Instrument Flight

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Instrument Flight

Lesson 6

November 2007http://freebirdswing.org

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http://freebirds.org

November

2007

Philosophy & Reference Documentation

This Training has been developed in an attempt to increase the skill level of the Falcon4 pilot. All the subject matter has been laid out to create a natural progression of skillsets from basic to advanced topics. Theory is taught and then put into practice during atraining flight. Read the Training Philosophy page on the website for more info.

The training is a continuation of what you learned during previous Basic Flight Lessons.The FreeBirds SOP are practiced every time we fly so that we can reduce anyambiguity during the transition from the windows desktop to sitting in the cockpit. Youare expected to memorize the SOPs and use them. Refer to the the Multi-Player SOPspage on the website for the latest SOPs.

Our training is designed to be a compliment to all of the documentation that has beenestablished to date. The goal is to fill in the blanks and elaborate on subjects whereneeded. This means you will need be familiar with the contents of each referencedocument to complete the training course. It is expected that before or during the basiccourse you will have read through the documents listed below. Focus on the Falcon 4.0manual and the SP3 Manual.

Information References The Latest SP Manuals The BMS DASH 34 Manuals

The RP 5 Manual (Located on our website under tactical Reference)

The Mid Life Update Documents (Located on our website under tactical Reference)

The Navigation Chart Tutorial (Web-Site )

The FreeBirds VFW Website (http://www.freebirdswing.org/)

The rest of the World Wide Web, forums, and message boards

Basically, read as much as you can get your hands on!
http://www.combatsimchecklist.net/F4download.htmhttp://www.freebirdswing.org/http://www.freebirdswing.org/http://www.combatsimchecklist.net/F4download.htmhttp://www.combatsimchecklist.net/F4download.htmhttp://www.combatsimchecklist.net/F4download.htm


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Learning Objectives

Instrument Flying

Navigation via the HIS

Instrument Landing System Command Steering

Standard Instrument Departures (SID)

Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR)

This course material has been written so that it can be utilized in Open Falcon

by the Basic Flight School pilot. It is not a complete and in depth study intoinstrument flight and approach to landing and many topics and terms have

been simplified and or changed for our purposes.


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Definitions SID -Standard Instrument Departure Procedure: A planned air traffic control

departure procedure (usually IFR) used to govern the conduct of the flight from take-offto a pre-determined particular point in the climb at which separation of traffic can beguaranteed by other means. SIDs are printed for pilot use in graphic and/or textualform. It is absolutely mandatory that these procedures must be adhered to immediately

after takeoff. The horizontal and vertical components, turns, speed, and altituderestrictions of a SID must be followed usually because of hazards of surrounding terrainor noise abatement restrictions. SIDs are a type of DP.

DP - Departure Procedure: Air Traffic Control (ATC)-coded departure procedures thathave been established at certain airports to simplify clearance delivery procedures.

STAR - Standard Terminal Arrival Route: A planned air traffic control arrivalprocedure (usually IFR) used to govern control transition from the en route air trafficstructure to an outer fix or an instrument approach fix in the terminal area. STARs areprinted for pilot use in graphic and/or textual form. A STAR are one type ofIAP.

IAP - Instrument Approach Procedure: Designed to provide a safe IFR descent fromthe enroute environment to a point where a safe landing can be made.

Approach - The transition from standard flight in preparation to land.

Airport Diagrams - Specifically designed to assist in the movement of ground traffic atlocations with complex runway/taxiway configurations and provide information forupdating geodetic position navigational systems aboard aircraft.

DME - Distance Measuring Equipment: This system allows us to use radio signals todetermine distance from the transmitting station.

FIX - A Fix is a point in space reference some navaid.

FAF - Final Approach Fix: The point where we begin our transition down to theairfield, the Tower gives us further clearance to land here, also where we can descendto the MDA.


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Definitions MDA -Minimum Descent Altitude: The altitude restriction placed after the FAF that

you can not descend below UNTIL you have visual of the runway environment.

