14
Instructions for use Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani, Noboru Citation 北海道大學工學部研究報告, 145, 139-151 Issue Date 1988-12-27 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/42172 Type bulletin (article) File Information 145_139-152.pdf Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

Instructions for use - HUSCAP...Instructions for use Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani,

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Page 1: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...Instructions for use Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani,

Instructions for use

Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation

Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani, Noboru

Citation 北海道大學工學部研究報告, 145, 139-151

Issue Date 1988-12-27

Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/42172

Type bulletin (article)

File Information 145_139-152.pdf

Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP

Page 2: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...Instructions for use Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani,

北海道大学工学部研究報告第145号 (日召孝[163年)

Bulletin ef the Faculty of Engineering,

 gokkaido University, No. 145 (1988)

STIVDY ON CffANGE FROM SIUMMER ORgENTED XOIUSESTO WgNTER-ORgENTED ONES AND TffEllR VENTgLATION

Takashi SAsAKI, Noboru ARATANI     (Received September 10, 1988)

Abstact

     A traditional Japanese wooden house has many path ways for ventilation to

exhaust the rnoisture and to preserve the wooden construction. ln Hokkaido with

coid winter, airtightening is a necessary change and much improvement has been tried

to the present. The degrees of airtightness in several kinds of constructions are

shown in this report, Though the vapor condeRsation in cold rooms become Tnore

serious in an airtightend house, more insulation and airtightening are necessary when

we desire to change the custom of partial warming to a whole house heating system.

Natural ventilation by fluctuating wind was studied for the accurate calculation of

ventilatioR aRd for the vapor exclusion from the exterial wooden wall haviRg thick

insulatlon. The design of ventilation routes in an airtightened house is important for

health and heating ecoBonr}y. The authors show the designing principle and the

measuring method of exchanging ventilation in a mu}ti room house by using multi-

tracer gases.

1. Preface

     Traditionai Japanese houses were made mainly of wood, straw, mud and paper. lt

had been said that the house should be made with an emphasis to make it comfortable to live

m summer.

     In a climate with humidity and high temperature at CrTsuyu” period which is the rainy

season in early summer brough£ by monsoons from the southeast sea, an exhaustive ventila-

tion throughout the house is required for not only cooling but for the preservation of building

material itself.

     The buffer spaces in a house such as attics or crawls are opened completely to the

outside and wooden walls which have cavities inside are also opened to these buffer spaces.

The ceiliRgs and floors have also numerous planned cracks to lead to a natural ventilation

in a house. This is a special feature of a Japanese traditioRal house, in which all spaces are

closely connected with each other by complicated ventilation routes resembling a net work.

Department ef Architecture

Page 3: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...Instructions for use Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani,

140 Takashi SAsAKi, Noboru ARA’rANi 2

     Naturally it was difficu}t to keep the temperature in a house constant in winter, so our

forefathers took warmth directly frorn an open hearth fire such as ttlrori”, closed t{Kotatsu”

or later a heater. Thus the partial and intermittent heating had become a deep routed

custom in japaR, These traditional houses and customs were also brought to Hokkaido by

the early settlers.

     Although the airtighting of the house was an iRevitable fact for the redugtion of cold

draught, freezing of water and fuel consumption, vapour condensation in cold rooms has

become serious problem. As the solution, thicker insulation and increased airtightness are

definitely necessary to change the custom of partial heating into whole house heating. These

studies on ventilation have been made with such backgrounds. The aim of these studies is

not to reduce the amount of ventilation but to keep the effective ventilation under the

fluctuating wind pressure and its positive use for the preservation of wood constructions with

thick insulation.

2. Airtightness of Japanese Houses

     Though the Japanese houses have taken an a semi western style, especially in

Hokkaido, the degree of airtightness is not yet so high because of their traditional post and

beam wooden frame construction. They have many cracks and path ways of air in the wall,

so the quantity of ventilation is also large. As tke superfluous ventilation brings bitter cold

draught and large heat loss, constractors in Hokkaido are making a great effort to improve

this problem.

     To know the degree of airtightness of new type houses in Hokkaido, the authors have

measured the equivalent leakage area by the depressurization ;nethod as shown in fig.1.

