` md k`m` rdclûbkfrpfrè

[ltlfs kfefblz`mfs [ltlfs dstìrleds

Zlde y hukfs`s Zedur`

Lbtdstlbf mdec`mf HdblbcdsLbtdstlbf crudsf Zdrlk`rmlf

]r`ktf urlb`rlf lbndrlfr Zdrltfbdf

^`clb` ßtdrf

Dstûh`cf6 [lstdh` klrkue`tfrlf



Adbdnlklfs md e` alft` bfrhè! Zrftdcd md kfefblz`klûb f lbndkklfbds prfvfk`m`s pfr cìrhdbdsp`tûcdbfs LB]DQNDQDBKL@ A@K]DQL@B@

!

[lbtdtlz` vlt`hlb`s? I y vlt`hlb` A01

!

Mdcr`m`klûb md k`rafglmr`tfs bf àsfralmfs (nlarfsfs)

!

Z`rtlklp`klûb db ̀ ecubfs klkefs hdtàûelkfs kfhf de rdklkeòd md eùrd` y sèds alel`rds.

!

Dstlhue` e` rdspudst` lbhubd



Alfefcè` md efs hlkrffrc`blshfs. Arfki



HLKQFALF]@ MD E@ ZLDEDs mlbàhlk`, v`rè` db e`s mlstlbt`s rdclfbds kfrpfrèds (`xle`s, lbced, dtk)N`ktfrds? ]º, guhdm`m, YsèX, pG, àklmfs cr`sfsBf ds n`vfràed kfhf gàlt`t0 `drfalf -0: `b`drfalfs

CQ@H +

• [t`pgyefkfkkus

•

Mlntdrflmds• Zrfplfbla`ktdrluh

`kbds

• CQ@H -

•

Zsdumfhfb`s`druclbfs`

•

Edv`mur`s.K`bmlm`



Dst`nlefkfkfs kf`cue`s`bdc`tlvfs

Dspdklds mdG`dhfpgleus,[trdptfkfkfs

HLKQFALF]@ MD E@ KFBOTB]L^@ Ds ub` kfbtlbu`klûb md e` plde, kfbtldbd k`sl e` hlsh` hlkrfnefrÈ`s eàcrlh`s y de p`rp`mdf delhlb`b hlkrffrc`blshfs d lbgladb ` ftrfs



HLKQFALF]@ MDE FÈMF DW]DQBF[lhle`r ` e` md e` plde

Dst`nlefkfs kf`cue`s` bdc`tlvfs

Kfrybda`ktdrluh

Dspdklds md A`kleus, Bdlssdrl`

@ vdkds Cr`h Bdc`tlvfs (Zrftdus, Dskgdrlkgl`, Zsdumfhfb`s.

@spdrcleeus, Zdblkleeluh, K`bmlm`



]r`ktf rdsplr`tfrlf

]. rdsplr`tfrlf supdrlfr? 0: `drfal`s-0:: `b`drfal`s

]. rdsplr`tfrlf lbndrlfr?



HLKQFALF]@ MD E@ AFK@ \ K@^LM@M ATKFN@QÈBCD@

Dspdklds md [trdptfkfkkus,

G`dhfpgleus, Bdlssdrl`s[t`pgyefkfkkus dplmdrhlmls y ùrdus

Dspdklds md Zfrpgyrfhfb`s,Zdrvftdee`, ̂ dleefbdee`

Dspdklds md Nusfa`ktdrluh

Edv`mur`s? K`bmlm`

Ds ubf md efs gàlt`t hàs gdtdrfcìbdfs y kfhpedofs



HLKQFALF]@ MD E@ B@QL_ y B@[FN@QÈBCD

Dst`nlefkfkkfs kf`cue`s`-bdc`tlvfs

Dstrdptfkfkfs vlrlm`bs

[t`pgyefkfkkus ùrdus

Dspdklds md Bdlssdrl`s,G`dhfpgleus

[trdptfkfkkus pbduhfbl`d

K`vlm`mds b`sèds ([.ùrdus9 [. dplmdrhlmls)



