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IntellectualPropertyintheDigitalSingleMarketLecture1– IntroductionDr.AnaRamalho,LL.M.@copytwilight
4.9.2018
Introduction tothecourse
1.Structure2.Readings3.Assessment4.Roundtable5.TheIndieArtLegalClinic
This class
1.IPoverview2.Internationalprinciples ofIP3.IPrationales4.InternationalIPframework5.EuropeanIPframework
1.IPOVERVIEW
IPoverview
• WIPOdefinitionofIntellectualProperty:– “...productsofthemind,inventions,literaryandartisticworks,anysymbols,names,imagesanddesignsusedincommerce.”
• WTOdefinitionofIntellectualProperty:– “Intellectualpropertyrightsarerightsgiventopeopleoverthecreationoftheirmindsandcreatorscanbegiventherighttopreventothersfromusingtheirinventions,designsorothercreations”
Aboutintangibles
AdamPatterson,https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/
V.
Aboutintangibles
AdamPatterson,https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/
V.
Legal right What for? How?
Copyright Original creative or artistic forms
Trade marksDistinctive
identification of products or services
Use and/orregistration
Patents New inventions Registration
Exists automatically
Registered designs Registration
Trade secrets
External appearance
Valuable information not known to the public
Reasonable efforts to keep
secret
IPoverview
Butalso...
HowmuchIPisthereinabottleofcoke?
HowmuchIPisthereinabottleofcoke?
patents
Tradesecrets
trademarks
copyright
Patents Making,offeringforsale,selling,importingorexportingofapatentedproduct,oruseofapatentedprocess.
Trademarks Affixingaconfusinglysimilarsignforthesameorsimilargoodsand/orservices bearingaprotectedTM;offeringthegoods,puttingthemonthemarket;importingorexportingthegoodsunderthesign;usingTMwithareputationfordifferentgoodsand/orservices.
Designs Making,imitating,importing,exporting,selling,etc.goodshavingthesameappearanceor“overallimpression”ofaprotecteddesign/s.
Copyright Copying,publishing,distributingbysale,rental,lending,exportingandimporting;publiclydisplayingorperforming,broadcasting,“bootlegging”,puttingontheInternet,etc.aprotectedworkofliterature,art,music,etc.
Therightsinanutshell
2.InternationalPrinciplesofIP
Maininternationalprinciples
• Territoriality• Marketexclusivity• Nationaltreatment• Mostfavourednationtreatment• Priority• Exhaustion
ExhaustionØ Definition:onceaproductprotectedbyIPhasbeen
soldeitherbytherightownerorhisconsent,allorsomeoftheexclusiveIPrightsare“exhausted”:rightsendwiththefirstsaleoftheproduct
Ø Exhaustionofrightsoverthatparticularcopy/productØ Regionalexhaustion:EU:thefirstsaleoftheIP
protectedproductbytheIPowner,orwithhisconsent,exhaustsrightsovertheproductsnotonlydomestically,butwithintheEU,andparallelimportswithintheregioncannolongerbeopposedbasedontheIPright MassachusettsOfficeofTravel&Tourism,
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/legalcode
200€ 100€
150€
Source:StudioModerna
CantheowneroftheIPrightsopposeimportation?
200€ 100€
150€
Source:StudioModerna
Whataboutnow?
3.IPrationales
WhydowehaveIP?
• Naturalrights theories- Labourtheory- Personality righttheory
• Utilitarian theory• (…)
Labour theory• Main proponent:JohnLocke(1632-1704)• Physical propertyrights – did not haveIPinmind• Aperson’s labour belongs to her• Where she exercises labour onunowned orcommonproperty,the result should be hers =natural right
• Propertyrightasajust reward for the labour
• Limitations:sufficiency proviso;spoilage proviso
Howdoweapply this to IP?
