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Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM

2º SIMPOSIO INTERNACIONAL SOBRE ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES

Y SUSTENTABILIDAD

20 AL 22 DE MARZO, 2013

Título y autores Pág.

Foreword

SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RENEWABLE ENERGY AND

SUSTAINABILITY

i

TECHNICAL PROGRAM iii

SUPERCAPACITOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

APPLICATIONS: DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS AND SYSTEM

CONFIGURATIONS

A. Burke

1

ENERGÍA SOLAR-FOTOTÉRMICA

R. Best y Brown

2

CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE

D. Jones

EXTRAYENDO ENERGÍA DEL VIENTO: ENERGÍA EÓLICA A PEQUEÑA Y A

GRAN ESCALA

O. Probst

THIN FILM PV TECHNOLOGIES: R&D IN INORGANIC CELLS

X. Mathew

3

ENERGÍA EN EDIFICACIONES

G. Huelsz Lesbros

4

SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES:

ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND APPLICATIONS

S. Hirschberg

5

FRONTIERS OF FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY

O. Savadogo

7

ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF ENTROPY GENERATION MINIMIZATION FOR

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

M. López de Haro

8

HACES ÓPTICOS EXÓTICOS

S. Chávez Cerda

ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES EN MÉXICO

R. Maya González

10

Biocombustibles - BIO

ANALISIS Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA PULPA DE MANGO PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOETANOL F. Santis-Espinosa, P.J. Sebastian, P.S. Bianca, Saldaña Sergio

12

BIODIGESTOR DE FLUJO CONTINUO PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE BIOGÁS A PARTIR DE BIOMASA RESIDUAL DEL TIRADERO EL IZTETE DE LA CIUDAD DE TEPIC MÉXICO I. Paz Hernández, Oscar G. Martínez, Enrique Estrada, Claudia E. Saldaña, Sarah Messina

13

CO-DIGESTION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES FOR BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION J. Gómez-Romero, E.I. García-Peña

14

DETERMINATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE WITH CASTOR OIL IN HOMOGENEOUS PHASE USING KOH AS CATALYST AND THE FUTURE OF HIS APPLICATIONS Cano-Guzmán C. Suárez Parra R. Sanchez-Cantú M. Pérez-Díaz L.

15

ENERGIA RENOVABLE Y CAMBIO CLIMATICO: EMISIONES POR QUEMA DE BIOMASA R. Manso, E. C. Vitale, R. Manrique, A. Valdés

16

ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIESEL MEDIANTE ACEITE DE PIÑÓN MEXICANO (JATROPHA CURCAS) N. S. Rivera Lara

17

ESTUDIO TEÓRICO DE LAS TRAYECTORIAS DE REACCIÓN DEL ZR (SO4)2 UTILIZADO COMO CATALIZADOR HETEROGÉNEO EN EL PROCESO DE TRANSESTERIFICACIÓN PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIESEL Christian Celaya, Jesús Muñiz, Alfredo Olea

18

FACTIBILIDAD DEL SECADO SOLAR DE LA BIOMASA MICROALGAL PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIÉSEL Itzel Alejandra Palacios García, María Teresa Alarcón Herrera.

20

HYDROGEN PHOTOPRODUCTION FROM SPIRULINA MAXIMA 2342 AT SOME SPECIFIC CONDITIONS A.U. Juantorena, E. Santoyo, P. J. Sebastian,O. Lastres, Hernández, G. A. Bustos and S.A Gamboa

21

MICROALGAE: A POTENTIAL SOURCE FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION A.U. Juantorena, E. Arenas and P.J. Sebastian

22

PERFORMANCE OF A BUS FUELED WITH B20 BIODIESEL BLENDS PRODUCED FROM RAPESEED OIL AND CASTOR OIL J. F. Rendón Hernández, J. L. Gutiérrez Díaz, S. Silva Martínez, J.A. Hernández Pérez, A. Álvarez Gallegos

23

PRODUCCIÓN DE ETANOL EN MÉXICO A PARTIR DE DIFERENTES INSUMOS: UN ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO L. A. Becerra y C. A. Cardona

24

TEQUILA BAGASSE AS A RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY AND FEEDSTOCKS L. Chávez-Guerrero, A. Toxqui-Terán, M. Hinojosa