^è`s rdsplr`tfrl`s èt`sDst`nlefkfkfs, Dstrdptfkfkfs

Bdlssdrl`, G`dhfpgleusHfr`xdee`

Kfrybda`ktdrl`s

Zdptfstrdptfkfkkus, ̂ dleefbdee`, @ktlbfhykds y Nusfa`ktdrluh

^è`s rdsplr`tfrl`s aò`s

Aàslk`hdbtd dstìrle

HLKQFALF]@ MDE ]Q@K]F QD[ZLQ@]FQLF



HLKQFALF]@ MDE ]Q@K]F C@[]QFLB]D[]LB@E



Dstûh`cf?

HLKQFALF]@ MDE ]Q@K]F C@[]QFLB]D[]LB@E

Kfbtldbd hdbfs md 0: a`ktdrl`s vlàeds/hE md kfbtdblmf càstrlkf

[trdptfkfkkus

E`ktfa`kleeus

ZdptfstrdptfkfkkusK`bmlm`



Dspdklds md?

E`ktfa`klefs

Dbtdrfkfkfs

A`ktdrflmdsKefstrlmluh

Hykfa`ktdrluh

Dbtdrfa`ktdrl`kd`d

Lbtdstlbf Mdec`mf



Dbtdrfa`ktdrl`s? kfelnfrhds

Dbtdrfkfkkus n`dkèls

A`ktdrflmds

Alnlmfa`ktdrluh

Dua`ktdrluh

Zdptfkfkkus

Zdptfstrdptfkfkkus

Quhlkfkkus

Kefstrlmlfs

E`ktfa`kleeus

[trdptfkfkkus

[t`pgyefkfkkus

Lbtdstlbf Crudsf



Cuè` Zràktlk` md e` Frc`blz`klûb Hubmlè md C`strfdbtdrfefcè`? Zrfalûtlkfs y

prdalûtlkfs

SCF Zr`ktlkd Culmdelbd? Zrfalftlks `bm prdalftlks

YFnnlklè [p`blsg tr`bse`tlfb fn tgd SCFX

Zrfalûtlkfs y prdalûtlkfs



Zrfalûtlkfs Hlkrffrc`blshfs vlvfs qud kfbnldrdbub adbdnlklf ` e` sèum mde guìspdmku`bmf sd efs `mhlblstr` db k`btlm`mds`mdku`m`s.

Zrdalûtlkfs Lbcrdmldbtds ndrhdbt`mfs sdedktlv`hdbtdqud m`b euc`r ` k`halfs dspdkènlkfs db e`kfhpfslklûb y/f `ktlvlm`m md e` nefr`c`strflbtdstlbè, kfbnlrldbmf `sè adbdnlklfs è` sèum mde guìspdm

[lhalûtlkfs? Zrfmuktfs qud kfbtldbdb t`btf prfalûtlkfskfhf prdalûtlkfs

Felcfnruktfs`? trlcf, kdafee`s, a`b`b`s, hlde• Lbuelb`

• Cè`ktf-felcfs`kàrlmfs

• E`ktuefs`

• Felcfs`kàrlmfs md e` edkgd h`tdrb`



E` hfmue`klûb butrlklfbè md e` nefr` lbtdstlbè sd pudmd rdèlz`r md mfs nfrh`s?

0ª Kfb de usf md efs prfalûtlkfs?

kuetlvfs md hlkrffrc`blshfs vlvfs `pelk`mfs f lbcdrlmfs kfb de nlb md quddodrz`b ub dndktf adbdnlklfsf. Hdofr`b e`s prfpldm`mds md e` alft`

lbmècdb`.1ª usf md prdalûtlkfs?

Glmr`tfs md k`rafbf bf àsfralaeds qud eedc`b è lbtdstlbf y dstlhue`b dekrdklhldbtf md mdtdrhlb`m`s a`ktdrl`s.

