Integrating Sources

Choosing Quotations and “Quote Sandwiches”

Responding to Your Critical Sources• As you write your research paper, you should ask yourself what each of

your sources is going to add to your argument. As you read critical sources about your chosen work of literature and interact with the ideas of others (the critics) in your papers, there are two things you need to do:– Make the relationship between your own ideas and your source’s ideas CLEAR.

– Are you using the quote because it makes a point you agree with? – Are you using the quote because it makes a point you disagree with? – Are you using it because it you are about to show a connection between one source’s

ideas and another source’s ideas? – Are you using it because you want to explore it further with your own evidence from the

work of literature?

– It is not enough just to say that you agree/disagree. What else do you need to do? The answer is to explain why and make your agreement or disagreement unique to you.

Using Sources and Giving Credit• You’ve found your sources, read them, annotated them, and you’re ready

to use your sources in your essay. • So… which quotes should you use?

– Quotes that contain ideas you want to respond to. – Quotes where the original source’s wording is especially good or important to

your response. – Quotes where the original source explains a complex idea clearly and succinctly.– Quotes that contain ideas that would make most people want proof (which the

quote you use should provide). • Any quote you use should have an explanation/response that is TWICE AS

LONG as the original quote. If a quote takes up two full lines of your paper, the explanation/response to that quote should take up FOUR. (This is true for quotes from critical sources AND quotes from the literature.)

The “Quote Sandwich”

• This is a way to integrate quotes into your paper smoothly and avoid drop-in quotes.

• The first piece of “bread”– Introduce quote, possibly mention author, connect quote to

what you were saying before.• The “Meat”– Your quote, correctly cited with in-text citation.

• The second piece of “bread”– Interpretation/explanation of quote (NOT simply rewording

the quote), connect quote to what you will say next. This is where you RESPOND to the quote.

Online Examples of Quote Sandwiches

• http://www.csun.edu/~hflrc006/quote.html• https://sites.google.com/site/sasamtani/quote

_sandwich003.jpg• Notice that both of these examples make the

quote a part of a sentence the essay author wrote, and notice that both examples give credit to the source’s author.

Example of quote use from literature and a critical source:The chapters “The Sea Still Rises,” “The Grindstone,” and “Calm

in the Storm” all contain vivid descriptions of revolutionary fervor that were clearly designed to strike fear into the hearts of Dickens’ Victorian audience. The same people who were downtrodden and pitiful in earlier chapters take on a more sinister, active character: “Every lean bare arm, that had been without work before, had this work always ready for it now, that it could strike” (275). In this sentence, Dickens reminds his readers of the condition of the people, using the words ‘lean’ and ‘bare.’ All throughout the chapters that describe the early days of the Revolution, there is a tone of warning in the narrator’s voice. One commentator, being critical of Dickens for his violently negative portrayal of the Revolution, accuses him of thinking that “the poor are best when they suffer or pass their days passively” (Scheckner). However, a close reading of these chapters suggests that it is not so much that Dickens prefers the poor in their passive state, but rather that he is trying to give a warning; to show what happens in a society where the upper layer ignores the needs of the lower, as he felt was the case in England at the time.

Introduce quote from literature

Quote w/in-text citation

Analysis of quote

Introduction of critical sourceQuote w/in-text citation

Analysis of quote

Practice Quote Sandwich:

• We are going to practice responding to a critic. Choose a quote from the article, read it carefully, and then ask yourself what your response to this quote from a critic is. Look back over the relevant sections of Death of a Salesman. What lines, word choices, and other literary elements support your response to the quote you chose?

• Write a paragraph where you use the quote from a one of these critics AND a quote from the play. Remember to introduce and explain your quotes sufficiently. Use the quote sandwich method.

Possible Quotes (Feel free to choose one you marked as intriguing.)

• Quote 1: “The play constructs the American Dream as harmful as long as it is based on selfish greed with no consideration for the good of the larger community” (Benziman 21).

• Quote 2: “Side by side with his denunciation of the selfish ethics of individuals and society under capitalism, Miller does construct a model of material and professional success that manages to uphold ethical and social values. This positive potential of the American dream is embodied in the seemingly minor characters of charley and his son, who function as analogical contrasts for Willy and his sons” (Benziman 24).