INTB 3351 Final Exam Review

Week 8Study GuideMonday, 10/10On-Line Video: The Prize: Crude Diplomacy (links to streamed clips in Week 8 folder)

1. How did the United States beat out Great Britain in establishing and solidifying the “special relationship” with Saudi Arabia? What were the key events?

- September 14, 1939, Americans suspected that there were British anthropologists disguised as “bug hunters”. US have been relying on the British to maintain stability in the Middle East and an environment in which private companies could operate. US were afraid that the British would use their political connections with the king of Saudi Arabia to push the US Company out. But the British could have gotten the oil if they really wanted to. Instead, the British told Saudi Arabia to take the American money because they don’t have any oil there. Fortunately, the American company SOCAL received the concession because they were not a party to the Red Line agreement.

-Washington had a fear of an oil shortage, the security and availability of Saudi oil took on urgent significance. In the middle of WWII – American government realized that oil was important for military strategy.- Harold Icke encouraged oil companies to help production grow in Saudi Arabia and the government were to not intervene. Ickes sent America’s leading geologist to Saudi Arabia to assess the potential of the new oil discoveries and he declared that the Middle East would oil’s new center of gravity. The oil in this region is the single greatest prize in all history.

- President Roosevelt arranged to meet the desert ruler to establish a relationship between two countries. At the meeting, oil and Israel were introduced and discussed together for the first time. The King was interested in Roosevelt when he stated the idea of creating the state of Israel in Palestine. The King said it would make more just to create the state in Germany after the war.

- New relationship grew– Roosevelt had given the King a DC3 airplane.-British heard about this gift and decided to give a customized Rolls Royce to the King. They went through a lot of pain in customizing it but ended up unsatisfying the King by misplacing the steering wheel which meant dishonor.

2. Describe the relationship formed between U.S. major oil firms and American government in the Middle East after World War II.- President Truman created the Marshall Plan, a massive American Aid Program that would help rebuild devastated Europe and contain Communism. This was where the Arabian oil played its part.- Oil companies would deliver and become vehicles of the national interest in foreign oil. National Interest was oil from the Middle East for Europe and Japan for Economic recovery which was crucial to stability, to democracy and to the containment of Communism in Asia.

- A new relationship was emerging between the US and Saudi Arabia. There was a clear policy within the government– rapid oil development in the Middle East was a good idea because it would conserve resources in the Western hemisphere so anything to support Saudi Arabia was a good idea.- Access to oil was vital to Saudi’s economic development and the American relationship to Saudi was very important to security. Saudi Arabia was encircled and the King needed help so he turned to America.- The Middle East took over fueled Europe and Japan. The rest of the world was following US thus leaving the world in more need of oil, shifting from coal to oil. The world needed more Saudi oil.- ARAMCO expanded and the American government’s position was to stay out of the oil business but to reinforce things the companies did. Frequently – when companies ask for policies to pass. The official response was “no objections” – code word for the government supporting you.- Establishment of State of Israel puts American government in an awkward position. The oil companies take revision over oil and build relations with Saudi - ARAMCO. US government has to take care of its actions.- Companies dealing with the state department were in secret meetings.

3. How was the Iranian Consortium a “culmination of thirty years of effort to control world supply” by the major oil companies? What were the obstacles to this effort? - Bring Iranian oil to world market in a orderly fashion (by America government). Build viable control of world oil. 8 major and 9 independent oil companies. Americans reluctant to be drawn in to unstable politics in iran. By handling management of iran increasing oil output, hoping to stabilize iran.

Obstacles = anti-trust laws. Anti-trust suit against major oil companies by USA dept of justice. In the end govt had to choose increase competition and national security. chose Security and stability in middle east and oil markets over uncertainties created by increased competition

4. What was the effect of the “oil system” established in the 1950s? Who did it work for, and against?- 20 years of cheap oil prices for the West but 20 years of military dictatorship for the Iranian people. The question of “Who did it for and against?”- Depends on where one stands.

- In economic terms – things were getting better for oil producing countries. Revenues were rising rapidly and economies were growing fast. But if you lived in one of those oil countries, the Western companies still looked imperial and impregnable. Nationalism was rising and as the western world was growing more on the dependent of oil. The balance of power was shifting from the companies to the countries.

TERMS:

IBN Saud - Founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia who, with the help of Wahhabi Islamist warriors, conquered the region of Arabia.50-50 split - Saudi Arabia, following the actions Venezuela undertook, demanded a 50% share of the profit the oil made. Aramco agreed but wrote the payment off on their taxes as a foreign taxAnglo-Iranian Oil Company - Founded in 1908 and later became BP.Mohammad Mossadegh - Democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran who nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and her oil fields

Wednesday, 10/12Reading: Anthony Sampson, The Seven Sisters, pp. 104-166 (PDF file in Week 8 folder)

1. How and why did the American oil companies, Socal (Chevron) and Texaco, gain the oil concession in Saudi Arabia, as opposed to the other major oil companies? Why was the ruler of Saudi Arabia eager to do business with the Americans? (pp. 104-109)--They were not party to the Red Line Agreement, which prevented other companies from exploring alone in Saudi Arabia.--Acting on behalf of London syndicate speculating in oil concessions in the Middle East, Frank Holmes approached British Petroleum (BP) about oil prospects in Bahrain but turned down the offer due to oil already discovered in Iraq and Iran. Holmes than approached Exxon but Teagle rejected the rights to the oil concessions for $50,000.

Holmes then approached Gulf who paid the $50,000 and sent their own geologist to the field. However, due to the Red Line agreement Gulf was unable to go through on their own as the other members of the agreement expressed no interest. Socal, an American company bought the $50,000 option from Gulf and sent in their first geologist to Bahrain and in 1931 struck oil.

t. John Philby (who suggested that the King exploit the country’s natural resources), arranged a meeting with philanthropist Charles Crane who than arranged for an American geologist, Karl Twitchell, to prospect for minerals. Twitchell was encouraged by what he saw and approached several American companies regarding oil exploration on the King’s behalf.

One by one he was turned down until Socal engaged him as their adviser. Socal also offered Philby a reward if he was able to broker a deal on Socal’s behalf. At this time, after the discovery of oil in Bahrain which provided sufficient evidence for oil in Arabia, Sir John Cadman of BP insisted on the IPC to prospect together in Arabia. The IPC was more concerned about keeping the Americans out rather than drilling for oil and offered the King only ₤10,000 – not in gold.

Socal, advised by Philby, offered a “better” deal for the King: an immediate loan of ₤ 30,000 with another ₤ 20,000 eighteen months later and an annual rent of ₤ 5,000 – all in gold. The King agreed and Philby was given ₤ 1,000 as a reward from Socal.

As drilling commenced in Arabia and oil came into production in Bahrain, Socal realized it was short on capital and marketing outlets. They found a partner who was not bound by the Red Line agreement in Texaco which bought a half-share in both Bahrain and Arabia.

The British were only willing to give the King rupees whereas the Americans were willing to pay more and in gold, which the King desired.

2. What were the “two opposite foreign policies” of the United States in the Middle East? What was the U.S. State Department’s solution? (pp. 119-125)

--The “two opposite foreign policies” of the US in the Middle East was the support of the state of Israel, which was critical for votes at home and honor, and Arabia, which was critical for oil.The State Department’s solution was to delegate their diplomacy in the oil countries as far as possible to the oil companies, and to regard them as an autonomous kind of government.

3. How and why were the major U.S. oil companies able to avoid criminal anti-trust convictions for their join agreements in the Middle East? (pp. 144-150; 158-159)--Due to the nationalization of oil in Iran by Mohammad Mosaddegh, the case against the seven sisters was reduced from a criminal case to a civil one (which was dropped) because of the issue of national security due to the fear of Communism spreading into Iran.

4. How did the major oil companies use their control over the Iranian concession to control the global supply of oil? (pp. 155-159)--They agreed to restrict oil production from Iran to avoid a worldwide glut.--The oil companies followed a formula called “Aggregate Programmed Quantity” whereby, for example, if Exxon or Texaco wanted less oil in Iran due to their commitments in Saudi Arabia, BP and Shell would have to restrict their production by the same amount. They agreed to restrict oil production from Iran to avoid a worldwide glut.

TERMS ( IDENTIFY BY HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE, TIME, AND PLACE )

Harold Ickes (P 113-119) - Secretary of the Interior who held the post of Petroleum Administrator for War.Fifty-Fifty Deal (P 129-131) - Perez Alfonso’s plan by which the Venezuelan government and oil companies should have a 50-50 share in all oil profits.Golden Gimmick (P 132) - Aramco’s scheme to get around the double taxation of its corporate income. The share of the profit given to the King of Saudi Arabia was considered as a foreign income tax which was deducted from the company’s tax bill.Posted Price (P 133) - Price at which companies would sell their oil to anyone and on this price would be based the taxes paid to each government.Suez Crisis (P 164-166) - An offensive war fought by France, Britain, and Israel against Egypt after Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal. It began as a result of Israeli military action against Egypt in the Sinai and Suez Canal zone.Lecture Outline Please fill out as much information as you can that was discussed in the lectureThe Globalization of Oil, 1945-1986

1. Post-WWII Supply System

Saudi Arabia Aramco (Arab American Oil Company) Tapline and Truman Doctrine “50-50 Split” Iran Anglo-Persian Oil Company (BP) Overthrow of Mossadegh

Suez Crisis (1956) Challenge from Mattei and ENI

2. Rise of OPEC Changes in world oil economy in the 1950s Founding and strengthening of OPEC in 1960s OPEC Embargo (1973) – “First Oil Shock” Rising prices, re-negotiations of oil concessions in the 1970s, NOCs Iranian Revolution (1979) – “Second Oil Shock”

3. OPEC Undermined Growth in non-OPEC production: Alaska, North Sea, Mexico

OPEC failed to enforce production quotas Oil price collapse, 1985-1986

TERMSConcession - right to natural resourcesAramco - is the state-owned oil company of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It ranks first among oil companies worldwide in terms of crude oil production and exports, and natural gas liquids (NGL) exports, and is among the leading producers of natural gasOPEC - the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded in Baghdad, Iraq, with the signing of an agreement in September 1960 by five countries namely Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and VenezuelaGhawar - The Ghawar Oil Field is by far the largest conventional oil field in the world and accounts for more than half of the cumulative oil production of Saudi Arabia.Enrico Mattei - owned the world's sixth largest oil company and to play a leading role in the oil industryMuammar al-Qaddafi - Former Libyan political leader.

Week 9Study GuideMonday, 10/17On-line Video: The New Age of Wal-Mart, entire (CNBC, streamed at Hulu.com)http :// www . hulu . com / watch /103756/ cnbc - originals - the - new - age - of - walmart # s - p 1- so - i 0 *Watch for discussion that opens on Thursday, October 20

1. Why has Wal-Mart become such as divisive force in communities across the United States? How would you describe Wal-Mart’s relationship with its workers?

--Walmart has become big because they drive out small competition with their low prices. They research the area of a city: traffic flow, location , etc. and they employ many unemployed workers by opening new stores. The relationships with their workers are on rocky terms as there have been many unions lately. Workers feel that due to Walmart’s huge success that they should be paid more and have better benefits like health care.

2. How would you describe the company’s relationships with overseas suppliers? Is Wal-Mart responsible for the exploitation of foreign workers? Are workers in foreign “sweatshops” exploited?--Walmarts relationship with overseas suppliers is poor. It’s because their international success has put pressure on employees in factories to meet with the demands of Walmart forcing them to work on low wages, poor conditions, and working overtime as long as 24 hours.

3. How did Wal-Mart overhaul its U.S. stores and corporate organization in recent years? Was this just an image makeover, or has it changed more than its image? What hasn’t changed?--By promoting that they were becoming “environment-friendly” through recycling of products. They do have recycling centers to prove their attempt at an image change, but there are still some people that believe it is just at PR stunt. Its desire to drive down costs hasn’t changed.

Wednesday, 10/19The End of Bretton Woods and the Long StagnationReading: Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox, pp. 76-88, 101-111

1. What were the two developments that undermined the “Bretton Woods Consensus”?As world trade and finance expanded, the “policy space” contracted, The IMF proved inadequate. The US fixed exchange rates could no longer be sustained.

The two developments that undermined the Bretton Woods Consensus were free capital flows and market demanded exchange rates. (pg 104)

What replaced the Bretton Woods system? (pp. 101-104) 2-an agenda of deep integration on free capital mobility wcxould replace the b.w. compromise, floating exchange rates as well as no capital controls.

2. Why did the international economic system become so unstable after 1973? 1. 3 Major cycles of dollar depreciation followed by appreciation. Ups and downs to the pound that were

superimposed. Floating currencies became a source of instability rather than a safety valve for the international economic system.

2. Oil shock (1973 first oil shock) and stagflation (pg 101)

Do you agree with Rodrik’s analysis, or might you think of other factors that contributed to this instability? (pp. 106-111)Please answer in red font color

3. Why did the World Trade Organization (WTO) come to replace GATT? The WTO envisaged both a significant ramping up of ambitions with respect to economic globalization and a dramatic re-balancing of nation states’ domestic and international responsibilities.

Why has the WTO been so controversial? (pp. 76-84)Among many reasons the WTO was accused of discrimination, and lack of enforcement of rules. Developing countries felt cheated by the Uruguay round and the US locked horns with the European union and Japan over the dismantling of agricultural subsidies and barriers.-[P

TermsWashington Consensus (p. 77): Belief system that combined excessive optimism about what markets could achieve on their own with a very bleak view of the capacity of governments to act in socially desirable ways. Governments stood in the way of markets and had to be cut down in size.

