Upload
dodiep
View
220
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Integrated Groundwater Resources Management (IGWM)Resources Management (IGWM)
Groundwater Resources in ESCWA CountriesArabian Peninsula Sub-region
Arid to extremely arid climatic conditions irregular scantyArid to extremely arid climatic conditions, irregular scanty rainfall (<100 mm/yr), high evaporation rates (>3000 mm/yr), no reliable surface water supplyDepends entirely on Groundwater (91%), Desalination plants (7.2%), Treated wastewater (1.7%)
Mashriq + Egypt Sub-regionArid and semi-arid, 70% of the region receives <250 mmShared rivers originating outside the regionGroundwater use and reliance is on the rise, due to
Population growthIncreasing agricultural, industrial, municipal demandsShortage in surface water supplies and un-accessibilityS o ge su ce w e supp es d u ccess b yDegradation of surface water resources
Status of Groundwater Resources in ESCWA
Unplanned Utilization and MismanagementOver-drafting of groundwater resources
Continuous and sharp declines in groundwater levelsS li d i i d i i dSevere quality deterioration due to seawater invasion and deep connate water intrusion
Groundwater Quality Deterioration Due toGroundwater Quality Deterioration Due to Anthropogenic Activities
Agricultural Activities (irrigation return flows carryingAgricultural Activities (irrigation return flows carrying pollutants, e.g. pesticides, fertilizers, elevated TDS)Domestic Activities (e.g., septic tanks, municipal l dfill )landfills, etc.)Industrial Activities (e.g., leaking underground fuel storage tanks surface and subsurface disposal of oil fieldstorage tanks, surface and subsurface disposal of oil field brines, industrial landfills, etc.)
Impacts of Groundwater Deterioration
When evaluating the impact of groundwater
Impacts of Groundwater Deterioration
g p gdepletion and deterioration on society, two key issues are usually considered:
the level of reliance on groundwater the marginal cost (the cost of providing replacement supplies from another source)supplies from another source)
Furthermore, in ESCWA region groundwater has a scarcity valuea scarcity value
The opportunity cost for alternative or competing uses (e.g., agriculture vs. industrial or domestic) need to be incorporatedits functional value in maintaining the fragile ecosystemecosystem
Impacts of Groundwater DeteriorationDiminishing of groundwater supplies (increasing overall water shortage and scarcity)Damage the environment (biodiversity, desertification, water-dependent flora and fauna, etc..)Health Impacts and Risks
Spread of Waterborne diseases, especially diarrheal diseasesHigh DALY per year (Disability Adjusted Life Year, in years), a measure of the loss of healthy human life because of both premature mortality and disabilityy y
Social and Economic ImpactsHuman suffering and loss of life (priceless economically and socially)g (p y y)High health treatment expendituresLoss of tourism and foreign exchange earnings (e.g., Egypt, Jordan)Etc..
Over-exploitation of Groundwater Resources & Impacts on Society
Case StudyKingdom of Bahrain
Groundwater over-draft250
300
s
Aquifer Safe Yield
Wells Abstraction150
200
on c
ubic
met
ers
Natural SpringsDischarge
0
50
100
Mill
io
Dammam Aquifer Abstraction History1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year Historical salinity (1965)
6-1.4-1.
2-1.0-0
.8-0.6-0 .4-0.
2-0.00.
20.4
0 .60.81 .01.2
1 .41.61 .82.0
Water Level, m (sea level)
360003800040000420004400046000480005000052000
-1.8-1.6
1400016000180002000022000240002600028000300003200034000
Potentiometric 2000400060008000100001200014000
Potentiometric Surface (2001)
Surface (1925)
Dammam Aquifer Salinity (2001)
Agricultural Lands loss
Natural Springs Dry-up and Loss
Al-Shaikh Al-Safahiyah Al-Raha
-195
0s19
40s-
90s
199
Source: Hind AlQusaibi, 1997
Environmental Degradation & Habitat Destruction
Loss of indigenous animal species (frogs, turtles, etc..)Destruction of migratory birds habitatLoss of BiodiversityKnown and hidden ecosystem services and functions are compromised (provisioning & regulating services)Non material losses of springs
Spiritual & Religious Recreation and eco-tourismAestheticI i i lInspirationalEducationalCultural heritageCultural heritage
Economical Costs
The marginal cost = cost of providing replacement supplies from another sourcesupp es o a ot e sou ce
Equal to the aquifer natural recharge rate (100 Mm3/y)Seawater desalination and/or treated wastewaterSeawater desalination and/or treated wastewater (depending on use)About 60 Million Bahraini Dinars annuallyAbout 60 Million Bahraini Dinars annually (Abdulghaffar, 2000)
Other costs that need to be calculatedOther costs that need to be calculatedLoss of agricultural landsL f t l i d th i t dLoss of natural springs and their monetary and non-monetary valuesLoss of biodiversity and its functionsLoss of biodiversity and its functionsEtc.
