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CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx/1 Integrating Nutrient and Trace Organic Removal in Wastewater Treatment WERF CEC4R08 9th IWA Leading-Edge Conference, June 3-7 Tanja Rauch-Williams, Andrew Salveson Carollo Engineers Eric Dickenson Southern Nevada Water Authority Drew McAvoy University of Cincinnati Jörg Drewes Colorado School of Mines Douglas Drury Clark County Water Reclamation District
Integrating Nutrient and Trace Organic Removal in ... › sites › default › files › news › LET...CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx/ 1 Integrating Nutrient and Trace Organic Removal
Integrating Nutrient and Trace Organic Removal in Wastewater
Treatment WERF CEC4R08
9th IWA Leading-Edge Conference, June 3-7
Tanja Rauch-Williams, Andrew Salveson Carollo Engineers Eric Dickenson
Southern Nevada Water Authority Drew McAvoy
University of Cincinnati Jörg Drewes
Colorado School of Mines Douglas Drury
Clark County Water Reclamation District
Presenter
Presentation Notes
In this talk I would like to provide an overview on insights we have gained in a recent study on the relationship between nutrient removal strategies and TORc reduction.
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How Do Process Upgrades for Nutrient Removal Effect TOrC?
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why looking at nutrient and TOrC removal in combination? In the US EPA requires a substantial reduction of nutrient loads in lakes and rivers in future decades. States are in the process of translating these requirements into discharge requirements. In the next 5-20 years it is anticipated that substantial financial resources will be spend to upgrade and modify existing treatment processes to comply with these requirements. So, even though no TOrC permit requirements yet, TOrC are on the radar of utilities as the next compliance challenge and need to be part of near-term mast planning considerations.
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Trace Organic Challenge
• Numerous and diverse known and unknown chemicals used in high quantities
• Adverse effects of trace organic compounds (TOrC) on aquatic life in receiving waters
• Sewage systems not designed for TOrC removal
• Regulatory requirements world-wide in development
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Why are we concerned about TOrC in wastewater treatment?
Regulatory Developments Related to TOrC Region/Country Regulatory Development
United States
• Contaminant Candidate List 3 (2009, every 5 years): 10 pharmaceuticals, 9 hormones • Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR3) (2012): Screening for 7 hormones
Oregon SB737 - Municipal Persistent Pollutant Reduction Plans
California Recycled Water Policy: Monitoring Strategy for Water Reuse (2012)
Massachusetts Emerging Contaminant Screening Process
European Union
• REACH Directive (2007) • Compound-specific bans (e.g., Phtalates, nonylphenol) • Proposed change of ‘Directive on priority substances in the field of water quality’ (2012): 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), Diclofenac. • Watershed specific strategies (2007, 2011): Rhine, Lake Geneva
Switzerland • Regulation Proposal to Finance WWTP Upgrades for TOrC Removal (2012)
Presenter
Presentation Notes
This table provides an overview of recent regulations in the US, the European Union, Switzerland, related to these TOrC. Approaches are diverse and range from compound source control to monitoring strategies to preparation of requirements to reduce compounds during treatment based on target concentrations or technology standards. Europe Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical substances REACH 200 Proposed change 2012: Directive on priority substances in the field of water quality Monitoring and control, first time pharmaceuticals http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-dangersub/pri_substances.htm#prop_2011 http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/ucmr/ucmr3/index.cfm USA The EPA evaluated approximately 7,500 chemicals and microbes before narrowing it down to 116 substances on the latest contaminant candidate list (CCL3). The list shows the EPA recognition of the growing problem of microconstituents, which find their way into treated drinking water. For instance, there are five perfluorinated alkyl acids on the EPA third Unregulated Contaminants Monitoring Regulation (UCMR3) list, which was unveiled on April 7, 2010. The third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 3) was signed by EPA Administrator, Lisa P. Jackson on April 16, 2012. As finalized, UCMR 3 will require