INTEGRATED MICROSYSTEM OF INTEGRATED MICROSYSTEM OF WATER AND ECOLOGICAL WATER AND ECOLOGICAL

SANITATION FOR PERIURBAN SANITATION FOR PERIURBAN AND RURAL AREAS IN PERUAND RURAL AREAS IN PERU

By: By: Juan Carlos Calizaya LunaJuan Carlos Calizaya LunaProgram AGUAECOSANPERU-CENCAProgram AGUAECOSANPERU-CENCA

STOCKHOLM, 2008STOCKHOLM, 2008

•Population 27,5 (Million inhabitants); Population 27,5 (Million inhabitants);

•Rural sector: 7.9 MillionRural sector: 7.9 Million

•Urban sector:Urban sector: 19.6 19.6 MillionMillion

•Deficit in rural sector: Deficit in rural sector:

•Coast: 25%, Coast: 25%,

•Andean Region (Sierra):41% andAndean Region (Sierra):41% and

•Amazonian Region: 34%Amazonian Region: 34%

Population Population (million (million

inhabitantsinhabitants))

National Deficit National Deficit

WaterWater SanitationSanitation

UrbanUrban 3.63.6 6.36.3

RuralRural 3.33.3 6.26.2

TotalTotal 6.96.9 12.512.5

National Context

“ “ the conventional system was never adapted to the the conventional system was never adapted to the flooded areas and small communities of our national flooded areas and small communities of our national

territory”territory”

National ContextNational Context For 2025 the fresh For 2025 the fresh

water crisis will not water crisis will not affect only affect only countries such as countries such as Ethiopia, India, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Nigeria but Kenya, Nigeria but also Perualso Peru

The tendency of the new The tendency of the new settlements in the main settlements in the main cities of Peru is to be cities of Peru is to be located in regions with lack located in regions with lack or difficult access to main or difficult access to main servicesservices

Polluting practices are prevalent in the Polluting practices are prevalent in the cities of Perucities of Peru

The amount of wastewater The amount of wastewater discharged daily in Lima is twice the discharged daily in Lima is twice the volume of the National Stadium of volume of the National Stadium of this city. (Garrido Leca, 2007)this city. (Garrido Leca, 2007)

In CENCA, we believe thatIn CENCA, we believe that : :

““the conventional system of sanitation the conventional system of sanitation (flushing and discharging) is suffering (flushing and discharging) is suffering

a crisis in the worlda crisis in the world ””

For that reason, since 1997 we For that reason, since 1997 we promotepromote ::

““a new paradigm of a new paradigm of sustainable water services and sustainable water services and sanitation management in the sanitation management in the

city”city”

ECOSAN point of viewECOSAN point of view

Avoid pollution Avoid pollution Collect, sanitize and Collect, sanitize and

reuse the residues reuse the residues generated in the generated in the sanitation processsanitation process

Optimize the nutrients Optimize the nutrients and the water and the water resources resources managementmanagement

THE ECODESS: MANAGEMENT MODEL THE ECODESS: MANAGEMENT MODEL WITH ECOLOGICAL APPROACHWITH ECOLOGICAL APPROACH

EXPERIENCE IN NIEVERIAEXPERIENCE IN NIEVERIA

Beginning: 2004 Beginning: 2004 Population: 80 families Population: 80 families Area: PeriurbanArea: Periurban

Intervention modality of ECODESSIntervention modality of ECODESS

Plan, design and implementation:Management committees: awareness, management of the project, beneficiaries selection, and participative design,

Coordination with institutions working in the field: users training, labor personal

•Participative design of the household and location of the Dry Ecological Toilet

•Sanitation networks and treatment design

Intervention modality of ECODESSIntervention modality of ECODESS

A participatory and A participatory and promotional approach,promotional approach,

An educational approach to An educational approach to develop capacities and a develop capacities and a process of cultural process of cultural acceptance,acceptance,

Institutional management Institutional management strengthening of AGUA strengthening of AGUA NIEVERIA organizationNIEVERIA organization

HOUSEHOLD SUBSYSTEM COMMUNITY SUBSYSTEM

Technological ComponentsTechnological Components

Organizing and Management Organizing and Management componentcomponent

Which supports the water and ecological Which supports the water and ecological sanitation management. A management sanitation management. A management committee is responsible for the committee is responsible for the administration, maintenance and control of administration, maintenance and control of the system,the system,

Economic componentEconomic component Since 2007, Nieveria applies the concept “Productive Since 2007, Nieveria applies the concept “Productive

Eco-sanitation”, promoting economic activities from local Eco-sanitation”, promoting economic activities from local micro-businesses related to the supplies and products of micro-businesses related to the supplies and products of ECOSANECOSAN

Technical support about ECOSANTechnical support about ECOSAN Production of supplies as dryer material, spares and Production of supplies as dryer material, spares and

accessories accessories Collecting treated dry excretes and urine from dwellings Collecting treated dry excretes and urine from dwellings

or collection centers to be carried to storage and or collection centers to be carried to storage and processing plants or Eco-stationsprocessing plants or Eco-stations

Maintenance of the neighborhood and home system of Maintenance of the neighborhood and home system of the ecological bathrooms, fat-catching chamber and bio-the ecological bathrooms, fat-catching chamber and bio-filter.filter.

