Integration of satellite images into the aerial …...Satellite (RADARSAT) Range @ 300m flight altitude approx. ±3km wide, ±30km narrow, ±250m narrow, ±75m 300x300km Classification

Lessons learnt after the Prestige, 14.11.03 Olaf Trieschmann, BfG Seite 1

Integration of satellite images into the aerial surveillance:

Fusion of Aircraft and Satellite Borne Remote Sensing to Improve the Observation of Oil

Spills over the European seas


Contents

Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG)Oil spill surveillance from spaceAirborne surveillance activitiesOCEANIDESDiscussion on

the specific properties and advantages of the individual sensors respectively the sensor systems. a decision schema on operating these systems

Proposal for a combined approach of airborne and satellite systems


Surveillance tasksDeterring potential polluters

Protecting theenvironment Supporting

combating vessels

Maritime security Permanent sur-veillance activities

Multi purpose usage

Int. Co-operation

Collecting of evidence

Verification of spills

Ensuring technicalsustainability

Collecting statistical data

Prosecution of polluters

Documentation on location

Data storage

Quantifying

Classifying

Supporting for decision on combating


Technologies/Sensors for Oil Spill Surveillance

Remote sensing devices: today most commonly used for oil spill detection and include a range of instruments.Collecting data requires different platforms and/or types of sensor depending on where the data is collected from: ground, air, or space:

Traditional

SLAR/SAR

LFS

IR/UV

FLIR

MWR

Air-borne

camera+

video+

GPS

Satellite

SAR

Visual


Envisat's ASAR Image of Prestige Oil Spill

20.11.2002Credits: ESA


Coverage statistics

Cumulated histogram of the coverage of the satellite images of the German territorial waters in the year 2003.

North Sea Baltic Sea

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all

> 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 >

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Coverage in %

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over

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ses

Radarsat Noth Sea Envisat North Sea

Coverage ofthe aerial

surveillance

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> 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 >95

Cover age in %

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verp

asse

s

Radarsat Balt ic Sea Envisat Balt ic Sea

Coverage ofthe aerialsurveil lance


Coverage statistics - cont’d

Temporal distribution of the satellite overpasses in the summer 2004 (mean coverage of 56% to 58% in the)

North Sea Baltic SeaNorth Sea

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Overview of the sensors on board of the Do228LM

Wide-range sensor (Line-scanner: ± 30 km)

Sideward Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR)

Narrow-range sensors (Line-scanner: ca. ± 250 m)

Infrared/Ultraviolet Scanner (IR/UV)Microwave-Radiometer (MWR)Laser-Fluoro Sensor (LFS)

Forward Looking Infrared Camera (FLIR)

Satellite Communication via Inmarsat


Comparison of the sensor capabilities

Visual SLAR UV IR MWR LFS Satellite(RADARSAT)

Range @ 300m flightaltitude

approx.±3km

wide,±30km narrow, ±250m narrow, ±75m 300x300km

Classification capabilities no no yes nosensitivity on oil filmthickness N.A. N.A. >0.1µm >10µm 50µm to

2.5mm0.1 µm to 20µm N.A.

Spatial resolution high 60m by30m (perp.) 3.5m 3.5m >5m 10m pixel-to-

pixel distance 50m

Detection of oil spillsbelow surface no no yes no

Operating at night no yes no yes yes yes yesFilm thicknessdetermination

Appearanceof oil slick no yes, 50µm

to 2.5mmyes, 0.1 µm to20 µm no

Measuring geometry visual Line-by-line, 20 Hz Conical, 5Hz image

Impaired by no no clouds clouds no clouds, flightaltitude no


Comparison of airborne and satellite data

Satellite:

+ Large-scale coverage

+ Provides alert functionality

+ 24 hours operation

+ Independent of weather condition

+ Monitoring of shipping routes

+ Providing long-term statistical data

- Low repetition rate or high number of satellites needed

- Lower spatial resolution

Airborne:

