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INTEGRATED TRANSMITTER ARCHITECTURES
FOR 4G NETWORKS AND BEYOND
Martin Schleyer, Adel Fatemi | Fachgebiet Mikroelektronik
INTRODUCTIONSYLLABUS / SCHEDULE
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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Syllabus
Course Meeting Times:
– Tuesday, 10:00-12:00 - EN424 (Library)
Schedule and material online at http://www.meis.tu-berlin.de/?id=141359
Course Format:
– approx. four tutorial sessions (check website)
– assignment of topics for individual studies
– final presentations at Jan. 14th
– short paper in IEEE proceeding style - 3 to 4 pages / no deadline (i.e. end of semester)
Objectives:
– Understanding the challenges of LTE/LTE-Advanced TX Architectures
– Efficient MIMO and Carrier Aggregation techniques
– Low-Power concepts for UE terminal devices
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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Sessions - Part 1
Date / Time Topic Presenter
November 5th 11:00 Uhr Introduction & Literature
Evolution of Wireless Communication Systems
M. Schleyer
November 12th 10:00 Uhr 3G and 4G Data Standards
from an RF Designer’s Perspective
M. Schleyer
11:00 Uhr TX Architectures and Concepts –
An Introduction
M. Schleyer
November 19th 10:00 Uhr N.N. A. Fatemi
11:00 Uhr N.N. A. Fatemi
November 26th 10:00 Uhr N.N. S. Pinarello
11:00 Uhr N.N. A. Farabegoli
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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Literature Recommendations
[3GPP45005] 3GPP: Radio transmission and reception, Standard,
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Nr. 45.005, 2008
[Agilent2005] Agilent Technologies: EGPRS Test: Meeting the Challenge of 8PSK Modulation, Online, 2005
[Agilent2005a] Agilent Technologies: 8~Hints for Making and Interpreting EVM Measurements, Online, 2005
[Agilent2002] Agilent Technologies: Understanding GSM/EDGE Transmitter and Receiver Measurements for
Base Transceiver Stations and their Components, Online, 2002
[Dubendorf2003] Dubendorf, V. A.: Wireless Data Technologies: Wiley., 2003
[MacDonald1979] Mac Donald, V.: Advanced Mobile Phone Service: The Cellular Concept. In: The Bell System
Technical Journal 58 (1979), Nr. 1, S. 15--41
[Sauter2011] Sauter, M.: From GSM to LTE: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband:
Wiley., 2011
Available at http://www.meis.tu-berlin.de/?id=141359
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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FROM MARCONI TOCELLULAR RADIO NETWORKSEVOLUTION OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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Wideband Mobile Communication Systems
– Mobile communications systems
revolutionized the way people communicate.
– In rural regions, wireless connections
supersede the classical POTS system!
– From Shannon, we know:
more speed = more bandwidth!
But how did this race for speed start?
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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Todays frequency spectrum is allocated to manifold
stake holders [NIST2011]
First Steps in Wireless Communications
Guglielmo Marconi’s patent application from June 1896:
“Improvements in Transmitting Electrical impulses and
Signals, and in Apparatus therefor.“ [Marconi1896]
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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– First experiments on wireless telegraphy
performed by Alexander Popow in 1896
– Marconi‘s patent, filed June 2nd 1896, uses
practially similar receiving techniques
– In the early 1900‘s, spark-gap transmitter
allowed wireless trans-atlantic telegraphy
– Publically available transatlantic telegraphy
services started at 1907
– Marconi‘s wireless telegraphy system is
often considered as the world‘s
first wireless communcation system
Spark-gap transmitters
The principle of spark-gap transmitters is based on Heinrich
Hertz‘s experimemts to prove Maxwell equations:
– Two conducting electrodes are separated by a gap
– If a sufficiently high voltage is applied
a spark bridges the gap
– An LC tank is attached to the gap and oscillates
A damped oscillation with high bandwidth is transmitted
