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THE DEP-ED INTEL FORMAT (PART 1)Easy, breezy, beautiful
Previous Format
TitleTable of ContentsList of Figures and Tables
Abstract
Previous Format Chapter 1 – The Problem and its
Setting Chapter 2 – Review of Related
Literature Chapter 3 – Materials and
Methods Chapter 4 – Results and
Discussion Chapter 5 – Conclusions and
Recommendations
Previous FormatAcknowledgmentBibliographyAppendices
Title Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables Abstract
Dep-Ed - Intel Format
Research Plan Materials and Methods Treatments / General procedures
Dep-Ed - Intel Format
Introduction Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Significance Scope and Limitations Review of Related Literature
Dep-Ed - Intel Format
Results and Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Bibliography Acknowledgments
Dep-Ed - Intel Format
Write what you mean, mean what you write
Writing with the Dep-Ed Intel Format
The Title
Brief Simple
Catchy Leading
TITLE
Make or Break partSays a lot about your research project
TITLE
Formulated before the start of the research
It may be revised and refined later if there is a need
TITLE
It must be brief and concise as possible.
Avoid the terms – a study of, an analysis of, an investigation of, etc.
Examples
The antimicrobial effect of Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) against Staphylococcus aureus
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as an alternative flour ingredient for bread
The antifungal effect of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) extract against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth on corn (Zea mays L.)
Improvements The antimicrobial effect of
Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) against Staphylococcus aureus
In vitro antrimicrobial activity of Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) leaves ethanolic extract against Staphylococcus aureus
Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) leaves ethanolic extract
Improvements
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as an alternative flour ingredient for bread
Analysis of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) flour as an alternative ingredient in breadmaking
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) flour and commercial flour in breadmaking: a comparative study
Improvements
The antifungal effect of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) extract against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth on corn (Zea mays L.)
Screening of antifungal activity of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit extract against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth on corn (Zea mays L.)
Characterization of corn (Zea mays L.) resistance against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth: An antifungal study via mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit extract
Table of Contents
Lists the title of the different parts including the title of each important subdivision with the corresponding page number
Example
Introduction ------------------------------------------------- 5Background of the Study ------------------------------- 5Statement of the Problem ------------------------------ 7Significance of the Study ------------------------------- 8Scope and Limitations ----------------------------------- 9Review of Related Literature ------------------------- 10
The Mango: a versatile fruit --------------------- 11
Corn damage by yeast --------------------------- 13
Abstract
short concise
summary
250 words max
Abstract
Purpose of the studyBrief description of the methods
ResultsImportant conclusions
Abstract
Purpose of the studyAn introductory statement of the reason for investigating the topic of the project.
A statement of the problem or hypothesis being studied.
Abstract
Brief description of the methods A summarization of the key points and an
overview of how the investigation was conducted.
Omit details about the materials used unless it greatly influenced the procedure or had to be developed to do the investigation.
An abstract should only include procedures done by the student. Work done by a mentor (such as surgical procedures) or work done prior to student involvement must not be included.
Abstract
ResultsThis section should provide key
results that lead directly to the conclusions you have drawn.
It should not give too many details about the results nor include charts or graphs.
Important conclusions
Example - Title
POTENTIAL ANTIANGEONIC PROPERTY OF Cassia alata L. HEXANE EXTRACT ON THE EMBRYONIC BLOOD VESSELS OF DUCK, Anas dometicus EMBRYOS
Hexane extract from the leaves of Cassia alata L. (akapulko) was evaluated for possible antiangiogenic effect on the extraembryonic blood vessels as well as on the embryos of ducks. 0.2 ml each of 10, 20, 30 and 40 X 10-6 g/ml dosages of crude hexane extract were administered to 3-day old duck using a modified windowing technique. Results were compared to the negative control that used phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the untreated set-ups. Duck embryos treated with the various concentrations of hexane extract inhibited blood vessels formation in a dose dependent manner. The embryos treated with the highest dose of 40 x 10-6 g/ml prevented the proliferation of extraembryonic blood vessels. The results suggest that Cassia alata hexane fraction could be a good candidate antiangiogenic agent that may confer its potential as an antitumor agent.