- Commonproperty- Labour- Good
Labour theoryandIP
Personalityrighttheory• Main representative:Hegel(1770-1831)• Anintellectual work embodies its creator’s personalityorwill,and therefore deserves protection
• Propertyrights should be protected where they fosterfundamental humanneeds orinterests
• Justification:they shield from appropriation ormodification ofworks through which authors andartists haveexpressed their personhood
Utilitariantheory• Britishphilosophers JeremyBentham (1748– 1832)and StuartMill(1806– 1873)
• “greatest good for the greatest number”- Lawmakers should strive towards maximization ofhappiness
• Rights granted to creatorsareinstrumental tosociety’s interests,ex.accessto creative works- Scopeorduration ofthe right- Leaving idea freeto all to use it
Inanutshell
Economic orinstrumentaltheories
Ethical,justice-based theories
Incentive Reward
Economic efficiencyandsocialwelfare:considerationofthewhole
Justiceandnatural rights:considerationoftheindividual
Practical,efficiency approach Philosophical
4.InternationalIPframework
• InternationallawinIP:treaties&conventions• Global(worldwide)andregional(e.g.EPC)• Differentcoverage:substantiverules;classificationtreaties;
etc• Treatiesadministeredbyinternationalorregional
organisations(WIPO,WTO,EPO,etc)• Redressincaseofviolationoftreatyobligations:
Ø ICJ(theHague)Ø Disputesettlementproceedings(e.g.WTO)
Overview
• 1883,175parties• Substantiveprovisions:
Ø Nationaltreatment&rightofpriorityØ IndividualIPareas
q Patents:independence;rightoftheinventorsq Trademarks:independence;protectionagainstreproductions/imitationsofwell-knownmark
q Industrialdesigns:obligationofprotectionq Indicationsofsource:protectionagainstdirectorindirectuseoffalseindicationsofthesource
q Unfaircompetition:obligationtoprovideforeffectiveprotectionagainstunfaircompetition
ParisConvention
• 1970,151parties• Possibilityofseekingpatentprotectionforan
inventionineachofthecontractingstatesbyfilinganinternationalpatentapplication
• Detailedregulationoftheformalrequirementswithwhichinternationalapplicationsmustcomply
• Theeffect oftheinternationalapplicationisthesame ineachdesignatedStateasifanationalpatentapplicationhadbeenfiled
PatentCooperationTreaty
• 1886,172parties• Aim:“toprotect,inaseffectiveanduniformmanneraspossible,
therightsofauthorsintheirliteraryandartisticworks”• Substantiveprovisions:
Ø PrincipleofnationaltreatmentØ Automaticprotection:noformalitiesØ Worksprotected:“everyproductionintheliterary,scientific andartisticdomain,whatevermaybethemodeorformofitsexpression”(art.2.1.)
Ø Minimumstandardsofprotection:rights(economic+moral)anddurationØ Limitations
Ø Specific.E.g.:quotationsØ General:3steptest
BerneConvention
• 1961,92parties• Aim:protectionofperformers,producersofphonogramsandbroadcastingorganisations(“relatedrights”or“neighbouringrights”)
• Substantiveprovisions:Ø PrincipleofnationaltreatmentØ Independence fromcopyrightØ Minimumstandardsofprotection:rightsanddurationØ Limitations totherights:exceptionstoprotectionincertaincases(privateuse,teachingandscientificresearch)+possibilityofextendingcopyrightexceptionstorelatedrights
RomeConvention
• 1996,94parties• Aim:toadaptcopyrighttonewtechnologiesandthedigitalenvironment
• Substantiveprovisions:Ø Arts.2-6BC(inc.worksprotected,rights,nationaltreatment,noformalities)applicabletotheWCT
Ø Idea/expressiondichotomyØ 2newsubjects:computer anddatabasesØ Rights protected:distribution;communicationtothepublic;rentalØ Limitations:3steptest+agreedstatementonart.10Ø Technologicalprotectionmeasures(TPMs)andrightsmanagementinformation(RMIs)
WIPOCopyrightTreaty
• 1996,90parties• Aim:toadaptrightsofperformersandproducersofphonogramstothedigitalenvironment
• Substantiveprovisions:Ø PrincipleofnationaltreatmentØ Rightsforperformers (reproduction,distribution,rental,makingavailable…+moral
rights)Ø Rightsforproducers (reproduction,distribution,rental,makingavailable,nomoral
rights)Ø Limitations:3steptest+extendingcopyrightexceptionsØ TPMs,RMIsØ Duration:50years
WIPOPerformers/ProducersTreaty
TRIPSAgreement• 1994,164WTOMembers• ProminentpillaroftheWTOframework- AnnextotheAgreementestablishingtheWTO- Signedin1994