Maxwell’s Equations [Jha2013]
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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Spark-gap transmitter circuit
[Lindner2007]
a) Marconi Wave
b) Braun Oscillator
c) Quenched spark transmitter wave
d) Undamped oscillation [Dowsett1920]
Radio Frequency Alternator Transmitters
Spark-gap transmitters allowed telegraphy, but had very
high bandwidth for low transmissision capacity
– Reginald Fessenden started to develop first continuous-
wave transmitter for General Electrics
– Pure sinewave = small bandwidth, at considerably less
power consumption
– First audio transmission performed at Christmas 1906
AM modulation scheme instead of pure BPSK (= On-Off)
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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Reginald Hessenden
[Harpers1903]
Basics of AM demodulation / detection [Poole2013]
From Broadcast to Cellular Communication - The A Net
In the early 1960‘s, the A network started commercial
operations in (Western) Germany
– First experiments with mobile communications in
Germany with phone in train service in 1926
– The actual A Network used manual switch boards,
no cell roaming available
– UHF frequency operation at 156-174 MHz
– At 1971, the network had 10.784 subscribers [Kedaj1991]
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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Te-Ka-De A-Net “Handset” B72Upper part: Control Unit
Lower Part: Transceiver (in car booth)
[FA2007]
A-Net Logo A-Net - Subscribers and Channels[OeBL2013][OeBL2013]
One Step Forwared - The B-Network
The B-Network used FM modulation and supported
automated switch board
– Operation started in 1972, the B-Net was online until 1994
– FM transmission = more robust to fading and diversity
– Channel separation of 20kHz (bandwidth 14 kHz)
(GSM: 200kHz channel distance)
– Still no cell roaming - caller had to know callees location
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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Bosch OF-4 HandsetB-Net Logo B-Net Coverage in 1990[OeBL2013] [OeBL2013]
[OeBL2013]
The Cellular Approach - AMPS Network
To extend capacity and effiency, Bell Labs proposed the
Advanced Mobile Phone System. It introduced the
cellular concepts on which all modern standards rely!
Frequency Reuse: A hexagonal pattern is applied to the
coverage area - each requency can be used multiple
times in the system
Locating: The system is able to locate the user in any cell
of the network. No a-priori information needed
Hand Off: calls are moved with the user, if he changes his
location and the neighbouring cell has better SNR
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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[MacDonald1979]
Cellular Approach /
Frequency Reuse [MacDonald1979]
Analog, but state of the art - The C Network
In 1985, the C net launched using the cellular approach.
Baseband signals were still analog, but control systems
are fully digitalized.
– Eight home location registers managed user location
– Subscriber cards are used - predecessor of SIM cards
C-Net Air Interface:
– In total 222 (1991: 287) individual channels
– Analog modulation scheme allowed very high spectral
efficiency (almost no redundancy added)
– Hybrid TDMA operation (control channel: 5,28 kbit/s):
12.5 ms audio (compressed by 10%)
+ 1.25ms digital control information
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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BOSCH Handy C9
C Net
Logo
C Net
Subscriber
card[OeBL2013]
[OeBL2013]
[OeBL2013]
THE 3GPP ECO SYSTEMEVOLUTION OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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GSM Standard - First international 2G Network
In the late 1980‘s, first-generation networks where available in
many countries - but no roaming capablities available…
– In 1982, the european telecommunication authorities
(CEPT) establish the Groupe Spécial Mobile - GSM
– Goal: an european standard for a digital cellular network
– In 1990, the first specifications are freezed and serve as
foundation for first commercial applications
– In Germany, Deutsche Telekom and Mannesmann start
commercial operations on July,1st 1992.
