Intelligence, Terrorism, and Homeland Security Chapter 3 Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo, and Robert W. Taylor Police Administration: Structures, Processes,

Intelligence, Terrorism, and Homeland SecurityIntelligence, Terrorism, and Homeland Security

Chapter 3

Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo,and Robert W. Taylor

Police Administration:Police Administration:Structures, Processes, and BehaviorStructures, Processes, and Behavior

(Eighth Edition)(Eighth Edition)

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

• Response to 9/11– Need to re-evaluate and structure use of

intelligence in policing

• Problematic implementation– Shift in mindset

• Defining the role state and local law enforcement agencies play in homeland security

Terrorism, Intelligence, and ILP



• Data that has been evaluated, analyzed, and produced with careful conclusions and recommendations

• Intelligence is a product

• Differing perspectives on the role of intelligence– Identify patterns and provide analysis of past

events– Compel policy/decision makers to act– Prediction of future events

Defining “Intelligence”



The Intelligence Cycle

• National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan– Predictive analysis

derived from the discovery of hard facts, information, patterns, intelligence, and good crime analysis



• Clearinghouses for all potentially relevant homeland security information

• Acts as a centralized host for intelligence but also allows for efficient communications and operations between agencies and jurisdictions

Fusion Centers



1. Support the broad range of activities undertaken by a police department

2. Support operations that protect critical infrastructure and key resources in a given region

3. Help maintain public “tip lines”

4. Assist police executives in making better-informed decisions

Goals of Fusion Centers



• Problems relating to information-sharing between different (local, state, federal) agencies

• Expensive to operate and little tangible evidence of success

• Many centers have expanded their role to include crime fighting and reduction

• Violation of civil liberties

Criticisms of Fusion Centers and Law Enforcement Responses to

Terrorism



• 2002: Largest structural change to the federal bureaucracy in 55 years

• Focuses on anti-terrorism efforts in the United States

• Integration of many agencies (U.S. Coast Guard, FEMA, U.S. Secret Service, Bureau of ATF, and others)

• Created a division to analyze intelligence gathered by FBI, CIA, and other police and military agencies

Department of Homeland Security



1. Border security and transportation

2. Emergency preparedness and response

3. Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear countermeasures

4. Intelligence analysis and infrastructure protection

Four Areas of Responsibility for DHS



• 9/11 was the first attack in the U.S. by an external enemy since WWII

• Created new challenges for police at all levels

• New responsibilities

• Federal policing came under scrutiny

Political Violence and Terrorism



Defining “Terrorism”

Typologies of Terrorism

Typologies of Terrorism

InternationalTransnationalDom

estic

State



• Rooted in post-1948 Middle-East conflict

• Fundamental Islamic groups

• al-Qaeda– 1996: Osama bin Laden issues declaration of war

against the “Great Satan” (The United States)– 1998: Suicide bombings of the U.S. embassies in Kenya

and Tanzania kill 224 people– 2000: Suicide bombing of the USS Cole in Yemen kills

17 American sailors– 2001: Attacks on the World Trade Center and the

Pentagon kill more than 2,800– 2011: Osama bin Laden shot and killed in Abbottabad,

Pakistan, by U.S. Navy SEALs and CIA operatives

Radical Islamic Terrorism



“Homegrown” Islamic Terrorism

• U.S. citizens and residents convert to radical extremism, plot and commit terrorist acts, or fight for the jihadist movement both inside the U.S. and in foreign countries.



• Use of the Internet

• Method of Operation

• Common Motive

Recent Trends in Radical Islamic Terrorism



• Domestic, anti-federal government groups

• Also support violence against minorities, homosexuals, and members of the U.S. government (ATF, IRS)

Right-Wing Extremism

Aryan Nation Ku Klux Klan

Minutemen National Alliance

Posse Comitatus Skinheads

The Order White Aryan Resistance

White Revolution State Militias



• Harms inflicted on a victim by an offender whose motivation derives primarily from hatred directed at an actual or perceived characteristic of the victim

• Legal definitions vary– Federal statute: 18 U.S.C. section 245

• Race, religion, ethnic/national origin, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation

Hate Crimes



• “Single-issue” groups

• Earth Liberation Front (ELF)– Typically attacks “low-level” targets

• Farmers, bulldozers, ski lifts

• Animal Liberation Front (ALF)– Typically attacks more significant targets

• Breeding companies, universities

Ecoterrorist and Extremist Animal Rights Groups

Documents

Intelligence, Terrorism, and Homeland Security Chapter 3 Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo, and Robert W. Taylor Police Administration: Structures, Processes,