Db cdbdrè, e` h`yfr dvlmdbkl` keèblk` p`r` efs prfalûtlkfs dstàvlbkue`m` ` su usf db de hdofr`hldbtf md e` sèum lbtdstlbè y e`dstlhue`klûb md e` nubklûb lbhublt`rl` (prftdcd md dbndrhdm`mds

kfhf `sh`, èdrcl`s, dbtdrfp`tè`s lbne`h`tfrl` krûblk`).



A`ktdrlfklb` ke`sd Hlkrffrc`blshf prfmuktfr

Blslb` L E`ktfkfkkus e`ktls suasp e`ktlsZdmlfklb` Z@-0 LL` Zdmlfkfkkus ̀ klmle`ktlkl y E`ktfa`kleeus pe`bt`ruh

SGD<1

Zdmlfklb` OM LL` Zdmlfkfkkus ̀ klmle`ktlkl OM0-1;

[ì`klb` @ LL` E`ktfa`kleeus sìd 3:>

[ì`klb` Z LL` E`ktfa`kleeus sìd E]G>3;

Kurv`klb` @ LL` E`ktfa`kleeus kurv`tus E]G003=

Hdsdbtdrlklb` \0:4 LL` Edukfbfstfk hdsdbtdrflmds

Ze`bt`rlklb` D/N LLa E`ktfa`kleeus pe`bt`ruh K00

E`ktfkfkklb` @ LLa E`ktfkfkkus e`ktls suasp krdhfrls

E`ktfkfkklb` A LLa E`ktfkfkkus e`ktls suasp krdhfrls <A=

E`kt`klb` N LLa E`ktfa`kleeus ofgbsfbll

Mlvdrclklb` LLk K`rbfa`ktdrluh mlvdrcdbs E^0;Gdevdtlklb` LLL E`ktfa`kleeus gdevdtlkus

A`ktdrlfklb`s y Hlkrffrc`blshfs prfmuktfrds

]r`mlklfbèhdbtd sd kfbslmdr` ` e`s a`ktdrlfklb`s kfhf pìptlmfs alfeûclk`hdbtd `ktlvfs qudtldbdb prfpldm`mds a`ktdrlklm`s kfbtr` ftr`s dspdklds dstrdkg`hdbtd rde`klfb`m`s kfb e` kdp`prfmuktfr`, slb dha`rcf, rdkldbtdhdbtd dstd kfbkdptf sd g` hfmlnlk`mf y` qud sd g`bdbkfbtr`mf t`halìb `kklfbds a`ktdrlklm`s kfbtr` kdp`s mlst`bkl`m`s nlefcdbìtlk`hdbtd md e` kdp`prfmuktfr`.



¶]u hlkrfalft` mdpdbmd md tu mldt`60: a`ktdrl`s / k`m` kìeue` md budstrf kudrpf y pfr ef t`btf de cdbfh` md budstr` alft` ds h`s cr`bmd qud budstrf prfplfcdbfh`. Zfmrè` rde`klfb`rsd ` e` nlslfefcè` y mds`rrfeef md dbndrhdm`mds66

Db dstumlfs rdèlz`mfs db r`tfbds, sd g` fasdrv`mf qud e` nefr` lbtdstlbè tldbd ub

dndktf slcblnlk`tlvf sfard de mds`rrfeef mde kdrdarf y de kfhpfrt`hldbtf.Tb dstumlf h`s rdkldbtd mdhfstrû qud ub` a`ktdrl` huy us`m` db efs yfcurds prfalûtlkfs (e`ktfa`kleeus rg`hbfsus) rdmukè` e``bsldm`m y de dstrìs db r`tfbds qud rdklaldrfb supedhdbtfs èlhdbtlklfs rlkfs db dst` a`ktdrl`, cr`kl s̀ ` qud hfmueà`be` dxprdslûb md efs rdkdptfrds md ub bdurftr`bshlsfr kfbfklmf kfhf C@A@

