Intel® Atom™ Processor E6xx · PDF fileGENERAL EMBEDDED EMBEDDED Intel® Atom™ E6XX Software Enabling E6XX/T + EG20T BIOS/Firmware Operating Systems tware

FOR 2012 INTEL CUP ESDC

Intel® Atom™ Processor E6xx Series Software Introduction

Intel Confidential

Legal Disclaimer

INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH INTEL PRODUCTS. NO LICENSE, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN INTEL'S TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE FOR SUCH PRODUCTS, INTEL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER AND INTEL DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY, RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE OF INTEL PRODUCTS INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. UNLESS OTHERWISE AGREED IN WRITING BY INTEL, THE INTEL PRODUCTS ARE NOT DESIGNED NOR INTENDED FOR ANY APPLICATION IN WHICH THE FAILURE OF THE INTEL PRODUCT COULD CREATE A SITUATION WHERE PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH MAY OCCUR. Intel may make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time, without notice. Designers must not rely on the absence or characteristics of any features or instructions marked "reserved" or "undefined." Intel reserves these for future definition and shall have no responsibility whatsoever for conflicts or incompatibilities arising from future changes to them. The information here is subject to change without notice. Do not finalize a design with this information. The products described in this document may contain design defects or errors known as errata which may cause the product to deviate from published specifications. Current characterized errata are available on request. Contact your local Intel sales office or your distributor to obtain the latest specifications and before placing your product order.

BunnyPeople, Celeron, Celeron Inside, Centrino, Centrino Inside, Core Inside, FlashFile, i960, InstantIP, Intel, Intel logo, Intel386, Intel486, IntelDX2, IntelDX4, IntelSX2, Intel Atom, Intel Atom Inside, Intel Core, Intel Inside, Intel Inside logo, Intel NetBurst, Intel NetMerge, Intel NetStructure, Intel SingleDriver, Intel SpeedStep, Intel StrataFlash, Intel Viiv, Intel vPro, Intel XScale, Itanium, Itanium Inside, MCS, MMX, Oplus, PDCharm, Pentium, Pentium Inside, skoool, Sound Mark, The Journey Inside, Viiv Inside, vPro Inside, VTune, Xeon, and Xeon Inside are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and other countries.

Intel Corporation may have patents or pending patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights that relate to the presented subject matter. The furnishing of

documents and other materials and information does not provide any license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any such patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights.

64-bit computing on Intel architecture requires a computer system with a processor, chipset, BIOS, operating system, device drivers and applications enabled for Intel® 64 architecture. Performance

will vary depending on your hardware and software configurations. Consult with your system vendor for more information Intel® Virtualization Technology requires a computer system with an enabled Intel® processor, BIOS, virtual machine monitor (VMM) and, for some uses, certain computer system software enabled

for it. Functionality, performance or other benefits will vary depending on hardware and software configurations and may require a BIOS update. Software applications may not be compatible with all operating systems. Please check with your application vendor.

Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology requires a computer system with a processor supporting HT Technology and an HT Technology-enabled chipset, BIOS and operating system. Performance will vary

depending on the specific hardware and software you use. For more information including details on which processors support HT Technology, see here . Contact your local Intel sales office or your distributor to obtain the latest specifications and before placing your product order.

Microsoft, Windows, and the Windows logo are trademarks, or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Copies of documents which have an order number and are referenced in this document, or other Intel literature may be obtained by calling 1-800-548-4725 or by visiting Intel's website at

http://www.intel.com. Copyright © 2008, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

http://www.intel.com/info/hyperthreading



http://www.intel.com/

GENERAL EMBEDDED

Intel® Atom™ E6XX Software Enabling

E6XX/T + EG20T

BIOS/Firmware

Operating Systems

Tools

So

ftw

are

Device Drivers

Platform Software Enabling GNU

Intel C++ Compiler

Intel Debugger

Ensure completeness of software platform ingredients for ISG’s product lines

EMGD (Embedded Graphics Driver)

3rd Party IOH Drivers

WES7

AMI, Insyde,

Phoenix Tech, Byosoft

UNIQUELY EMBEDDED

QNX Momentics

WR Workbench

MacGraigor/GHS

LauterBach/Arium

Yocto (Linux)

Boot Loader Technology

Firmware Solutions

4

Traditional BIOS vs. Boot Loader

5

BIOS

Open Box Designs

(Requires Flexibility)

Boot Loader Closed Box Designs

(Static Hardware Configurations)

• Standard OS compatibility • Feature richness • Open to many use cases • Multiple boot paths • Extra services and support

• Custom OS & applications • Basic Intel® architecture

initialization • Quick and small • Single use case • Limited boot options • No frills • Royalty free • No hand-holding