IFR - Instrument Flight Rules: A set of rules governing the conduct of flight under

instrument meteorological conditions (IMC).

VFR - Visual Flight Rules: The rules that govern the procedures for conducting flight

under visual conditions. The abbreviation "VFR" is also used to indicate weather

conditions that are equal to or greater than minimum VFR requirements. In addition, it

is used by pilots and controllers to indicate a type of flight plan (FP).

IAF - Initial Approach Fix: The fix of an instrument approach procedure (IAP) at

which the aircraft leaves the en route phase of operations to commence the approach.

Missed Approach A flight manoeuvre to gain altitude and clear traffic/obstacles, in

preparation for another approach.

MAP - Missed Approach Point: Point where the decision to land or go around must

be made.

OM - Outer Marker: A VHF facility installed at the site of the outer marker of an

instrument landing system (ILS).

PP - Penetration Point: The location where an aircraft begins a penetration turn to

proceed in bound within the ILS area and fly to the Outer Marker. Its purpose is to

permit an aircraft to lose considerable altitude within reasonably limited airspace. When

the Navaid is located on the airport, an aircraft is considered to be on final approach

upon completion of the penetration turn.


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Definitions

PT - Penetration Turn: An arrival procedure involving a turn or series of turns during

descent from a cruising altitude that will position the aircraft for a landing during a high-

level approach

DH - Decision Height: The point on an ILS instrument approach where the pilot must

have the minimum ceiling and visibility mandated by the instrument approach plate to

continue the approach to a landing. At that point, if the runway environment is not in

sight, further descent is not authorized, and a missed approach must be made.

VOR - VHF Omni directional Range station: A ground-based electronic NAVAID

that transmits very high frequency navigation signals 360 in azimuth (radials). No

Distance information is sent unless DME accompanies the VOR system.

VDP - Visual Descent Point: A defined point on the final approach course of a non-

precision straight-in approach procedure from which normal descent from the minimum

descent altitude (MDA) to the runway touchdown point may be commenced, provided

that the approach threshold of the runway, or approach lights, or other markings

identifiable with the approach end of that runway are clearly visible to the pilot.

VA - Visual Approach: An approach wherein an aircraft on an IFR flight plan (FP),operating in VFR weather conditions under the control of ATC and having ATC

authorization, may proceed to the airport of destination.

ILS Instrument Landing System: A radio navigation beacon that is aligned with the

center line of the runway. Designed to guide the pilot down to the MDA and have him

aligned with the center line of the runway.


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Instrument Flight Used if you

Are flying in bad weather or clouds

Have no HUD

Have no MFDs

Use small, steady, smooth control inputs

Make a control input change, letaircraft/indicators react, make a correctionto the aircrafts reaction and so on..

Juggling the instruments

In flight, things are always changing soexpect the see the gauges move

Use an instrument scan technique andstick to it (follow the numbers in the pic)

Consistently and constantly continue yourscan pattern of the instruments

Dont fixate on one instrument or the rest

will run away from you Easier to fly precisely on Instruments

Instrument flying practice will help you flybetter in visual and combat situations

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Instrument Flight

Climbs

Fly up/down to your altitude not

through it

Lead your leveling off based on yourAscent/Descent rate, use 10% of

Accent/Descent rate

At 4,000 fpm rate, start leveling off 400

ft before desired altitude

Turns

Start to roll out of your turn about 1/3of your bank angle in degrees before

you reach your desired heading.

Example: In a 30 bank angle, roll out

10 prior to desired heading.