^feubt`rlfs s`bfs

gdkds

Kfhpfslklûb md e` alft` x `bàelsls cdbìtlkf

A`ktdrflmds Quhlbfkfkkus Zdrvftdee`

Kudstlfb`rlf md gàaltfs èlhdbtlklfs

K`rbd y cr`s`s Q-FG y cr`s`s pfellbs`t. KG

¶[d pudmd k`hal`r de dstdrftlpf6

0: vfeubt`rlfs k`hal`rfb mldt`s " rlk`s db KG y " rlk`s db cr`s`s elcdrf k`half

Bf sd tdrhlb` md dbtdbmdr e` kfhpfslklûb md e` hlkrfalft` lbtdstlbè y kfhf lbneuyd db budstr` nlslfefcè`



De hlkrfalfh` lbtdstlbè pudmd kfbtrlaulr kfb ub èh`kdb`hldbtf`bûhèf md dbdrcè` y ` e` fadslm`m pfr hdk`blshfs mlvdrsfs, `sè kfhfkfb e` lbtdr`kklûb md efs hlkrfalfs lbtdstlbèds kfb de slstdh` lbhublt`rlf lbb`tfmde gfspdmdrf pudmd lbneulr sfard efs prfkdsfs lbne`h`tfrlfs y hdtàûelkfs qudsd rde`klfb`b kfb e` fadslm`m y tldbdb rdedv`bkl` p`r` e` sèum guh`b`.

Tb dstumlf puaelk`mf db e` rdvlst` hìmlk` Bdw Dbce`bm Ofurbè fn Hdmlklbd

sucldrd qud tr`spe`bt`r e`s gdkds md ub mfb`btd ` ub` pdrsfb` qud p`mdkdub` lbndkklûb rdkurrdbtd pfr Kefstrlmluh mlnnlkled pudmd rdsuet`r hàs dnlk`zqud tr`t`re` kfb `btlalûtlkfs.



HLKQFALF]@ MDE ]Q@K]F TQFCDBL]@E



TQD]Q@? kfefblz`m` pfra`klefs y kfkfs Cr`h ‛.

Do? D.kfel y Zrftdus hlràlels

Db `hafs sdxfs?

E` vdolc` suded sdr dstìrle

^@CLB@

B`kdr? E`ktfa`kleeus

Lbn`bkl`? gdtdrfcìbd` pG èkèlbf

Dst`nlefkfkfs, dstrdptfkfkfs,mlntdrflmds, D. kfel

Zuadrt`m? y huodrds `muet`s?

2 E`ktfa`kleeus, pG àklmf

Edv`mur`s.

Hdbfpùsl`? gdtdrfcìbdf



Db mdtdrhlb`m`s sltu`klfbds pudmd kùs`r m`ðf è gfspdmdrf!..

Ku`bmf efcr`b `kkdsf ` ub sltlf bf usuè?dxtr`kklûb md ub mldbtd, klrucè` lbv`slv`.

De aè`bkd dbtrd efs hldharfs md e` hlkrfalft`bfrhè sd vd `ndkt`mf (`btlalûtlkfs)

K`half mde dst`mf lbhubd mde gfspdmdrf(dm`m, dbndrhdm`m, mrfc`s)

hutuèlshf

HLKQFALF]@BFQH@E

(fpfrtublst`s)

kfhdbsèlshf

Z@]FCÌBD[L[



E` prdsdbkl` md dst`s a`ktdrl`s kfbtrlauyd ` e` nfrh`klûb md e`pe`k` mdbtè, k`rlds!!

[. s`bculs, [. sfarlbus, [. hut`bs, [. hltls

t`halìb Clbclvltls y Dbndrhdm`m pdrlfmfbtè?



Clbclvltls? Lbne`h`klûb md efs tdolmfs md e` dbkè`

qud rfmd`b è mldbtd ` kùs` md e`pe`k` a`ktdrl`sNfrh` h`s kfhÿb y edvd md e`dbndrhdm`m pdrlfmfbtè.[l dst` bf sd kfbtrfe` kfb de p`sfmde tldhpf pudmd dvfeuklfb`r `pdrlfmfbtltls.

t`halìb!.. Clbclvltls y Dbndrhdm`m pdrlfmfbtè?