+ High spatial resolution

+ Ground truth capability

+ Classification of oil species

+ Determination of layer thickness

+ Evidence ensuring

+ Communication link between aircraft and vessel

+ Commandable

- Low spatial coverage

- Cost intensive


OCEANIDES"Harmonised Monitoring, Reporting, And Assessment of Illegal Marine

Oil Discharges”

Evaluation of satellite information in terms of reliability andcompleteness of oil spill recognition in comparison with aircraft measurements,Definition of the nomenclature of the data, Providing time and space resolved statistical density information of spills and surveillance coverage,

Hot spotshighest incident rate

trends analysis on marine oil pollution


Exerciseexercise on recognition reliability and completenesstaking the workflow of the aerial surveillance into account

Preparing aircraft

0hSatellite overpassAircraft is airborne

Oil slick detection and reporting

On location (centre of EEZ) Alerting of the coast guard 1h

Aircraft is on location 2h15min

Comparison, Evaluation


preliminary resultsAttribute Radarsat-1 SAR Aircraft

Date/Time 15 July 2003 17:19 UTC

15 July 2003 19:24 UTC

Position 55° 29’ 02” N 005° 03’ 25” E

55° 28.3 N005° 06.0 E

Length x Width 8.1 x 0.8 Km 6.6 x 1.6 Km

Cover area NA 65%

Area 2.316 Km2 6.86 Km2

Volume NA 16.47 m3

Wind speed and direction

NA 3 bft from 96°

Orientation NW-SE NA

Probability High NA

Comments Oil platform (DAN F). Medium contrast slick.

End of Trace 55°28.4N 005° 00.1E Oil Rig DAN-FOX-C

Radarsat-1 data copyright Canadian Space Agency/agence spatiale canadienne 2003.Processed and distributed by KSAT.

Aircraft SLAR 19:24 UTC

Radarsat-1 ScanSAR Narrow Near15 July 2003 17:19:46 UTC


Comparison Aircraft – Satellite (cont’d)

43%

57%YesNo

12 oil slicks were additionally found during the pollution control flights:

Verification of Oil Spills found by Satellites

Verified Number Yes 22 No 29 Not checked 46 Sum 97


Envisat data copyright ESA/KSAT 2003

Envisat Wide Swath VV21 July 2003 19:54:43 UTC

Radarsat-1 data copyright Canadian Space Agency/agence spatiale canadienne 2003.Processed and distributed by KSAT.


preliminary results


Envisat Wide Swath VV21 July 2003 19:54:43 UTC

Envisat data copyright ESA/KSAT 2003

reported

Not reported

Radarsat-1 data copyright Canadian Space Agency/agence spatialecanadienne 2003.Processed and distributed by KSAT.

preliminary results


Aircraft at 20:00 UTCVolume 0.008 m3

8 kts wind from 260° Aircraft at 23:26 UTCVolume 0.388 m3

10 kts wind from 220°

reported

not reported


Proposal for an Integrated System

Coastguards, frontier guards

etc

real-time

national statistics

early warnings for clean-ups

Satellites Vessels Aircraft

hot spots

Regional sea-basin bodies, OSPAR, HELCOM etc

policing

European Environment Agency


Decision Schema for Satellite/Airborne Surveillance

Task ? Coastline ? Platform

Compact coastline

Combating support Aircraft

SurveillanceLarge coastline Satellite


Conclusion

For combating purposes a permanent airborne operation support isessentialA communication link between aircraft and vessel is necessaryThe advantages of a combined/co-ordinated surveillance approach is

1. an improved deterrent effect that will hopefully prevent pollution,2. a more rapid response to spills, which will minimise environmental

damage in coastal waters and on the coastline,3. provide information services that will keep the citizen informed, and4. a better statistical analysis of the spatial and temporal oil spill

distribution.Necessities:

1. International co-operation,2. International exercises, and3. Co-ordinated emergency planning.

Int. Sharing of surveillance capacities is desirable


Documents

Integration of satellite images into the aerial …...Satellite (RADARSAT) Range @ 300m flight altitude approx. ±3km wide, ±30km narrow, ±250m narrow, ±75m 300x300km Classification