Upload
veronica-emma-briggs
View
227
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMNT IN BUCHAREST
AUTHORS
Nicolae Sdrula1, Sulfina Barbu2
AFFILIATION
1-S.C.IPROCHIM S.A., 19-21 M.Eminescu Street, 010512- Bucharest 1, ROMANIA
Tel.:021.6107985, Fax.:021.2102701,Email:[email protected]
2-Municipality of Bucharest, 47Regina Elisabeta Ave -Bucharest 5, ROMANIA
Tel./fax: 021.3055524, Email: [email protected]
Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004
THE MAIN SOLID WASTE SOURCES
Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004
INDUSTRIAL
URBAN
CONSTRUCTIONWATER TREATMENT
THE EXISTING COMPANIES DEALING WITH COLLECTING AND TRANSPORT OF WASTE
1
2 3
4
56
S.C.REBU S.A.
S.C.REBU S.A.
S.C.REBU S.A
S.C.MASOTI SRL
S.C.RWE GEKO ROMANIAEcologic Service SRL
S.C.ROSAL SERVIS SRL
S.C.SUPERCOM S.A.
S.C.URBAN S.A
Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004
BUCHAREST URBAN LANDFILL DISPOSAL LOCATION
CHIAJNA RUDENI - IRIDEX Deposit
VIDRA Deposit
GLINA (Partial Deposit)
Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004
UK
Ashes. Grit. Dust 25%
Metals 8%
Glass 10%Plastics 7%
Paper 29%
Vegetable Mater 21%
Calcutta, India
Ashes. Grit. Dust 50%
Metals 1%
Glass 1%
Plastics 1%
Paper 3%
Vegetable Mater 41%
Other 3%
Onitsha, Nigeria
Ashes. Grit. Dust 20%
Metals 5%
Paper 15%Vegetable Mater
60%
Medellin, Colombia
Ashes. Grit. Dust 10%
Metals 1%
Glass 2%
Plastics 5%
Paper 22%Vegetable Mater 56%
Other 4%
Composition of municipal wastes in the UK. (2000), Calcutta (late 1999), Onitsha (late 1999) and Medellin (late 1999)
Source: Cook and Kalbermatten, 1999; OEOD,1989
Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004
Table 1. Quantities of solid waste generated in selected countries by source category. 2000 (10!!!3ta!!!-1)
Region/Country Municipal Industrial Agriculture Mining/quarrying Sewage sludge
NORTH AMERICACanada 16000 61000 48000 910213 500USA 178000 628000 1400000 1300000 8400
ASIAJapan 41530 312000 90544 26017 2003Cyprus - - 3 190 -
EUROPEAustria 2052 31000 - 466 1350Belgium 3082 8000 53000 7069 18Bulgaria 6773 6271 21872 -Czechoslovakia - - - 452360 -Denmark 2161 1317 - - 82Finland 2000 15000 23200 17700 137France 15000 50000 399400 60160 600Germany 19378 55932 - 3454 1591Greece 2500 3904 - 3900 -Hungary 5500 101000 54237 5200 -Iceland 93 1580 - - -Ireland 1270 - 22000 1930 570Italy 15000 35000 29830 57000 -Luxemburg 190 135 - - 11Netherlands 7242 3942 100501 162 250Norway 1970 2186 18500 9000 70Poland 7900 - 107 101400 -Portugal 2246 11200 - 3900 -Spain 10600 5108 47600 180000 10000Sweden 2650 4000 17000 28000 372Switzerland 2500 - - - 255UK 16700 50000 250000 230000 30000
USSR - - 2300 - -
OCEANIAAustralia 10000 - - - -New Zealand 2106 - - - 45
Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004
Waste arising in EU member countries (late 2000); Source: EUROSTAT 2000
Agriculture44%
Industrial 7%
Municipal 6%
Other 9%
Sewage sludge14%
Mining 12%
Demolition8%
Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004
COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL WASTES IN BUCHAREST 2002
•Urban organic waste…………………..51%
•Paper and carton waste………………..11%
•Plastic waste…………………………..10%
•Metal waste……………………………05%
•Glass waste…………………………….05%
•Textile waste…………………………...05%
•Other types of waste……………………13%
Daily average municipal waste/person………0.6 Kg
SELECTIVE COLLECTING
Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004
TO PRODUCER TO RAMP
MODEL OF EXISTING MANAGEMENT
UNSORTED WASTE
METALSNONMETALS
AND ALLOYS
ORGANIC MATTERS WALUABLE WASTE
Glass
Plastics
RubberWood/ Rubber
VALORIFICATION
Hashing/
Granulation
ROAD BITUM
Paper /
Carton
Baling
Fermentation
PurificationPAPER INDUSTRYCOMPOST
AGRICULTURE FLOWERS FERTILIZER
TO RECYCLING COMPANIES
Incineration
SLAG / ASH
BUCHAREST URBAN LANDFILL DISPOSAL LOCATIONS
Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004