(sd k`r`ktdrlz`b pfr lbne`h`klûb y mdcdbdr`klûb md dstruktur`s).

Zdrlfmfbtltls

E`s dbkè`s sd èdo`b md efs mldbtds ynfrh`b "afes`s" qud dstàb lbndkt`m`s.E`s tfxlb`s md e`s a`ktdrl`s y e`sdbzlh`s mde kudrpf qud eukg`b kfbtr` e`lbndkklûb dhpldz`b ` mdstrulr de gudsf yefs tdolmfs qud h`btldbdb ` efs mldbtds db

su euc`r. Ku`bmf bf sd tr`t`mdalm`hdbtd, efs gudsfs, e`s dbkè`s y efstdolmfs qud sfstldbdb efs mldbtds sdmdstruydb. Efs mldbtds nlbèhdbtd `nefo`b.



Zfdt`? S.G @umdb

Kfbstruy`b kfefbl`s? eds suhlblstr`rìE` sunlkldbtd kèlmdz y guhdm`mDe sdaf y efs eèplmfs qud bdkdslt`b,Kfb e` kfbmlklûb md qud bubk`

Hd hfedstdb kfb su prdsdbkl`,\ sd kfhpfrtdb kfhf audbfs guìspdmds[lb èafrft`rsd p`r` fk`slfb`r `kbìF pld md `tedt`



]LZF[ MD HTD[]Q@[

†

tlpf 0?Hudstr`s md p`kldbtds

qud sd fatldbdb mdsltlfs `b`tûhlkfsmfbmd dxlstdhlkrfalft` bfrhè

Do? Afk`

†

tlpf 1?[d nfrh` db ub sltlf

dstìrle, pdrf p`r` surdkfedkklûb p`s`b `tr`vìs md ub sltlf mfbmd

dxlstd alft` bfrhè.

Do? Frlb`

†

Hudstr` tlpf ;?

[d kfbslmdr`b elards mdhlkrfalft` bfrhè yp`r` su fatdbklûb sdutlelz`b hìtfmfsdspdklèds.

Do? EKQ

L t l t e l l e g a



Lbtdr`kklfbds dbtrd efs hlkrffrc`blshfs y de gfhard

hlkrfalft`

Z`tûcdbfs dstrlktfs? pfelf,edpr`, sènlels, dtk

H. Fpfrtublst`s

Hdk`blshfs md mdndbs` mde

guìspdm



Z@]ÛCDBF? ]fm` ke`sd md frc`blshf f `cdbtd

p`r`slt`rlf kfb e` k`p`klm`m md prfmuklr dbndrhdm`m.Z`tgf? dbndrhdm`m y cdbb`b? prfmuklr

^LQTEDBKL@? Cr`mf md Z`tfcdblklm`m

0.

Bf. md frc`blshfs prdsdbtds db f sfard de guìspdm.1.

Dst`mf lbhubfeûclkf mde guìspdm.;.^lruedbkl` mde frc`blshf.



Hdk`blshfs md p`tfcdblklm`m(N`ktfrds md vlruedbkl`)



Guìspdm Hlkrffrc`blshfs

DBNDQHDM@M LBNDKKLF[@

HDK@BL[HF[MD MDNDB[@

N@K]FQD[ MD^LQTEDBKL@

(Zrfpldm`mds mde hf)



¶Kûhf eedc` de hlkrffrc`blshf è guìspdm6

! Mlrdktf? pfr kfbt`ktf mlrdktfmd guìspdm ` guìspdm.

! Lbmlrdkt`hdbtd?

@lrd, `cu`, tldrr`, èlhdbtfs.