Break Away with Intel® Atom™ Processors: Chapter 5

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://lawyerkm.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/swiss_army_knife.jpg&imgrefurl=http://lawyerkm.wordpress.com/2008/09/02/the-right-tool-for-the-job-knowledge-management/&usg=__cR1_QJfS1DpyAbRf9opp6IZgZ6M=&h=407&w=480&sz=109&hl=en&start=14&itbs=1&tbnid=GwzsbhtIjjljEM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=129&prev=/images?q=swiss+army+knife&hl=en&gbv=2&tbs=isch:1

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://englishwithnurzalia.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/corkscrew.jpg&imgrefurl=http://englishwithnurzalia.wordpress.com/2009/01/14/english-vocabulary-for-the-kitchen/&usg=__dF_1B6QSvzSh3WB04qF1i20La5o=&h=304&w=300&sz=36&hl=en&start=13&itbs=1&tbnid=dE2vTXPV84xaWM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=114&prev=/images?q=cork+screw&hl=en&gbv=2&tbs=isch:1

Spectrum of System Initialization Firmware

6

Reset

Memory

Virtualization

ROM Update

Bus

Simple I/O

Storage

Network

Display

OS Services System

Management

Dynamic

Setup

Security

Power

Management

Peripheral

Drivers

BIOS

RISC Init

Intel® BLDK Provides Flexibility to Scale System Initialization for Embedded Systems

Legacy

Compatibility

Intel® BLDK

Intel® Boot Loader Development Kit (Intel® BLDK)

UEFI Platform Initialization Overview

7 7

• UEFI specifies how firmware boots OS loader

• UEFI’s Platform Initialization (PI) 1.2 Architecture specifies how Driver Execution Environment (DXE) Drivers and Pre-EFI Initialization (PEI) Modules (PEIMs) initialize Si and the platform

• Intel® UDK2010 is an implementation of PI and UEFI specifications

Hardware

OS (UEFI or Today’s)

Pre-boot Tools

UEFI Specification

Silicon Component

Modules

Platform

Drivers

UEFI

PI

Scope -

Gre

en “

H”

PEI/DXE PI Foundation

Modular components

Network

Hardware

Firmware

OS

Drivers

Libraries

Application

GUI

Human User

Full system stack (user -> hardware)

Intel® BLDK Codebase Overview

• Intel® BLDK is a reference implementation for Intel Customer Reference Boards (CRBs)

• Intel BLDK codebase – Distributed as a combination of

source files and binary modules

– Modular codebase allows for reuse of source code for different platforms

– Compatible with latest UEFI standards

– CRB reference implementations are publicly available

8

Intel® BLDK Codebase

Intel® UDK2010 Packages

Tia

noM

odule

Pkg

Platform Packages

(Binary+Source)

Open Source Packages

Platform1Pkg

Platform2Pkg

MdePkg

…

…

Intel® BLDK for Intel® Atom™ Processor E6xx Series with Intel® Platform Controller Hub EG20T is available for download

Intel® Boot Loader Development Kit (Intel® BLDK) Intel® UEFI Development Kit 2010 (Intel® UDK2010)

http://www.intel.com/go/bldk

9

Pre EFI Initialization

(PEI)

Driver Execution Environment

(DXE)

Boot Dev Select (BDS)

Transient System Load

(TSL)

After Life (AL)

Power on [ . . Platform initialization . . ] [ . . . . OS boot . . . . ] Shutdown

Run Time (RT)

?

OS-Present App

Final OS Environment

Final OS Boot Loader

OS-Absent App

Transient OS Environment

Transient OS Boot Loader

Boot Manager

CPU Init

Chipset Init verify

Device, Bus, or Service Driver

UEFI Interface

Pre Verifier

Intrinsic Services

security

Security (SEC)

The primary purpose of system firmware is to initialize the platform and boot to the UEFI shell or an operating system.

Boot Flow Overview

Board Init

EFI Driver Dispatcher

Platform Debug Methodologies

10 10

Good

Better

Best

Debug Method

Pros Cons

Port 80h •Simple

•Low overhead

•Limited information

•No execution tracing / flow control

•May require several build iterations to isolate failure

Serial Out

•Simple

•Low overhead

•More information than Port 80h

•Additional hardware and initialization

•No execution tracing / flow control

Software Debugger

•Freely available

•Source level debug

•Execution tracing / flow control

•Debug agent on target

•Cannot debug all flows

Hardware Debugger

•Source level debug

•Ability to step through code

•Greater visibility to HW

•Ability to debug complex execution paths (CPU init, SMM)

•Requires purchase of JTAG debugger

Operating System Support

11

Intel® Atom™ Processor E6xx Series OS Support

• Microsoft* – Windows Embedded Standard 7*

• Linux* – Yocto

12

*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Tux.svg

Why Yocto?