25

Bombas de calor y tubos de calor - BTC

A MODEL TO DESCRIBE THE INTERACTING DYNAMICS OF THE GENERATOR AND THE CONDENSER IN AN ABSORPTION HEAT TRANSFORMER D. Juárez-Romero , N. Shah, C. Markides, V. Velázquez-Flores, M. Meza-Izquierdo, A. Hernández, A. Huicochea-Rodriguez, J. Siqueiros

26

ANALYSIS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE GENERATOR OF APPLIED HEAT PUMP WATER PURIFICATION Y. Lazcano Véliz, J. Siqueiros, D. Juárez-Romero, L.I. Morales y J. Torres Merino

28

DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A SOLAR COMBINED SYSTEM (THERMAL AND PHOTOVOLTAIC) FOR AIR HEATING PROPOSES D. Gama, I. Pilatowsky, A. Oskam, G. Mejía, V. Canedo, V.M. Cadena,J. Ortega, J. Campos

29

Cambio Climático - CCL

CÁLCULO DEL FACTOR DE EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO DE LA GASOLINA MAGNA EN MÉXICO MEDIANTE UN MÉTODO HÍBRIDO DE ANÁLISIS DE CICLO DE VIDA M. Nazar Beutelspacher, J. Moreira Acosta, T.M. Rioja Paradela

30

UPTAKE OF ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 BY THE ATMOSPHERE: AN IMPACT OF ENERGY DEMAND Mahendra P. Verma

31

Celdas de Combustible e Hidrógeno - CCH

CELDAS COMBUSTIBLES DE OXIDOS SOLIDOS DE BAJA TEMPERATURA: ESTADO ACTUAL, RETOS Y PERSPECTIVAS R. Sánchez Reyes, S. Pathiyamattom Joseph, J. Moreira Acosta

32

DE LAS OLAS AL HIDRÓGENO Sánchez Dirzo Rafael, Silva Casarín Rodolfo, Mendoza Baldwin Edgar G, González Huerta Rosa de Gpe.

33

ELECTROCATALYST CoxFeyRuz, COULD BE A NEW MATERIAL TO CARRY OUT THE OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTION IN A FUEL CELL? A. Sandoval-González, Abdiel Moisés Martínez Bañuelos, Sebastian Joseph Pathiyamattom.

34

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN A MICROBIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELL WITH BICARBONATE BUFFER L. Verea, P.J. Sebastian, F.Ginez

35

SURFACE MODIFICATIONS OF ALUMINUM ALLOY 6061 FOR BIPOLAR PLATES OF A POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL A.G. González-Gutiérrez, J.P. Sebastian, Lorena Magallon Cacho

36

Energía en Edificaciones - EED

DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND INTEGRATION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES APPLIED TO SUSTAINABLE HOUSING A. Yunez Cano, J. Franco Cruz, M. L. Hernández Pichardo, R. G. González Huerta

37

DISEÑO Y PRUEBA DE UNA CASETA PARA DETERMINAR SIMULTÁNEAMENTE EL FLUJO TÉRMICO A TRAVÉS DE VARIAS LOSAS PARA TECHUMBRE, DOTADAS DE DIVERSOS RECUBRIMIENTOS J. Lucero-Álvarez, I.R. Martín-Domínguez

38

EFICIENCIA, ACCESIBILIDAD Y COMPONENTES DE LOS SISTEMAS DE ENFRIAMIENTO NATURAL PARA REGIONES CÁLIDO HÚMEDAS Laura I. Guarneros Urbina, Paul Ramiro Pérez Sampablo

39

ENER-HABITAT: THERMAL EVALUATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL ENVELOPE Guadalupe Huelsz, Guillermo Barrios, Jorge Rojas

40

PROPOSAL OF SOLAR RADIATION PROTECTIONS ON THE FAÇADES OF A NEW LAB-BUILDING OF THE INSTITUTO DE ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES –UNAM Adriana Lira-Oliver, Jorge Rojas, Guadalupe Huelsz, Guillermo Barrios, Francisco Rojas

41

THERMAL COMFORT AND THERMAL STRATEGIES FOR NON AIR-CONDITIONED DWELLINGS IN HOT DRY CLIMATE I. Marincic, J.M. Ochoa, M.G. Alpuche, I. González

42

THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF A CONCRETE ROOF WITH AND WITHOUT SOLAR REFLECTIVE COATING UNDER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF MORELOS STATE I. Hernández-Pérez, G. Álvarez, J. Xáman