Integrated Water Resources ManagementIntegrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Framework
Ecological Sustainability
Enabling EnvironmentEnvironment
Policies
Legislation
Fora & mechanisms for participation
Assessment
Regulatory Inst
Organiz. Framework
Financing & Incentives
International ti
Regulatory Inst.
Demand Management
Economic Tools, …
Capacity Building
Management boundaries
Economic Efficiency Social Equity
cooperation, …
Enabling Environment and Institutional Rolesb g v o e d s u o o es
IWRM is contingent upon the instigation ofg p geffective legal frameworksound institutional directivessound institutional directives effective human resource development
With t i t li i i tit ti tWithout appropriate policies, institutions cannot function!without appropriate institutions, policies will not work!!without a set of policies and institutions, management instruments are irrelevant!!!
Key Challenges for GW Management
Supply-Driven Groundwater Integrated Groundwater Resources
y g g
Supply Driven Groundwater Development Leading to a
“Vicious Cycle”
Integrated Groundwater Resources Management Leading to a
“Virtuous Cycle”THERE IS MUCH TO BE THERE IS MUCH TO BE
DONEDONE
TO MOVE FROM THE TO MOVE FROM THE CURRENT CYCLE TO CURRENT CYCLE TO THE OTHER CYCLE!THE OTHER CYCLE!
(Source: GWMATE, 2003)
Stages of Groundwater Resource Development in a
Most of the aquifers in the
Arabian Peninsula
e.g., Groundwater exploitation, Bahrain, 1925-2002
250
300
m3Resource Development in a
Major Aquifer and their Corresponding Management Needs
Arabian Peninsula
0
50
100
150
200
Abs
trac
tion,
Mm
Needs 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Year
Sustainable Level of resource development
actio
n )
Required Management
Tota
l Abs
tra
Rat
e (Q Management
InterventionsLevel 3A
T
(Source: GWMATE, 2003)
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS & INSTRUMENTS
LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF CORRESPONDING TOOL OR INSTRUMENT(according to hydraulic stress stage), Source: GWMATE, 2003
0 1 2 3
TECHNICAL TOOLSResource Assessment basic knowledge of aquifer conceptual model based on field
datanumerical models operational with simulation of different abstraction.
models linked to decision-support and used for planning and management
Quality Evaluation no quality constraints quality variability is issue in water quality processes understood quality integrated in allocation plansQuality Evaluation no quality constraints experienced
quality variability is issue in allocation
water quality processes understood quality integrated in allocation plans
Aquifer Monitoring no regular monitoring program
project monitoring, ad-hoc exchange of data
monitoring routines established monitoring programs used for management decisions
INSTITUTIONAL INSTRUMENTSWater Rights customary water rights occasional local clarification of
water rights (via court cases)recognition that societal changes override customary water rights
dynamic rights based on management plans
Regulatory Provisions only social regulation restricted regulation (e.g. licensing of new wells, restrictions on drilling)
active regulation and enforcement by dedicated agency
facilitation and control of stakeholder self-regulation
Water Legislation no water legislation preparation of groundwater resource law discussed
legal provision for organization of groundwater users
full legal framework for aquifer management
Stakeholder Participation little interaction between regulator and water users
reactive participation and development of user organizations
Stakeholder organizations co-opted into management structure
stakeholders and regulator share responsibility for aquifer management
Awareness and Education
groundwater is considered an infinite and free resource
finite resource (campaigns for water conservation and protection)
economic good and part of an integrated system
effective interaction and communication between stakeholders
Economic Instruments economic externalities hardly recognized (exploitation
only symbolic charges for water abstraction
recognition of economic value (reduction and targeting of fuel
economic value recognized (adequate charging and increased possibility of g ( p
subsidized)( g gsubsidies)
g g p yreallocation)
MANAGEMENT ACTIONS
Prevention of Side Effects little concerns for side effects recognition of (short- and long-term) side effects