CHIAJNA RUDENI - IRIDEX Deposit
VIDRA Deposit
GLINA (Partial Deposit)
DEPOSIT MAIN FIGURES
•COMMISIONING …year 2000 2001
•TOTAL SURFACE …ha 16.5(5 cells) 39(8 Cells)
•CELL BULK CAPACITY… to 920,000 562,500
•TOTAL DEPOSIT CAPACITY… to 4,600,000 4,500,000
•EXPLOIT DURATION… years
( including post monitoring period) 20 20
IRIDEX * VIDRA
*Informative price for deposit……………….7.15 USD/to
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004
•REDUCTION OF WASTE BY :
•Surcharge on excess bags, containers or household refuse
•Incentive program for commercial/industrial reduction efforts
•Reuse activities such as “ waste change” program
•Public education and involvement (commitment and involvement of all citizens)
•MATERIALS RECOVERY/RECYCLING
•RESOURCE RECOVERY - COMPOSTING
•RESOURCE RECOVERY - INCINERATION
•ULTIMATE DISPOSAL - LANDFILL
GENERAL RULES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
1. COMPOSITON DEPENNDS ON A LOT OF VARIABLES SUCH AS :
•URBANIZATION
•COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES
•MANUFACTURING
•SERVICE SECTOR ACTIVITIES
2. ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE(Waste management ethic, recycling ethic, litter ethic)
3. EACH COMMUNITY WILL CREATE ITS OWN “Best approach” TO DEALING WITH ITS WASTE
4. THE COMMUNITIES HAVE HOWEVER THE SAME ALTERNATIVES
Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004
CONVERSION ROUTES
- BIOLOGICAL
- Can be low-cost- Can be simple to operate- Suitable for distributed production
- THERMOCHEMICAL
- Usually complex/expensive- Able to produce high quality synfuel- Suitable for plant integration
THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION
- GASIFICATION- Air-steam-oxygen
Product gas Direct use or purification (e.g.Hydrogen via reforming)
- HIGH PRESSURE AQUEOUS- Gasification, Pyrolysis, and Partial oxidation in
supercritical conditions Hydrogen rich gas
- PYROLYSIS- Inert
Liquid productFor gas turbine/combustion engine or
conversion to gas
Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004
Landfill Site Stages of Treatment Energy Utilization Emissions
CatchmentTechnique
Process Technology EnergyTechnique
unloaded
loaded
Gas engines
Sewagesludge
Greenmaterial
Degasification
Drying
GranulationEvaporationReverseosmosis
Biology
Combustion
High temperaturecombustion
Energy center
steam
Compostinganaerobicdigestion
Flue gasaccording tonationalregulations
1% granulateresidues
Clean water
Fertilizer
Compost
LEACHATE
LANDFILL GASLoaded gas
Unloaded gas
AIR EMISSION LIMIT VALUES FOR INCINERATIONDaily average values:
-Total dust 10 mg/m3 -Gaseous and vaporous organic substances, expressed astotal organic carbon 10 mg/m3 /Hydrogen chloride (HCl) 10 mg/m3
/Hydrogen fluoride (HF) 1 mg/m3
-/Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 50 mg/m3
--/Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)expressed as nitrogen dioxide for existing incinerationplants with a nominal capacity exceeding 6 tonnes per hour or new incineration plants 200 mg/m3 /Nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2),expressed as nitrogen dioxide for existing incinerationplants with a nominal capacity of 6 tonnes per hour or less 400 mg/m3
/Dioxins and furans 0,1 ng/m3
PET PRILLS CAN BE TURNED TO GOOD ACCOUNT TO OBTAIN:
A)basic raw materials used for obtaining polyesters The new procedure can be used for most of the products obtained from the polyester by obtaining raw materials that can be reused for the production at fibers, yarns, films or packages as well as polyesters obtained from petroleum
B)Staple fibers and polyester filaments In United States of America the procedure of using recycled PET bottles for obtaining polyester fibers and yarns is frequently used (abbot. 78% of the recovered wastes are converted into polymer, from which fibers and yarns are obtained).