" ^dktfrds? hfsqultfs, c`rr`p`t`s, puec`s

" Nûhltds



N`sds f p`sfs p`r` de dstàedklhldbtf md ub`dbndrhdm`m lbndkklfs`

#

Lbcrdsf

# @mgdrlrsd y kfefblz`r f lbv`mlr è guìspdm

#

Huetlpelk`rsd mdbtrf mde guìspdm f db sus kìeue`s

# Dvlt`r efs hdk`blshfs md mdndbs` mde guìspdm

#

M`ðf? pfsddr e` k`p`klm`m hdkàblk`, quèhlk` f hfedkue`rp`r` edslfb`r è guìspdm



¶KFHF DB]Q@B E@[

A@K]DQL@[ @

BTD[]QF KTDQZF6



ZTDQ]@[ MD DB]Q@M@

Hdhar`b`s hukfs`s md]r`ktf rdsplr`tfrlf]r`ktf c`strflbtdstlbè]r`ktf cdbltfurlb`rlf

Kfboubtlv`

Zlde

vè` p`rdbtdrè

Z`r` hlkrffrc`blshfs p`tûcdbfs

¶tfmfs efs hf qud dbtr`b kùs`b dbndrhdm`m6

¶tldbdb ub` pudrt` md dbtr`m` prdndrlm`6



]`h`ðf mde lbûkuef

[glcdee` ? 1::

[èhfbdee`? 0 hleeûb

^.kgfedr`d? 0:7

Bÿhdrf md hlkrffrc`blshfs qud dbtr`b



Zfr hdmlf md `mgdslb`s f elc`bmfs(celkfprftdèb`s f elpfprftdèb`s) qud sd ubdb `rdkdptfrds md e` kìeue` guìspdm.

@MGDQDBKL@ f nlo`klûb

Efs rdkdptfrds md e` kìeue` guìspdmsfb e` h`yfrè` `zÿk`rds



Efkèlz`klûb md e`s `mgdslb`s

CETKFK@ELW

ALFZDEÈKTE@[

ÀKLMF[ ]DLKFLKF[

NLHAQL@[ (ZLEL)

HFMF DB PTD EF[ Z@]ÛCDBF[ A@K]DQL@BF[ D^@MDB



KÀZ[TE@

Qdslstd ` e` n`cfkltfsls

HFMF DB PTD EF[ Z@]ÛCDBF[ A@K]DQL@BF[ D^@MDBEF[ HDK@BL[HF[ MD MDNDB[@ MDE GTÌ[ZDM

KFHZFBDB]D[ md e` Z@QDMQdslstdbkl` ` e` n`cfkltfsls

Zrftdèb` H ? [.pyfcdbds

Zrftdèb` Fp` ? Bdlssdrl`s

Eèplmf kdrfsf ? Hlkfa`ktdrl`s

[trdptfkkus pbduhfbl`d

Iedasldee` pbduhfbl`d

G`dhfpgleus lbneudbz`d

@uhdbt`b e` vlruedbkl`

K lm m m l lû m t è ee mM@ÐF



K`p`klm`m md lbv`slûb? prfmukdb prftdèb`s ee`h`m`slbv`slb`s

D .kfel dbtdrflbv`sfr`. Zrfmukd ml`rrd` pfr lbv`slûb ymdstrukklûb mde dpltdelf md e` hukfs` mde ledfb mlstè y kfefb



Efs kfàcuefs prftdcdb è `cdbtd p`tûcdbf `lseàbmfef md e`smdndbs`s mde guìspdm

KF@CTE@[@? Kf`cue` de nlarlbûcdbf db pe`sh`

DB_LH@[

KFE@CDB@[@?

GL@ETQFMLB@[@?

mdstruyd e` kfeàcdb`

GDHFEL[LB@[? kùs` gdhûelsls adt`

PTDQ@]LB@[@? mlcldrd e` qudr`tlb` (gfbcfs)

Glmrfelz` de àklmf glèurûblkf



Dbzlh`s





Hfmf db qud efs p`tûcdbfs a`ktdrl`bfsm`ð`b ` e`s kìeue`s mde guìspdm?