monitoring for 30 contaminants using EPA and/or consensus organization analytical methods during 2013-2015. Together EPA, States, laboratories and public water systems (PWSs) will participate in UCMR 3. https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2012/05/02/2012-9978/revisions-to-the-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-regulation-ucmr-3-for-public-water-systems# Includes 7 hormones for screening: http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/ucmr/ucmr3/methods.cfm Screening Survey monitoring uses specialized analytical method technologies not as commonly used by drinking water laboratories. All PWSs serving more than 100,000 people, 320 representative PWSs serving 10,001 to100,000 people, and 480 representative PWSs (Public Water System) serving 10,000 or fewer people are required to monitor for seven List 2 contaminants during a 12-month period from January 2013 through December 2015. 17-β-estradiol 50-28-2 0.0004 µg/L 17-α-ethynylestradiol (ethinyl estradiol) 57-63-6 0.0009 µg/L 16-α-hydroxyestradiol (estriol) 50-27-1 0.0008 µg/L equilin 474-86-2 0.004 µg/L estrone 53-16-7 0.002 µg/L testosterone 58-22-0 0.0001 µg/L 4-androstene-3,17-dione VOCs, Cr, chlorate, entero- and noroviruses and pharmaceutical TOrCs make up most of the list. These are things EPA is looking at closely for possible future action. Nitrosamines were surveyed in UCMR2 and will likely be on the RegDet 3 list, moving forward towards an MCL or suite of MCLs. The final report of the Science Advisory Panel for CECs in California's �Aquatic Ecosystems has been submitted to State Water Board staff and is �now available on line at �(ftp://ftp.sccwrp.org/pub/download/DOCUMENTS/TechnicalReports/692_CECEcosystemsPanelReport_ES.pdf). �For a complete summary of this effort, please go to the project webpage �at �http://www.sccwrp.org/ResearchAreas/Contaminants/ContaminantsOfEmergingConcern/EcosystemsAdvisoryPanel.aspx.� October 2009 – CCL3 104 chemicals, chemical groups 12 microbiological contaminants One perflourinated compound addedperfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) Ten pharmaceuticals were added: One antibiotic – erythromycin Nine hormones – 17 alpha-estradiol, 17 beta- estradiol, equilenin, equilin, estriol, estrone, ethinyl estradiol, mestranol, and norethindrone At state Level: General developments at the State level Development of priority lists Some initiatives to ban / restrict certain chemicals (e.g., PBTs) Increased monitoring Development of guidelines for ww reuse Drug take back programs / events Oregon: http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/sb737/ Massachusetts http://www.mass.gov/dep/toxics/stypes/emercfs.htm
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WERF’s Emphasis of TOrC Research
TOrC Challenge Program
Ecological Impact
Public Perception Treatability
Presenter
Presentation Notes
This graphic gives an overview on the structure of WERF’s TOrC challenge program that has been funded in recent years. Three areas of emphasis were defined: … Our project falls under treatability .
- Emphasize CWA required secondary treatment (tech based BOD/TSS removal), which does not include nutrient or TOrC removal (<20% of permit nationally have N or P limits.... non have TOrC limits) - As WWTFs upgrades from secondary to tertiary treatment to remove nutrients key treatment process changes/additions will include addition of oxic/anoxic zones + longer SRTs), sidestream treatment (nutrient recovery for P and/or N...), and if nutrient limits are low, filtration
Increase in sulfamathoxazole and others during anoxic zones Benedek Plosz’s paper that shows this (and he now has a just published paper in biotech bioengineering that I haven’t read where he tries to model it). We saw this as well with our WERF study and are repeating experiments this summer to try and nail down the phenomenon better.
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Biotransformation (Kb, L/g-d)
Recalcitrant <0.1
Moderate Slow 0.1-10
Rapid >10
Sorp
tion
(log
Kd)
Low
<2
.5
Carbamazepine Meprobamate
Primidone TCEP
Sucralose
DEET Sulfamethoxazole
Gemfibrozil Iopromide
Acetaminophen Caffeine
Naproxen Ibuprofen Atenolol
Sorp
tive
2.5-
3
TCPP Cimetidine Trimethoprim
Benzophenone Diphenhydramine
Bisphenol A
Effe
ctiv
e >3
Triclocarban
Triclosan Fluoxetine
Faster transformation during secondary treatment
Hig
her s
orpt
ion
durin
g se
cond
ary
treat
men
t Effect of Anoxic Zone on TOrC Removal
Significant Removal (Sorption)
Conc. Increase in
Liquid Phase
No Effect of Anoxic Zn.
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10-20 mg/L TSS
Tertiary Filtration: How Do Lower Solids Relate to TOrC?