     The equivalent }eakage area crA is obtained by following equation.

                 aA=gltils600Vlll.]・a・Api/nrmit2 .....”........ (o

     Where aA 1 equivalent leakage area Cm2)

              y 1 density of air (kg/m3)

              g 1 gravity acceleration (9.8m/s2)

              Ap 1 pressure drop across the building envelop (Pa)

「し露AP[mmAq]

 Pressure Difference

×

=〉 Q[ af /h ]/

Duct Fan

Fig. 1 Major Components of Apparatus

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3STUDY ON CHANGE FROM SUMMER ORIENTED HOUSES TO  WINTER-ORIENTED ONES AND THEIR VENTILATION 141

              n : aR exponent (15nS2)

              a : flow rate at Ap=:9.8 Pa

     Figure 2 shows the results of this measurement in the relation between the total floor

area and the equivaiene leakage area. The degrees of airtightness of measured houses

extend over a wide raRge. The degree of airtightness of the traditional wooden frame house

is very low, and this tendency is the same even in the new by buiit houses.

     The symbol e[]A shows the results of new houses built by the improved construction

methods. The mean value of equivaient ieakage area per unit floor area is about 3.5cm2/rn2.

Aithough this value is iess than that of the ordiRary traditional frame coRstruction method

of 9.Ocm2/m2(symbolO)is much larger than the value of Swedish standards of 1.8cm2/m2.

This means there is a need of much improvemeRt or basic change in the traditional frame

construction method. The airtightness of the highese degree in Hokkaido now is exceeding

the Swedish standards.

     On the other hand, as most people think that the purpose of airtightening is oRly to

decrease all cracks in the whole house and is not expected to change their heating custom or

    o General wooden construction   -is: 2”×4” construction

    ){[ lmproved 2”×4”constructien    AV“ Construction with sheet    D B) Platform construction    G 〈C) Construction with           rigid insulation

Equivalent・leakage area (cfi)

lseo

1000

500

e

mReinforced concrete           constructionee Reinforced concrete brick           construction

oTest house  ; Prefabricated steel house

    爲

n  母    %、

@ ヴマ誘

O   o o (D

謬む迹??

@        /

     (D △  ,厨Dノ痴話/

       !

/   ⑳    !/

@  !@/〆^

!/

o 100 150

200 2se 300 Total floor area (In2)

Fig. 2 Results of Measurement of Equivatent leakage Area

Page 5: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...Instructions for use Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani,

142 Takashi SAsAi〈E, Noboru ARATANi 4

to insert openings at the exterior for moisture exclusion, and this leads to new problems such

as vapour condensation or mold formation especially in the cold rooms or in the insulated

walls which can become a very serious problems. Needless to say, the purpose of airtightning

is not to decrease useful ventilation but to provide a solution to these problems.

3. Natural VentilatioR by Wind Fluctuatien

     Natural ventilation in the traditional Japanese house is greatly influenced by wind

velocity and its direction. And to some extent people welcome wind especially in summer.

(There are many picturesque names for wind in japan as 2145.)

     Though the main purpose of airtightning in the house is to rnake it possible to use a

heat recovering system and to increase the ventilation rate without increasing heat loss,

moreover in this respect how to use the wind power for ventilation is also a very interesting

and traditional concern for us especially when the moisture removing ventilation is impor-

tant.

     For these purposes it is important to know the characteristics of the natural ventila-

tion by wind more clearly. There are many methods for the calculation of ventilation rates.

However no calculation methods are adaptable. This is because the calculation of ventiiation

by wind mainly use the mean value of fluctuating wind pressure.

     Fundamentally, the wind pressure on the wall of building is fluctuates with wind itself

and furthermore air is like a constrictive fluid; Under the fluctuating conditions of air

pressure, this coRstrictive nature should not be neglected. Besides the air flow resitance of

cracks, the elasticity of air mass behind it, frequency of fluctuation, depth of the crack and

etc. should be taken into consideration in the mass balance equation.

     The authors have forth led a new calculation method for wind ventilation based on the

character of constrictability of air above mentioned.