Doha Round (p. 82): “Development Round”. Agriculture-centered round that focused on the needs of developing countries and helped isolate the European Union.

James Tobin (pp. 107-108): a Keynesian economist at Yale. He argued that capital mobility prevented nations from pursing monetary and fiscal policies that differ from those in other economies and therefore undermined the conduct of policies appropriate to the domestic economy. He also argued that large shifts in funds across nations or large movements in exchange rates have serious and painful real internal economic consequences. He proposed two solutions: adopt a single world currency and emulate globally what was true domestically or, the more realistic one, tax international currency transactions-“Tobin tax”

Timeline1950 Tab: End of Bretton Woods (1968-1971) By late 1960s. the Vietnam War was hurting the US economy and undermined US political and economic power in the world. Rather than raising taxes to finance the war, the gov borrowed and printed money, which pushed pries and interest rates up and fueled a mounting inflationary spiral. Combined with US foreign investment and increasing oil imports, and foreign competition, spending on the VN War created “gold crisis” in 1968. With the $ fixed in value at $35/ounce and an excess of dollars floating around the world (which meant their market value was probably a lot less than $35/ounce), foreign banks began exchanging their dollars for gold. This put pressure on the BW System of fixed exchange rate and hampered the ability of US to cont prosecuting the VN War. Led to Pres Nixon to respond, removing the surcharge in return for obtaining new world monetary arrangements. The new arrangements terminated the fixed system of monetary exchange rates established by BW. Currencies were no longer fixed by government policy in relation to each other, they were allowed to “float.” Debt Crisis of the 1980s (1982-1989)

The origins of the debt crisis of the 1980s may be traced back to and through the lurching efforts of the world’s gov to cope with economic instabilities of the 1970s. This story is familiar, even if arguments persist about how much space to give to each cause; the severance of the dollar-gold linkage in 1971, the shift of floating exchange rates in 1973, etc that brought a sharp rise in world interest rates and sustained appreciation of the dollar. By late 1970s, developing countries were able to borrow freely in rapidly growing international private credit markets, at low interest rates that were for a while negative in real terms. Money-center banks had received large deposits from oil-exporting countries and the saw oil-importing developing countries as a prime mkt for increased lending. Many countries took advantage and external debt cont to rise both absolutely and in relation to output. The Brady Plan (1989) Beg in 1989, agreements brokered by Nicholas Brady, US Secretary of the Treasury, turned commercial loans to indebted Third World gov into tradable bonds, which facilitated risk-spreading and trading of emerging market debt, assisted b Plaza Accord (1985) The Plaza Accord was made at Plaza Hotel in NYC by gov of France, West Germany, Japan, US, and UK to devalue US dollar in relation to Jap yen and German Deutsche Mark by intervening in international currency markets. Purpose of devaluation was to reduce US current account deficit and help US reemerge from recession. Higher value of the dollar made US industry less competitive in world market and transmitted inflation to US trading partners. It succeeded in reducing the US trade deficit with W Europe but NOT with Japan due to Jap re-structural restrictions on imports. (Louvre Accord in 1987 successfully reduced USD in relation to Jap yen). End of the Cold War (1989-1991) Cold War began to break down in late 1980s during Soviet leader Gorbachev. He dismantled the totalitarian aspects of the Soviet system and began efforts to democratize the Soviet political system. In late 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed with 15 newly independent nations were born from its corpse, including a Russia with a democratically elected anticommunist leader. Birth of the Internet World Wide Web (1990) WWW is a system of interlinked hypertext docs contained on the Internet. Using concepts from earlier hypertext systems, English physicist Berners-Lee, new the Director of WWW Consortium, wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the WWW.2000 Tab: World Trade Organization (1995) WTO is the global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreemtns and its goal is to help producers of goods and services,, exporters, and importers conduct their business. Previously known as GATT. Seattle WTO Protest (1999) In Nov 1999, at a WTO ministerial meeting in Seattle, estimated 100 000 protesters turned out to denounce corporate led free trade agreemtns brokered by the WTO. It was a significant movement in the history of popular protests, disrupting the meetings of the world’s most influential trade-governing body. Although most activists were protecting the unfairness of the established model of free trade and globalization – not international trade and globalization itself, the media portrayed the “battle of Seattle” as an expression of an antiglobalization movement.

Lecture Outline Please fill out as much information as you can that was discussed in the lecture

The Emergence of the Second Global Economy, 1971-1998Gold crisis

● Expansion in U.S. government spending and outflow of dollars resulting from:○ Keynesian, full employment policies.○ Growing U.S. trade deficits and oil imports.○ Increasing FDI by U.S. MNCs

● Massive military spending:○ Nuclear arms and space races ○ Vietnam War

● “Guns and Butter” – rather than increasing taxes to pay for military expenditures in 1960s, U.S. government borrowed and printed money

○ This led to a dollar glut in world economy, an overvalued dollar (in relation to gold), and thus a mounting gold crisis.

● End of Bretton-Woods System (1969-1971)

1961-1968:● Foreign central banks and investors cashed in $7 billion in gold, draining 40% of U.S. gold reserves.

January 1968:● Foreign central banks made a run on U.S. gold (selling overvalued dollars for gold)● U.S. business and financial interests moved in opposition to Vietnam War, which undermined

presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson. 1969-1970:

● Efforts to relieve pressure on dollar and halt the run on gold failed. Options:

● Cut U.S. government spending to prop up dollar.● Raise interest rates to prop up dollar.● End the “dollar-for gold promise.”

1971:● President Richard Nixon suspended convertibility of dollars into gold and imposed 10% import

surcharge (to ease balance of payments deficit), thus terminating the Bretton Woods monetary arrangements.·

Post Bretton Woods End of Long Boom:

● Short term: “Stagflation”(recession and inflation at the same time)● Long term: “Long Downturn”

· World GDP growth rate:○ 1950-1973 – 5% ○ 1973-2002 – 2.7

o Increased Global Capital Flows:§ After collapse of BWS, “managed” and then “floating” currency rates. Removal of capital controls.§ Increased international flows of short-term capital.§ Chronic financial crises in global economy.

· Recycling of Petrodollars

o Oil state “petrodollar” deposits (1973-1981: $500 billion) made possible a huge lending spree by U.S. commercial banks to NICS and oil-importing Third World governments, which needed to borrow to finance imports.o Massive arms purchases by Middle East oil states using petrodollarso U.S. arms sales abroad:

§ 1960s - $2 billion/year§ 1970s - $17 billion/year

o In effect, oil shocks resulted in a large transfer of money from U.S. consumers to oil states, oil companies, international banks, and U.S. defense industry.· Second Oil Shocko The Iranian Revolution disrupted crude oil exports, sending crude oil prices to $40/barrel.o Soaring oil prices intensified inflation.o Iran and inflation generated domestic and foreign policy crises for incumbent Democratic U.S. president, Jimmy Carter.o Election of Republican Ronald Reagan in 1980.· Reagan “Revolution”o Ronald Reagan (U.S. president, 1980-1988) is usually credited for three things:

§ “Free market” reforms: tax cuts and deregulation.· “Supply Side” or “Trickle Down” economics (“Reaganomics”); belief that cutting taxes and social spending will create investment and jobs; tax cut effect will trickle down from investors to workers.· Took deregulation beyond airline industry to savings and loan industry, natural gas industry, and other parts of the economy.· Relaxed anti-trust enforcement, thus permitting large mergers and acquisitions movement, restoring profitability in some industries.· Anti-union: Reagan favored breaking the power of organized labor, thus serving to limit wage increases.

§ Ending the vicious cycle of inflation.§ Ending the Cold War.

o Credit given to Reagan on items #2 and #3 is debatable, but main point is that all were important in bringing about the Second Global Economy.· Emergence of Second Global Economy, 1980-1998 Process 1o Shift from Keynesianism to Monetarism (1980-1998)

§ Focus on maintaining price stability or a balance between supply and demand for money; “getting prices right” rather than pursuit of “full employment” – although deficit spending did not go away.§ Strongly favored financial community and investors; tolerance of higher unemployment, hard line against wage increases. Huge upward redistribution of income.

o Growth of international financial markets made deficit financing easier for nations not in serious debt.o However, nations in serious international debt still faced problems . . .

§ “Volcker Counter-Shock” created Third World debt crisis (interest burden on sovereign debt exploded; base rate for Third World debt increased from 10 to 20%).§ 1982 – Mexico (interest rates soared; petroleum sales declined) defaulted on foreign debt; within weeks, private lending to developing world dried up.§ As lending ended and governments scrambled to pay debts, Latin America, one of the hardest hit regions, suffered net outflow of capital, resulting in “The Lost Decade” of the 1980s.§ Brady Plan (U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Nicholas Brady) of the late 1980s:

· Agreements brokered by U.S. Treasury turned commercial loans to Third World governments into tradeable bonds; facilitated risk-spreading and trading of “emerging market” debt, assisted by new loans from the IMF . . . in exchange for indebted countries’ undertaking “structural adjustment” reforms.o Structural adjustment called for reduced trade barriers, restriction of credit, greater openness to foreign investment, elimination of capital controls, privatization, lower taxes, and reduced government regulation as conditions for renegotiating debt.o World Bank began to coordinate with IMF on imposing structural adjustment on indebted Third World countries.o Also known as neo-liberal reform, “market fundamentalism,” or “Washington Consensus.”o Free Trade Agreements (i.e. NAFTA, Mercosur, CAFTA) often packaged with structural adjustment.o Together, these developments forced open highly regulated economies. Growth in cross-border trade and investment.· Emergence of Second Global Economy, 1980-1998 Process 2o High interest rates from Volcker Counter-Shock induced economic recession in developed nations.o Energy conservation measures and new oil discoveries (Mexico, North Sea, etc.), combined with recession, reduced demand for oil.o Oil price collapse, 1985-1986, undermined Soviet economy, which had become increasingly dependent on oil exports to pay for imported goods. Cost Russia $20 billion/year.o Collapse of Eastern European communism and Soviet Union in 1989-1991 > End of the Cold War.o Collapse of communism and End of the Cold War eliminated alternative development model and alternative sources of aid for Third World nations.o Third World nations transformed themselves into “emerging markets.” China accelerated market reforms begun in 1978.o British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher: “There is no alternative” (TINA) to the Western capitalist model. Free markets, free trade, and capitalist globalization are the only way for societies to modernize themselves.· Francis Fukuyama (neo-conservative policy intellectual): “The End of History” (1990)o Celebration of market triumph. End to ideological conflict. Liberal (representative) democracy and free-market capitalism are the final destination of history:o “The end of history will be a very sad time. The struggle for recognition, the willingness to risk one's life for a purely abstract goal, the worldwide ideological struggle that called forth daring, courage, imagination, and idealism, will be replaced by economic calculation, the endless solving of technical problems, environmental concerns, and the satisfaction of sophisticated consumer demands. In the post-historical period there will be neither art nor philosophy, just the perpetual care-taking of the museum of human history.”

TermsPetrodollars - The money that oil exporters receive from selling oil and then deposit into Western banks. Petrodollars are also known as petrocurrency.Reaganomics - called for widespread tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, and the deregulation of domestic markets.Paul Volcker - From 1969 to 1974, he was Undersecretary of the Treasury for Monetary Affairs. His five-and-a-half-year tenure covered a period of rapid change in international and domestic financial affairs.Brady Plan - the principles of which were first articulated by U.S. Treasury Secretary Nicholas F. Brady in March 1989, was designed to address the so-called LDC debt crisis of the 1980's. The debt crisis began in 1982, when a number of countries, primarily in Latin America, confronted by high interest rates and low commodities prices, admitted their inability to service hundreds of billions of dollars of their commercial bank loans.

Structural Adjustment - economic policies which countries must follow in order to qualify for new World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans and help them make debt repayments on the older debts owed to commercial banks, governments and the World Bank.TINA (“There is No Alternative”) - This is the mantra chanted by 'dries' during the prime ministerial reign of Margaret Thatcher, by which they demonstrated their belief that free-market capitalism was the only possible economic theory.

Week 10Study GuideWednesday, 10/26Reading: Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox, 144-149, 159-170 Lichtenstein, “Wal-Mart: A Template for 21st Century Capitalism” (PDF inWeek 10 folder)

1. How would you compare the performance of nations that followed a model of export-manufacturing vs. those that pursued import-substitution industrialization (ISI)? What lessons should be drawn from this comparison about development strategies for nations in a global economy? (Rodrik, 144-149, 159-170)-Model of export-manufacturing: required an active government to stimulate the creation of new industries. The government began to promote export-processing zone (EPZ) scheme, using tax incentives, import-duty exemptions, and weaker labor rules.=> Producers could overcome the limitations of the small home market by exporting to the world. -Import-substitution industrialization: relying mostly on the domestic market to fuel growth. They had maintained highly restrictive trade. The strategy focused on replacing previously imported goods—initially simple consumer goods, but eventually more sophisticated capital goods as well—by domestic production. This goal was to be achieved through an array of government interventions, in the form of import protection, credit subsidies, tax incentives, and public investment. The strategy placed little emphasis or confidence in the ability of domestic firms to export and compete on world markets. -Compare: economy wide productivity grew more rapidly in import-substituting Latin America than it did in export-oriented East Asia. Latin America's economies expanded at a slower clip than East Asia's not because they experienced slower technological progress but because they invested a lower share of their national income.-Sachs and Warner divided countries into two groups: those that were open to international trade and those that were closed. Their central result was that countries in the first group grew 2.45 percentage points faster over the longer term (in per capita terms) than those in the second. Lessons:- Lowering barriers to trade alone would spur growth

- If you want to catch up with the living standards of the advanced nations, there exists no instrument more potent than reducing your import tariffs and relaxing other restrictions on trade.

