Integrating Trust and Driver’s Integrating Trust and Driver’s SafetySafety

By Robin Mitchell

Components of Focus AreaComponents of Focus Area

Improving driving safety through the use of in vehicle warning devices

Trust in automation

Automotive Warning DevicesAutomotive Warning Devices

Designed to help alert the driver to potentially dangerous driving situations

Currently, there are severalAdaptive Cruise Control (ACC)Forward Collision Warning (FCW)

Adaptive Cruise Control Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)(ACC)

Uses radar and laser range sensors to detect vehicles ahead of the driver and adjusts the vehicle’s speed to maintain a minimum headway with the other vehicles

Able to control the engine, power train, and/or the service breaks

Adaptive Cruise Control Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)(ACC)

Maintains both set speed and headwayIs able to control both these settings for the

vehicle and adapt them to the current driving situation

Forward Collision Warning Forward Collision Warning (FCW)(FCW)

Uses the same sensors as ACC to assess collision potential and warn the driver of emerging collision situations

Helps the driver to avoid striking the rear end of another vehicle

Combined Use of ACC and Combined Use of ACC and FCWFCW

Improve ability to avoid collisions by helping the driver to maintain safe speeds and headways

Conveyed through visual, auditory, and tactile cues

Helps refocus driver attention when it is diverted to another place

Example of ACC and FCWExample of ACC and FCW

If ACC detects a slower or stopped vehicle, it will create an alert

If the driver does nothing, this would cause the FCW to also alert (as a forward collision would be imminent)

It is up to the driver to react to the warnings

Change in Driving TasksChange in Driving Tasks

Changes driver tasks by taking some control from the driver

Creates different tasks for the driver to perform

The driver relies on the automation to determine the safety of the situation

Trust DefinedTrust Defined

Generally it is an attitude towards technology regarding expected performance

Most widely used definition comes from Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman, 1995:“the willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions

of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that party”

Characteristics that govern Characteristics that govern TrustTrust

Ability: the group of skills, competencies, and characteristics that enable the agent to influence the domain.– Similar to predictability

Integrity: degree to which the agent follows a set of principles– Similar to dependability

Benevolence: the extent to which the motivations of the agent are aligned with those of the trustor– Working towards a common goal

Trust is dependant on 3 Trust is dependant on 3 dimensionsdimensions

Performance Process

Purpose of Automation

Definitions from “Trust in Technology: Designing for Appropriate

Reliance” by John Lee and Katrina See

PerformancePerformance

The competency or perceived expertise of the automation as demonstrated by its ability to achieve the operator’s goals

In other words, will it do what I want it to do

Trust will increase when the automation performs to expectations

ProcessProcess

The degree to which the algorithms of the automation adhere to the operator’s understanding of how the automation works

In other words, does it work like I think it should work in this situation

Trust will increase if the algorithms used are appropriate for the current situation

Purpose of AutomationPurpose of Automation

The degree to which the automation is being used within the realm of the designers’ intent

In other words, is it being used in the manner for which it was designed

This is often based on if the designer’s intent has been properly communicated to the operator

Trust will increase when the automation performs as intended

Trust based on UseTrust based on Use

Trust is largely based on observationIf a system is not trusted, it will not be used

—trust will not growThe more the automation is used, the more

trust will be facilitated in the systemHighly trusted automation is monitored less

frequently

Trusting ACC and FCWTrusting ACC and FCW

ACC and FCW are emerging technologies with the possibility of improving driving safety

Drivers need to trust these automations and use them appropriately

An important concept not yet investigated

Proposed ResearchProposed Research

Investigate the degree of trust a driver places in these devices

Test ACC and FCW individuallyTest ACC and FCW togetherExamine the differences in driver trust

across conditions

Integrating Trust and Driver’s Integrating Trust and Driver’s SafetySafety

Questions?