Assuming the following items,

a) Air in the crack moves as a mass

b) Space behind the crack works as a spring

c) Flew resistance of the crack can be obtained by the rneasureTnent under a steady state

   condition

     From these assumptions, we made several dynamic models for the analysis. When the

space has only one crack on the oneside of a wall as in fig.3, the motional equation of the

mass of air in the crack can be expressed as follows l

where, mc

k

x

mX+ct+kx==p

1 mass of air (kg)

1 resistance of crack (kg/s)

: elastic constant of air in the space (kg/s2)

:moving distance of air in the crack (m)

・一一・・・・……・ @(2)

Page 6: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...Instructions for use Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani,

             STUDY ON CHANGE FROM SUMMER ORIENTED HOUSES TO

5 WINTERORIENTED ONES AND THEIR VENTILATION 143

              p : fluctuating wind pressure (Pa)

                                                  air spring

               c「ack   p慣{}識Z..

                                              resistance

                    Fig. 3 Modelization of space with single opening

     In the same manner, when the space has two cracks on the epposite side of the wall

as fig.4, the motional equatioBs of the masses can be expressed as follows i

               匿ll:」+撹][1:]+[一蹴[1:欄…・(・)

                                            air spring

                                         mass k

crack

Pim1

     Cl 1 C2

                    Fig. 4 Modelization of space with two openings

     And the ventilation rate can be obtained by adding effective quantity that is corrected

with the depth of crack as shown in fig.5.

x::1:蒸}ll

d,pth。f cra,1く イ

  Pご職印      (2・一のgs::’碧マ・1鱒

                  Pressecre z’s in negative

ュ豪…三’∫lf21重i.ilをi纂翼主遊yj∫袈三彦護il》→   ・プ1・●

e

X 韻(2x一 e )s

幽℃¶¶……」昏\

×  displacement of air

      i)プess駕プe  is

   S sectional area of crack

effective quantity

 of infiltration

Jr mass

zn Post’tive

                       Fig. 5 DisplacemeRt of air in the crack

     To verify these assumptions, the authors have measured actual ventilation rate using

tracer gas of co2 in the test chamber as in fig.6. The variations of air pressure in this test

chamber were made with a large cone type speaker. lt was possible to simulate free waves

of pressure fluctuation on the crack such an in actual wind pressure on the wall in the test

Page 7: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...Instructions for use Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani,

144 Takashi SAsAig, Noboru ARA’rANi6

chamber.

     When the pressure difference between two spaces varies as sine-wave, the equation

becomes as follows 1

mx+sn+1/anthn==:s psin(nt) ・…@‘・・… 一・…  (4)

     The ventilation rate through the crack is obtained by solving the balance equation of

concentration of tracer gas. Figure 7 shows the results of calculation and experiments.

Both results are almost the same, though there can be a little difference in high frequencies

over 1 Hz. This difference between calculation and experiment will be neglected, because

there is little energy in the high frequency of wind fluctuation.

     In comparing the results of the ordinary method with this new method, the characteris-

tics of both methods will be clear. Figure 8 shows each result. The calculation was done by

a measured wind fluctuation data at the flat house on 13-th floor of a 14-storied building.

And the measurement of ventilation rate of this house was done by utilizing CO2 as the

tracergas at the same time. The results show that the ordinary method can produce a greater

error than new method. And it is found that the dynarnic analysis raethod as we explained

is necessary to know the ventilation rate in the case where wind pressure fluctuates.

     Figure 9 shows a model of a cavity in a double wall ot double sashed window having

small cracks on both sides. lf the fluctuating wind pressure on ehe outside is lower than

Space-B Space-A

high CQロcentratiQn

Fig. 6 Test enclosures and test method

Page 8: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...Instructions for use Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani,

7STUDY ON CHANGE FROM SUMMER ORIENTED HOUSES TO  WINTER-ORIENTED ONES AND TgEIR VENTILATION 145

the inside pressure and the constrictivity of air in a cavity is not considered, ventilation from

the outside can not be expected. But practically when the inside crack is smaller than the

outside cracks, reciprocating shuttle veRtilation occurs through the outside crack even when

the wall is to the leeward.

     Figure IO shows the result of calculations by equation (3). Percentage of the outside

air means the ventilation from the outside. The figure shows that even when the outside

pressure is negative the ventiiation from the outside can be expected as long as the inside

cracl〈 is small enough (c2/ci becomes small) and the standard deviation of wind pressure

becomes higher.

     This effect of wind fluctuation is very useful for a dehumidifying velttilation in an

airtightened house.

Quantity of ventilation C lye/h]

o.e6

O.05

O,04

O.03

O,02

caiCU三ation experlmenも

・…2φ!           免二GD3皿

浮唐?d crack in嶺is experiment

@                  !