Tell-Tail Indications

Increasing airspeed without anincrease in throttle indicates a descent

Decreasing airspeed without a

decrease in throttle indicates a climb

Each Pitch Line is 5

60

30

90

360

6090120

180

210

240

270

300

330

Each Line is

125 fpm

01020

Bank

Angle


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Tactical Air Navigation System Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN), Pronounced

tackan

Beacon (fixed antenna) on airbase (or reallyanywhere)

Transmits Radio beams called radials outward in every direction,

360

Includes range information (DME)

Antenna on aircraft receives radio beam Aircraft processes signal and transmits info to HSI

Note: If you are due Northeast of a TACAN you areon the 045 degree radial, It does not matter which

direction you are headed. If you are pointedNortheast you are on the 045 degree radial. If youare pointed Southwest you are still on the 045degree radial.

Each TACAN station has corresponding code

Codes are preset into your Flight Computer

You can manually set codes using ICP

Land based beacons use an X code Airborne (Tankers) use a Y code

Each beacon has a range in which it operates.See the SP Checklists for a list of ranges for eachNavigational aid in F4. The distance error flag willbe displayed if you are out of range of the beacon.

Compass Rose

TACAN Antenna


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The Horizontal Situation Indicator

Bearing Pointer (Red Arrowhead)

points to TACAN Station or Steerpoint

Instrument

Mode Selector

Switch

Range Indicator WindowCourse

Selector

Window

Course Set

Knob

Heading Set Knob

Compass Card

Upper Lubber

Line

Aircraft

Symbol

Course Needle(Yellow Line)

set with Course Set Knob

To-From Indicator

Course Deviation

Indicator

Heading Marker (Green Bar)

set with Heading Set Knob

Course Deviation Scale

Each dot is:

2.5o in TCN/ILS or NAV/ILS mode

5o in NAV or TCN mode

Tail of

Bearing

Pointer

Course ILS Warning Flag

Distance

Error Flag


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Operating the HSI

Aligning with a Radial:

Setting the CRS knob on the HSI sets the Radial you wish to intercept. Use thecourse deviation indicator to align with the Radial.

Note that if you are aligned with the TACAN signal you are on the Radial that matches theCourse you selected on the HSI. See the following examples: North of the TACAN heading South: inbound on 360 Radial

South of the TACAN heading South: outbound on 180 Radial

North of the TACAN heading North: outbound on 360 Radial

South of the TACAN heading North: inbound on 180 Radial

Radial Intercepts: Intercepting a Radial means that you either align with the radial or cross it. If you

turn to fly along a radial to reduce/grow range, you have intercepted the radial. Ifyou cross the radial (indicated by the course deviation indicator crossing from oneside of the course pointer to the other) you have intercepted it. When following aDME ARC, you will cue off the course deviation indicator moving rapidly across theHSI to indicate interception of a desired Radial

Maintaining a DME ARC

Holding on a DME ARC requires you to orbit the TACAN station at a fixeddistance.


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Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI): An

instrument which displays bearing and distance

to a navigation aid, heading, track/course and

track/course deviation.

NAV Mode

Display references the selected steerpoint

(chosen using the ICP)

NAV/ILS Mode

Display references the selected steerpointAND Instrumented Landing System (ILS)

Localizer Deviation (LD) and Glideslope

Deviation (GD) bars are active. These bars

only appear on the ADI within about 10 NM

of the TACAN beacon and after contacting

the tower for landing instructions (T 1 keys).

Range to Steerpoint: 17 Nm

Direction to steerpoint:(340o T)

GD Bar

LD Bar

Direction to steerpoint: (220o)

Range to Steerpoint:

31 Nm

Radio Navigation with the HSI in NAV Mode


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TCN (TACAN) Mode

Display references the TACAN beacon for

the Airfield pre-selected and displayed in the

DED (chosen using the ICP) in Up FrontControl (UFC) or the airfield/tanker as

selected and using the CNI Backup Mode.

Set the TACAN Station Selector

appropriately (TR for runways AA/TR for

Tankers)

TCN/ILS Mode

Display references the TACAN Beacon AND

ILS Localizer Deviation (LD) and Glideslope

Deviation (GD) bars are active. These bars only

appear on the ADI within about 10 NM of the

TACAN beacon and after contacting the tower

for landing instructions (T 1 keys). You wont

see the bars if tracking a tanker using TACAN.