2. Why is Wal-Mart so big? What is the source of Wal-Mart’s market power? (Lichtenstein, pp. 9-13)Why? B/c it has an good emphasis on customer attention, cost controls, and efficiencies in its distribution networks help Wal-mart become the huge retailer What? - Wal-mart innovate a new span of control in supply chain which has been a worldwide “logistic revolution”-Wal-mart is functionally linked itself to supply firms, making it not simply a huge retailer, but increasingly a manufacturing giant in all but name.-Its purchasing power is so immense; Wal-Mart has transformed its 3 thousand Chinese suppliers into powerless price takers, rather than partners

3. How is Wal-Mart a product of a particular kind of politics and culture? (Lichtenstein pp. 13-22)Politics:-Walmart’s success in establish a pervasive low-wage standard in big-box retailing.-The company take advantage of the agricultural revolution of the early postwar ear, depopulating Arkansas farms, and putting 10 thousands losing jobs. When the new highways build, it brought a far larger group of potential consumers within the reach on the small, but growing, commercial centers. And, these same highways enabled non-metropolitan retailers to build and service the large, efficient warehouses necessary for discount operations.-The failure of labor law reform in 1978, followed by the PATCO debacle in 1981, meant that unionism would not be much of a threat in discount retailing.-The failure of the Cliton health insurance give Wal-Mart advantage to continue to externalize these labor costs.-Free trade legislation (WTO) give Wal-Mart advantage of global market in Sweatshop labor. Culture:-Wal-Mart has proven remarkably successful in propagating a distinctive brand of Christian entrepreneurialism and faux egalitarianism-Wal-Mart executives have played a systematic role in translating a Reagan-era conservative populism into a set of ideological tropes that work effectively to legitimize Wal-Mart’s hierarchical structure and insulate most employees from other calls upon their loyalty

4. Where and why has Wal-Mart’s expansion not always gone smoothly? (Lichtenstein, pp. 22-24)Where? europeWhy?-The company’s business model is largely dependent upon the strength or weakness of the regulatory employment regime that it encounters.-different political and culturalEx:

+UK: enforce zoning ange green belt laws to protect farmers and other domestic producers from getting hurt by Wal-Marts squeeze on its supply chain +Germany: Wal-mart fial to achieve a competitive advantage b/c stringent planning and zoning regulations have hindered green field expansion or urban remolding of existing store. Restrictive shopping-hour regulations, and Antitrust regulationshave restricted price competition and eviscerated Wal-Mart efforts to squeeze German suppliers.

5. What are some of the key differences between General Motors (GM), the leading American company in the mid-twentieth century, and Wal-Mart, the leading American company in the early 21st century? (Lichtenstein, pp. 24-28)

Answer 1:Wal-mart has a radical transformation of reward, incentives and values than GM.-Wal-mart pay over time, GM not-Wal-mart not afraid to hire thousand of new workers each year.-Wal-mart pay more for their store managers that GM

Answer 2:But these differences are less apparent than real. GM did manufacture lots of cars, but its franchised dealer system, which was always kept on a tight leash, sold them by the millions, and its wholly owned GMAC subsidiary financed them, and sometimes made as much profit as did the production side of the corporation. Wal-Mart started off as a retailer, but as this essay has tried to demonstrate, the increasingly intimate relationship between the discounter and its suppliers is transforming Wal-Mart into a defacto manufacturing company.

ANswer 3:While Walmart is a Protestant firm, GM is a unionized firm. Walmart employs retirees, youth-aged workers, who don’t need a stabel income to support a households, discriminate against women workers, all in an efforts to squeeze prize. GM, while also squeezing prices, but also give in to wage increase request from employees, e.g. “Treaty of Detroit”.

Terms:East Asian Miracle (Rodrik, p. 144-146) - Not only Japan but the seven other East and SouthEast Asian economies that had grown rapidly since the 1960’s. South Korea, Taiwan, Honk Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. None except Honk Kong were free Market Economies, all had state coordination.Export-processing zone (EPZ) (Rodrik, p. 162) - Starting in 1970, the government began to promote export oriented firms under a Scheme using tax incentives, import-duty exemptions, and weaker labour rules.Pull System (Lichtenstein, pp. 11-12) - Manufacturing system in which production is based on actual daily demand (sales), and where information flows from market to management in a direction opposite to that in traditional (push) systems.Shenzhen (Lichtenstein, p. 12) - China’s first and most successful Special Economic ZonesStudents in Free Enterprise (SIFE)- is an ideological formation that propagandizes on behalf of free market capitalism within the conservative Christian world. It prepare students for entry-level management posts by

linking the collegiate quest for self-esteem and humanitarian good works to an ideology of market capitalism and career advancement,

Timeline: 1900 Tab: Toyota Production System, ECLA (1948-1975) Orignially called “JIT Production” the Toyota Prod Sys (TPS) built on the approach created by the founders of Toyota and engineer Ohno to reorganize the manufacturing and logistics of automobiles. 1950 Tab: McDonald’s (1955) The first McDonalds restaurant was started in 1948 by broterhs Maurixe and Richard McDonald in California. The number of McDonald outlets would top 1000 before the end of the decade. Boosted by steady growth, the company’s stock began trading publicly in 1965.East Asian Tigers (1960s – 1990s)East Asian Tigers refer to HK, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea, nations that rapidly developed in 1960s and susustained high growth rates until late 1990s. Following Japans successful example, the Asian Tigers developed an export-driven model of development, focusing on selling manufactured goods to highly industrialized nations. These countries became increasingly important to global economic system.Wal-Mart (1962)An emphasis on customer attention, cost ctrls, and efficiencies in its distribution networks helped WM become the largest retailer in the US in 1990. It moved into internation markets one yr later with opening a store in Mexico.Immigration and Nationality Act (1965)The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 was a turning point in US policy regarding immigration. Pres LBJ made a point of signing the legislation near the base of the Statue of Liberty. The act gave preference to refugees and families, removed quotas from countries in the w Hemisphere and based entry to US on levels of skill. The new act also provide for quick admittance of immigrants with needed/vital skills, such as doctors and scientists.Sweatshops (1992)Workers in Indonesia assembling nearly 14 pairs of Nike tennis shoes everyday and earning 14 cents per hr. The high level of attention to global sweatshop condition reflected more than a rise in the level of awareness. From 1980 to 1998, manufactured exports as a percentage share of total exports from less developed countries rose on average from under 20% to > 70%.NAFTA (1994)NAFTA is a trade agreement among the US, Canada, and Mexico that liberalized restrictions on trade among the 3 countries. Some of the agreement’s objectives include the elimination of tariff or duty rates (all qualifying products to Canada are now duty-free, and Mexico as well), the promotion of conditions of free competition, and increasing market access and investment opportunities with the free trade area. Betwe 1994-2002, trade between the 3 countries increased > 200%, and FDI in both Mexico and Canada quadrupled. However the agreement contributed to losses in US manufacturing jobs and undercut subsistence agriculture in Mexico. 2000 Tab: China Joins WTO (12/11/2001) After 15 yrs of negotiations, China became a full member of the WTO on 12/11/2001. China agreed to lower tariffs and abolish market impediments. Chinese and foreign businessmen, would gain the right to import and export on their own and to sell their products without going thru a gov middleman.

Lecture Outline Please fill out as much information as you can that was discussed in the lecture

The Globalization of Manufacturing· Key Trendsin the last 25 yearso Shift from “Fordism” to “Lean Manufacturing” or “Flexible Mass Production”o Revolutionized manufacturing

§ “Interchangeable parts”§ “Interchangeable workers”

o Gathered all elements of production in one placeo “Visible Hand” of corporate management

· “Fordism”o System of political economy based on mass production and mass consumption (economies of scale); linked to Keynesian policies of demand management and full employmento $5/day wage for his workers compared to other companies at that time ($1 to $1.50 per day)

§ workers could afford to buy what they made§ “motor car for the great multitudes”§ In return for high wage, workers accepted highly repetitive and regimented work conditions.

o General Motors developed “multi-divisional form” (regional and product divisions) that provided more flexibility; but still command-and-control management.o Late 1930s, labor-capital accommodation; unionization (United Auto Workers), but union demands focused on wages, not control over work. Unions became “junior partner in prosperity.”

· “Lean” Manufacturing or “Flexible Mass Production”o Companies increasingly adopted process management derived from Toyota Production System (TPS).o Cost reduction by increasing efficiency and decreasing “waste” in the process of manufacturing.o Focus on “flow” or smoothness of work.

§ “Just-in-time” inventory management (if production flows perfectly, then there is no inventory).§ “Smart automation” (designing machines not to replace humans, but to aid humans in what they do best).

o Greater attention to quality control.o Greater worker input and “teamwork.”o “More value with less work.”

· Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI) vs. Export Manufacturingo ISI

§ Dominant model in larger countries of Latin America, Middle East, Africa, and parts of Asia during 1950s-1970s§ Strategy focused on replacing previously imported goods with domestic production. Geared toward heavy industrialization for the domestic market.§ Use of an array government interventions: import protection, credit subsidies, tax incentives, public investment.§ Little emphasis on ability of domestic firms to export and compete in world markets.

o Export Manufacturing§ Dominant model in East and Southeast Asian economies (South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia) since early 1960s. Adopted by China in the 1990s. Domestic markets not large enough to use ISI to pursue high growth strategy in manufacturing.

§ Often associated with “free trade” and “comparative advantage.”§ Removed obstacles to private investment, but used government intervention to provide cheap inputs, subsidized loans, export incentives, and gradual removal of import restrictions, which were maintained for some time to protect “infant industries.”

· Growing Competition in Global Manufacturingo Late 1960s: Increased competition, overcapacity, downward pressure on prices.o Entry of lower-cost producers from Japan, Western Europe, and East Asia.o High-interest rate policy of early 1980s – strong dollar, cheaper imports – hurt U.S. manufacturers.o Third World debt crisis of 1980s hurt many ISI nations (especially in Latin America).o 1980s-1990s: Major restructuring and downsizing in steel, autos, and old-line manufacturing industries.

· Lean Manufacturing to Globalized Productiono Neo-liberal reforms allowed for greater global mobility of business and capital. Pressured many developing nations to convert from ISI to export manufacturing. Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998 reinforced this trend.o Increasing, relentless pressures to compete. Development of new competitive strategies:

§ Lean manufacturing.§ Outsourcing of functions – “offshoring.”§ Move to non-union labor in regions without strong labor protections, especially in labor-intensive industries (i.e. textiles, footwear, sporting goods, appliances, electronics).§ Fragmentation (smaller companies – multiple foreign suppliers) as well as concentration (large conglomerates).§ “Supply chain” management; “economies of speed” in addition to economies of scale.

o Debt-driven consumer demand in United States and other developed nations absorbed output from globalized manufacturing.o “Pull” production instead of “push” production.

§ Shift in market-making power from manufacturers to merchants, retailers, traders, and financiers.

· Wal-Mart Discussiono Employs 2.1 million workers worldwide. Largest private business employer in the world. 3rd largest employing organization in the world.o Employs 1.4 million in the United States (UPS #2 and McDonalds #3, both with about 400,000).o 9,759 retail units worldwide (4,447 retail units in the US and 5,312 units outside the US, in 28 countries).o 140 million customers per weeko Walton family is the richest in the world. Net worth: $93 billion.o First Wal-Mart opened in 1962o 1960s-1970s: Regional discounter with modest buying power. Went public in 1972.o Mid-1970s to mid-1980s: balance of market making shifted in favor of big discounters like Wal-Mart.

· The Wal-Mart Juggernauto Bulk buying powero High sales volumes, low profit margins, and rapid turnover.o Requires suppliers to accept Wal-Mart’s business strategy.o Increasingly, Wal-Mart dictates how products are packaged, shipped, and marketed.

o Leader of the “logistics” revolution in modern age of globalization. Engineered global supply chains to be more responsive to customer demand.

· Wal-Mart in Perspectiveo REVENUE (2010):

§ Wal-Mart #1 in Global Fortune 500 rankings: $421 billion in revenues for the fiscal year ending January 2011, up from $220 billion in 2001.§ Royal Dutch Shell, Exxon, and BP 2nd, 3rd, and 4th, respectively ($300+ billion each). Nine of top 12 are oil/energy companies.§ General Motors #20 ($135 billion).§ Home Depot (#101), Target (#106), Costco (#85), each with approx. $65-70 billion.

o EARNINGS or PROFITABILITY (2010):§ Wal-Mart #14 in list of most profitable (return on assets) global companies: $16.4 billion (Nestle #1, $32.8 billion).§ Almost all of the top 50 are banking, petroleum/energy, pharmaceuticals, telecoms/ infotech. Wal-Mart the only retailer in top 50.§ Money, oil, drugs, and digits, or MODD, are where you find the really big profits. Not retail.