O.1 O.5 1.0

5.0 10,0   Frequency[Hz]

Fig. 7 Results of calculation and experimental value

   crack 1

鞭駿/_.・暴、1,

.一 Ft,“2

’infllll=6s.一S crack 2

measureddwelling

i   I

ρ一一 1ちサ @ らも

霧.{/鳶一N

illi・

i・li’

IS

E/ilY-

f

N・

刀、

ll

:ili

Kg. 8(a) Measured dweliing and its location

Page 9: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...Instructions for use Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani,

146 Takashi SAsAKi, Noboru ARATANI 8

considered fluctuation

usual statical method

Calculation

  Caf/h]

100

de

o

、σrlユ

  v == 2eoiT1

30

(1if/hmmAq)

             1            1         e.eri

     謙

   @1/o 8

/壷b

/’

n 100 [rf./h]

Calculation

   { rrf./ h )

100

//

、。」「コ

  V =#=60

      (n£.ihmmAq)

V == 200 rf

           /

         ダ

        / edw        /      〆 魎

    /o

 op

  膨 e/ /爲/

 / //

 g

品。 100〔幽〕

一 O Measuredi value

Ca) Flow rates of cracks are

  30uf/hrnmAq on each site

F呈9. 8(b)

Standard

Outside mean

 alr pressure

    Wind

 O Measured value

(b) Flow rates of cracks are

  60 [rf/hrnmAq on each site

Comparison the results of calculation with the measured value

deviation

Outside

pressure f]uctuation         C2

Flow resistance  of the crack Cavity

Inside

C1H・

Mean pressure  difference

Inside mean

 alr presspre

         Fig. 9

0utsicle air in the eavity

  100

F圭9.三〇

80

60

40

20

Model of a cavity and cracks

{90x)

o

    -30 一20 一le o lo 20                     Average of fluetuatio.n {N/nf]

Outsicle air in the cavity and standard deviation of fluctuation

  !Vノ

@!m

 ’I

  s:S.D.

?罵0.玉〔Hz〕

  鴫

@ !Q一乙,

I

  ’

t’@’

鱒   一 一c1/c3綴5.O

@c1/c3=15.0S篇

緬S罵 〕 /

I

『  ’

@ ’f

  「

@ ,@ ’

@ ’

 !

I

 ’

 ’

 !I ノ

 / ’’〔・ノ

  一E吋5 !@’I

  !@ノI !

寒  一搭r2,5

Page 10: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...Instructions for use Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani,

9STUDY ON CHANGE FROM SUMMER ORIENTED HOUSES TO  WINTER-ORIENTED ONES AND THEIR VENTILATION t47

4. Desig薮of Ve鷺t鍾aもion魏ou宅es

     From the stand point of health ventilation in a house, naeural ventilation is not

desirable to be fluctuate greatly by the wind velocity or its direction. According to the

analysis mentioned above, it is one solution to make both inlet and outlet of ventilation on

the same side of the wall. Designing of ventilation route is also important in an airtightened

house. Figure 11 shows the lmage of vexxtilation routes iR a house. The waste interlor air of

a house shouid be exhausted from the toilet, bathroom, kitchen and other spaces which

generate odor, gas or vapor. Fresh outdoor air through limited iniets should be diffused to

iiving room, bed rooms, aRd nurserys. However if it is doRe by this way of ventilation with

no processing to the inlet and outlet air, the heat loss by ventilation will increase rapidly.

     A keatexchanger or a heatrecovering ventilation system is needed as in fig.12.

     Using the high efficiency heaerecovering system, it will allow the fresh outdoor air to

come in without much heat loss. And this is one of the purposes of airtightening.

Exhaust of Roorn Air

    Ouむd鷺

輸£ごm

t

Heat Exchanger

Kitchin

Bedroem

Nursery’

 甚

しivifig Room

Fig. 11 ldeal Ventilation Routes

 ロリ ア ロをニド けバげ

      馬

      ’ E其h“usも Ro⊂レ【n  Ai「

      Cro蹴己

   1モOOm   A縦・

   t?