C) Obtaining of car upholsteryBetween 7 and 9 million spent cars are yearly available in the European Union. Now, the percentage of reused materials is of abbot. 75 % of their total mass. The remaining 25 % represent materials like: wastes of plastic, fabrics, glass and metals. A great part of the fabrics and knit-ware are used as textile fabrics for car covers, the polyester representing the prevailing material (abbot. 90 %).
D) obtaining of PET bottlesThe research and application of PET packages recycling technologies with their use in the food sector has in view both economic and ecological aspects. The recycled PET packages are especially used to obtain polyester fibers and technical yarns.
POSSIBILITIES OFRECYCLED PET BOTTLES
•The highest quantity of different polymer bottles results from individual households. •Many countries have waste collecting programs that impose first preliminary sorting of this “recyclable”, that include as a role: glass packages, plastics, juice packs, aluminium cans, cardboard packages and other paper objects.•The recyclable materials ( PET ) are taken over and submitted to a technological process that consists in following phases:-sorting dryingrecovery melt filtrationprilling re-prillingwashing glycolysis reaction finalization
separation
THE PHASES
OF THE RECYCLING PROCESS
“BOTTLE FOR BOTTLE”
- decontamination;
- filtration;
- prilling;
- drying;
- crystallization;
- postpolycondensation in solid
phase.
ECONOMIC FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
The capacity of the recycling plant for the food grade PET bottles is of 10,000 t/year polyester prills.
The investment will be achieved within 1.5 years, being estimated to a value of 11,000 USD., out of which :
equipment 3,090 thous. USD
plants 600 thous. USD
buildings 750 thous. USD
licence 950 thous. USD
other costs (commissions, tax, approvals, authorizations, sundries and unexpected
costs, etc.) 4,570 thous. USD
working fund 1,040 thous. USD
Incomes generated are of 1,100 USD/t PET, respectively 11,000 thous. USD/year.
Production costs are of 920.9 USD/t, and for the entire capacity of 9,209 thous. USD/year.
The plant will be linearly paid off within 10 years.The personnel requirement for operation is 20 persons.
The profit from operation is of 1,791 thous. USD/year out of which the financial costs are deducted, thus
obtaining the net profit. After the credit reimbursement period, the net profit is
of 1,343 thuos. USD/year.
a) Dynamic indicators Net present income (NPI) : 458 thous. USD - meaning that the
project has the capacity to reimburse the invested capital and to produce cash-flow in excess
Investment profitability index : 1.042 - resulting from the comparison of the present cash-flow with the investment value
Present incomes / present costs = 1.011 - indicating values of the present incomes higher than those of the present costs, meaning a favorable indicatorInternal rate of return (IRR): 23.2% - indicating a very good economic efficiency of the project.b) Total investment recoup from :
- gross profit : 5.1 years- net profit : 8.9 years
c) Other characteristic indicatorsprofitability rate 19.4 % rate of profit 16.3 %net profit profitability as against turnover 10.4 %net profit profitability as against costs 12.4 %breakeven threshold - after credit reimbursement 62.6 %labour productivity 550 thous. USD/man-y
Primary Maintenance Primary Maintenance ServicesServices
Transferring of Mixed Transferring of Mixed WasteWaste
Transferring of Bulky Transferring of Bulky Waste (Sorting & Waste (Sorting &
Primary treatment)Primary treatment)
LOCAL WASTE LOCAL WASTE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT
FACILITIESFACILITIES
Transferring of Transferring of Recyclable Materials Recyclable Materials
(Sorting & Primary (Sorting & Primary treatment)treatment)
MUNICIPALITIESMUNICIPALITIES
Local Collection Local Collection Systems for Recyclable Systems for Recyclable
MaterialsMaterials
Local Collection Local Collection Systems for Bulky Systems for Bulky
WasteWaste
Local Collection Local Collection Systems for Mixed Systems for Mixed
WasteWaste
Debris Local LandfillsDebris Local Landfills
Sales of Sales of Recovered Recovered
MaterialsMaterials
REGIONAL REGIONAL RECYCLING RECYCLING FACILITIESFACILITIES
Vehicle & Machinery Maintenance Vehicle & Machinery Maintenance SystemSystem
Mechanical Separation Mechanical Separation & Treatment – & Treatment –
Composting & Energy Composting & Energy RecoveryRecovery
Management of Bulky Management of Bulky WasteWaste
Post- Post- treatment treatment
Sanitary Sanitary LandfillingLandfilling
REGIONAL WASTE REGIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT
FACILITIESFACILITIES
Inter-municipal organizations operate the
local collection systems for mixed
waste and recyclable materials.
