Inter Ex Unix

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A PSTN network topology is the switching network topology of a telephone network connected to

the public switched telephone network (PSTN).

In the United States and anada! the Bell System network topology was the switching syste"

hierarchy i"ple"ented and operated fro" the late #$%&s to the #$'&s for the purpose of integrating

the di erse array of local telephone co"panies and telephone nu"bering plans to achie e

nationwide irect istance ialing ( ) by telephone subscribers. It was the precursor of the

world*wide interconnected public switched telephone network (PSTN).

The ideas originated in the +ell Syste" in the United States ! but were soon adopted by other

countries where telephone operators were facing si"ilar issues! e en when ser ice s"aller

geographic areas. The syste" in the United ,ingdo" i"ple"ented by the -eneral Post

ffice resulted in fewer switching le els than the +ell Syste".

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access ) and GSM (-lobal Syste" for /obiles) are shorthandfor the two "a0or radio syste"s used in cell phones. +oth acrony"s tend to group together abunch of technologies run by the sa"e entities

Intelligent Network (IN) is a telephone network architecture originated by Bell

Communications R esearch (Bellcore) in which the service logic for a call is

located separately from the switching facilities, allowing services to be added

or changed without having to redesign switching equipment. According to Bell

Atlantic, IN is a "service-specic" architecture. That is, a certain portion of a

dialed phone number, such as 8 00 or 900, triggers a request for a specic

service. A later version of IN called Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN)

introduces t he idea of a "service-independent" architecture in which a givenpart of a telephone number can interpreted differently by d ifferent services

depending on factors s uch as t ime of day, caller identity, and type of call. AIN

makes i t easy t o add new services w ithout having to install new phone

equipment.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Distance_Dialinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Distance_Dialinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_(United_Kingdom)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_(United_Kingdom)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_(United_Kingdom)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Distance_Dialinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_networkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_companyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_(United_Kingdom)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_(United_Kingdom)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology


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Bellcore called its n etwork IN/1. It included this m odel:

• The customer's t elephone

•

The switching system (starting with the switch a call is h andled by rst,usually at a telephone company cen tral office (CO)

• A database called a service control point (SCP) that denes t hepossible services and their logic

• A service management system (SMS)

For more information, see AIN.

User Acceptance testing is the topic of the day. We will discuss all about UAT – its definition,types, steps, detailed process etc. in this tutorial.

Starting with….

What is User Acceptance Testing (UAT)?My rule number one when trying to understand a new concept is that the name is alwaysgoing to be relevant and mostly a literal meaning !in the technical conte"t#. $indingout what that is, will gi%e me an initial understanding of it and gets me started.&et us put this concept to test. UAT stands for User Acceptance Testing. We 'now whattesting is, acceptance means appro%al or agreement. User in the conte"t of a softwareproduct is either the consumer of the software or the person who re(uested it to be built forhim)her !client#.


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So, following my rule *UAT means testing a software by the user)client to determinewhether it can be accepted or not – the definition. +i%e this method a try with other

technical words too. Trust me, it wor's e%ery single time.

Also read => 7 Major Challenges of Successful UAT and ow to !vercome These"hen is it #erformed$This is typically the last step before the product goes li%e or before the deli%ery of theproduct is accepted. UAT is after the product itself is thoroughly tested !i.e after systemtesting #.

"ho #erforms UAT$Users or client – This could be either someone who is buying a product !in the case ofcommercial software# or someone who has had a software custom built through a softwareser%ice pro%ider or the end user if the software is made a%ailable to them ahead of time andwhen their feedbac' is sought.

User Acceptance Testing Process: How is UAT performed?The easiest way to understand this process is to thin' of UAT as an autonomous testingpro ect – which means, it will ha%e the plan, design and the e"ecute phases.

The following are the #re%re&uisites before the #lan #hase begins'()* +ather the ,ey acce#tance criteriaAcceptance criteria* to simply put, this is a list of things that are going to get e%aluatedbefore accepting the product. These could be of - types

http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/successful-user-acceptance-testing/http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/system-testing/http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/system-testing/http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/successful-user-acceptance-testing/http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/system-testing/http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/system-testing/


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A- A##lication functionality or business relateddeally all 'ey business functionality should get %alidated but due to %arious reasons,

including time, it is not practical to do it all. Therefore, a meeting or two with the client orthe users who are going to be in%ol%ed in UAT can gi%e us an idea on how much testing isgoing to be in%ol%ed and what aspects are going to be tested.

.- Contractual – we are not going to go into this and the in%ol%ement of the /A team in allthis is almost nothing. The initial contract that gets drawn up e%en before the S0&1 beginsis re%iewed and an agreement is reached upon whether all the aspects of the contract ha%ebeen deli%ered or not.We are going to focus only on application functionality.