· Wal-Mart Global Expansiono Early 1990s: Wal-Mart became a major force in restructuring large sectors of the U.S. and global economies.o Discount stores -> Supercenters -> Groceries -> International.o After 1999: bold global expansion, especially sourcing products from China.o Early 2000s: Shenzhen office established as global purchasing headquarters; global expansion of big-box stores.· “Global Assembly Line”o Relocation of production and assembly facilities to low-wage emerging markets.o What matters is not just how effectively finished goods are produced, but how effectively global-scale production networks are built and managed.o Outsourcing: rise of global suppliers (components and semi-finished parts) who shoulder more of the risks.o Countries specialize not so much in final products, but in steps in the process of production.o Shift in source of competition from globalization of markets to globalization of production. In other words, companies compete less for markets than for access to low-cost production· Sweatshop Working Conditionso “Export-processing zones” (Mexican maquiladoras, China’s Special Economic Zones) – typically an area of minimal or non-existent regulation.o Foreign companies, or contractors to foreign companies, with little social or political stake in the region.o Aggressive prevention of unionization.o Tolerance of child labor.o Little regulation, or enforcement of regulation, over air pollution, industrial and household waste, groundwater contamination, etc.o Poor or non-existent social services: education, public health, infrastructure.o Can create zones for social predators, organized crime, culture of violence, and devaluation of human life.

§ “Femicides” (systematic killing of women) in border town of Ciudad Juarez: Since 1994, by various estimates, hundreds of women missing and more than 500 brutally murdered. Domestic violence and targeted violence surrounding narcotics trafficking.

o Pressure from labor, student, and human rights organizations has forced many companies to monitor, voluntarily, the factories of their contractors.o Nicholas Kristof, NYT columnist: the challenge is “not that sweatshops exploit too many people, but that they don’t exploit enough.” Do you agree?o Relatively high wages. Possibility for social and economic advancement.o Diminishing opportunities to earn a living in agriculture. Massive pools of “surplus” rural workers with no fallback options.o Thus, chance to escape rural poverty and achieve wage-earning independence.o Or, forced by family to supplement household income.o Deceived by labor recruiters about wages and working conditions workers will find upon arriving at their job (e.g. high wages offset by high rent on company housing or extortionist prices on company goods and services).o High turnover. Increasing use of foreign “guest workers.”o Robert Pollin, Justine Burns, James Heintz“Global Apparel Production and Sweatshop Labor: Can Raising Retail Prices Finance Living Wages,” Cambridge Journal of Economics (2004)

§ A one-time, 100 percent wage increase for Mexican apparel production workers would force apparel retail prices in the U.S. clothing market to rise by only 1.8 percent to cover the 100 percent wage increase.§ $100 sports jacket -> $101.80 (wages in maquila sector constitute 10% of final value; 80% of final value from imported inputs).§ National Bureau of Economic Research poll found that U.S. consumers would pay $115 for this jacket if they could be assured it had not been made under sweatshop conditions.§ Why not give Mexican apparel workers a raise?

TermsHenry Ford - Henry Ford installed first moving assembly line. In the last 25 years there has been a shift from “Fordism” to “Lean Manufacturing” or “Flexible Mass Production”

● Revolutionized manufacturing○ “interchangeable parts”○ “interchangeable workers”

● Gathered all elements of production in one place● “Visible Hand” of corporate management

Interchangeable parts - Using interchangeable parts meant making the individual pieces of the car the same every time. That way any valve would fit any engine, any steering wheel would fit any chassis. This meant improving the machinery and cutting tools used to make the parts.

Toyota Production Systems (TPS) - The Toyota Production System (TPS) empowers team members to optimise quality by constantly improving processes and eliminating unnecessary waste in natural, human, and corporate resources. It entrusts employees with well-defined responsibilities in each production step and encourages each staff member to strive for overall improvement.

Pull production - Producing a particular product according to the client's demands in order to reduce wasting and eliminate inventory. (Goods are demanded first, then produced accordingly)Kathy Lee Gifford - In the video, they show a case of a foreign manufacturing company in Honduras where young girls are employed for much less than a dollar (not enough to support their families) and the irony is that the tag of the item by Kathy Lee Gifford’s product line and sold in Wal-Mart says that part will be donated for various children’s charities, the problem was that girls as young as 13 years old are making these clothes.

Week 11Study GuideMonday 10/31Online Video: The Ascent of Money (PBS Online,

http :// www . pbs . org / wnet / ascentofmoney / ) Episode 4: Planet Finance (entire, 54 minutes)

1. When and how did the idea of a “property owning democracy” emerge in the United States? During and after the great depression many American workers lost their homes. The Roosevelt admin created the new deal to combat against red revolution. It allowed the government to rig the housing market to give incentivize Americans to become prop owners. gov’t would guarantee savings and loans even if they busted.

When and how did the risks of promoting democratic property ownership come about? (The Ascent of Money)The Risks came about when Ethnic Minorities were discriminated against when it came to interest rates for burrowing to buy a home. Subprime for low credit blacks. Blacks in Detroit rioted to protest economic discrimination. Nearly 3000 bldgs luted or burned.

2. Explain the idea of “Chimerica.” (The Ascent of Money)An economy that accounts for 33% of world’s economic output and more than half of global growth in the past 8 years. East Chimericans do saving, west did spending. The cause of subprime mortgages being lent to people who were not qualified for the loans. The concept of Chinese lending money to the US.

WednesdayReading: Joseph Stiglitz, “The Making of a Crisis,” pp. 1-26, from Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy (PDF in Week 11 folder).

1. Who or what is to blame for the massive financial crisis that began in 2008? (pp. 6-12)In short, America’s financial markets had failed to perform their essential societal functions of managing risk, allocating capitol, and mobilizing savings, while keeping transaction costs low. Instead, they had created risk, misallocated capitol and encouraged excessive indebtedness while imposing high transaction costs. At their peak in 2007, the bloated financial markets absorbed 41 percent of profits in the corporate sector (p.7).-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------additional answer:

Mortgage companies pushed exotic mortgages on to millions of people, many of whom did not know what they were getting into. The bank bought these mortgages, repackaged them and sold them to unwary investors. The rating agencies failed to check the growth of these deadly instruments, and went ahead giving them the seal of approval. This encouraged others—including those in the USA and other countries to invest pension funds into these ‘safely’. In other words, America’s financial markets failed to perform their societal function of managing risk, allocating capital, and mobilizing savings while keeping transaction costs low.

Risk was poorly managed because of wrong pricing and misjudgment (risk of default on subprime mortgages and trusting rating agencies).

The Federal Reserve was also to blame for not regulating interest rates properly. They claim to not have been able to foresee this bubble and if they did, they wouldn’t be able to do anything. Both claims have been proven false.

Overall, the bubble was created and burst due to lack of regulation and people not fulfilling their jobs adequately for the interest of the country.

2. Explain how the classic examples of market failure – agency problems, externalities, and moral hazard – factored into the financial crisis and its aftermath? (pp. 12-17)When there are important agency problems and externalities, markets typically fail to produce efficient outcomes-contrary to the widespread belief in the efficiency of markets. This is one of the rationales for financial market regulation. The regulatory agencies were the last line of defense against both excessively risky and unscrupulous behavior from the banks, but after years of concentrated lobbying efforts the government had not only stripped away existing regulations but also failed to adopt new ones in response to the changing financial landscape. People who didn’t understand why regulation was necessary-and accordingly belived it was unnecessary—became regulators. The repeal in the 1999 of the glass-Steagall Act, which had separated and commercial banks, created ever larger banks that were too big to fial. Knowing they were too big to fail provided incentives for excessive risk-taking.In the end, the banks got hoisted by their own pretard:The financial instruments that they used to exploit the poor turned against the financial markets and brought them down. When the the bubble broke, most of the banks were left holding enough of the risky securities to threaten their very survival—evidently they hadn’t done as good a job in passing the risk along to others as they had thought. This is but one of the many ironies that have marked the crisis: in Greenspan and Bush’s attempt to minimize the role of government in the economy, the government has assumed an unprecedented role across a wide swath—becoming the owner of the world’s largest automobile company, the world’s largest insurance company, and (had it received in return for what it had givento the banks some of the largest banks. A country in which socialism is often treated as an anathema has socialized risk and intervened in markets in unprecedented ways.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------additional answer:Agency Problems: when the agent made investment decisions, they were mainly focused on the short-term returns. Short-term focus is reinforced by the demand for high quarterly returns from stock market analysis. This drive for high short-term returns led banks to create more fees and wall street to create new product to drum up more income for their firms. This also caused agents to be more careless in their duty (such as

emphasizing or noting inherent risks in new financial instruments/products) and passing the responsibility to the next person in line to check (the banks).

Externalities: this is a situation in which market exchange imposes cost or benefits to an unrelated party. Today the financial system is so intertwined that the economy will fall to ruin with any large institution. In this case, millions of homeowners were affected, communities were devastated, taxpayers had to pay for bank losses, and workers lost their jobs.

When there are agency and externality problems, the markets are no longer able to produce efficient outcomes. Plus, people who didn’t understand why regulation was necessary became the REGULATORS. They thought them to be unnecessary, along with the Glass-Steagall Act, so there was excessive risk-taking.

3. What does Stiglitz believe was the “macro” problem in the U.S. and world economies under globalization? (pp. 19-20).Indeed, anyone looking closely at the American economy could easily have seen that there were major “macro” problems as well as “micro” problems. As I noted earlier, our economy had been sustained by an unsustainable bubble, aggregate demand—the sum total of the goods and services demanded by households, firms government, and foreigners—would have been weak, partly because of the growing inequality in the United States and elsewhere around the world, which shifted money from those would have spent it to those who didn’t.”-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------additional answer: There was no aggregate demand—the sum total of the goods and services demanded by household firms, government, and foreigners—without the bubble. There was a growing inequality in the USA and around the world, which shifted money from those who would have spent it to people who didn’t.

There is a problem when people across the globe create products no one wants to buy. One of the reasons for weak global aggregate demand is countries didn’t spend enough which led to growth in the level of reserves.

4. How and why did the U.S. financial crisis spread to become a global financial crisis? (pp. 21-24)This crisis quickly became global—and not surprisingly, as nearly a quarter of U.S. mortgages had gone abroad. Unintentionally, this helped the U.S. had foreign institutions not bought as many of of its toxic instruments and debt, the situation here might have been far worse. But first, the US had exported its recession. This was of course, one of only several channels deregulatory philosophy--without that exported its recession. This was, of course, only one of several channels through which the American crisis became global. The US economy is still the largest,, and it is hard for a down turn of this magnitude not to have a global impact. Moreover, global financial markets have become closely interlinked—evidenced by the fact that two of the three beneficiaries of the US Government bailout of AIG were foreign banks.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------additional answer:(1) about a quarter of the mortgages had gone abroad.(2) US economy is too big to not affect the world with this big of a downturn(3) Global financial markets have been closely interlinked

TermsSubprime mortgages (The Ascent of Money) - Home loans with high interest rates for borrowers with low credit scores.Redlining (The Ascent of Money) - whole neighborhoods given poor credit rating due to race.Savings & Loan Crisis (The Ascent of Money) - The government removed regulations on money market accounts so the masses removed their deposits from S&L institutions and invested in money market accounts for better returns on their dollar. The S&L institutions went bankrupt and it cost the tax payer 50 Billion to bail out.Alan Greenspan (Stiglitz, p. 4) - Chairman of federal reserve ‘87-2006Repeal of Glass-Steagall (Stiglitz, p. 15) - repeal of the law that which allowed banks to merge with insurance companies and investment houses.Securitization (Stiglitz, p. 14) - Higher yields for higher risks-- the originator pools many, many mortgages together to form a security, which it sells to another financial institution. This security is structured to behave very similarly to a bond; the owner of the security is entitled to interest payments (which are simply the payments home buyers are making on)

TimelineTequila Crisis 1950: Refers to the economic and financial crisis that began in late 1994 when the Mexican peso devalued, causing disruption in the Mexican economy that then spread through other countries of Latin America.

Asian Financial Crisis 1950:Started out as a speculative attack on Asian currencies (originated with the Thai’Baht), which resulted in capital flight, currency devaluation, and bankruptcies.This crisis eventually spread to the other BRIC countries (except India), includingArgentina. Russian default brought down Long-term capital management(see “The Ascent of Money”) for further information.

• Asian Financial Crisiso Occurred during 1997-1998o Capital market liberalization; huge capital in-flowso Speculative attack on Asian currencieso Capital flight, currency devaluation, bankruptcieso Started in Thailand and then to other Southeast Asian countrieso Crisis eventually spread to Russia, Brazil, Argentinao Russian default brought down Long Term Capital Managemento IMF stepped in and initiated a $40 billion program to stabilize the currencies of the countries hit hardest by the crisis, mainly South Korea, Thailand, and Indonesia

Global Financial Crisis 2000: -Capital flight, currency devaluation, bankruptcies in Asia-Crisis spread over Eastern Europe and Latin American country like Brazil andArgentina

Lecture Outline Age of Financial Turbulence

● Eurodollar Market○ Dollar funds deposited in European banks.○ Diversification of currency denomination of bond issues. Eurocurrency markets became

convenient for raising large loans.○ Not subject to national regulations or capital controls.○ Responsible for initial expansion of private international finance in the 1960s.○ Helped force collapse of BWS

● Increased Global Capital Flows○ After collapse of BWS, value of currencies determined by global market, rather than fixed by

national governments. Drop in value of the dollar, but it remained the world’s reserve currency.○ Steady growth in short-term capital flows into all kinds of financial assets from mid-1970s

forward.○ Petrodollars invested in international money markets; increased liquidity for international banks.○ Following 1973 shock, direct, private lending to non-OECD countries rose from below 5 percent

of total to between 25 and 33 percent.○ 1975 – elimination of minimum commissions on stock trades in United States.○ Financial innovation: late 1970s, growth in currency and stock index futures, and bond

derivatives (e.g. mortgage-backed securities). Unlike commodity futures, stock index futures traded without price limits, which cushion volatility.