]FWLB@[DWF]FWLB@[ DBMF]FWLB@[

Zrfmuklm`s pfr Cr`h (+) y (-) [fef sd dbkudbtr`b db Cr`h(-)

Zrftdèb`s Elpfpfels`kàrlmfs

@et`hdbtd tûxlk` Hfmdr`m`hdbtd tûxlk`

[uded ublrsd ` rdkdptfrds

dspdkènlkfs md e` kìeue`

Bf sd dbkudbtr`b rdkdptfrds

Zrfmukd sèbtfh`s dspdkènlkfs Zrfmukd sèbtfh`s cdbdrèds?nldard, lbne`h`klûb, dtk



Mdbfhlb`klûb md e`s dxftfxlb`s-md `kudrmf ` v`rl`s k`r`ktdrèstlk`s….

Bdurftfxlb`s? `ktÿ`b db [BK (tìt`bfs, c`bcrdb`)Dbtdrftfxlb`s? `ktÿ`b db lbtdstlbf (kûedr`, dst`nlefkfkf)Gdhftfxlb`s? els`b efs CQ

Kltftfxlb`s? m`ð`b `hpel` v`rldm`m md kìeue`s (tfxlb` mlntìrlk`)Edukftfxlb`s? `t`k`b edukfkltfsK`rmlftfxlb`s, gdp`tftfxlb`s….

[dcÿb de tlpf md kìeue`s!.

[dcÿb e` dbndrhdm`m kfb e` qud sd `sfkl`b!. ]fxlb` mlntìrlk`]fxlb` tdtàblk`

[dcÿb e` a`ktdrl` qud e` prfmukd!.. ]fxlb` aftueèblk`

Dbtdrftfxlb` md ^larlf kgfedr`d

Ì



]Ì]@BF[ ]fxlb`s tdtàblk`s

]dt`bfelslb` y tdt`bfsp`shlb`

Kefstrlmluh tdt`bl

Hlfbdkrfsls (c`bcrdb` c`sdfs`)



Zrlbklpè n`ktfr md vlruedbkl`? e` nfsnfelp`s` K (ee`h`m` tfxlb` èn`)Lbmukd `crdc`klûb pe`qudt`rl`, ds edtè, gdhfeètlk`, bdkrftlz`btd,hlftûxlk` y kltftûxlk`.

Kefstrlmluh pdrnrlbcdbs? tfxlb`s y dbzlh`s

Hlfbdkrfsls (c`bcrdb` c`sdfs`)

[dkrdt` v`rl`s prftdèb`s tûxlk`s (prftdlb`s`s, kfe`cdb`s`s, gdp`rlb`s`s,

dtk).



Dbmftfxlb`s? p`rdm Cr`h bdc`tlv`s

ELZLMF @ Hudrtd a`ktdrl`b`Nldard, sgfki

N@K]FQD[ MD Z@]FCDBLKLM@M F MD ^LQTEDBKL@



N`ktfrds md `mgdrdbkl`? nlharl`s f plel, ceukfkèlx y àklmfs tdlkflkfs

N`ktfrds qud rdslstdb ` e` n`cfkltfsls? kàpsue`, kfhpfbdbtds md p`rdm

Zrfmukklûb md dbzlh`s? kf`cue`s`, glèurfmlb`s`, kfe`cdb`s`, dtk

Zrfmukklûb md tfxlb`s?

Dxftfxlb`s? Nfrh`m`s pfr prftdèb`s, (prfmuklm`s pfr Cr`h+ y ‛),dndktfs (sèbtfh`s dspdkènlkfs)

Bdurftfxlb`s, Dbtdrftfxlb`s, Gdhftfxlb`s, Kltftfxlb`s, dtk

Dbmftfxlb`s? nfrh`m`s pfr EZ[, prfmuklm`s pfr Cr`h (-), dndktfs(sèbtfh`s cdbdrèds)

N@K]FQD[ MD Z@]FCDBLKLM@M F MD ^LQTEDBKL@

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