A regional network of local waste
management facilities, through which
waste is transferred to the Central
Processing Facilities (CPF):
recyclables are processed at the
regional Materials’ Recycling Facilities
(MRF),
mixed waste is processed at the
Mechanical Treatment & Composting
Plant (major products: compost, glass &
metals, RDF etc)
Total recovery exceeds 70% of the initial
inflow. Sales’ revenues of the
recovered materials (including energy
production) are deducted from the
IWMS’ operational costs.
Regional IWMS Design
Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004
The supporting infrastructure co financed by the Cohesion Fund (2002-2004)
Total budget (initial),2001) : € 13m
Contracts (March 2004) : € 11m
Deductions (March 2004) : € 2m (15%)
Expenditure (June 2002-April 2004) : € 4m
Expenditure during 2004 (forecast) : € 8m
Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004
Landfills Restoration
Less than thirty dumps operate today in the region, a 90% reduction since 1999…
Restoration cost is estimated at € 2m.. Restoration works are scheduled for the summer of 2005, a few months after the completion of the Regional Sanitary
Landfill
Additional EU funding is expected to be allocated to the IWMS of W. Macedonia in a few months from now.
Four MRFs to be constructed within the next to years in order to support the local recovery– at –source programs for paper, plastics, glass and metals. The Mechanical Separation and Composting Plant is scheduled to be completed by 2007: recovery is expected to exceed 70% before the year 2010, resulting into local tax reduction and systems optimization.
The total budget for the materials recovery & treatment infrastructure is estimated at € 26 m until 2007. Private investment is expected to exceed € 10 m (energy recovery unit not included).
Recycling Facilities (2004-2006)
Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004
NOITAMROFNIDNASLEDOM
sledoMnoitaluclaC
nigirocihpargoeg-ytivitca-
etsawfoepyt-ybdetarenegetsaW
yrtsudnI
erutlucirgA
gniniM
noitatropsnarT
NGISEDTCUDORPDNASWOLF
ETSAWNOSNOITCAROFSEITIROIRP
SNOITCA,STEGRAT,SEVITCEJBO
stnemerusaemnoissimE
ytilibarenluvmetsysocE
NOITATROPSNARTFOYTIRUCESETALUGER
;TNEMEGANAMKSIR
GNINNALPLACISYHPNITNUOCCAEKAT
SEMMARGORPPUNAELCROFSEITIROIRP
sevitcejboyciloptnemelpmiotderiuqerataddnanoitamrofnItnemeganametsaW
noitalupoP
smetsysocE
secruoserretaW
saerAksiR
saerAmelborP
tnediccafoksiR
SNALPTNEMEGANAMHSILBATSE/EVORPMI
sdionesuoH
noitcudorPygrenE
slatipsoH
stsieWderetsigeR
seitilicaflasopsiD
setsawdetaertnoN
lairetamwaryradnoceS
seitilicaflasopsid-etsawfoepyt-
:ybetsawdesopsiD
snoitamrofsnartlahcimehcdnarefsnart
:noisimefoledoM
metsysocenotcapmI/ksiR
etsawdetropsnartfotnemssessA
etsawdetropsnarT
noitanimatnocfotnemsessA
soiranecsseitivitcanamuH
seitivitcagnitarenegetsawrehto
dnalairtsudnitsaP
stnemevometsawderetsigeR
ATAD
noitalupoP
smetsysocE
secruoserretaW
Bucharest, 28-29 Sep. 2004
GENERAL RULES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004
1.COMPOSITON DEPENNDS ON A LOT OF VARIABLES SUCH AS :
•URBANIZATION
•COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES
•MANUFACTURING
•SERVICE SECTOR ACTIVITIES
2.ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE(Waste management ethic, recycling ethic, litter ethic)
3.EACH COMMUNITY WILL CREATE ITS OWN “Best approach” TO DEALING WITH ITS WASTE
4.THE COMMUNITIES HAVE HOWEVER THE SAME ALTERNATIVES
GENERAL SCHEME OF INTEGRATED SOLID MANAGEMENT
Bucharest,28-29 Sep.2004
INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
WASTE PREVENTION
LANDFILL DISPOSAL
RECYCLING COMPOSTING
CHEMICAL CONVERSION