• Threeparts- PartI– Generalprovisions,objectivesandbasicprinciples
- PartII– MinimumstandardsforprotectionofIP- PartIII– Enforcement;proceduresandremedies
• Minimumstandards• Withoutprejudicetopreviousconventions(Paris,
Berne,Rome)• Nationaltreatment – “treatmentnolessfavourable”–
equalityoftreatmentandofeffectiveopportunities• Mostfavourednationclause
TRIPS:PartI– Generalprovisionsandbasicprinciples
TRIPS:PartI– Objectives
Preamble Art. 7&8- Reductionofbarrierstotrade- PromotionofadequateandeffectiveprotectionofIP- EnsuringthatenforcementofIPdoesnotitselfbecomeabarrierto(legitimate)trade- Fightingtradeincounterfeitgoods- Special &DifferentiatedtreatmentDCs
- BalancebetweeninterestsofIPrightholdersandsocietyatlarge- “mutualadvantageofusersandproducersoftechnologicalknowledge”- “Membersmay(…)adoptmeasuresnecessarytoprotectpublichealth”
• ParisandBerne“plus”approachv copyrightv trademarksv geographicalindicationsv industrialdesignsv patentsv layoutdesignsofintegratedcircuitsv tradesecretsandknowhowv anti-competitivepracticesincontractuallicences
TRIPS:PartII– IndividualIPRs
Ø Example:Patents:Art27Ø Patentablesubjectmatter
Ø InventionsinallfieldsoftechnologyØ NewØ InvolveaninventivestepØ Capableofindustrialapplication
Ø Exclusionsfrompatentability,e.g.Ø Ordre publicormoralityØ Plantsandanimalsotherthan
micro-organismsBut:plantvarietiesshall beprotected
TRIPS:PartII– IndividualIPRs
“shall”
“may”
Effectiveness Fairness and equity Autonomy
- Actionagainstinfringement
- Expeditiousremediestoprevent anddeterinfringements
- Bordermeasures
- Parties entitled tothesame treatment
- Enforcementprocedures shouldnot be complicated,costly orunreasonably long
- Proportionatecompensation
- Countries freetodecide onmanyaspectsofenforcementprocedures/enforcement system
TRIPSPartIII- Enforcement
5.EuropeanIPframework
• Mainconcern:territorialityofIPvsinternalmarket• Legalbases:- Internalmarket-basedcompetence:harmonizationv.unification(114&118TFEU)
- Residualcompetence(art.352TFEU,previousart.308ECTreaty)– notanymorethough(?)
- Rightofestablishment(art.53.1.TFEU)andfreedomtoprovideservices(art.62TFEU)- ancillary
EuropeanIPframework
PatentsØ EuropeanPatentConvention(1973)– internationaltreaty,butallEUMemberStatesareparties(“indirectharmonisation”)
Ø Streamliningofsubstantiveprovisionsandestablishmentofacentralisedprocedure(butno“Europeanpatent”)
Ø Forthcomingunitarypatent(Regulation(EU)No1257/2012,toenterintoforcewiththeAgreementontheUPC)
European IP framework
PatentsandrightssimilartopatentsØ Protection of biotechnological
inventions (1998)Ø Supplementary Certificate Regulations
for medicinal products and plant protection products (1998 and 2009)
Ø Regulation on compulsory licensing for pharmaceutical patents (2006)
European IP framework
n TrademarksØ TrademarkDirective(1989,codified2008,modifiedbyDirective2015/2436)
Ø CommunityTrademarkRegulation(1994,codified2009,modifiedbyRegulation 2015/2424)
nDesignsØ DesignDirective(1998)Ø CommunityDesignRegulation(2002)
European IP framework
n CopyrightØ SoftwareDirective(1991,codifiedin2009)Ø RentalandLendingDirective(1992,codifiedin2006)Ø TermofProtectionDirective(1993,codifiedin2006,amendedin2011)Ø SatelliteandCableDirective(1993)Ø DatabaseDirective(1996)Ø InformationSocietyDirective(2001)Ø ResaleRightDirective(2001)Ø OrphanWorksDirective(2012)Ø CollectivemanagementDirective(2014)Ø Regulationoncross-borderportabilityofonlinecontentservices(2017)
European IP framework
Inclosing – anatomy ofIPR1. Subject- matter:whatdoestheIPRprotect?
Example:copyright=artisticandliterarycreations;patent=inventions2. Conditionsforprotection
Example:copyright=originality;patents=novelty,inventivestep,industrialapplication
3. Ownership/authorship/inventorship:whoenjoystherights?4. Term:isitstillprotected?5. Exclusiverights6. Exceptionsandlimitations
https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ana.ramalhohttps://www.anaramalho.net
Copytwilight
Institute for Globalisation andInternational Regulation/IGIRIntellectual Property Law and Knowledge Management/IPKM
InterestedinIP?AdvancedmasterIP Law and Knowledge Management (LLM/MSc): www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ipkm