○ “The Big Bang” (1986) – sudden deregulation of financial markets in London. Elimination of fixed stock commissions and removal of barriers to foreign entry into London Stock Exchange. Reestablished City of London as international financial center.

○ Creation of the “Euro” (1999) – European monetary union. Deeper integration of European banking and financial markets.

● Upward Redistribution of Income, 1979-2007○ Economic Recovery Act of 1981 and Tax Reform Act of 1986:

■ Huge marginal tax cuts, especially for upper income groups; top bracket reduced from 70% to 28%.

■ Capital gains tax slashed from 49% to 20%.■ Social Security Tax, which falls disproportionately on working-class families, increased

by 25% during the 1980s.■ Wealthy and capital-owning class plowed money into stocks, options, and other financial

instruments. 1986: stock funds grew by $42 billion, 33% increase.

● Unleashing of Debt

○ Upward redistribution of income in U.S. forced people took on more debt to maintain standard of living.

○ National personal debt:■ 1960 – 55% of national income ■ 2007 – 133% of national income

○ Financial deregulation made debt creation easier:○ 1978, U.S. Supreme Court decision, Marquette National Bank vs. First of Omaha Service Corp.

■ Held that state anti-usury laws regulating interest rates could not be enforced against nationally chartered banks.

■ Eliminated effective caps on what big national banks could charge credit-card holders.■ Old, state-mandated top rates of 9-10% gone.■ Consequence: vast increase in issuance of credit cards, some bearing interest rates of 35,

40, 45% or more.■ With uncapping of interest rates, huge shift of capital (and talent) into the financial sector

(new money plowed into bonds) and away from manufacturing sector.■ Banking no longer a “boring” industry.

● Financial Bubbles, 1981-2001○ Third World Debt Crisis (1981-1989○ )○ U.S. Stock Market Crash (1987) – result of financial “innovation” and rapid upward income

redistribution.○ Savings and Loan Crisis (1986-1989) – Deregulation led to speculative and reckless lending and

failure of 750 S&L banks by late 1980s; ultimately cost taxpayers $125 billion ($300 billion in 2010 $).

○ Japanese banking crisis (1995) – result of deregulated financial sector and real estate bubble.○ Bursting of “Dot-Com Bubble” (2000).○ 1970-2007: 124 financial crises in developing countries.○ Mexican “Tequila Crisis” (1994) – outflow of short-term capital; devaluation of peso; loss of

investor confidence in other Latin American “emerging markets.”○ Asian Financial Crises (1997) – another financial contagion effect in East Asian emerging

markets; increasing volatility and systemic risk. Large impact on Russia and Brazil.○ Collapse of Argentine economy (2001)

● Financial Crisis of 2008 - Inside Job (2010)○ Larry Summers

■ Treasure Secretary (1999-2001)■ Larry Summers, who as Treasury secretary played a critical role in the deregulation of

derivatives, became president of Harvard in 2001. While at Harvard, he made millions

consulting to hedge funds, and millions more in speaking fees, much of it from investment banks.

■ According to his federal disclosure report, Summers's net worth is between 16.5 million and 39.5 million dollars.

○ Securitization Food Chain■ A new system, which connected trillions of dollars in mortgages and other loans with

investors all over the world.○ Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO)

■ Investment banks combined thousands of mortgages and other loans — including car loans, student loans, and credit-card debt — to create complex derivatives

○ Commodity Futures Modernization Act (2000)■ Banned the regulation of derivatives

○ Goldman Sachs■ Investment bank

Terms

Eurodollars—Dollar funds deposited in European banks.

The Big Bang (1986)—sudden deregulation of financial markets in London. Elimination of fixed stock commissions and removal of barriers to foreign entry into London Stock Exchange. Reestablished City of London as international financial center.

Marquette National Bank vs. First of Omaha (1978)—Held that state anti-usury laws regulating interest rates could not be enforced against nationally chartered banks. Eliminated effective caps on what big national banks could charge credit-card holders.

TermsEurodollars - deposits denominated in US dollars in foreign banks(europe) or us banks in europeThe Big Bang (1986) - The "Big Bang" introduced a more U.S.-style business culture, abolished fixed commissions at the London Stock Exchange , which at the time was an exclusive association of small financial houses that dominated the U.K. trade in stocks and bonds.Marquette National Bank vs. First of Omaha (1978) - determined national banks only have to obey the interest-rate caps of the state they are chartered in, not that of the state where a bank’s customer lives.

Week 12Study GuideGlobalization, Poverty, and InequalityOn-line: Website: World Bank, Poverty Reduction & Equity, Statistics and Indicators

http :// web . worldbank . org / WBSITE / EXTERNAL / TOPICS / EXTPOVERTY /0,, contentMDK :22569498~ pagePK :148956~ piPK :216618~ theSitePK :336992,00. html Reading: Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox, pp. 144-183

1. Explore the World Bank’s “Poverty Reduction and Equity” website. Familiarize yourself with the basic concepts dealing with measuring and understanding poverty and inequality on a global scale. Here is another useful website: http :// uk . oneworld . net / guides / poverty that more directly explains how poverty is measured and understood. We will go into more detail on this in lecture.

Poverty estimates are derived from the National Sample Survey (NSS), which measures monthly per capita consumer expense (MPCE) every five years. The Planning Commission's estimates are significant since they are used to determine the official national and state level below poverty line (BPL) population. Calorie intake and requirements are used to estimate poverty as well.

(See http://www.prb.org/Articles/2010/indiapoverty.aspx)

Poor countries typically determine their national poverty line as the value of a basket of basic food and essential non-food items. Some governments work with separate urban and rural poverty lines, recognising that costs are higher in cities. Some even insist on the most stringent measure, the food poverty line, which reduces the basket to food items only. Household surveys analyse consumption as well as income, recognising that goods may be exchanged by barter and that many families grow their own food. Statistics will highlight the incidence of households whose income is just above or below the poverty line.

(see http :// uk . oneworld . net / guides / poverty , Measuring World Poverty)

2. China is often considered to be a “poster child” for how globalization can bring huge growth and benefits to a nation. Do you agree with this characterization, or is there something wrong with this picture? Explain. (pp. 149-156)--Not really. They resisted international disciplines, and submitted to them only once their economy has become sufficiently strong. They decided to shield their markets for as long as they can, somewhat not following the rules of international nations. While other country’s opened their markets to foreign competition, many of them failed or had difficulties. So for china to bend the rules and hold off on exposing markets to foreign markets, they managed to have successful markets. In my opinion I don’t believe “bending the rules” makes you the poster child, so I would disagree to this statement.NOTE: This question is opinionated so if someone else can post something that disagrees with me, that would be great for the study guide

3. According to Rodrik, what is the “ulitimate paradox” of globalization?According to Rodrik, the “ultimate paradox” of globalization is that reaping the gains of globalization may require an increase rather than a decrease in international transaction costs but paradox is more apparent than real.

What is the key for nation’s to succeed under globalization? (pp. 156-158)

According to Rodrik, the “ultimate paradox” of globalization is that reaping the gains of globalization may require an increase rather than a decrease in international transaction costs but paradox is more apparent than real.

The key for nations to succeed under globalization is for the country’s government to have more interest in real development through politics and understanding of the economics of globalization.

TermsGini Coefficient (website) - The Gini Coefficient measures the income inequality among the entire population of the country. The higher the number, the more income is being taken in by a small group. This number, which ranges between 0 and 1 and is based on residents' net income, helps define the gap between the rich and the poor, with 0 representing perfect equality and 1 representing perfect inequality.

Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs) (p. 151) – effectively stimulated domestic private investment. Owned not by private entities or central government, but by local governments (townships and villages); TVEs produced consumer goods to capital goods and spearheaded Chinese economic growth from mid 1980s-mid 1990s; key to TVEs’ success was due to local governments ensuring their prosperity because TVEs’ equity stake generated substantial income for the local governments.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) (pp. 152-153) – The Chinese relied on this mechanism that would not create too much pressure on existing economic industrial structures. They relied on SEZs to generate exports and attract foreign investment. Enterprises that operated in these zones had access to better infrastructure and could import duty-free. SEZs created incentives for export-oriented investments without pulling the rug from under state enterprises.

Timeline1950 Tab: Deng Xiaoping - After the death in 1976 of Chinese Communist Chairman Mao Zedong, who had led the country since the communist revolution in 1949, Deng Xiaoping rose to power and initiated a series of economic reforms beginning in 1978 that placed China on a path toward a market economy and high-levels of economic growth. His first step, implemented initially in the province of Fengyang, was to abolish the rural agricultural communes set up by Mao and allow peasants to work family plots. Under this “household responsibility system,” individual farmers were entitled to produce food for a state-mandated quota, but any foods they grew beyond that could be sold on a free market at unregulated prices. As a result, agricultural harvests grew, and other reforms followed.

Lecture Outline Please fill out as much information as you can that was discussed in the lecture

Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality· Globalization and Povertyo Estimating World Poverty Levels

§ International Poverty Line (IPL) calculated by converting the purchasing power (Purchasing Power Parity: adjustment based on how much it costs to buy the same basket of goods in two or more different countries) of an average of the official national poverty lines of a set of low-income countries into U.S. dollars.§ From household surveys, the World Bank (International Comparison Program) then estimates the number of people in countries living on less than this figure.§ “Money metric” approach: international poverty line defined in relation to money rather than an explicit conception of well-being.§ Extreme Levels of World Poverty

§ World Bank figures for people living in “extreme” poverty on an income of less than $1.25/day PPP (2005 Purchasing Power Parity):

· 1981 – 1.9 billion people· 2005 – 1.4 billion people

§ Thus, almost 500 million fewer people living in extreme poverty as a result of globalization. Because of growing population (4.4 billion to 6.1 billion), there is an even greater decrease in percentage (numbers are higher, however, than older data from 1993 and 1985, which underestimated cost of living in developing countries).§ Good news for globalization? Maybe sweatshop workers are improving their lives.§ According to World Bank numbers, China accounted for 475 million of the reduction in poverty between 1981 and 2005.§ Poverty, therefore, increased elsewhere over this period:· India (1/3 of global poverty) – increase was 21 million people.· Sub-Saharan Africa (1/4 of global poverty) – increase was 91 million people.§ Expressing poverty as a percentage yields more favorable results:· For example, in Sub-Saharan Africa poverty fell from 58% to 51% between 1990 and 2005o Problems with Counting the Poor§ Sanjay Reddy and Thomas Pogge, “How Not to Count the Poor” (2002)§ Robert Wade,“Is Globalization Reducing Poverty and Inequality?” (2004)§ Income poverty is merely one aspect of deprivation. WB figures do not account for unpriced public goods and services (e.g. sewer services, access to basic health care).§ Limited data and inconsistencies of country-to-country comparisons:§ Household surveys conducted by unofficial researchers in countries with differing incomes and differing attitudes toward reveal information to strangers; survey outcomes sensitive to recall period and income.§ Don’t have good PPP information for China and India; “guesstimates” for critical PPP conversion parameters.§ WB has changed the base year two times (from 1985 to 1993 to 2005) forcing dramatic revisions each time.§ What about people making $1.30/day, or $2.10 day?§ Reliance on “average consumption bundle” to make PPP comparisons.

· Hypothetical example of Indiao Rs. 50 to buy equivalent bundle of food in India as can be bought with $1 in United Stateso Rs. 10 to buy equivalent bundle of services (haircuts, house cleaning, taxis, etc.) as with $1 in U.S. (services and labor relatively cheaper in developing countries).o “Average consumption bundle” of food, services and other things may yield Rs. 30 to $1

o Significant downward bias of estimate because the poor person in India, who spends most income on food, can buy with Rs. 30 a little more than one-half of the food purchasable with $1 in the United States. Understates relative cost of goods needed to escape poverty.o Wade estimates that global poverty numbers should be increased by 30-40% if poverty line were determined by “basic needs” or “nutritional needs”· Globalization and Inequalityo Estimating World Inequality

§ Gini coeffecient is a measure of inequality that ranges between two theoretical values of 0 and 1: If zero, all individuals have the same incomes; if 1, the entire income of a community belongs to one individual.

o Problems with Global Inequality Comparisons§ Falling inequality has not been a generalized feature of the world economy by even the most favorable measure; also due almost solely to rapid growth of China, and we are not entirely sure about the data from China.§ Weighting Inequality comparisons according to average income of each country obscures income distribution between all the world's people regardless of which country they live in.§ Need to look at inequality within nations; take individuals as units, ignoring country boundaries.§ Difficult to obtain definitive data on this. Many ways to look at inequality: inter-class, inter-gender, inter-sectoral, inter-regional, inter-generational, etc.

o “Constructive” vs. “destructive” inequality§ “Constructive Inequality”:§ Inequality is likely to enhance economic growth; trade-off between augmenting growth and reducing inequality.§ Concentration of income among the rich, who save and invest more, will ultimately create jobs.§ Inequality creates an incentive for individuals to work hard, take risks, become entrepreneurial.§ Meritocracy: rewards to talent and hard work; we should be concerned about inequality of opportunity, not outcomes.

o “Destructive Inequality”:§ Productive incentive only in places with Scandinavian levels of inequality, not at higher levels, such as in Brazil or United States.§ In most developing countries, inequality has a growth-inhibiting or destructive effect.§ Impacts of inequality include poorer health, lower educational attainment, higher crime rates, lower social capital, lower trust, and lower cooperation.§ Inequality creates a social pathology – an unequal society is not truly one, but two societies (Plato).§ One of the most pervasive forms of inequality is gender discrimination (women increasingly forced into informal sector in many countries).§ Stable and equitable distribution of pay essential for democratic development and social harmony.