Commercialization and use of recycled products as the Commercialization and use of recycled products as the dryer material. dryer material.

Validation of the ECODESSValidation of the ECODESS with the support of “Fondo de las with the support of “Fondo de las

Americas”, “Water and Sanitation Americas”, “Water and Sanitation Program” of The World Bank (WSP-Program” of The World Bank (WSP-WB) and the Environment Office of the WB) and the Environment Office of the “Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción “Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento-Perú” (MVCS. y Saneamiento-Perú” (MVCS.

Interinstitutional Consultative Interinstitutional Consultative Committee of ECODESS, constituted Committee of ECODESS, constituted by: by:

MVCS, “Fondo de las Americas”, WSP-MVCS, “Fondo de las Americas”, WSP-WB, CENCA, Universidad Nacional WB, CENCA, Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Molina-Perú, “Dirección Agraria de la Molina-Perú, “Dirección General de Salud Ambiental” General de Salud Ambiental” (DIGESA), Pan American Health (DIGESA), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), “Servicio de Organization (PAHO), “Servicio de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Lima” Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Lima” (SEDAPAL) and Asociacion Agua (SEDAPAL) and Asociacion Agua Niveria.Niveria.

This committee is editing This committee is editing a guide of the ECODESS a guide of the ECODESS and subsequently, and subsequently, proposes politics for a proposes politics for a national intervention national intervention with this approach.with this approach.

AdvantagesAdvantages In the neighborhoodIn the neighborhood

An environmental awareness is promoted in the user, An environmental awareness is promoted in the user, elevates the dignity of the families.elevates the dignity of the families.

This service save the water resource in comparison with This service save the water resource in comparison with the conventional system of hydraulic dragging. The the conventional system of hydraulic dragging. The family can save $6.00 dollars by month.family can save $6.00 dollars by month.

Environmentally, it reduces 5m3 of black water Environmentally, it reduces 5m3 of black water production by month/family. Approximately, the production by month/family. Approximately, the production of 4m3 of gray water is treated monthly to be production of 4m3 of gray water is treated monthly to be used in irrigation.used in irrigation.

On the other hand, in a periurban or rural area, it avoids On the other hand, in a periurban or rural area, it avoids monthly that a ton of excretes would be thrown in the monthly that a ton of excretes would be thrown in the public way from almost 100 families.public way from almost 100 families.

Physical-chemical analysis of the material Physical-chemical analysis of the material of the dry ecological toiletof the dry ecological toilet

The values are similar to the soil or the The values are similar to the soil or the prepared dryer material; it indicates aprepared dryer material; it indicates a

high decomposition of the excretes.high decomposition of the excretes.

The application of lime in the dryer The application of lime in the dryer mixture had as a result a great increment mixture had as a result a great increment of the PH in the residue, with values over of the PH in the residue, with values over 9, which could be appreciated 6 months 9, which could be appreciated 6 months after the accumulation of excretes had after the accumulation of excretes had finalized; the pH diminishes in the finalized; the pH diminishes in the following months.following months.

The time of ripening of the waste from the The time of ripening of the waste from the dry ecological toilet affects the electric dry ecological toilet affects the electric conductivity of the material is conductivity of the material is incremented by the greater degree of incremented by the greater degree of minerals in the organic residue minerals in the organic residue (Universidad Nacional la Molina).(Universidad Nacional la Molina).

Micro-biological analysisMicro-biological analysis The micro-biological analysis of the treated waste The micro-biological analysis of the treated waste

samples shows low values of coliforms, as well samples shows low values of coliforms, as well Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Escherichia coli and Salmonella.

The values found were lower than the detection The values found were lower than the detection limit with the “Most Probable Number” method limit with the “Most Probable Number” method (MPN) for every ripening period sampled since 6 (MPN) for every ripening period sampled since 6 to 12 months. to 12 months.

The value 4.5 coliforms/ 100 g of material was The value 4.5 coliforms/ 100 g of material was found only for the material stored by 6 months in found only for the material stored by 6 months in the chambers, nevertheless this value is also low. the chambers, nevertheless this value is also low.