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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Nokia 1011 [Smith2007]
GSM Logo and Coverage
[GT2010]
GSM System Architecture
GSM is based on circuit switched architecture,
as in public phone networks
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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GSM System Architecture [Dubendorf2003]
MS Mobile StationUser Terminal (Cell Phone, Data Card, …)
BSS Base Station SubsystemMin. one BSC and several BTSs
BTS Base Transceiver StationRadio frontend on operator side
BSC Base Station ControllerControls several cells (paging, handover…)
NSS Network SubsystemLocation register, authentication, switching
OMC Operation & Maintenance CenterManagement unit on operator side
[Dubendorf2003]
GSM Radio Access Network (RAN)
Band UL [MHz] DL [MHz]
GSM 900 880 - 915 925 - 960
GSM 1800 1710 - 1785 1805 - 1880
GSM 1900 1850 - 1910 1930 - 1990
GSM 850 824 - 849 869 - 894
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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GSM Radio Access Network [Dubendorf2003]GSM Frequency Allocation [Sauter2011]
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiplex Access
duplex link, parallel channels
TDMA: Time Division Multiplex Access
channel is divided in time slots (bursts),
up to eight subscribers per channel
FHSS: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
MT is changing channels on pseudo-random
basis to avoid interference & fading
GSM Signal Properties
GSM uses a Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) scheme with a
Minimum Shift (MSK). Additionally, a Gaussian filter is
applied, the so called Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
– Continuous phase digital frequency modulation with
modulation index h=1/2
– Characterized by the value of BT, where T = bit durationand
B = 3dB Bandwidth of the shaping filter, BT = 0.3 for GSM
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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GMSK Spectral Density [MXCom1998]
GSM Baseband Signals
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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Properties of GSM Signals – RF Designer‘s View
The GMSK scheme used for GSM is a constant envelope modulated signal
– The amplitude of the carrier is constant, regardless of the signal information
Only the phase contains information
Advantages of constant envelope:
Power efficient – power amplifiers can be non-linear, e.g. high efficient switching PA
low out-of-band radiation of the order of -60dB to -70 dB
RF requirements are less challenging – most power contained close to carrier
High immunity against random FM noise and Rayleigh fading
Drawbacks of constant envelope:
More bandwidth compared to linear modulation techniques
Baseband processing is more complex (…but no issue anymore in the 2000‘s…)
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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GSM Transmitter Characteristics
The 3GPP TS 45.005 specifications define the typical
requirements for GSM handset transmitters.
– Spectral Mask: Limit of spectral regrowth, avoid interference
with neighbouring channel
– Power Level Control: Reduce power level according to BTS
distance – avoid receiver desensitizing
– Modulation Accuracy: RMS phase error below 5° with max.
peak deviation of
30° during the burst
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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GSM 900 DCS 1800
1 30 dBm
2 39 dBm 24 dBm
3 37 dBm 36 dBm
4 33 dBm
5 29 dBm…
15 13 dBm 0 dBm…
19 5 dBm[Agilent2002]
[3GPP45005]
Sources and Literature
[3GPP45005] 3GPP: Radio transmission and reception,
Bericht, 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP), Nr. 45.005, 2008
[Agilent2002] Agilent Technologies, I.: Understanding
GSM/EDGE Transmitter and Receiver
Measurements for Base Transceiver Stations
and their Components, Online, 2002
[Dowsett1920] Dowsett, H.: Wireless Telegraphy and
Telephony. First Principles, Present Practice,
and Testing: The Wireless Press, Ltd., 1920
[Dubendorf2003] Dubendorf, V. A.: Wireless Data
Technologies: Wiley., 2003
[FA2007] Aachen, F.: Te-Ka-De B72 Funktelefon für A-
Netz, Online, 2007
[GT2010] Telesat, G.: Satellite Phones vs. Cell Phones,
Online, 2010
[Harpers1903] Magazine, H. W.: American Wireless
Telegraphy, 1903, S. 298
[OeBL2013] Hessberger, S.: ÖbL - Öffentlicher
beweglicher Landfunk, Online,
[Jha2013] Jha, A.: What are Maxwell's Equations?,
Online, 2013
[Lindner2007] Lindner, M.: Historie der Funktechnik, Online,
2007
[MacDonald1979] Mac Donald, V.: Advanced Mobile Phone
Service: The Cellular Concept. In: The Bell
System Technical Journal 58 (1979), Nr. 1, S.
15--41
[Marconi1896] Marconi, G.: Improvements in Transmitting
Electrical impulses and Signals, and in
Apparatus therefor, Nr. 12,039, 1897
[MXCom1998] MX Com, I.: Practical GMSK Data
Transmission, 1998
[Poole2013] Poole, I.: Radio receiver amplitude
modulation AM demodulation, Online, 2013
[Sauter2011] Sauter, M.: From GSM to LTE: An
Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile
Broadband: Wiley., 2011
[Smith2007] Smith, T.: 15 years ago: the first mass-
produced GSM phone, Online, 2007
[NIST2011] Telecommunications, N. & Administration, I.:
United States Frequency Allocations: The
Radio Spectrum Chart, Online, 2011
Integrated Transmitter Architectures for 4G Networks and beyond | M. Schleyer, A. Fatemi | Session 1
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