· Alternative measurementso Human Development Index (HDI) – tries to take into account life expectancy (as an indicator of health) and adult literacy (as an indicator of education), apart from per capital incomes. Shows rising trends in all regions.o Tempting to conclude that OECD countries live only 1/10 better than Latin America and Caribbean countries.o Qualitative differences in wealth and poverty difficult to capture in numbers.

Terms

Kathy Lee Gifford – her clothing line was to donate their profits to help children living in poverty, when her brand of clothing employed children to manufacture her clothes

Money-metric poverty measurement -: international poverty line defined in relation to money rather than an explicit conception of well-being.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) - To compare economic statistics across countries, the data must first be converted into a common currency. Unlike conventional exchange rates, PPP rates of exchange allow this conversion to take account of price differences between countries. Recently purchasing power parity exchange rates have been calculated comparing the cost of a common basket of commodities in every country. By eliminating differences in national price levels, the method facilitates comparisons of real values for income, poverty, inequality and expenditure patterns; A condition between countries where an amount of money has the same purchasing power in different countries.

Gini coefficient - The Gini Coefficient measures the income inequality among the entire population of the country. The higher the number, the more income is being taken in by a small group. This number, which ranges between 0 and 1 and is based on residents' net income, helps define the gap between the rich and the poor, with 0 representing perfect equality and 1 representing perfect inequality.

Human Development Index (HDI) – measurement used by the UN to measure poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, and other factors. It is a standard means of measuring well-being, especially child welfare.

Week 13Study GuideWednesday, 11/16Reading: Michael Klare, “The New Geopolitics of Energy”

1. What was the Carter Doctrine? How has is shaped U.S. foreign policy since the early1980s?a. Carter Doctrine: pledged use of US military force to protect Persian Gulf oil.b. The United States will not permit the emergence of a hostile power that might gain control over the flow of Persian Gulf oil and thus--in Vice President Cheney's words--"be able to dictate the future of worldwide energy policy."The Carter Doctrine of 1980, though couched in the standard anti-Soviet rhetoric of the day, were principally intended to ensure continued US access to the Persian Gulf's prolific oil reserves. When President Carter established the nucleus of Centcom in 1980, its primary responsibility was protection of the Persian Gulf oil flow--not containment of the Soviet Union.

2. What is the “new geopolitics of energy”? How does it differ from the “old” geopolitics of energy?

• Growing importance of Asian markets (China, India).• Shift from “conventional” to “unconventional” sources of hydrocarbons – heavy oil, tight oil, and shale gas. End of “easy oil.”• Predictions of Western Hemisphere energy “self-sufficiency.”• Migration of oil exploration and development into “extreme” environments: deepwater, Arctic.• Global competition between United States and tentative alliance between Russia and China.• Geopolitical maneuvering over oil supplies in Africa and pipeline routes in Eurasia.• Emerging global market for natural gas. Qatar, Iran, Russia, and Turkmenistan are the largest players

3. Do you agree with Klare that “rather than engage in militarized competition withChina, we should cooperate with Beijing in developing alternative energy sources andmore efficient transportation systems”? Why or why not? How workable would thiscollaboration be?

Together, we are projected to consume 35 percent of the world's oil supply by 2025, most of which will have to be imported from dysfunctional states. If, as is widely predicted, global oil reserves have begun to shrink by then, both of our countries could be locked in a dangerous struggle for dwindling supplies in chronically unstable areas of the world. The costs, in terms of rising military outlays and the inability to invest in more worthwhile social, economic and environmental endeavors, would be staggering. Far better to forswear this sort of competition and work together on the development of advanced petroleum alternatives, super-fuel-efficient vehicles and other energy innovations. Many American and Chinese universities and corporations have already initiated joint ventures of this sort, so it is not hard to envision a much grander regime of cooperation.

TermsCentcom: Central Command created in 1980, its primary responsibility wasprotection of the Persian Gulf oil flow--not containment of the Soviet Union.Shanhai Cooperation Organization (SCO): provide arms and technical assistanceto the military forces of the Central Asian "stans"--again competing with the United States to win the loyalty of local military elitesBaku-Tiblisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Pipeline: a US-backed conduit carrying Caspian Sea oil to markets in the West.

Lecture OutlineThe Globalization of Oil, 198645-201101986

· 1. Low Crude Oil Price Regime, 1986-2000o Energy Conservation Nixon and Ford

§ Project Independence (1973)§ Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act (1974

· -55 mph speed limit§ Energy Policy and Conservation Act (1975)

· Strategic Petroleum Reserve

· Federal authority to order major electricity generators to switch to coal from oil or natural gas· Federal financial assistance to state energy conservation programs· Mandatory fuel efficiency standards for new automobiles (CAFE standards) – 27.5 mpg by 1985

o Energy Conservation Carter§ In first “Fireside Chat,” Carter vowed to wage “moral equivalent of war” to achieve energy conservation. Proposed 113 point program.· Principal objective: reducing imports· Principal method: conservation. “Conservation is the only way we can buy a barrel of oil for $2. It costs about $13 to waste it.”§ Proposed increase in federal gasoline tax, 5 cents/gallon per year up to 50 cents/gallon. Did not pass.· Today: 18.4 cents. National average, including state taxes is: 47 cents. · High: CA, 64.5 cents.· Low, Cont U.S., SC: 35.2 cents.· Low, U.S., AK, 18.4 cents.§ Generous tax credits for alternative energy and alcohol blended fuels.§ Installation of solar panels on White House roof.§ Establishment of Department of Energy.§ Oil imports cut in half by 1982.

o “Third Oil Shock”§ OPEC continued to sell oil to former concessionaire companies on long-term contracts (1-2 years).§ New customers in the form of independent oil companies, independent refiners, and aggressive traders created a vibrant “spot” market in oil, whose prices initially rose faster than official OPEC prices.§ OPEC and non-OPEC producers expanded sales, which then drove spot prices below official OPEC prices.§ Facing falling demand in early 1980s, OPEC tried to restrict output and hold individual nations to production quotas, but cheating and discounting could not be prevented (Saudi Arabia assumed role as “swing producer”).§ Summer of 1985, Saudi Arabia no longer “defended” official OPEC price. Turned on taps. Other OPEC exporters followed suit, ignoring newly imposed OPEC quotas.§ Crude prices increasingly determined by market trading at “benchmark” delivery locations (Cushing, OK; Brent, North Sea; Dubai-Oman).

o Growing Instability in Middle East§ Iranian Revolution (1979)§ Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979)§ Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988)§ Carter Doctrine (1980) – Pledged use of U.S. military force to protect Persian Gulf oil§ Creation of U.S. Central Command (Centcom) (1983)§ Operation Earnest Will (1987-1988) - U.S. flagging and escorting of Kuwaiti oil tankers in Persian Gulf to avoid Iranian attacks. Largest naval convoy operation since World War II.§ Operation Prime Chance (1987-1988) – secret U.S. special operations mission involving Army helicopters flying nighttime search-and-destroy missions, sinking several Iranian warships and damaging oil installations.

§ U.S. downing of Iranian passenger jet (1988).§ Operation Desert Storm (1990-1991)

· Iraqi invasion of Kuwait (August 1990)· U.S. mobilization of 500,000 troops. Invasion (January 1991) drove Iraqi forces from Kuwait in a matter of days.· After end of hostilities, U.S. policy tried to maintain stability by isolating Saddam Hussein’s Iraq through economic sanctions.· Official U.S. policy – containing both Iran and Iraq, keeping these “rogue states” from threatening other oil producers. Oil mega-mergers

· Trends in Oil Production and Consumptiono The United States is the biggest consumer of oil in the worldo Saudi Arabia is the second biggest.o 1980-2002: Nations becoming more efficient with their oil consumptiono Oil production in the US is decliningo Oil imports in the US is increasingo “Peak Oil”o Biggest source of energy:

§ Coal§ Petroleum§ Natural Gas

o Use of energy§ Transport§ Industrial power§ Residential and commercial§ 56% of it used§ 44% is wasted

o Imports§ Canada is the largest supplier§ Others: Mexico, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and Nigera

o Biggest oil reserves§ Venezuela§ Saudi Arabia§ Canada

o Companies with biggest oil reserves§ Saudi Arabia Oil§ National Iranian Oil§ Qatar Gen. Petroleums

Post-WWII Supply System Saudi Arabia

○ Aramco (Arab American Oil Company) ○ Tapline and Truman Doctrine○ “50-50 Split”

Iran○ Anglo-Persian Oil Company (BP)

○ Overthrow of Mossadegh○ Suez Crisis (1956)○ Challenge from Mattei and ENI

· 2. Changing Landscape of Oil Supplyo Oil Industry Mega-Mergers

§ 1998-2002 consolidation into six “Super-Majors”· BP (Amoco and ARCO)· ExxonMobil· Royal Dutch/Shell· Chevron (Texaco)· ConocoPhillips· Total (Fina, Elf)

§ Pressure to increase shareholder value§ Build up capital to finance riskier exploration and production; “easy” oil controlled by state-owned oil companies§ Build up sufficient concentration to become a “junior parter” with OPEC in maintaining stable crude prizes

o “The New Golden Triangle”§ West Africa§ Gulf of Mexico§ Brazil

o Caspian Basin Pipeline Networko Non-OPEC Institutions and Non-Proprietorial Forms of Governance

§ International Energy Agency (IEA)§ Production Sharing Agreements (PSAs)§ Bilateral Investment Treaties§ Energy Charter (1991)§ Effort to create a new global sovereign: IOCs and their consumers.

o Beginning in 1998, Hugo Chavez reorganized Venezuela’s state oil company, PDVSA, and cut his nation’s production to conform to OPEC quotas. During 2000s, Chavez used oil as political weapon in Western Hemisphere and oil revenues to fund ambitious social programs in Venezuela.o Upon becoming Russian president in 2000, Vladimir Putin asserted greater Russian control over oil and gas development, forcing Royal Dutch Shell to cede control over the Sakhalin Island oilfield to Russian companies, and he engineered government acquisition of controlling share in Gazprom, which owns almost all the major gas-producing facilities in Russia (17% of worldwide gas production and 83% of Russian production).· Rising Oil Price Regime, 2000-2011

o Newfound unity within OPEC nations for maintaining production quotas.o Lack of major new discoveries and production additions outside OPEC.o Exploding demand from China and India.o Heavy speculation on oil futures and energy derivatives.o Militarization of U.S. Oil Policy “Petro-Imperialism”

§ Growing NATO and U.S. military presence in Eastern Europe and Balkans after end of the Cold War.§ Centcom’s area expanded to include Caspian Basin (2001).

§ Troops in Saudi Arabia, 1992-2003; Saudi Arabia remains one of the largest purchaser of U.S. armaments in the world.§ U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq, 2003-2011.§ “Plan Colombia” – large U.S. military assistance to Colombia beginning in late 1990s.§ U.S. Africa Command (est. 2007).§ Klare: $100-150 billion/year to enforce Carter Doctrine, not including war in Iraq.

o New Geopolitics of Energy§ Growing importance of Asian markets (China, India).§ Shift from “conventional” to “unconventional” sources of hydrocarbons – heavy oil, tight oil, and shale gas. End of “easy oil.”§ Predictions of Western Hemisphere energy “self-sufficiency.”§ Migration of oil exploration and development into “extreme” environments: deepwater, Arctic.§ Global competition between United States and tentative alliance between Russia and China.§ Geopolitical maneuvering over oil supplies in Africa and pipeline routes in Eurasia.§ Emerging global market for natural gas. Qatar, Iran, Russia, and Turkmenistan are the largest players.§ Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Pipeline (first oil shipped in 2005)· 1,099 miles long (second longest in the world) BP operator and lead partner of 11 company consortium§ TAPI – Backed by United States and Asian Development Bank; 900 miles; $7.6 billion§ IPI – Backed by Iran and China; 1,620 miles; $7 billion

Terms“Hubbert’s Peak”Maximum oil production, that world oil production is likely to reach a peak in the near future , follow by a slow but steady decline.Super-majors: Result of oil company mergers, 1998-2002, includes BP, ExxonMobil, Shell, Texaco, ConocoPhillips, Total to increase shareholder value, to maintain a stable crude prices, and to build up capital to finance riskier exploitation and production.“New Golden Triangle”: : Consists of the three prolific deepwater regions(oil rich) : Brazil, The US Gulf of Mexico and West Africa.Hugo Chavez: Venezuelan populist presidentVladimir Putin:Russian nationalist president Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs): used to promote trade and investment links beyond ways WTO and other multilateral arrangements permit. Key objective is to provide a higher level of security to foreign investors by undertaking stronger external commitmentsTurkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Pipeline (TAPI): a proposed natural gas pipeline being developed by the Asian Development Bank.The pipeline will transport Caspian Sea natural gas from Turkmenistan through Afghanistan into Pakistan and then to India. Backed by United States and Asian Development Bank; 900 miles; $7.6 billion.