Micro-biological analysisMicro-biological analysis

Protozoa’s population were not detected in the treated Protozoa’s population were not detected in the treated waste samples from the dry ecological toiled at any time waste samples from the dry ecological toiled at any time of the residue ripening; it indicates that eggs and of the residue ripening; it indicates that eggs and microbial cysts are not viable after three months of the microbial cysts are not viable after three months of the residue ripening. This would confirm the effect of drying residue ripening. This would confirm the effect of drying with the application of lime in the dryer mixture, which with the application of lime in the dryer mixture, which causes the death of the parasites inside the chamber.causes the death of the parasites inside the chamber.

These results indicate that the dry ecological toilet, These results indicate that the dry ecological toilet, provides an efficient alternative to eliminate provides an efficient alternative to eliminate contaminants faeces excretes; it produces an inert contaminants faeces excretes; it produces an inert residue, biologically stable, with low organic content and residue, biologically stable, with low organic content and without presence of pathogenic bacteria, neither other without presence of pathogenic bacteria, neither other intestinal parasites. intestinal parasites.

RecommendationsRecommendations The combination of dry land and lime in the dryer mixture in The combination of dry land and lime in the dryer mixture in

proportion 3:1 seems to be the most recommendable mixture to proportion 3:1 seems to be the most recommendable mixture to avoid the calcium carbonate excess.avoid the calcium carbonate excess.

According to the results obtained, a 6 months ripening period According to the results obtained, a 6 months ripening period seems to be sufficient to reach the objective of decomposition of seems to be sufficient to reach the objective of decomposition of excretes and sanitation of the residue inside the ecological toilets; excretes and sanitation of the residue inside the ecological toilets; nevertheless, a six months period is recommended for the total nevertheless, a six months period is recommended for the total neutralization of the lime in the treated waste and the reduction of neutralization of the lime in the treated waste and the reduction of the pH to adequate levels to recycle.the pH to adequate levels to recycle.

The chemical, physical and micro-biological characteristics of the The chemical, physical and micro-biological characteristics of the treated waste from the ecological toilet are not appropriate to treated waste from the ecological toilet are not appropriate to recycle like compost. The treated waste can be used as inert recycle like compost. The treated waste can be used as inert material in the following cases:material in the following cases:

In the preparation of a new dryer mixture; the treated waste, In the preparation of a new dryer mixture; the treated waste, previously shattered and sifted, can be used instead of soil, mixed previously shattered and sifted, can be used instead of soil, mixed with lime to get dryer material. Although, subsequent studies with lime to get dryer material. Although, subsequent studies should be made to evaluate the calcium carbonate accumulation should be made to evaluate the calcium carbonate accumulation effect in the manipulation of the mixture, subsequently.effect in the manipulation of the mixture, subsequently.

Collecting and cleaning of the Collecting and cleaning of the cambercamber

At the beginning, this service At the beginning, this service had a monthly cost. had a monthly cost. Nevertheless, it was not Nevertheless, it was not accepted by users. People in accepted by users. People in Peru do not accept this cost Peru do not accept this cost by sanitation yet.by sanitation yet.

Another alternative: The cost Another alternative: The cost

of the service would be of the service would be included in the cost of the included in the cost of the dryer material. It means that dryer material. It means that by each 10 product of 10 by each 10 product of 10 kilograms, “Agua Nieveria” kilograms, “Agua Nieveria” would offer the service of would offer the service of cleaning and maintenance of cleaning and maintenance of the ecological toilets.the ecological toilets.

Preparación y comercialización del Preparación y comercialización del material secantematerial secante

There are two There are two products on sale; the products on sale; the first one with a soil first one with a soil and lime mixture; and and lime mixture; and the second one, a soil the second one, a soil and recycled material and recycled material mixture. mixture.

The cost is $US. 2.2 The cost is $US. 2.2 for 10 Kg.for 10 Kg.

ECOSAN in PeruECOSAN in Peru Since 1997 CENCA has developed the ECOSAN Since 1997 CENCA has developed the ECOSAN

approaches in its projects; through the approaches in its projects; through the AGUAECOSANPERU Program based on a work of AGUAECOSANPERU Program based on a work of promotion, dissemination, advice and training. It has promotion, dissemination, advice and training. It has impacted in different institutions.impacted in different institutions.

Construction of 275 emergency ecological toilets in Construction of 275 emergency ecological toilets in Pisco city, with the support of OXFAM. Pisco city, with the support of OXFAM.

Construction of 150 Dry Ecological toilets in San Construction of 150 Dry Ecological toilets in San Benito village, Chincha city, with the support of “Red Benito village, Chincha city, with the support of “Red Uniendo Manos Perú”Uniendo Manos Perú”

Nowadays, we are doing the installation of Nowadays, we are doing the installation of accessories to 24 ecological toilets in the dwellings accessories to 24 ecological toilets in the dwellings built by the “Architectes de l´urgence” in a suburb of built by the “Architectes de l´urgence” in a suburb of Ica.Ica.