    N    Outdoor Air

撃盾浴@Type

              とをヨに れ  コねじ

  ROQm Air  L-==    ., =!V’

譲              ピ    o 、 o繭。「Ai「SUPPIy砺.1{.“i’Ctrsh Al「

         }.leat Storage

      ReVelvlng Type

tloorn tlir

e?S#pp]ying 1“resh Air

Exhuvst Reom Abr

   clJ7

    if

Ceunter 1”low Type

ド じズロけをヨし

  ぐコ  し==:ミ〉

Room AirHeat Storage

      Out[leor AirOutdoor Air             仕        Supplysng 1”resh Air    (.)し監しdく.)or Air

o 〈〉=二:

Exhnus’t  He“t Storage

Reciproeal Type

:.:: eLe Room Ajr

 Ch目下Valve

Fig. 12 Keat Recovering System

Page 11: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...Instructions for use Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani,

拷8 Takashi SAsAKc, Noboru ARATANi 10

5. 雛easurement of Ve盤ti丑at呈on獄outes wi宅h鍛ult韮一tracergases

     To check the designed ventilation routes, the authors have developed a method for

measurement of ventilation rate in the spaces using multi-tracergases. We verified this

method in a test chamber with three rooms as shown in fig.13.

     In this test chamber, if the different tracergases are generated at the same time and

.the concentrations are measured, the balance equation of each tracergas is obtained in each

chamber as follews 1

Room i

C3 Hs

Room j

!調

Room k

C4HIQ

丁 了To Sarri’ 垂撃奄獅〟@bag

・@

 g

Fig. 13 Test Chamhers

(C卜CD( Ci・一Cl )

(C皆一C撃)

(Cトq)( cl-ci・ )

(C茎1-C亨)

( Cl-Cft )

( cl 一ce’, )

〈Cif-C藍)

( C,1 一Cl ) 一Cl

( CA一 Cl’ ) 一Cts

( C}, 一 Cif. ) 一Cif

(C長一q)一q

(C姦一q)一q

(Cil-C皆)一C皆

( Ci-C,1 ) 一C£’,

(Ci-C豊)’一C長

(C誓一C{9-C餐

Qj,

Q,,

Qoi

Q,j

Q,」

Qo」

Q,,

Qik

Qok

一M,

 o

 e

 o

-Mj

 o

 o

 o

-M,

・・……@‘・・一・・ (5)

Page 12: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...Instructions for use Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani,

11STUDY ON CHANGE FROM SUMMER ORIENTED 1{OUSES TO  W工NTER-ORIENTED ONES AND TR£IR V£NTILATION i49

     If the generation of tracergases is constant, each ventilation rate will be obtained from

the simultaneous equations. When the generation is pulsive, the concentration of steady

state condition is equal to the integrated value of the response of concentration. That is,

α(のイ画(・)砿(ト・)4・

α(のイ吻(・)α(卜・)・・

α(のイψ・(・)α(ト・)d・

In the same maRner,

        CI”= 1/A tf, coCi ’( t ) dt

        飽妬..α(t)dt

        C,5-1/Atf,eaC,J’(t)dt

where, Cl :

α一!妬℃細

Ct/ = 1/A t f, OOC,’( 1・ ) dt

ct=1/At,ceec,s・(t)dt

α一呵..c漁

C,”Z :” 1/A 1’?, coCf’(t)dt

α一1砂∬c勲

response of coRcentration at roolxt-i

瓢嘗4必/Z’

M,一一AM,/tit

M,==tiM,/d t

(ppm) due to the tracergas

                    generation in the same room-i (or in another rooms)

             Qij 1 vetntilation rate from room i to room j(ml/h)

             th i 1 unit pulsive response iR room i (ppm/h)

             瓢 : steady generation rate of tracergas in room i(ml/h)

     The ventilation rate in each route is obtained by using equations if the generatioR time

dt is 1〈nown.

6.7 6.3

(8.4} (6.1)

e8.2

(5.1)

8.7

(7.1)

7.0

(.6.6)

7.2

   e(8,i)

  7.4

  (7.1) 一9.4

〈7,6) 7.4

       e    c」r.1)

O7.E

(6,4>

e一..