Tertiary Filtration
Secondary Clarification
2-5 mg/L TSS
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The TOrC load associated with solids in the secondary effluents was significant for highly sorbable TOrC such as triclocarban, triclosan, and fluoxetine (5 - 70% of the secondary effluent TOrC load in the liquid phase). This suggests that tertiary process targeting additional particle removal (such as filtration) will also significantly reduce the concentration of hydrophobic TOrC in the final effluent. For the majority of TOrC indicators that were low or moderately sorbable TOrC loads associated with secondary effluent TSS were less than 5 % of the total secondary effluent loads. The TOrC load associated with solids in secondary effluents were negligible (less than 5%) for the majority of TOrC indicators compared to the TOrC load in the liquid phase of secondary effluents at all full-scale field sites (Appendix E-8). Secondary effluent TSS concentrations were typically 5-15 mg/L at all facilities during the sampling campaigns. The highly sorbable TOrC indicators triclocarban, triclosan, and fluoxetine were an exception and TOrC loads associated with solids contributed significantly to the overall TOrC load in secondary effluents (triclocarban 10-70 %, triclosan 3-30 %, fluoxetine less than10 %). This finding suggests that tertiary treatment processes targeting additional solid removal (for example tertiary filtration for phosphorus reduction) will also improve effluent quality with regards to TOrC that are highly sorbable and less amenable to biotransformation.
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Removal of TOrC by Tertiary Filtration
10-80% Additional Reduction Possible
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Are MBRs More Efficient at TOrC Removal Than Conventional Secondary Treatment?
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 15 30 45 60 75
% R
emov
al
SRT (d)
Meprobamate
Literature
WERF Full-Scale
WERF Lab-Scale
MBR
MBR A2O / Bio P
A2O / Bio P
Recalcitrant Moderately slow
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Describe type of compounds Right: removed only in high SRT systems Scale for Trimethoprim
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Sec. Effl. Accumulation of TOrC in High SRT Sludges
Sorption of TorC insignificant
TorC Load on WAS significant
MBR
RAS Waste Activated Sludge to
Solid Treatment
Sec. Infl. High SRT
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High SRT Systems Expect High TOrC Concentrations in
Secondary Sludges
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What Happens to the TOrC in Sludges During Digestion?
• 1-3% of Plant Influent Flow
• 15-20 % of Plant Ammonia Load
• Side Stream Treatment May Also Be Cost-Effective for TOrC Removal Load if flow proportionate
Sec. Influent Sec. Eff.
WAS to Digestion
RAS
Side Stream Treatment
Recycle from Solids
Dewatering
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Centrate return streams from anaerobic digestion contributed a significant fraction of certain TOrC to the overall secondary influent load. For the compounds carbamazepine, TCPP, ibuprofen, bisphenol A, and gemfibrozil the mass contribution to the secondary influent amounted to 5 - 65 %. The relevant loads of certain TOrC detected in recycle streams from solid treatment suggest that increasing the attenuation of TOrC during wastewater treatment through side stream treatment of filtrate and centrate deserves further consideration.
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Summary and Conclusions • Process upgrades for nutrient removal add
synergistic benefits for the removal of specific TOrC groups.
• Study added value by quantifying anticipated removal for various treatment processes and TOrC groups.
• Indicator matrix can be mapped with TOrC not studied herein that are of environmental concern to assess removal efficiency (based on biodegradability and sorption characteristics).
• Results useful for risk assessment and process design for a defined required target effluent quality.
• Results can be used to assess different processes (e.g., Deammonification) – Monitoring Guidance
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Biotransformation (Kb, L/g-d)
Recalcitrant <0.1
Moderate Slow 0.1-10
Rapid >10
Sorp
tion
(log
Kd)
Low
<2
.5
Carbamazepine Meprobamate
Primidone TCEP
Sucralose
DEET Sulfamethoxazole
Gemfibrozil Iopromide
Acetaminophen Caffeine
Naproxen Ibuprofen Atenolol
Sorp
tive
2.5-
3
TCPP Cimetidine Trimethoprim
Benzophenone Diphenhydramine
Bisphenol A
Effe
ctiv
e >3
Triclocarban
Triclosan Fluoxetine
Faster transformation during secondary treatment
Hig
her s
orpt
ion
durin
g se
cond
ary
treat
men
t
How Can Results Be Used to Assess Efficacy of Other Leading Processes in Industry?
Low DO – possible
desorption
Long SRT – Accumulation on
solids
Long SRT / High T / Low DO
biotransformation
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Annamox side-stream: 1. Purple Low DO possibly desorption of moderately slow compounds 2. Very long SRT, accumulation of sorptive compounds on solids 3. Long SRT: higher Temperature further degradation of compounds not removed during mainstream, but Kinetics under unaerated conditions slower.
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Thank You!
Study Currently in Print
WERF CEC 4R08
Trace Organic Compound Indicator Removal During Conventional Wastewater Treatment