preventive measures in recognition of in-situ value
mechanism to balance extractive uses and in-situ values
Resources Allocation limited allocation constraints competition between users priorities defined for extractive use equitable allocation of extractive uses and in-situ values
Pollution Control few controls over land use and waste disposal
land surface zoning but no proactive controls
control over new point source pollution and/or siting of new wells in safe zones
control of all point and diffuse sources of pollution; mitigation of existing contamination
e.g., Levels of Groundwater Management Tools, Instruments and I t ti N B h i
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT TOOLS &
LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF CORRESPONDING TOOL OR INSTRUMENT
Interventions Necessary: Bahrain
TOOLS & INSTRUMENTS
0: BASELINE SITUATION
1: INCIPIENT STRESS
2: SIGNIFICANT STRESS
3: UNSTABLE DEVELOPMENT
TECHNICAL TOOLSResource AssessmentResource Assessment
Quality Evaluation
Aquifer Monitoring
INSTITUTIONAL INSTRUMENTSINSTITUTIONAL INSTRUMENTSWater Rights
Regulatory Provisions
W t L i l tiWater Legislation
Stakeholder Participation
Awareness and Education
Economic Instruments
Major Deficiency
AreasEconomic Instruments
MANAGEMENT ACTIONSPrevention of Side Effects
R All tiResources Allocation
Pollution Control
(Source GWMATE, 2003)
Groundwater Management Strategies
Approaches Needed to Stabilize Heavily-Stressed AquifersApproaches Needed to Stabilize Heavily Stressed Aquifers
Groundwater Quality ProtectionA. Regional: Groundwater vulnerability AssessmentTo provide policy makers with a planning document indicatingTo provide policy makers with a planning document indicating groundwater regions most susceptible to contamination so that land management practices can be optimized to protect groundwater resources
Terminology Involvedgy
Example, Vulnerability AssessmentExample, Vulnerability Assessment
DRASTIC Methodology, GIS N441000 450000 459000 468000
2907000 2907000
Aquifer Media
Depth to Water
0 2
2898000 2898000
Soil Media
Aquifer Media
880000
288000
2889000 2889000
Topography (Slope)
2871000 2871000
28
00
Hydraulic Conductivity
Impact of Vadose Zonevulnerability.shp
Very low vulnerabilityLow vulnerabilityM d t l bilit
2862000 2862000
y yMederate vulnerabilityHigh vulnerabilityVery high vulnerability
441000 450000 459000 468000
2853000 2853000
1000000000 0 1000000000 2000000000 Meters
Groundwater Vulnerability MapGroundwater Vulnerability Dammam Aquifer, Bahrain
Cont., Example, Pollution Hazard AssessmentCont., Example, Pollution Hazard Assessment441000 450000 459000
2907000 2907000
441000 450000 459000
2907000 2907000
M i i l L dfill
Pollution Hazard Assessment
Gasoline Stations 2889000 2889000
2898000 2898000
2889000 2889000
2898000 2898000
Municipal Landfills
Industrial Activities441000 450000 459000
288000
0 2880000
vulnerability.shpVery low vulnerability
Veg_ut.shp N441000 450000 459000
2880000 2880000
Theme1.shp0 - 25 %25 - 50 %
N
Agricultural & Poultry
Septic TanksVery low vulnerabilityLow vulnerabilityMederate vulnerabilityHigh vulnerabilityVery high vulnerability
500000000 0 500000000 1000000000 Meters
vulnerability.shpVery low vulnerabilityLow vulnerabilityMederate vulnerabilityHigh vulnerabilityVery high vulnerability
25 50 %50 - 75 %75 - 100 %
500000000 0 500000000 1000000000 Meters
441000 450000 459000441000 450000 459000
2907000 2907000
Agricultural & Poultry
+
2889000 2889000
2898000 2898000
9000
2889
2898000 2898000
GW Vulnerability Map
441000 450000 459000
2880000 2880000
2 0
Stations shp N441000 450000 459000
2880000 2880000
2889
9000
GW Pollution Hazardvulnerability.shp
Very low vulnerabilityLow vulnerabilityMederate vulnerabilityHigh vulnerabilityVery high vulnerability
Stations.shp
600000 0 600000 Kilometers
vulnerability.shpVery low vulnerabilityLow vulnerabilityMederate vulnerabilityHigh vulnerabilityVery high vulnerability
Indst_ut.shp
500000000 0 500000000 1000000000 Meters
N
Groundwater Quality ProtectionB. Local: Wellhead protection areaDefine surface and subsurface zones from which the well receivesDefine surface and subsurface zones from which the well receives water and which therefore must be protected from potential contamination, and therefore restrict activities that would generate such contamination (e.g., septic tanks, grazing, etc..)