43

VENTILACIÓN BIOMIMÉTICA Alejandro Morales Cruz, Víctor Fuentes Freixanet, Jorge Sánchez de Antuñano y Barranco

44

Energía Eólica - EEO

ASSESSMENT OF THE EOLIC POTENTIAL IN AN AREA OF THE TOWN OF JUAN C. BONILLA, PUEBLA, MEXICO Jesús B. Marcos Jiménez, Fernando O. González Manzanilla

45

BREAKING THE TEN MINUTE PARADIGM IN WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT O. Rodriguez-Hernandez, J.A. de Río, O.A. Jaramillo

46

DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF A CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A LOW-POWER WIND TURBINE A. Verde A., J. Campos, O.D. Lastres, J. P. Sebastian, H.G. Geovanni, A. Sánchez

47

Energía Geotérmica - GEO

A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MULTICOMPONENT AND SOLUTE GEOTHERMOMETRY THROUGH THE ESTIMATION OF EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURES IN THE GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR OF LOS AZUFRES, MICHOACÁN (MÉXICO) L. Peiffer, E. Santoyo, M. Guevaran

48

GEOCHEMICAL MODELING OF LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE CENTRAL-EASTERN REGION OF SONORA, MEXICO E. Almirudis, I.S. Torres-Alvarado†, E. Santoyo, M. Guevara, F. Paz-Moreno

50

GEOCHEMOMETRIC STUDY OF SOLUTE AND GAS GEOTHERMOMETRY IN GEOTHERMAL WELLS C. G. García-López, K. Pandarinath and E. Santoyon

51

GEOTERMOMETRÍA DE AGUAS TERMALES DEL CAMPO GEOTÉRMICO DE LA PRIMAVERA, MÉXICO: EVALUACIÓN BASADA EN UN ENFOQUE ESTADÍSTICO Humberto Domínguez-Domínguez, Kailasa Pandarinath y Luis Hernández-Álvarez

53

IMPROVED METHOD FOR ESTIMATING STATIC FORMATION TEMPERATURES IN GEOLOGICAL WELLS J. A. Wong-Loya, J. A. Andaverde and J. A. del Rio

55

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VOLCANIC ROCKS: AN IMPORTANT PARAMETER FOR GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION STUDIES IN IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROTHERMALLY ALTERED ROCKS AND ZONES OF ALTERATION Kailasa Pandarinath, Rajasekhariah Shankar and Anish Kumar Warriern

56

WATER-ROCK INTERACTION USING VOLCANIC ROCK SAMPLES (BASALT AND DACITE): AN EXPERIMENTAL AND GEOCHEMOMETRICS STUDY TO PREDICT GEOTHERMAL FLUID COMPOSITIONS AND REACTION TIMES UNDER QUASI-STEADY STATE CONDITIONS D. Pérez-Zarate, M. Guevara, L. Peiffer, J.A. Wong-Loya, I.S. Torres-Alvarado†, E. Santoyo

58

Energía Solar Fototérmica - EFT

ANÁLISIS NUMÉRICO EN EL RECEPTOR DE UNA ESTUFA SOLAR URBANA R. I. Cázares Ramírez, P. Quinto Diez, J. A. Urbano Castelán, E. Jiménez Rodríguez

59

COMPARACIÓN DE RENDIMIENTO DE LOS CICLOS DE MEDIO, SIMPLE Y DOBLE EFECTO EN SERIE E INVERSO PARA SISTEMAS DE REFRIGERACIÓN POR ABSORCIÓN OPERANDO CON LIBR-H20 J. A. Hernández, L. A. Domínguez, M. E. Sandoval y W. Rivera

60

COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE-STAGE, TWO-STAGE AND DOBLE-ABSORPTION HEAT TRANSFORMER BASED ON AN ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS W. Rivera and H. Martínez†

61

CORRECTION OF THE CONCENTRATED SUNLIGHT SPOT´S DRIFT OF THE CIE-UNAM´S SOLAR FURNACE E. Brito-Bazan, R. Pérez-Enciso, C. A. Arancibia-Bulnes, D. Riveros-Rosas, C. A. Perez-Rábago, J.J.Quiñonez, C. A. Estrada

62

DETERMINACIÓN DE LA CONDUCTIVIDAD TÉRMICA Y CALOR ESPECÍFICO DE MATERIALES REFRACTARIOS M. Montiel González, O. Mesa Cruz, C. A. Estrada, I. Pilatowsky