13

Wide base of Developers

Ease of use

POC

A

B

C

D

Single PoC Multiple Designs

Innovations

Mainstream Linux

Ingredients Proliferation

Consistent Delivery mechanism

Website: http://www.yoctoproject.org

Video and Graphics

14

Different Graphics Drivers – Different Markets

• Intel® Graphics Media Adapter (GMA) driver is the

• best known Intel graphics driver

– For Desktop and Laptop applications

– Sometimes used in embedded for PC-like applications

• Intel® Embedded Graphics Drivers (IEGD)

– All integrated graphics embedded chipsets/processors

– Embedded features

– Long Life support (>5 years)

• Intel ® Embedded Media and Graphics Drivers (EMGD)

– Embedded Intel® Atom processor focused

– Long Life support (>5 years)

15

Video Port

Windows* Miniport / Display Driver Arch

D3D/DDraw Application/Game

Win32 (GDI32)

I/O Manager GDI

Video Miniport

Video Adapter

User Mode

Kernel Mode

DDI Calls

Eng Calls

OS System Supplied Service

IOCTL

Display Driver

D3D DDI

DDRAW DDI

GDI DDI

D3D/DDraw

D3D/DDraw Runtime

Windows Application

DRIVER

Vendor supplied

16

Linux* “X” style EMGD Driver Architecture

Graphics Hardware GMCH Hardware Encode/decode Hardware

core state

display

DRM & Resource Management

Graphics Micro-kernel IF

Graphics Services

2D Services (opt)

OpenGL*/ES/VG X11/2D VA API

IAL Video IAL Display

User

Kernel

17

DRI

• The port driver is the graphics

driver module that enables

display output devices

• All supported SDVO transmitters

will be controlled through port

driver

IOH

Port Driver

Graphics Driver

Transmitter/ SDVO

Display - Intel® Embedded Media and Graphics Driver (Intel® EMGD) Port Driver in Graphical View

Customizing – Configuration Editor (CED) Tool

• CED is the Configuration EDitor for embedded graphics drivers.

• It provides a straight-forward GUI interface for manipulating all the driver options.

• It creates the appropriate files to install the driver for all of the build options (Windows, Linux, VBIOS, EFI, etc.)

19

Power and Performance Optimization

20

Performance Optimization

Compiler Performance Features

Use an Intel® Atom™ processor targeting option (-xSSE3_ATOM )

Use automatic vectorization (-vec)

Use the -O3 option for aggressive loop and memory optimization

Use interprocedural optimization (IPO)

Use profile guided optimization (PGO)

Multicore

Use multi-core software development tools

Use multi-core enabled performance libraries

Multithread for parallelism

Put threads that share data on cores that share

cache

Tools

Intel® Software Development Products

Analysis tools

Threading Tools and Libraries

Debuggers

Example:

-O3 -ipo -no-prec-div -xSSE3_Atom -prof_gen -prof_use


C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

C6

Pn

P1

P0 CPU

Active

CPU

Sleep

P0 - CPU active at highest frequency (HFM)

Pn - CPU active at lowest frequency (LFM)

C0 - CPU active (In any P-state)

C

0

C1 - Core clock is Off

C3/C4 - Reduced Voltage, Partial L2 cache flush

C6 - Core Off, L2 cache flush, state saved to SRAM

The deeper the sleep, the longer it takes for the

processor to wake up

Processor Power States


Software Recommendations for Power Optimization

Power Guidelines

Hurry up and get idle Reduce interrupts

Improve cache locality Use timers effectively

Manage memory efficiently Be power-aware and power-smart

Avoid polling and busy waits Use multithreading


Thread Optimization for Power Efficiency

Stagger thread start - execute in parallel - sleep longer


Migrating to Intel® Architecture

25

System Stack

Part one

1. Port the code to the target

operating system

2. Execute the code correctly on one

Intel® architecture core

3. Optimize the code for performance

on one Intel architecture core

Part two

4. Apply multi-core software design

updates

5. Optimize the software design for

multi-core Intel architecture

Migration Design Guide

Steps 4 and 5 are optional

Processor / Chipset

JTAG

Firmware

OS / Device Drivers

Applications / Libraries

SW Tools


Endianness and Execution Difference

27

#include <stdio.h>

int a = 0x12345678;

int main()

{

char *ap = (char *) &a;

printf("%2x %x\n", *ap, a);

return 0;

}

Byte Address

0 1 2 3

12 34 56 78

BE Machine

ap

&a

%> gcc foo.c

%> ./a.out

%> 12 12345678

Different results on

BE and LE machines!