Hexane extract from the leaves of Cassia alata L. (akapulko) was evaluated for possible antiangiogenic effect on the extraembryonic blood vessels as well as on the embryos of ducks. 0.2 ml each of 10, 20, 30 and 40 X 10-6 g/ml dosages of crude hexane extract were administered to 3-day old duck using a modified windowing technique. Results were compared to the negative control that used phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the untreated set-ups. Duck embryos treated with the various concentrations of hexane extract inhibited blood vessels formation in a dose dependent manner. The embryos treated with the highest dose of 40 x 10-6 g/ml prevented the proliferation of extraembryonic blood vessels. The results suggest that Cassia alata hexane fraction could be a good candidate antiangiogenic agent that may confer its potential as an antitumor agent.
Describe the research design (or defend)
Provide enough details so that a competent worker can repeat the experiments
Research Plan
Research Plan
Materials and EquipmentTreatments / General
Procedures
Materials and EquipmentOverview of the Experiment
Population/Sample location Restrictions/Limiting conditions
Sampling technique Materials
Research Plan
Treatment / General Procedures Procedures Variables / Groups Statistical Treatment
Research Plan
Past Tense, active or passive voice.
Third Person perspective.Clear and not too wordy Include only what is necessary for one recreating the experiment to know.
General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan
“...the weighing out of the agarose was
undertaken until 5g was measured out and
the agarose was then later added to the
Solution...”
Example:
“...5g agarose was added to the solution...”
Example:
Materials and equipment utilized during the experiment should be mentioned throughout the procedure as they are used.
General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan
Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) Leaves and Fruit Extract:Its Antibacterial Effect on
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,
and Salmonella enteritidis
Example
Materials and Equipment Distilled Water Kamias fruits (Sample) Blender Cheesecloth Bottles Refrigerator
WRONG!
Materials and EquipmentPreparation of Kamias Fruit Extract One kilogram of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi)
fruit were gathered at Sta. Maria Farms in Zamboanga City. The fruits were then washed with distilled water and sun-dried. Using a kitchen blender, the fruits were ground and extracted leaving behind residues. The residues were then extracted once more with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias fruit extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees C for 24 hours.
CORRECT
For materials, include the exact specifications and quantities. Avoid the use of trade names – use chemical, generic, or scientific names.
General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan
Materials and EquipmentKamias fruits were collected from
the farm. Wilkin’s Distilled water was used to wash the fruits. Using a blender, the fruits were ground.
WRONG!
Materials and EquipmentPreparation of Kamias Fruit Extract One kilogram of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi)
fruit were gathered at Sta. Maria Farms in Zamboanga City. The fruits were then washed with distilled water and sun-dried. Using a kitchen blender, the fruits were ground and extracted leaving behind residues. The residues were then extracted once more with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias fruit extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees C for 24 hours.
CORRECT
Do not explain too much about why you have used a certain method. You can put these explanations into your Results section.
General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan
One kilogram of Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Washing is very important because it will remove contaminants from the leaves which may affect the result of the experiment. These contaminants can be bacteria, fungi, or protists. Distilled water is the gold standard in washing the samples according to studies.
Example
Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Washing is very important because it will remove contaminants from the leaves which may affect the result of the experiment. These contaminants can be bacteria, fungi, or protists. Distilled water is the gold standard in washing the samples according to studies.
WRONG!
Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Using a pair of scissors, the leaves were cut into pieces. Using a blender, the leaves were ground into a fine powder. The resulting powder was then extracted with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias leaves extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees Centigrade for 24 hours.
CORRECT
Be precise. If something was heated or cooled, give the temperature.
“How” or “how much” should be answered in your methods.
General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan
One kilogram of Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Using a pair of scissors, the leaves were cut into pieces. Using a blender, the leaves were ground into a fine powder. The resulting powder was then extracted with the use of cheesecloth. All of the resulting Kamias leaves extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees Centigrade for 24 hours.