64

DETERMINACIÓN DE LAS AREAS DE MAYOR FACTIBILIDAD PARA LA INSTALACIÓN DE PLANTAS TERMOSOLARES DE TORRE CENTRAL. CASO SONORA, MEXICO R. E. Cabanillas-López, J.L. Taddei-Bringas, R.F. Navarro-Trujillo

65

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLAR COOKER JORHEJPATARNSKUA I: THERMAL STANDARD ANALYSIS OF COOKER WITH DIFFERENT ABSORBER VESSELS M. González-Avilés, H. Servín Campuzano

66

DISEÑO Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN HELIÓSTATO CON FACETAS DEFORMABLES M. Rosales, G. I. Alday, C. A. Arancibia Bulnes, R. Reséndiz, R. Peón Anaya, R. E. Cabanillas, C. A. Estrada

67

DISEÑO Y OPTIMIZACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA SOLAR ASISTIDO POR GAS PARA EL SUMINISTRO DE AGUA CALIENTE A REGADERAS EN UN CUARTEL MILITAR, MEDIANTE SIMULACIÓN DINÁMICA EN TRNSYS J.A. Escobedo-Bretado; R. Chávez-Torres; I.R. Martín-Domínguez*, M.T. Alarcón-Herrera

68

DISEÑO Y SIMULACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA TÉRMICO SOLAR COMBINADO (SOLAR COMBISYSTEM) M. Nájera-Trejo, I.R. Martín-Domínguez

69

EFECTO DE LA CONCENTRACIÓN SOLAR EN LA DEGRADACIÓN DEL HERBICIDA CARBARILO MEDIANTE PROCESOS FOTOCATÁLISIS HETEROGENEA Y HOMOGENEA A NIVEL PLANTA PILOTO Carlos A. Pineda-Arellano, Antonio E. Jiménez González, A. G. González Mata y Eduardo Iragorri Sámano

70

EFFECTS OF PH VALUE ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TIN SULPHIDE THIN FILMS PREPARED BY CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION D. Avellaneda, R. E. Ornelas, B. Krishnan, G.A. Castillo, T.K. Das Roy and S. Shaji.

71

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OF A SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM THROUGH PARABOLIC SOLAR CONCENTRATION C. A. Rodríguez Castañeda, M. A. Rivera Martínez, P. M. Moreno Romero, O. A. Jaramillo Salgado

72

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION AND MODELING OF INTERNAL TEMPERATURES IN AN AIR GAP MEMBRANE DISTILLATION UNIT U. Dehesa Carrasco, C. A. Pérez Rábago, C. A. Arancibia Bulnes

73

HEAT TRANSFER MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION FOR A CAVITY-TYPE SOLAR RECEIVER F. Hinojosa, M. Montiel-González, H.I. Villafán-Vidales, A. Bautista-Orozco, C.A. Estrada

74

IMMOBILIZATION OF A-FEOOH AND A-FE2O3 PHASES AND THEIR USE IN PHOTO-FENTON PROCESSES ASSISTED BY SOLAR RADIATION A.E. Jiménez González, C.A. Pineda Arellano and A.G. Gutiérrez Mata

75

MATERIALES PARA RECEPTORES SOLARES DE ALTAS TEMPERATURA, REVISIÓN L. G. Ceballos-Mendivil, R. E. Cabanillas-López, J. C. Tánori Córdova, R. Murrieta Yescas

76

SIMULACION DE UN SISTEMA DE SECADO DE CARNE ASISTIDO CON ENERGIA SOLAR C.K. Romero-Pérez, I.R. Martín-Domínguez

77

SÍNTESIS DE ÓXIDO DE TUNGSTENO (VI) POR MEDIO DE CONCENTRACIÓN SOLAR H.I. Villafán Vidales, A. Bautista-Orozco, C.A. Estrada.

78

THERMODYNAMIC EVALUATION FOR A PROTOTYPE SINGLE STAGE HEAT TRANSFORMER OPERATING WITH WATER /CARROL MIXTURE J. Ibarra – Bahena, R.J. Romero, Velazquez – Avelar L., Valdez – Morales V., Galindo – Luna

79

Energía Solar Fotovoltaica - EFV

CdS/CuSbS2 PV STRUCTURES: PRELIMINARY RESULTS R. E. Ornelas-Acosta, S. Shaji, D. Avellaneda, G. A. Castillo, T. K. Das Roy, B. Krishnan

80

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A DISCONTINUOUS TWO-AXIS SOLAR TRACKER FOR A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM P.G. Fonseca-Obregón, S.I. Pérez-Aguilar, R. Cuevas-Tenango, E.E. Granda-Gutiérrez, J.C. Díaz-Guillén, J. Candelas-Ramírez.