Week 14 – Discussion

“How Should the World Be Governed”

Reading: Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox, pp. 184-231

1. What are the various ways in which “hyperglobalization” undermines democracy? (pp. 190-200)

1. Labor Standards: This is the way the U.S. legislation has recognized what is good for workers as a whole. In recent years, globalization has undermined this effort through outsourcing jobs. In the USA, employers couldn’t hire people who are willing to work 70 hours for below minimum wage. Presently employers still cannot do that, domestically. What they can do is go to a foreign country to hire that person that is willing to work way more hours for way less pay. A huge part of the difference in pay is productivity, but the other part that accounts for pay difference is an employer advantage. Using labor regulations, unionization levels, and political rights can move an employee’s wage up or down by 40%.

2. Corporate Tax Competition: Instead of picking the tax structure that fits the needs and preferences of a nation, globalization has forced countries into a tax competition. The lack of stringent capital controls allows a business to mobilize around the world. One deciding factor in where they should expand their business would, obviously, be the corporate tax rate.

3. Health and Safety Standards: WTO rulings for trading practices are largely based on “scientific evidence”. There is no significant consideration on a country’s domestic circumstances. With organizations like WTO, decisions are made for the best interests of trading policies and not the country itself. In the case of EU’s meat hormones, trade rules clearly trumped democratic decision making.

4. “Regulatory Takings”: BITs and RTAs usually allow foreign investors to sue host governments in an international tribunal for damages when new domestic regulations have adverse effect on the investors’ profits. For example, a company charged a South African affirmative action program violated their rights under existing bilateral investment treaties. This AA program was created to reverse racial discrimination, which is an integral element in the country’s democratic transition. Basically, these foreign investors can shape a nation’s domestic policies.

5. Industrial Policies in Developing Nations: WTO imposes several restrictions on industrial policies in developing nations. These restrictions do not allow these nations to emulate the policies that led to the success of East Asian countries (e.g. export-processing zones).

2. What is the political “trilemma” of the global economy? What do you think are the best ways for nations to manage this trilemma? (pp. 200-206) The political “trilemma” is we cannot have more than two out of hyperglobalization, a nation state, and democratic politics together. There has to be a start trade-off because the third element often becomes an obstacle for our first two picks. Second question is opinion. 3. Is the nation-state an outmoded idea? Why or why not? (pp. 207-214)

The nation state is not an outmoded idea. There are several burgeoning ideas of new models (e.g. delegation, network, or corporate social responsibility), but they do not include accountability. We have a thin layer of global governance through international organizations, but the nation states are those who are ultimately accountable for fixing and maintaining their domestic politics and economy. Everyone still holds the nation state responsible for what happens to their constituents, and not the international organizations. 4. What kind of model does the European Union offer for the success of governance structures that extend beyond the nation state? (pp. 214-220) It offers global governance through deliberation – a similar idea Cohen and Sabel were developing. They have successfully empowered an administrative arm to deal with its economic infrastructure. This is due in part to every member’s willingness to comply. On the other hand, there are members resistant to fully integrate politically (e.g. Britain). Most of the work, in terms of political infrastructure, is done informally. The member states and the higher-level EU institutions decide on goals to be accomplished. National regulatory agencies are given freedom to advance these goals in the ways they see fit, but they must report their actions and results to forums. This allows for peer review and constructive revisions as necessary. Charles Sabel calls this process “experimentalist governance”. The EU demonstrates the difficulties of achieving a political union robust enough to underpin deep economic integration even among a comparatively small number of like-minded countries. 5. What are some of the different means of achieving “global governance”? How viable are they in solving the challenges of globalization, or the trilemma? (pp. 220-228)

1. Global Standards: This isn’t viable at all, in the sense that what would do well in one country might do more harm than another country. Even if there was a global standard that could accommodate each country, there is the chance of agreeing on the wrong set of standards (e.g. Basel Committee, which magnified systemic risks).

2. Market-Based Solutions: This mandates an information provision on goods and services, which will allow consumers make the decision that best fits his or her circumstances. Such a simple and generic solution still falls short. This solution leads into concerns of how much information, wording, ambiguity, reliability, and so on and so forth. It boils down to, again, standards. Also to whom are the certifiers accountable or who certifies the certifiers?

Global governance simply offers little help in solving these challenges. All these issues are deeply rooted in different parts of the world that have different preferences, circumstances, and capabilities.

6. How is “global citizenship” a class-based identity? (pp. 229-230***Global citizenship is a class based identity because the fact that more wealthy people and those with the highest level of educational attainment have a strong sense of global citizenship. And those that are of

lower social classes tend to have a stronger sense towards the nation state. This is because skilled professionals and investors can benefit from global opportunities where they may rise. This matters less to people that are less mobile workers and those with fewer skills who have to make do with what is nearby. **** JUST ADDED

Not sure what it’s asking for in relation to the reading. The book just talks about how “Netsville” is given internet and local ties are tightened rather than expanding their relations across the globe.

TermsDomingo Cavallo (pp. 184-187) - foreign minister in admin of president carlos menem, instituted the Convertibility Law which worked for Argentina only in the short term “Golden Straitjacket” (p. 189) - fixed rules to which all countries must submit: free trade, free capital markets, free enterprise, and small government…these will make country economies grow and politics shrink (friedman was later proved wrong) Bilateral investment treaties (BITs) (pp. 197-198) - used to promote trade and investment links beyond ways WTO and other multilateral arrangements permit. Key objective is to provide a higher level of security to foreign investors by undertaking stronger external commitments TRIPS (WTO Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights) (p. 199) - significantly impairs the ability of developing nations to reverse-engineer and copy the advanced technologies used in rich countries Basil Committee on Banking Supervision (pp. 210, 224) – the global club of bank regulators; has been widely hailed as the apogee of international financial corp but has produced largely inadequate agreements; their stds magnified systemic risks. European Union (pp. 214-220) - an economic and political union of 27 independent member states which are located primarily in Europe . “fair trade” (pp. 226-227) – their labels denote products such as coffee, chocolates, or bananas hat are grown in an environmentally sustainable manner and which pay the farmers a certain minimum price.

Week 15Democracy vs. Globalization

· According to Rodrick, what are the three legs of the “political trilemma of the world economy”?o Hyperglobalization, the nation-state and democratic politics.· What is the name Thomas Friedman coined to describe how globalization forces nations to abide by free trade, free capital markets, free enterprise, and small government?o The golden straightjacket· Areas in which hyperglobalization undermines democracyo Labor standardso Corporate tax competition

o Health and safety standards· Example of “global governance”o Product certification and labelingo The creation of common labor standardso International financial regulations through the Basil Committee on Banking Supervision· The European Union is a chief example of how economic integration has outpaced the creation of political institutions to govern it· Dani Rodrik’s principles for a new globalization o Markets must be deeply embedded in systems of governance· In Dani Rodrik’s “Bedtime Story for Grown-ups” the villagers live happily ever after once they installed a tollbooth for fishermen from other villages.· Comparison of Global Depressions Originating in the United Stateso Great Depression of the 1930s

§ Set the stage for shift from gold standard monetarism and laissez-faire toward Keynesian demand management§ It delegitimized the capitalist system itself, paving the way for rise of radical and anti-capitalist movements around the world

o Great Depression of the 2010s§ No abandonment of capitalism, but de-legitimization of the free-market or neo-liberal model of capitalism, with its emphasis on deregulation, privatization, low taxes§ Emerging markets in East Asia and Latin America had distanced themselves from the American-led Washington Consensus or neo-liberal program since the financial crisis of the late 1990s

· The Post Washington Consensuso Rejection of the “foreign finance fetish” – idea that free flow of capital around the globe is a good thing. Capital controls now accepted as an instrument of stabilization.o New respect for the benefits of social protection (education, health care, anti-poverty programs).o Reconsideration of industrial policy.o Promotion of effective public sectors.

· Engines of Developmento Historically, wealthy nations are wealthy, and poor nations poor not necessarily because of their openness to trade and capital, but because of a variety of factors: resource endowments, property rights, labor rights, welfare systems, educational systems, luck.o There is no one model, one single path, one true way, one size fits all; market reforms important, but so are government protections and inducements.o Washington Consensus policy prescriptions: driven by ideology; inappropriate, standardized solutions biased toward interests of First World business, capital, and governments· A New Multi-polar World?

o Demise of G-7 and rise of G-20o New purpose and resources for IMF and World Banko Prolonged stagnation in Europe and the United States?o Shift in the center of gravity of the world economy from “West” to “East”?o Will the American Century be followed by the Chinese Millennium?

Wednesday 11/30Reading: Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox, pp. 232-284

1. What do you think of Rodrik’s “principles for a new globalization”? Are there some you do not agree with? Are there principles he left out that you think should be included? (pp. 233-250)

Rodrik’s “principles for a new globalization” would help create solutions for global economic recovery, dangers of protectionism, macroeconomic imbalances, and challenges of financial regulation and so on while at the same time allow for global governance and moderate globalization to exist. Overall I do agree with all the principles that Daniel Rodrick he has defined but additional principles he could include is that allowing a new universal guidelines for nations to considering entering free trade. These guidelines would be the safety net that would help minimize any financial meltdowns or crisis.

2. How desirable or workable are Rodrik’s proposals for building “social safeguards” into trade agreements? (pp. 252-259)

Rodrik’s social safeguards seem desirable if it would demonstrate that it followed democratic procedures in reaching the determination that the safeguard measure is in public interest. The specific criteria might include transparency, accountability, inclusiveness and evidence-based deliberation. This hurdle would replace the current agreements serious injury test which focuses largely on domestic firm’s financial profitability. The proposed procedure would force a deeper and more representative public debate on the legitimacy of trade rules and on the conditions under which it may be appropriate to suspend them. In addition an extension of safeguards to cover environmental, labor, and consumer safety standards or development priorities at home- with appropriate procedural restraints against abuse –would increase the legitimacy and resilience of the world trading system and render it more development-friendly

3. What is the “big fudge” in the area of regulating global finance? What is Rodrik’s solution to the problem of “regulatory arbitrage”? If implemented, what do you think the effects would be? (pp. 260-266)

The big fudge are made the same policy makers that pay lip service to regulatory diversity and the push and pull of domestic politics that lead major players like the U.S and the European Union to design their own regulations. Yet these same policy makers press for regulatory harmonization, fearful that diverse regulations will raise transaction costs, and impeded financial globalization. The solution Rodrik proposes to regulatory arbitrage is the need for restrictions on global finance. Governments should be able to keep banks and financial flows out- not for financial protectionism but to prevent erosion of national regulations. Hence a new global financial order must be constructed on the back of a minimal set of international guidelines and with limited The effects would be that a new and improved IMF would have increase resources and a larger voice for developing nations. The powers of governments ate the national level would also increase because they would be responsible for setting capital and currency standards, regulating and overseeing financial markets.

4. Do you agree with Rodrik that “labor flows” are one segment of the global economy that is “not globalized nearly enough.” Why or why not? (pp. 266-272)

I do agree with Rodrick that the labor flows are one segmented of the global economy that it is not globalized enough . Wages due differ by huge magnitude between rich and poor countries. An average Indian worker who makes about 800 rupees an hour compared to an average United States skilled worker who makes $25 an hour is a huge difference because $1 =60 rupees so in terms of dollars the Indian worker is only making $15/hr. http://quizlet.com/2220966/intb-3351-final-flash-cards/Therefore because of this huge gap labor markets tend to be segmented to where inn rich countries the skilled labor remains domestic and internationally companies and firms from rich nations hire the lowest cost. In addition the reason that foreigners that take the low cost jobs instead of traveling to developed nations is because the number of highly skilled jobs are very limited and have many guidelines that immigrants do not meet.