CORRECT
Do not include any results.Make use of figures and tables, they are the most efficient way to convey bulky detailed information.
General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan
Materials and Equipment
Treatment and General Procedures
Research Plan
Study SitePreparation of ExtractsPreparation of Test Organisms
Materials and Equipment
Study SiteThis study was conducted at the Department of Science and Technology - Zamboanga City. The specimens of E. coli, S. aureus and S. enteritidis were obtained at the Department of Science and Technology…
Materials and Equipment
Preparation of Extracts
Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Using a pair of scissors, the leaves were cut into pieces. Using a blender, the leaves were ground into a fine powder. The resulting powder was then extracted with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias leaves extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees Centigrade for 24 hours.
Materials and Equipment
Preparation of Test Organisms
The test organisms namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis were taken from pure cultures using spread method, and were provided by the DOST-Zamboanga City. The laboratory officer-in-charge assisted the researchers in spreading the bacteria from pure cultures to two test tubes filled with nutrient agar. These test tubes were incubated at 35.5 degrees centigrade for 24 hours.
Materials and Equipment
Preparation of Treatments
The different concentrations of the leaves and fruits extracts were prepared and they were named :Treatment A - 100% water served (negative control); Treatment B - 100% Kamias leaves extract; Treatment C - 50% Distilled water and 50% Kamias leaves extract; Treatment D - 100% antibiotic (positive control); Treatment E - 100% Kamias fruit extract and; Treatment F - 50% Distilled water and 50% Kamias fruit extract.
Treatment and General Procedures
Microbiological Assay... With the use of syringe, 0.5 mL of each bacterial specimen was transferred to its corresponding petri dish. The specimens were spread evenly using cotton buds…
Treatment and General Procedures
Statistical AnalysesThis study utilized both descriptive and inferential statistics in analyzing and interpreting the data. Mean was chosen as the measure of central tendency. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe’s Test were conducted to analyze and interpret the results.
Treatment and General Procedures
Introduction Informs the reader of the problem under study
Sets the scene for the project
Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Significance Scope and Limitations Review of Related Literature
Introduction
Background of the Study
•Warm-up•Introduce the problem1•Statement•Scope / Limits2•Purpose•Challenge the readers3
Background of the Study
•Warm-up•Introduce the problem1•Statement•Scope / Limits2•Purpose•Challenge the readers3
Background of the Study
•Warm-up•Introduce the problem1•Statement•Scope / Limits2•Purpose•Challenge the readers3
Background of the Study
•Warm-up•Introduce the problem1•Statement•Scope / Limits2•Purpose•Challenge the readers3
Statement of the ProblemThis is one of the most important parts of a research report. This is the focus of the study and all questions should be categorically answered.
Statement of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Specific Questions
Specific Questions
Significance of the StudyContributions may be viewed from the point of the target beneficiaries like the researcher himself, service providers, client, implementors, the community, etc.
Significance of the Study
The results of this study could help them realize . . .
The useful and relevant information acquired from the study will encourage them to continue . . .
The study will encourage them to . . .
Significance of the StudyThis study will enhance involvement in the . . .
Results could help benefit . . .
It will also serve as basis in the study of . . .
Significance of the StudyThis study will also afford the management to know ..
Similar organizations will benefit from the study in …
Researches may find the study useful as …
Significance of the Study This study will contribute to … The results hopefully, will be of value
to … Through this study, students will
become aware of … The results of this study will provide
some insights and information on how they …
The findings may also serve as a guide to …
Scope and Limitations
Scope = coverage
Subjects
samples
facilitiesTime frame area
Objectives
issues
ScopeThe study will focus on …The coverage of this study . The study covers the…The study focuses on … It includes … It is concerned with ..The study consists of …
Scope and Limitations
Limitations = constraints
Not within the control of the researchers
Not covered by the study
LimitationsThis study is limited to …The study does not cover ….The investigators limited this research to …
It does not seek to include …
REVIEW OF RELATED LIT AND STUDIES
Last part of the “Introduction”
THE REVIEW
THE REVIEW
It aims to gain insight into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial.