81

DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF ROTARY TYPE 10 KWT SOLAR THERMOCHEMICAL REACTOR FOR THE CHEMICAL KINETIC STUDIES OF NON-VOLATILE METAL OXIDES Carlos Pérez-Rábago, Selvan Bellan, Elisa Alonso, José Gonzalez-Aguilar, Manuel Romero, Claudio Estrada

82

DEVELOPMENT OF CZTS FILMS BY THE SULFURIZATION OF SNS/CU ZNS LAYERS Carlos Alonso Meza Avendaño, N.R. Mathews

84

EFFECT OF ANNEALING PROCESS ON Cu2ZnSnS4 FILMS DEPOSITED BY A VACUUM-FREE NANOPARTICLE-BASED APPROACH Alan I. Palacios Lagunas, A. Martínez Ayala, M. Pal, X. Mathew

85

EFFECT OF ELECTRONIC NATURE OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN TRANSPARENT SWCNT-TIO2 PHOTOANODES G. Alvarado-Tenorio, M.E. Rincón, M. Solís de La Fuente,J.C. Calva Yáñez

86

EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF TITANIA NANOWIRES O.A. Jaramillo Quintero, M. Ramírez Vargas, J.C. Calva Yáñez, M. Solís de la Fuente, M.E. Rincón

87

ELECTRICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER SULFIDE:POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE BULK HETEROJUNCTION P.V. Quintana, M. C. Arenas, J. Santos-Cruz, M. Vega-Gonzalez

88

ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE STUDIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR SENSITIZED TIO2 FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS M. Solís de la Fuente, J. C. Calva Yañez, G. Alvarado Tenorio, O. Jaramillo, M.E. Rincón

89

ESTUDIO DE PROPIEDADES ÓPTICAS Y ELÉCTRICAS DE COMPOSITES DE POLI(3-HEXILTIOFENO) (P3HT) CON GRAFENOS PARA APLICACIONES FOTOVOLTÁICAS C. López-Mata, B. Flores Argaez, C. Velasco Santos, A. L. Martínez, J. O. Aguilar, J. M. Zavala-Pimentel, J. Campos Alvarez

90

HERRAMIENTA DE SIMULACIÓN DINÁMICA PARA LA INTEGRACIÓN DE PANELES FOTOVOLTAICOS EN MICRO-REDES A. Coronado Mendoza, J. Sosa Sales, J. A. Domínguez Navarro

91

MORPHOLOGICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF AL2O3 LAYERS DEPOSITED BY ALD. M. Tulio Aguilar-Gama, Erik Ramírez-Morales, Zeuz Montiel-González, P.K. Nair, Hailin Hu.

92

OPTICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF TUNGSTEN OXIDE COATED POROUS SILICON: EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE MORPHOLOGY N. Mendoza-Agüero and V. Agarwal

93

OXYGEN EFFECT ON CDTE SURFACE AND CDS/CDTE SOLAR CELLS PARAMETERS Juan Luis Peña, Inés Riech, Víctor Rejón

94

PHOTOLUMINISCENCE OF POROUS SILICON PHOTONIC MULTILAYERS S. E. Guerrero, R. Nava, J. A. del Río, J. Tagüeña-Martínez, M. B. de la Mora, J. A. Reyes-Esqueda

95

PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE OF RUTILE PHASE NANOSTRUCTURED TIO2 SENSITIZED WITH CARMINIC ACID M. A. Sánchez-García, X. Bokhimi, A. G. Vega-Poot, A. E. Jiménez, S. Velázquez-Martínez

96

PREPARACIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE RECUBRIMIENTOS ESPECTRALMENTE SELECTIVOS BASADOS EN PELÍCUAS DE Al2O3-Ni PARA APLICACIONES EN LA ENERGÍA SOLAR S. Santiago Cruz y A.M. Fernández

97

SINTESIS Y CARACTERIZACION DE Cu2ZnSnS4 ASISTIDA POR MICROONDAS PARA SU APLICACIÓN EN CELDAS SOLARES M. F. Sánchez, F. Pulgarin, P.J. Sebastian