(/* 0efine the sco#e of 1A involvement* 1A team2s role is one of the following'A- 3o involvement – This is %ery rare..- Assist in UAT 4 most common. n this case, our in%ol%ement could be training the UATusers in how to use the application and be on standby during the UAT to ma'e sure we canhelp the users in case of any difficulty. 2r in some cases, in addition to being on standbyand assisting, we might share their responsibility and record the results or log bugs etc.while the users perform the actual testing.C- 5erform UAT and #resent results 4 f this is the case, the users will point the areas of the AUT that they want to e%aluate and the e%aluation itself is performed by the /A team.2nce done, the results are presented to the clients)users and they will ma'e a decision onwhether the results that they ha%e in hand are sufficient and in accordance with theire"pectations in order to accept the AUT. The decision is ne%er that of the /A team.0epending on the case on hand, we decide which approach is best.

UAT Test planningThe process is almost the same as with the regular test plan for the system phase. Themost common approach followed in most of the pro ects is to plan for both system and UATtesting phases together. $or more information on UAT test plan and a sample, chec' out theattached test plan document3s UAT sections.User Acce#tance Test 5lan!This is the same that you would find on our site for the /A training series as well#.

Click on below image and scroll down to find the test plan document sample in variousformats. In that template check the UAT section.

The dates, en%ironment, actors!who#, communication protocols, roles and responsibilities,templates, results and their analysis process, entry*e"it criteria – all of this and anythingelse rele%ant will be found in the UAT test plan. Whether the /A team is participating,

http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/test-plan-sample-softwaretesting-and-quality-assurance-templates/http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/test-plan-sample-softwaretesting-and-quality-assurance-templates/


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partially participating or not participating at all in the UAT, it is our ob to plan this phaseand ma'e sure e%erything is ta'en into consideration.

************

UAT designThe gathered acceptance criteria from the users are used in this step. Samples could loo'li'e the following

!These are e"cerpts from 1ST4 1526 . This is the one of the best of the few referencesa%ailable about UAT.#User Acce#tance Testing Tem#late'

5ased on the criteria, we !/A team# gi%e them the users a list of UAT test cases. UAT testcases are not different from out regular system test cases. They are ust a sub set since wetest all of the application as opposed to ust the 'ey functional areas.

n addition to these, the data, templates to record test results, administrati%e procedures,

defect logging mechanism has to be in place before we mo%e to the ne"t phase.

UAT Test executionUsually, when possible, UAT happens in a conference or war room sort of a set up where theusers, 7M, /A team representati%es all sit together for a day or two and wor' our wor'through all the acceptance test cases.

2r in case of /A team performing the tests, we run the test cases on the AUT.

2nce all the tests are run and the results are in hand, the Acce#tance 0ecision is made.This is also called the +o63o%+o decision more collo(uially. f the users are satisfied it3s a+o, or it3s a 8o*go.The reaching of the acceptance decision is typically the end of UAT phase.

m#ortant UAT #oints'

http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/cste-certification-guide/http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/cste-certification-guide/


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()* UAT is not about the pages, fields or buttons. The underlying assum#tion before e%enthe UAT begins is that, all that basic stuff is tested and is wor'ing fine. +od forbid, the usersfind a bug as basic as that – it is %ery bad news for the /A team.(/* UAT is about the entity that is the primary element in the business.&et me gi%e you an e"ample f the AUT is a tic'eting system, the UAT is not going to beabout, searching, the menu that opens a page etc. t is about the tic'ets and theirreser%ation, the states that it can ta'e, its ourney through the system. Another e"ample, ifthe site is a car dealership site, the focus is about the 9car and its sales: not the site really.So the core business is what is %erified and %alidated and who better to do it than thebusiness owners. That3s why UAT ma'es the most sense when the customer is in%ol%ed to ama or e"tent.

(8* UAT is also a form of testing at its core which means there is a good chance ofidentifying some bugs at this #hase too . t sometimes happens. Aside from the fact thatit is a ma or escalation on the /A team, the UAT bugs usually means a meeting to sit anddiscuss how to handle them because following UAT there is usually no time to fi" and retest.The decision would be either to

• 7ush the go*li%e date, fi" the issue first and then mo%e on• &ea%e the bug as is• 1onsider it as a part of change re(uest for future releases

(9* UAT is classified as Alpha and 5eta testing, but that classification is not so important inthe conte"t of typical software de%elopment pro ects in a ser%ice based industry.

• Al#ha testing is when UAT is carried out in the software builder3s en%ironment and

is more significant in the conte"t of commercial off the shelf software.• .eta testing is when the UAT is carried out in the production en%ironment or the

client3s en%ironment. This is more common for customer facing applications. Theusers here are the actual customers li'e you and in this conte"t.

(:* Most of the times in a regular software de%elopment pro ect, UAT is carried out inthe /A en%ironment if there is no staging or UAT en%ironment.
http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/what-is-alpha-testing-beta-testing/http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/what-is-alpha-testing-beta-testing/http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/test-bed-test-environment-management-best-practices/http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/what-is-alpha-testing-beta-testing/http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/test-bed-test-environment-management-best-practices/

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