Example foo.c

Byte Address

0 1 2 3

78 56 34 12

LE Machine

%> gcc foo.c

%> ./a.out

%> 78 12345678

&a

Endian neutral code is portable

ap


Architecture Differences PowerPC* vs. Intel® Architecture

Instructions PowerPC* and Intel® architecture instructions are very different. For some instructions there is no one to one (PowerPC to Intel architecture) equivalent. Refer to Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer Manuals

Alignment PowerPC instructions are all 4 bytes in size and must be aligned on 4 byte boundaries. Intel architecture instructions vary in size and therefore do not require alignment

On PowerPC a bool is 4 bytes. On Intel architecture, a bool is 1 byte. Make the code portable by changing the PowerPC boolean data to an unsigned 32-bit integer.

Vector Oriented Instructions

PowerPC uses Altivec* instructions. Intel architecture uses Intel® Streaming SIMD Extensions (Intel® SSE)

Divide-by-zero For Integer divide-by-zero, PowerPC simply returns zero. On Intel architecture, executing this operation is fatal.

Calling Conventions Specified by ABI

Arguments are passed in registers for PowerPC. For Intel architecture, arguments are passed on the stack.

Intel architecture has fewer registers than PowerPC and therefore local variables may be stored on the stack as well.

Byte order (Endianness)

PowerPC is bi-endian (primarily configured as big-endian), Intel architecture is little-endian

Bit Fields PowerPC is “down bit ordered”. Intel architecture is “normal bit ordered” aka “up bit ordered”

More Details in the PowerPC* to Intel® Architecture Migration White Paper


http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/architectures-software-developer-manuals.html




http://edc.intel.com/Software/Migrating-To-Intel-Architecture/



Architecture Differences ARM* vs. Intel® Architecture

Instructions ARM* and Intel® architecture instructions are very different. For some instructions there is no one to one (ARM to Intel architecture) equivalent. Refer to Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer Manuals

Alignment Pointer alignment, e.g. 1 byte aligned on x86, type dependent on ARM, e.g. 4-byte integer must be 4 byte aligned.

Structure size and alignment. E.g. a struct with 3 characters on x86 is 3 bytes; it is 4 bytes

on ARM. Intel architecture instructions vary in size and therefore do not require alignment.

Vector Oriented Instructions

ARM uses Vector Floating Point (VFP) instructions, Advance SIMD (NEON), DSP Enhanced Instructions. Intel architecture uses Intel® Streaming SIMD Extensions (Intel® SSE).

Signed vs. unsigned char

char is signed on x86 and unsigned on ARM. CHAR_MIN and CHAR_MAX have different values on x86/ARM. gcc compiler can force all char types to be signed: -fsigned-char

Calling Conventions Specified by ABI

Arguments are passed in registers and on the stack for ARM.

For Intel architecture, arguments are passed on the stack.

Byte order (Endianness)

ARM is bi-endian; Intel architecture is little-endian

Bit Fields ARM is bit ordered depending on endian selection.

Intel architecture is “normal bit ordered” aka “up bit ordered”






Intel® Embedded Design Center : edc.intel.com

Break Away with Intel® Atom™ Processors A Guide to Architecture Migration

References

• Intel® Atom™ Processor Technical Documentation - Low Power Features Chapter – http://www.intel.com/products/processor/atom/techdocs.htm

• Intel® Embedded Alliance Solutions Center – http://www.intelcommsalliance.com/kshowcase/view/?iid=subhdr+ptr_embe

d_alliance • Intel® Embedded Design Center (EDC) http://edc.intel.com/ • Intel EDC: Migrating to Intel Architecture

• http://edc.intel.com/Step-by-Step/Migration/

• Intel Press Book: “Break Away with Intel® Atom™ Processors” - Buy it at: – http://www.intel.com/intelpress/sum_ms2a.htm

• Intel Product Information http://ark.intel.com/ • Intel® Software Development Products

– http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-sdp-products/

• Intel® Software Network http://software.intel.com

• Intel® Tools for Intel® Atom™ Processors – http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-tools-for-intel-atom-processors/

http://www.intel.com/products/processor/atom/techdocs.htm

http://www.intelcommsalliance.com/kshowcase/view/?iid=subhdr+ptr_embed_alliance

http://www.intelcommsalliance.com/kshowcase/view/?iid=subhdr+ptr_embed_alliance

http://edc.intel.com/

http://edc.intel.com/Step-by-Step/Migration/





http://www.intel.com/intelpress/sum_ms2a.htm

http://ark.intel.com/

Intel® Software Network and Intel® Software Development Products http:/software.intel.com http:/software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-sdp-products/







http://software.intel.com/

http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-tools-for-intel-atom-processors/













Documents

Intel® Atom™ Processor E6xx · PDF fileGENERAL EMBEDDED EMBEDDED Intel® Atom™ E6XX Software Enabling E6XX/T + EG20T BIOS/Firmware Operating Systems tware