98

SOLUTION SYNTHESIZED CdS NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN CdS:P3HT SOLAR CELLS Claudia Martínez-Alonso, Selene Coria, Ma. Concepción Arenas, Hailin Hu

99

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Cu2ZnSnS4 NANOPARTICLES FOR APPLICATIONS IN SOLAR CELLS Isaac M. De Los Santos, Arturo M. Ayala, Mou Pal, N.R. Mathews, Xavier Mathew

100

Fotónica - FOT

EMULATING SUNLIGHT IN THE DEPTH OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA J. Gómez, J. A. del Río, J. Tagüeña-Martínez, S. Escobar, M.B. de la Mora and R. Nava

101

HEAT TRANSFER IN PHOTONIC MIRRORS D. Estrada-Wiese, J.A. del Río, M.B. de la Mora

102

STUDY OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF POROUS SILICON MONOLAYERS BY SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY Z. Montiel-González, J. Tagüeña-Martínez, S. Escobar and R. Nava

103

Otros temas relacionados con energías renovables y sustentabilidad - OTR

CARRIER LIFE TIME IN PHOTOELECTRODES BASED ON CARBON-DOPED TITANIA RIBBONS J.C. Calva Yáñez, M. Solís de la Fuente, O. Jaramillo Quintero, M.E. Rincón

104

CONCEPTUAL ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY SUPERCAPACITORS BASED ON POM-CARBON NANOCOMPOSITES A.K. Cuentas-Gallegos, T. Brousse

105

COOPER DOPED ONE-DIMENSIONAL TIO2 MEMBRANES: EFFECT OF CU-PRECURSOR INTO THE MORPHOLOGY AND PHOTOCATALYTIC PERFORMANCE I.T. Rendón, M.E. Rincón

106

ESTUDIO DE LA GENERACIÓN DE ELECTRICIDAD EN UN HUMEDAL ASISTIDO ELECTROQUÍMICAMENTE Salinas-Juárez María Guadalupe, Moeller-Chávez Gabriela E., Roquero-Tejeda Pedro, Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa María del Carmen

107

EVALUATION OF CATALYSTS TO REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF CO2 D. A. García Osorio, S. J. Figueroa Ramírez, M. Miranda-Hernández

108

FACTIBILIDAD TÉCNICA Y ECONÓMICA DE LA RECUPERACIÓN DE RESIDUOS FORESTALES MEDIANTE PELLETIZACIÓN, EN LA SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL DE MÉXICO M. Moreno-López, I.R. Martín-Domínguez y M.T. Alarcón-Herrera

109

FORMACIÓN DE RECURSOS HUMANOS EN LÍNEA: LIER UNADM J. I. Andrade Gandarilla, L. M. Torres Pacheco

110

FUNCIONALIZACIÓN DE ANTRAQUINONA EN MEDIO ACUOSO Hugo A. Mosqueda

111

HISTORY AND TENDENCY EVOLUTION OF IER SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION K. Cedano, M. Martínez y J.A. del Río

112

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ASSISTED ETCHING OF N-TYPE, LUMINESCENT MICRO, MESO AND MACROPOROUS SILICON: STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES E. E. Antúnez-Cerón, M. A. Basurto-Pensado, V. Agarwal

114

MULTI-TECHNOLOGY PRODUCT SELECTION FOR LOCAL ALTERNATIVE ENERGY GENERATION ON COMPANIES WITH SMALL TO MEDIUM ELECTRICAL LOAD D. F. Hernández-Joya, J. Martínez-Carballido

115

PHOTOLUMINESCENCE AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ONE-STEP SYNTHESIZED CORE/SHELL CDSE/CDS NANOPARTICLES C.S.E. Coria-Monroy, M. Sotelo-Lerma, J. M. Hernández, H. Hu

116

SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON COLLEGE STUDENTS FOR EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION GUIDELINES Yolanda Ramírez Vázquez, Édgar González Gaudiano

117

Planeación y política energética - PPE

BALANCE DE ENERGÍA DEL ESTADO DE SONORA J. L. Taddei-Bringas, R. E. Cabanillas-López

118

2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013

i Instituto de Energías Renovables

Foreword

Second International Symposium on Renewable Energy and Sustainability (ISRES-

2013)