6.1

(Z6)

5.2 5,2

(7,9) ぐ6.ま)

5.8

(7.6)

7.0

(4.6)

5.0 5.3

C7,9) 〈5.1)

7.0

〈Jr.1) 一7.8 4.8

(6,4」 (3.8)

7.2

(6.1)

7.3

(5.8)

6.1

(8.4)

5.8

〈8.1)

   5.3

  (5,3)6.3

(6.3) 6.3       e     (4.3)

   s.o

”一f (6.9)

6.4

(6.4)

4,8

(5,8)

   6.I

s.s (5.8)

C6.1) 4,2     (3.s)e

Fig. 14 Results of Measurements

Page 13: Instructions for use - HUSCAP...Instructions for use Title Study on Change from Summer Oriented Houses to Winter-Oriented Ones and Their Ventilation Author(s) Sasaki, Takashi; Aratani,

15e Takashi SAsAKI, Noboru ARATANI 12

     In this measurement, differe航kinds of tracergas were genera亡ed at伍e same亡ime in

each room and sample gas was inhaled constantly in each room and obtaining the concentra-

tions of three kinds in each room by using the fla:xte ionization detecter.

     In this way integrated concentration value or mean concentrations of each gas are

obtaining by one sampling in each rooin. As for the standard flow rates, calibrated values

were obtained by the rneasurernent of air velocities in connecting ducts. The results are

shown in fig.14.

     The values from the tracergas method are almost the same as the standard air flow.

But there remain some issues to be examined for the measurement of concentration such as

purity of gas or unevenness of mixing.

6. CoRcfusioscs

     As the airtightening can not be considered in the traditional Japanese houses, there are

many difficultjes to make the house airtightened evenin cold region of Hokkaido. Airtight-

ening of the house should be done to make it possible to heat a whole house without unheated

space and to ascertain whether the exhaust moisture is expelled outside.

     The studies in this report were・done to induce changes in thinking of the custom and

thought. Although the airtightness of the house is improving now a days, increasing airtight-

ness is necessary for the change of the custom without increasing fuel consumption. And the

direction or the routes of ventilation in. a house or a wall should be considered.

     In a wooden construction having cavities for insulation, wind power especjally its

fluctuating pressure is very important for the ventilation of moisture removing. Fundamen-

tal studies on ventilation under the fluctuating wind pressure give us not only new calculation

methods but also some ideas for the use of wind power, and also a way to eliminate the wind

effect on stable ventilation.

     A measuring method of ventilation between multi spaces is useful to know the actual

condition of ventilation with its routes.

7. Acknowledgernent

     This research was supported,mainly by the National Science Foundation on Ministry

of Education (No.5935eO39). ARd the authors wish to thank Mr. Motoya Hayashi, Mr.

Naoki Suzuki, Mr. Naoki Hashim伽and Mr. Eili Johzukuri who supported on calculations

and several tests.

8. RefereRces

1 ) Sasaki, T. and Aratani, N : The Notes on the Airtightness of llou.ses built in Hokkaido, Extra Report

 of A.IJ., 1985

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13 STUDY ON CHANGE FROM SUMMER ORIENTED HOUSES TO   WiNTER-ORIENTED ONES AND THEIR VENTILATION 151

2 ) Hayashi, M., Sasaki, T and Aratani,

 1{ealthy Buildings 88, Stockholm, 1988

N : On the Airtightness of Japanese wooden }{{ouse, lnt. Conf, CIB

3) Sasaki, T., Hayashi, M. and Aratani, N A Study of Natural Ventilation by the Effect of WindTurbulence(Part 1-12), Extra Reports of A.IJ. 1983-1986,

 he, Trans of A,1.J

6)

fenster durch die W

7)

 Gases, Extra Report of A.1.」., 1988.

8 ) Krueger, Hausladen : Zum Problem der Wohnungslueftung, HLH, Nr.30, 1979

4 ) Sasal〈i, T., Kayashi, M. and Aratani, N. : On the Ventilating Character-istics of the Space under the

Fluctuating Wind Pressure, lnt. Conf. Roornvent-87, Stockholm, 1987.

5 ) Sasaki, T., Hayashi, M. and Aratani, N, : Der Lueftungszustand von der Luftschicht durch die Windunru一

               ,, No.372, 1987,

   Sasaki, T.,Hayashi, M. and Aratani, N, : 1)ie Beschlagdicht der Luftschicht zwischen den zwei Scheiben-

                ind Unruhe, Trans. of A.1,」., No 384, 1988.

   Sasaki, T, and Aratani, N. : Measurement of Ventilation Routes in Multiple Spaces using Multi-Tracer