This part provides the investigator a background regarding the aspects which have been studied and not yet studied.
THE REVIEW
The researcher compares between what should be read and included in the study and what should not be read.
The investigator is required to read all literature and studies partially and closely related to the study.
THE REVIEW
RRL
conceptual
Readings, concepts, etc
research
Studies, findings, etc
THE REVIEW
In research writing, review of related Literature is divided into two parts.
(1) Related Readings and Literature (Conceptual)
(2) Related Studies (Research)
Tell me why...
WHY DO WE REVIEW?
WHY DO WE REVIEW?
Eliminate “reinventing the wheel”
Reveals gaps in knowledgeProvide basis for research design
Places your study in perspective
Evaluate various studies
No to in toto
HOW DO WE REVIEW?
HOW DO WE REVIEW?
It is a narrative - flows from the beginning to the end with a single, coordinated theme.
It is synthetic - born out of the synthesis of many research studies. You will analyze research reports by key words.
The final product will be a synthesis — a smooth blending — of selected articles built around the key words of your study.
HOW DO WE REVIEW?
It is a narrative - flows from the beginning to the end with a single, coordinated theme.
It is synthetic - born out of the synthesis of many research studies. You will analyze research reports by key words.
The final product will be a synthesis — a smooth blending — of selected articles built around the key words of your study.
Sources of Data
WHAT WILL WE REVIEW?
SOURCES OF DATA
Primary• Journal Articles, Interviews, Lectures, Conferences, the like
Secondary
• Books (usually), encyclopedia, dictionaries, the like
SOURCES OF DATA
Journals Current, hot, popular Written by experts who have done research
Focused
SOURCES OF DATA
Journals Current, hot, popular Written by experts who have done research
Focused
SOURCES OF DATA
ScienceDirectBioMed CentralPubMedPNAS
SOURCES OF DATA
Plos BiologyLandes BioscienceSpringer (SpringerLink)Phil Journ SciPhil Agri SciScience Diliman
SOURCES OF DATA
Primary
• Journal Articles, Interviews, Lectures, Conferences, the like
Secondary
• Books (usually), encyclopedia, dictionaries, the like
THE library
SOURCES OF DATA
Books In-depth coverage Written by specialists/scientists
Some are not current
Logically and coherently arranged
SOURCES OF DATA
Encyclopedia Answers specific factual questions
Written by specialists/scientists
Some are not current
THE internet
SOURCES OF DATA
The internet is a convenient and easy source of info but there is a need to assess the reliability of the sources.
How does information get onto the Web anyway?
1994 – 1995 - most of the information on the internet was posted by scientists, educators, students and the government.
Later - commercial use of the Web has exploded and so has the posting of hobby pages or personal home pages.
SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW
Wikipedia Is a “wiki” site Maintained by the public Questionable reliability in some articles
SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW
Posts by educational groups High school projects
College projects
SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW
Info by the Government Statistics Studies
www.dost.gov.ph www.denr.gov.ph
SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW
Non-profit organizations provide information relevant to their key issues.
greenpeace.org
SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW
Full-text versions of works whose copyright has expired
Why?
BUT, why do we sometimes find it difficult to search the net?
What’s missing?
The problem is not that of "finding anything" but finding a particular thing.
When your search term in one of the popular search engines brings back 130,000 hits, you still wonder if the one thing you're looking for will be among them.
What’s missing?
Copyrighted books
Most journal articles
magazines
newspapers
summaries
How to search?
Learn how search syntax works Search Help
Use Advanced Search File type Date Country, etc.
Search Syntax
Use “ ” marks.Example: air pollution vs. “air pollution”
Example: botox vs. Botox
Advanced Search
Very useful, saves time, more refined search
Different in journal databases and in search engines (Google, etc.)
Search Syntax
Use “filetype:pdf”Scientific journals free
Descriptors
Found below the abstract of journal articles
Help you search for similar documents
SOURCES OF DATA
Reading criticallyReasoning analytically
Should be done whether the materials they use are in print or electronic