AdvantagesAdvantages In the national environmentIn the national environment It is a sustainable sanitation system that responds the demand for sanitation.It is a sustainable sanitation system that responds the demand for sanitation.

It contributes with an irrigation alternative to reduce the great deficit of green areas and fresh It contributes with an irrigation alternative to reduce the great deficit of green areas and fresh water. water.

Economically ECODESS would reduce 40% of investment direct cost in comparison with a Economically ECODESS would reduce 40% of investment direct cost in comparison with a conventional system (from 700 $us to 375 $us).conventional system (from 700 $us to 375 $us).

The system is feasible to apply in emergency and risk zones.The system is feasible to apply in emergency and risk zones.

The proposal would help to solve the problem of sustainability of 4,000 JASS that operate in all The proposal would help to solve the problem of sustainability of 4,000 JASS that operate in all the country and that have more than 8 million users.the country and that have more than 8 million users.

Public and private Institutions execute projects with focusPublic and private Institutions execute projects with focus ECOSAN ECOSAN and apply theand apply the ECODESS ECODESS or or its component with our advice, services or purchase of accessoriesits component with our advice, services or purchase of accessories

The ECODESS has received the “Ecoeficiencia” The ECODESS has received the “Ecoeficiencia” award offered by the GROUP of the “Pontificia award offered by the GROUP of the “Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú”Universidad Católica del Perú”

There are approximately 2,000 dry ecological toilets There are approximately 2,000 dry ecological toilets built in Peru. built in Peru. CENCA has collaborated direct and CENCA has collaborated direct and indirectly indirectly (Caritas, FCH, PUCP, Suco, Salud Sin (Caritas, FCH, PUCP, Suco, Salud Sin límites Perú, Municipalidad de Sechura, Yachachiq límites Perú, Municipalidad de Sechura, Yachachiq Solcode, Ecociudad, IPES)Solcode, Ecociudad, IPES)

The Sustainable Sanitation Network of Peru is The Sustainable Sanitation Network of Peru is working with 10 organizations with ECOSAN working with 10 organizations with ECOSAN approach.approach.

ECOSAN in PeruECOSAN in Peru

RecommendationsRecommendations To incorporate in the “Building National Regulation”, management To incorporate in the “Building National Regulation”, management

alternative systems to promote the Sustainable Sanitation.alternative systems to promote the Sustainable Sanitation.

To promote the change of user attitudes in order to contribute with the To promote the change of user attitudes in order to contribute with the rational use of the water, creating awareness to avoid consumerism and rational use of the water, creating awareness to avoid consumerism and to generate a new culture of the water use.to generate a new culture of the water use.

To promote the decentralization of the sewage processing, especially of To promote the decentralization of the sewage processing, especially of the gray water.the gray water.

Monitoring phase is a key point in the process.Monitoring phase is a key point in the process.

ChallengesChallenges It is important to do reforms that promote a It is important to do reforms that promote a

change in the sanitation paradigm of the change in the sanitation paradigm of the 21st century. Some challenges are: 21st century. Some challenges are:

To fortify a decentralized and sustainable To fortify a decentralized and sustainable management of the service, that promotes management of the service, that promotes the self-management of the service in the self-management of the service in suburbs and promotes water and sanitation suburbs and promotes water and sanitation micro-business.micro-business.

To promote a multidisciplinary management To promote a multidisciplinary management of the services;of the services;

Formation of professionals with a Formation of professionals with a sustainable vision of the water and sustainable vision of the water and sanitation services.sanitation services.

To develop the PRODUCTIVE ECO-To develop the PRODUCTIVE ECO-SANITATION with a market of nutrients from SANITATION with a market of nutrients from the residues of the ecological sanitation.the residues of the ecological sanitation.

¡¡¡¡ThanksThanks¡¡ ¡¡ JUAN CARLOS CALIZAYA LUNAJUAN CARLOS CALIZAYA LUNA

Social Entrepreneur ASHOKASocial Entrepreneur ASHOKA Partner AVINA Partner AVINA Director of the Program Director of the Program

AGUAECOSANPERU AGUAECOSANPERU CENCACENCA Partner of EcosanlacPartner of Ecosanlac Coronel Zegarra 426, Jesus Coronel Zegarra 426, Jesus

María -Lima 11/Lima / Peru María -Lima 11/Lima / Peru Phno: (511) 471- 2034 / 421-Phno: (511) 471- 2034 / 421-

5866 / 472-7499 5866 / 472-7499 Cell: Cell: (511) 9903-20877(511) 9903-20877

E- mail: E- mail: caliecosan@hotmail.comcaliecosan@hotmail.com