M th d Ti f T l (TOT) i th ti l d lMethod: Time of Travel (TOT), using mathematical models
Idealized scheme of surface sanitary zones and groundwater flowand groundwater flow
perimeter for the protection of a water
ll i fi dwell in an unconfined aquifer
Example: Wadi AlExample: Wadi Al--Jizzi, Sultanate of OmanJizzi, Sultanate of Oman
Management of Non-Renewable “fossil”G d RGroundwater Resources
The Problem of defining the term “sustainability” for non-The Problem of defining the term sustainability for non-renewable groundwater resourcesTwo situations: unplanned utilization & planned schemes (seeTwo situations: unplanned utilization & planned schemes (see next slide)Planned schemes include
orderly utilization, with expected benefits and predicted impacts over a specified time-frameappropriate ‘exit strategies’ identified, identified, developed and implemented by the time that the aquifer is seriously d l ddepletedbalanced socioeconomic choices on the use of aquifer storage reser es and on the transition to a s bseq ent lessstorage reserves and on the transition to a subsequent less water-dependent economy
Targets of nonTargets of non--renewable groundwater resourcesrenewable groundwater resources
Cont., GCC Water Resources & Use
Targets of nonTargets of non--renewable groundwater resources renewable groundwater resources management in rationalization scenario following management in rationalization scenario following
indiscriminate and excessive exploitationindiscriminate and excessive exploitationpp
we are here, but which way to go next?y g
Management ToolsA. Monitoring, a pre-requisite for management
Monitoring of groundwater abstraction and uses and aquiferMonitoring of groundwater abstraction and uses, and aquifer response (levels and quality) is the foundation on which groundwater management is basedIt provides information that permits rational management decisions on the resource and sustainability issues:
Understanding flow system and baseline water quality beforeUnderstanding flow system and baseline water quality before development changesIdentifying actual and emerging problems of local overdraft (quantity) or water pollution (quality); Providing independent information on the rate of use of the resource especially where the regulatory system is deficient;resource, especially where the regulatory system is deficient; Evaluating the effectiveness of management actions, including remedial measures to halt or reverse adverse trends in water quality or quantity
Despite the obvious benefits of monitoring programs it isDespite the obvious benefits of monitoring programs, it is common to find that monitoring programs are the first functions to be cut back when resources are scarce!There are also cases where programs originally devised for preliminary survey purposes have been continued blindly long
t th if t t d i t thpast the aquifer resource assessment stage and into the development phase without any revision to reflect emerging conditions and new groundwater prioritiesconditions and new groundwater prioritiesTwo vital monitoring axioms
Any program needs to be judged in terms of the information it will generate (data useful and tailored to management requirements)Regular reassessment of aims is the best protection forRegular reassessment of aims is the best protection for monitoring programs, which are often regarded as an optional luxury that is costly, resource-consuming, andoptional luxury that is costly, resource consuming, and potentially sensitive in the political arena
Example, Spatial Optimization of Groundwater Salinity Example, Spatial Optimization of Groundwater Salinity Monitoring Network using GeostatisticsMonitoring Network using Geostatistics
0. 2 2
0. 2 4
0. 2 6
0. 2 8
0. 3
0. 3 2
0. 3 4
0. 3 6
0. 3 8
w E
rror
g gg g
0. 0 8
0. 1
0. 1 2
0. 1 4
0. 1 6
0. 1 8
0. 2
0 75
0 . 8
Raw
or
0 2
0 . 25
0 . 3
0 . 35
0 . 4
0 . 45
0 . 5
0 . 55
0 . 6
0 . 65
0 . 7
0 . 75
ight
ed E
rro
1
0 . 05
0 . 1
0 . 15
0 . 2
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Wei
g
0.6
0.8
1
Val
ue
Raw Error Weighted Error
0.2
0.4
Err
or V
Error Analysis (the worth of more data)
0Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Optimized Monitoring NetworkBahrain
Management ToolsB. Groundwater Simulation Modeling, an essential tool
for managementfor managementSimulation models are an efficient management and planning tool for the development of complex aquifer systemsp p q yIf properly constructed, they are useful to
Estimate the effects of future development/management h h dschemes on the groundwater system
Aid in understanding of the overall behavior of a given aquifer systemaquifer system
The computed result of an aquifer simulation is the potentiometric surface distribution of the aquifer and the salinity p q ydistribution in the aquifer or the concentration of a particular contaminant species, which are the critical factor in water
d l iresources management and planning