5. How possible is it for the world economy to “reconcile the big differences in China’s cultural, social, and political system with the Western values and institutions that have dominated it to date”? (p. 278)

Americans and Europeans might assume that economic growth will make china more western; liberal, capitalist, and democratic. However that is still difficult due to the country’s long rooted history on the organization of economy, society, and government and on the proper relationships among them. In due time As china gains economic power it will a advocate for a world order that better reelect these views realizing that such intuitions are needed to preserve e their national sovereignty and well being the nation,

Crossword Puzzle

INTB-History Final Crossword summary1. Washington Consensus: Ideology of global free market reforms2. Offshore gulf of mexico, west Africa, and brazil = new golden triangle3. Saudi Arabian oilfield: GHAW4. Market-oriented public enterprises in China: Township5. 1956 Middle East crisis: Suez

6. US Fed Reserve Chairman, 1980s, = Volcker7. Italian oilman/Seven Sisters Rival = Mattei8. Subject of sweatshop scandal = Gifford9. 2000 law that allowed for unregulated derivatives trading ＝ Commodity Futures Modernization Act10. US military command responsible for the Middle East = Centcom11. State of mutual dependence between the United States and China = Chimerica12. Iranian nationalist leader = Mossadegh13. Latest round of trade negotiations under the WTO = Doha14. Chinese coastal zone manufacturing = Special Economic Areas15. Organization of petroleum producers = OPEC16. Risky home mortgages = subprime17. Region that experienced an export manufacturing “miracle” = East Asia18. Income and poverty measurement = purchasing power19. Maximum oil production = Hubberts peak20. Result of oil company mergers, 1998-2002 = Supermajors21. Thomas Friedman’s term for a nation’s deep integration with the global economy = Golden Straight Jacket22. Chinese market reformer ＝ Deng Xiao Ping23. Mass production innovation = interchangeable parts24. Alternative way of measuring human welfare on a global scale = HDI25. Forum for international cooperation on banking supervision = Basel Committee26. British oil company in Iran = Anglo-Iranian27. WTO agreement on intellectual property protections = TRIPS28. Dani Rodrik’s term for the tension between politics and hyperglobalization = The Political Trilemma29. Wal-Mart model of capitalism = pull production30. Right to natural resources = concession31. Free-market reforms pushed by : IMF and World Bank = Structural32. Oil earnings = petrodollars33. Dollars held by banks outside USA = Eurodollar34. US federal reserve chairman, 1987-2006 = Greenspan35. Powerful Treasury official under Clinton Administration = Summers36. Transforming illiquid assets into tradable securities = securitization37. The location of Wal-Mart’s global purchasing headquarters = Shenzhen38. Founder of modern Saudi Arabia = Ibnsaud39. Margaret Thatcher’s motto = TINA40. Libyan and OPEC leader Qaddafi41. Organization for Chinese and Russian military cooperation in Central Shanghai Cooperation Organization42. The organization representing Europe as a single entity = European Union43. Mass production and mass consumption = Fordism44. Revenue split between Seven Sisters and host governments = Fity-fifty

45. Consortium of US oil companies in Saudi Arabia = Aramco46. Oil price upon which host country revenues were once based: posted47. Russian nationalist president = Putin48. The deregulation of the City of London financial market in 1986 = Big BangThird World debt renegotiation = Brady Plan45. Foreign tax credit for US oil companies: golden gimmick46. Economist who proposed a tax on international financial transactions = James Tobin47.Petroleum Administrator for War = Ickes48.Venezuelan populist president = Chavez49.Major oil pipeline running from Baku, Azebaijan to Ceyhan, Turkey = BTC50.Argentine finance minister who implemented free market reforms ＝ Domingo Cavallo

Quiz 2

Matching Questions

Matching Set 1

Doha- Latest round of international trade negotiationsShenzhen- Wal-Mart purchasing headquarters in ChinaLarry Summers- U.S. treasury official, late 1990sKathy Lee Gifford- Honduran sweatshopsGhawar- Largest oilfield in the world

Matching Set 2

Alan Greenspan - Federal Reserve Chairman, 1987-2006James Tobin - Proposed tax on financial transactionsMohamed Mossadegh - Iranian prime ministerMuammar al-Qaddafi - Libyan and OPEC leaderPaul Volcker - Federal Reserve Chairman, 1975-1987

Matching Set 3

Latin America - Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI)Collateralized Debt Obligation - Securitized loansPurchasing Power Parity - Income and poverty measurementEast Asia - Exported-oriented industrializationGini Coefficient - Measurement of income inequality

Matching Set 4

Ghawar- Largest oilfield in the worldSpindletop- Large Gulf Coast oilfieldRay Kroc- McDonald’s founderGeorge Soros - Hedge fund financerRoger Smith- General Motors chairman

Multiple Choice Questions1. How did the major oil companies use their control over the Iranian concession to control the global

supply of oil?a. They allowed the CIA to use Iran as a base to overthrown regimes unfriendly to U.S. oil

companiesb. They conspired to flood the global market with Iranian oil.c. They used money from their investment in Iran to buy out smaller American oil companies.d. They agreed to restrict oil production from Iran to avoid a worldwide glut.

2. The free-market reform conditions applied to the renegotiation of Third World debt were calleda. Creative destruction.b. The Visable Hand.c. Transfer pricing.d. Structural Adjustment.

3. During the Second Global Economy, market-making power in many industries has shifteda. from shareholders to corporate managers.b. from global business units to national business units.c. from manufacturers to merchants, retailers, and financiers.d. from merchants, retailers, and financiers to manufacturers.

4. Why did the American oil companies, Socal (Chevron) and Texaco, gain the oil concession in Saudi Arabia, as opposed to the other major oil companies?

a. They offered bigger bribes.b. They were not party to the Red Line Agreement, which prevented other companies from

exploring alone in Saudi Arabia.c. King Ibn Saud wanted to import American cultural customs into his new nation.d. The other companies thought developing oil in Saudi Arabia would cost too much.

5. In what year did U.S. president Richard Nixon remove the U.S. dollar from its fixed relationship with gold and terminate the Bretton Woods international monetary arrangements?

a. 1971b. 1981c. 1998d. 1960

6. During the 1950s and 1960s, foreign direct investment (FDI) shifted predominantlya. away from developing (Third World) nations to developed nations.b. away from Canada to the United States.

c. away from developed nations to developing (Third World) nations.d. away from Latin America to Africa.

7. What was primarily responsible for ending the vicious cycle of inflation in the early 1980s?a. The Iranian Revolution.b. The end of the Cold War.c. The U.S. federal reserve’s high interest-rate policy.d. Reaganomics.

8. The right to exploit natural resources granted by a government to a foreign company is calleda. A bonus.b. Vertical integration.c. A concession.id. A tariff.

9. Which two nations were the key to the reassertion of control over the world oil economy in the 1950s by British and American oil companies?

a. Norway and Russiab. Venezuela and Mexicoc. Iran and Saudi Arabiad. Kuwait and Iraq

10. Which two manufacturing innovations are associated with "Lean" Manufacturing, or "Flexible Mass Production"?

a. Pull production and labor monitoring.b. Interchangeable parts and the annual style change.c. Workerless factories and the “visible hand.”d. Smart automation and just-in-time inventory management.

11. Which of the following was NOT one of the factors that cause oil prices to collapse and undermined the power of OPEC in the 1980s?

a. The growth in non-OPEC oil production from Alaska, the North Sea, and Mexico.b. Oil conservation and efficiency measures in the United States and Europe.c. The steep recession of the early 1980s.d. Enrico Mattei’s efforts to strike oil deals outside the control of OPEC.

12. Which of the following developments did NOT contribute to increased global capital flows in the latter decades of the 20th century?

a. The growth of debt and the financial services industry in the United States.b. Growing equality of income in the United States.c. The creation of the Eurodollar market.d. The "Big Bang" deregulation of financial markets in London.

13. The “Golden Gimmick” refers toa. credit derivatives.b. subsidies provided to U.S. agricultural exporters.

c. Wal-Mart’s strategy of attracting customers.d. oil companies’ deduction of royalty payments from U.S. taxes.

14. What was the purpose of import-substitution industrialization (ISI)?a. To reduce reliance on foreign trade and investment.b. To develop a socialist, planned economy.c. To generate growth through exports.d. To promote growth in rural areas rather than in cities.

15. Petrodollars refers toa. U.S. dollars earned by oil-exporting nations.b. collateralized debt obligations (CDOs).c. U.S. dollars earned from illegal oil trading to communist countries.d. a new kind of current established after the end of the Bretton Woods system.

16. Which of the following is NOT a major trend in the globalization of manufacturing?a. Increasingly unionized labor forces.b. “Economies of speed.”c. Extensive supply chains.d. Outsourcing/offshore of functions.

17. Fordism was a system of political economy based ona. flexible production and just-in-time inventory management.b. pull production and outsourcing.c. import-substitution industrialization.d. mass production and mass consumption.

18. The key innovation in bringing about mass production wasa. interchangeable partsb. unionized laborc. the assembly lined. just-in-time inventory management.

19. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was formeda. in 1973, in response to the Yom Kippur Warb. in 1938, after the Mexican nationalization of its oil reservesc. in 1960, after major oil companies cut their posted pricesd. in 1945, at the end of World War II

20. Which of the following is NOT one of the keys to Wal-Mart's business strategy?a. Rapid turnoverb. relatively low profit marginsc. high sales volumed. High wages and generous benefits

21. A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) isa. a region in China under total control of the communist party.

b. an area granted by government to a foreign company to explore for mineral resources.c. a region in China that has economic laws for foreign investors different from the country’s

typical economic laws.d. a part of the world under the control of British and European empires.

22. According to Nelson Lichtenstein, why does Wal-Mart have such a large corporate organization?a. Because it has had to hire armies of lawyers and labor monitors.b. Because the prices of goods and services its purchases has not fallen as rapidly as the cost

of managing those goods and services.c. It makes it easier for the company to lobby government officials.d. Because the physical size of its stores is so large.

23. What does Joseph Stiglitz, in "The Making of A Crisis," believe was the "macro" problem in the U.S. and global economies during the recent era of globalization?

a. Rampant corruption.b. Not enough saving by developing countries.c. Increasing barriers to trade.d. The global lack of aggregate demand.

24. A “derivative” is a generic term fora. securities or financial instruments whose value is derived from the value of an underlying

asset.b. profit derived from the sale of a foreign asset.c. interest on a loan.d. foreign currency transactions.e. none of these

25. What did the “Brady Plan” do?a. Renegotiated Third World debt, in the late 1980s, in exchange or structural adjustment

reforms.b. Created the single currency, the Euro, for Western Europe.c. Bailed out large banks after the financial crisis of 2008.d. Redirected the flow of petrodollars away from Europe and toward the United States.

26. The second “oil shock” to the world economy was caused bya. The Iranian Revolution.b. The OPEC embargo of oil to the United States and other supporters of Israel.c. The discovery of massive oil deposits in Saudi Arabia.d. The collapse of oil prices in 1985.

27. What was a major force placing pressure on the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system in the 1960s?

a. Efforts to take over the gold in Fort Knox by the international crime boss, Auric Goldfinger.b. The reduction of U.S. military spending.c. The excess supply of dollars in global circulation.

d. The increase in Petrodollars after the first oil shock.28. According to Silverstein, the Fair Labor Association is criticized because...

a. c29. When did Wal-Mart open its first international unit?

a. 1991b. 1996c. 1989d. 1982

30. Who writes about personal and impersonal jobs?a. Boob. Kleinc. Blinderd. Hertsgaard

31. According to Dani Rodrik, what is the "ultimate paradox" of globalization?a. Cutting taxes in the United States creates global economic growth.b. The benefits of globalization come to those nations that have the most restrictions on

immigrationc. Cutting social spending makes nations more competitive.d. The benefits of globalization come to those nations that invest in domestic social

capabilities.32. Select the answer placing events in the correct chronological order:

a. End of the Cold War, end of the Bretton Woods system, second oil shock.b. End of the Bretton Woods system, end of the Cold War, second oil shock.c. Second oil shock, end of Bretton Woods system, end of the Cold War.d. End of the Bretton Woods system, second oil shock, end of the Cold War.

33. Which company was the pioneer in corporate diversification and decentralization?a. Wal-martb. Banker’s Trustc. Fordd. Du Pont

34. How did Japanese automakers deal with “voluntary” quotas on imports of Japanese autos in the early 1980s?

a. They diversified investments into other industries to make up for lost sales.b. They shifted a greater portion of auto shipments to Western Europe.c. They began building plants inside the United States to boost sales beyond the quotas.d. They forced the Japanese government to retaliate against U.S. automakers, escalating a trade

war.35. Which of the following is NOT a major trend in the globalization of services?

a. “Economies of speed”

b. Outsourcing/offshore of functionsc. Increasing government regulation of servicesd. Move to non-union labor

36. Which of the following was/is NOT a member of the “Big Three” automakers?a. Chryslerb. Fordc. Hondad. General Motors

37. The global purchasing headquarters for Wal-Mart is located ina. Hong Kong, Chinab. Little Rock, Arkansasc. New York City, New Yorkd. Shenzhen, China

38. Which of the following is NOT one of the global financial capitals or centers discussed by Youseff Cassis in "Capital's of Capital"?

a. London.b. Tokyo.c. Beijing.d. New York.

39. Which company is most closely associated with the “post-Fordist” system of mass production called “lean production”?

a. Proctor & Gambleb. Toyotac. Volkswagend. Rubbermaid

40. Each of the following provided the basis for the phenomenal expansion of the international financial flows in the 1980s, EXCEPT

a. The emergence of the Eurocurrency marketb. The transition to market economies by former communist regimesc. The collapse of the Bretton Woods systemd. The oil price shocks and the flow of petrodollars into the world financial system

41. All of the following were structural factors in the 1950s-1960s growth of the U.S. auto market, EXCEPTa. Japanese investmentsb. interstate highway systemc. suburbanizationd. cheap oil

42. From the documentary, "A Crude Awakening": "Peak Oil" refers toa. an imminent peak in world oil production with a steady decline thereafter.b. the fact that stock market valuations for oil companies are reaching their highest levels ever.

c. the fact that the world will run out of oil by 2030.d. the discovery of oil in the world will soon peak.

43. Panel on "Southeast Asia: Hedging Into the Wider Global and Regional Contexts": According to Ambassador Sichan Siv, the term Indochina should not be used to describe countries in Southeast Asia because

a. Indochina is colonial term that discredits the cultural heritage of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

b. Indochina was an economic alliance between India and China that exploited the countries of Southeast Asia starting in 1945

c. Indochina was a political alliance between India and China that caused the cold war in the region.

d. the region's culture was more influenced by Japan than China44. The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 did what?

a. Provided additional subsidies for agricultural commoditiesb. Allowed investment banks and commercial banks to merge.c. Exempted most financial derivatives from government regulation.d. Lowered interest rates on home mortgages