Range to TACAN Beacon: 79 Nm

Direction to TACAN Beacon: (240 T)

GD Bar

LD Bar

Direction to steerpoint: (240o)

Range to

Steerpoint: 1 Nm

Radio Navigation with the HSI in TACAN Mode


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The Instrument Landing System (ILS)

Used in conjunction with the Tactical Air Navigation

(TACAN) or Steer Point NAV

ILS antenna emit additional signals Localizer Deviation

indicates if you are left/right of the runway

Active within approx. 18nm

Glideslope Deviation

Indicates above/below proper glide slope for landing.

Active within 10nm

The LD and GD Bars are viewable in the HUD and ADI when Instrument Mode Selector Switch is in

ILS/TAC or ILS/NAV position

Intercept the LD an GD by steering to the needle

Example

Above the glide slope (GD bar is below the center) and left of

the runway (LD bar is right of center)

Steer and come right to correct to the course and glide path

GD Bar

LD

Bar

t


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Using the Horizontal Situation Indicator

t


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COMMAND STEERING

Guides the pilot to intercept the ILS

beacon on runway heading

Set ILS frequency in DED

Set Course in DED to desired runway

heading

Highlight CMD STRG in DED

Set course on HSI to runway heading

Ensure Tacan is set to TR

Runway heading

ILS Frequency

Command Steering On

t


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COMMAND STEERING CUES

Localizer deviation Bar

Glide Slope Deviation Bar

Command Steering Cue

Appears 450 either side of

selected runway

heading

t


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Fly towards Command Steering Cue to line up with Flight Path Marker and Localizer Bar

Localizer Bar

Flight Path Marker

Command Steering Cue

Lining up Command Steering Indicators

ht


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Tic indicates pitch

steering is active

If an X appears over the fat part of the

Cmd Strng Cue then you have lost

pitch steering. Adjust power and pitch

to get back on the Glide Slope

deviation line

Glide Slope Deviation Bar

Pitch Steering Indicator

ht

S


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On Final, Lined Up for Landing

Final Sight Picture

ht

S d d I D (SID)


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Standard Instrument Departure (SID)

FreeBirds VFW utilizes the Falcon Simulator

Standard Instrument Departure procedure for

KIMPOs runway 14L is given here as an

example (see the AF-OF Kimpo_departure1.gifincluded with this lesson download package).

This is a navigational procedure that utilizes the

aircrafts avionics. The goal is for you to be able

to achieve this completely HEADS DOWN

It is recommended that you practice each of

these procedures as needed prior to the Flight

Test. Each airbase has its own procedures, therefore it

is advisable that you refer to Falcon AF and / or

the Open Falcon Navigation Checklists in order to

determine the appropriate TACAN and ILS

information.

ht

S d d T i l A i l (STAR)


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FreeBirds VFW utilizes the FalconSimulator Standard Terminal Arrival

Route (STAR)procedure for Kimpos

runway 14L is given here as anexample (see the AF-OF Kimpo14L.gif

included with this lesson download package).

This is a navigational procedure that

utilizes the aircrafts avionics. The goal

is for you to be able to achieve this

completely HEADS DOWN It is recommended that you practice

each of these procedures as needed

prior to the Flight Test.

Each airbase has its own procedures,

therefore it is advisable that you refer to

Falcon AF and / or the Open Falcon

Navigation Checklists in order to

determine the appropriate TACAN and

ILS information.

ht

L S


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Lesson Summary

You should now understand

Instrument Flying

Navigation via the HSI

Instrument Landing System

Command Steering



You should now be very comfortable withy comms and using brevity

ht

Fli ht S h l


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Flight School

Demonstrate

Instrument Flying

Navigation via the HSI

Instrument Landing using ILS and Command Steering



That you can use navigation terminology and proper comms