In commemoration of the 2012 International Year of Sustainable Energy for All, declared

by United Nations, and also in order to promote the use of renewable energy and

sustainability strategies, the Institute for Renewable Energy of the Universidad Nacional

Autónoma de México (IER-UNAM; formerly Center for Energy Research, CIE-UNAM)

has organized the Second Edition of the International Symposium on Renewable Energy

and Sustainability (ISRES 2013). ISRES 2013 will be held in the premises of the IER-

UNAM (in Temixco, Morelos, Mexico) on March 20-22, 2013, and it will be highlighting

frontier advances reached on the development of renewable energy and sustainability,

together with future opportunities, and scientific-innovation challenges. The objectives of

the ISRES 2013 are:

1. To bring together basic and applied scientists from different renewable energy and

sustainability fields with the goal of sharing knowledge on their recent

developments,

2. To discuss sustainable energy issues for renewable energy access and to mitigate

global climate changes,

3. To host the state of art of technologies of renewable energy and sustainability

strategies in the world, and

4. To introduce the importance and research opportunities of renewable energy,

seeking a connection with scientists and the industrial sectors.

As a part of the ISRES 2013, the following topics will be covered: (i) Renewable

energy; (ii) Photothermal solar energy; (iii) Photovoltaic solar energy; (iv) Geothermal

energy; (v) Biofuels; (vi) Wind energy; (vi) Energy planning and policies; (vii) Climate

change; (viii) Sustainable architecture; (ix) Biodiversity; (x) Photonic science; and (xi)

Other subjects related to renewable energy and sustainability.


ii Instituto de Energías Renovables

ISRES 2013 also will provide an important contribution towards a world future

development of the renewable energies and sustainability strategies. The Scientific

Committee of the Symposium are pleased to have invited twelve international keynote

speakers which will give outstanding conferences, sharing their knowledge, experiences, as

well as current and frontier perspectives on the RES development. The invited conferences

will include topics such as: Thermodynamics of irreversible processes; thermal solar

energy; photovoltaic solar energy; frontiers of fuel cell technology; wind energy; carbon

capture and storage; supercapacitors; energy in buildings; photonics, energy system

analysis, and a conference exposing the renewable energy program of Mexico. A panel

discussion on energy policies with the participation of independent consultants of PEMEX,

and executives of SENER and CONUEE will be also included as a part of the technical

program of the symposium. The Scientific and Organizing Committees want to thank all

our invited keynote speakers for making an effort to accommodate their rather complex

agendas.

The Symposium will be attended by more than 250 people (experts, researchers,

graduate and undergraduate students, and officials) which are coming from several

academic institutions, agencies, and industries. We are also grateful to close to 34 delegates

to join in our symposium and helping us to provide a relaxed and pleasant academic

atmosphere. During three days, the Symposium also will have a poster session with about

100 presentations. These poster presentations will be dealing with the same RES topics.

Cultural events and a great dinner have been finally programmed for completing the

celebration of the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All and the symposium.

A detailed version of the Technical Program of the ISRES 2013 and the academic

profiles of the invited speakers can be found in the following web page:

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/en-program.html .

On Behalf of the Scientific and Organizing Committees

Julia Tagüeña Parga and Edgar R. Santoyo Gutiérrez

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/en-program.html


iii Instituto de Energías Renovables

TECHNICAL PROGRAM

Schedule Wednesday Thursday Friday

8:00 – 8:45 Registration

8:45 – 9:00 OPENING CEREMONY

9:00 – 10:00 SUPERCAPACITOR

TECHNOLOGIES FOR

RENEWABLE ENERGY

APPLICATIONS: DEVICE

CHARACTERISTICS AND

SYSTEM

CONFIGURATIONS

Prof. Andrew Burke

University of California,

Davis, CA

ENERGY IN BUILDINGS

Dra. Guadalupe Huelsz

Lesbros

Institute for Renewable

Energy

PERSPECTIVE OF THE

RENEWABLE ENERGY

PROGRAM IN MEXICO

Ing. Raúl Maya González

Gerente de Proyectos

Geotermoeléctricos, CFE,

México

10:00 – 11:00 SOLAR ENERGY –

PHOTOTHERMAL

Dr. Roberto Best y Brown


Energy

SUSTAINABILITY

ASSESSMENT OF

ENERGY

TECHNOLOGIES

ANALYTICAL

FRAMEWORK AND

APPLICATIONS

Dr. Stefan Hirschberg

Paul Scherrer Institut

PANEL DISCUSSION ON

ENERGY POLICIES

Moderator: Dr. Manuel

Martínez Fernández

Invited Academics:

Dr. Adrián Lajous Vargas,

Independent Consultor and Ex-

Director by PEMEX

Dra. Lourdes Melgar Palacios,

Subsecretaria de Electricidad,

SENER

Ing. Odón de Buen, Director

General de la Comisión

Nacional para el Uso Eficiente

de la Energía (CONUEE)

11:00 – 11:15 BREAK

11:15 – 12:15 CARBON CAPTURE AND

STORAGE

Dr. David Jones

British Geological Survey,

Inglaterra

FRONTIERS OF FUEL

CELL TECHNOLOGY

Prof. Oumarou Savadogo

Ecole Polytechnique,

Montreal, CA.

12:15 – 14:00 POSTER SESSION CLOSING CEREMONY

14:00 – 16:00 LUNCH

16:00 – 17:00 WIND ENERGY

Dr. Oliver M. Probst

Oleszewski

Instituto Tecnológico y de

Estudios Superiores de

Monterrey, México

ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE

OF ENTROPY

GENERATION

MINIMIZATION FOR

SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT

Dr. Mariano López de Haro


Energy

17:00 – 18:00 SOLAR ENERGY –

PHOTOVOLTAICS

Dr. Xavier Mathew


Energy

PHOTONIC

Dr. Sabino Chávez Cerda

INAOE, Puebla

18:00 – 18:10 BREAK

18:10 – 19:10 WELCOME COCKTAIL CULTURAL EVENT

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/ABurke.pdf







http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/burkebiorev2012new.pdf

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/Semblanza_ghl_una_cuartilla_1303.pdf

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/Semblanza_ghl_una_cuartilla_1303.pdf

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/RMaya.pdf



http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/RBB_Resumen.pdf

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/RBB_Resumen.pdf

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/Hirschberg.pdf







http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/Savadogo-ISRES.pdf

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/Savadogo-ISRES.pdf

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/Oliver-Probst_semblanza_12-sep-2012-2.pdf

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/Oliver-Probst_semblanza_12-sep-2012-2.pdf

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/MLHaro-Resumen.pdf






http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/MLH-CVCONC.pdf

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/XM-Resumen.pdf

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/XM-Resumen.pdf

http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/images/Profile-XavierMathew.pdf


1 Instituto de Energías Renovables

SUPERCAPACITOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

APPLICATIONS: DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS AND SYSTEM

CONFIGURATIONS

Andrew Burke

Institute of Transportation Studies

University of California-Davis

USA

Abstract

This paper is concerned with the characteristics of supercapacitors and their application in

renewable energy systems, especially involving wind turbines. The present state-of-the art of

supercapacitor technology is reviewed from devices utilizing activated carbon in both

electrodes to those using activated carbon in one electrode and a Faradic material like graphite

or a metal oxide in the other. The energy density of various technologies varies from 4 Wh/kg

to about 30 Wh/kg close to that of a lead-acid battery. Special attention is given to the power

characteristics of the supercapacitors compared to batteries and how the power density is

determined.

The application of supercapacitors in wind turbine applications is assessed both for

commercially available devices and advanced devices having higher energy density and power

characteristics. At the present time, supercapacitors are used for energy storage for blade

control in wind turbines and are being considered for ride through and power smoothing in

such systems. Analysis of such systems is presented illustrating how the supercapacitor units

would be sized for the wind turbine applications.



ENERGÍA SOLAR-FOTOTÉRMICA

Roberto Best y Brown

Instituto de Energías Renovables

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

La energía solar es la fuente de energía disponible en cantidades que opacan a las demás

energías renovables. Se dará una visión del estado de desarrollo de la conversión térmica de

la energía solar en el mundo y en particular se mencionaran las tecnologías más maduras. Se

presentaran los proyectos que se realizan en el IER sobre conversión térmica, desde las

aplicaciones cercanas a la temperatura ambiente como es el calentamiento de albercas,

calentamiento de agua domestico el secado y las aplicaciones de mediana y alta temperatura

como la refrigeración y las tecnologías enfocadas a aplicaciones de calor de proceso y

generación de potencia.



THIN FILM PV TECHNOLOGIES: R&D IN INORGANIC CELLS

Xavier Mathew



PV is one of the renewable energy technologies which can meet the terawatt challenge, and at

the same time reduce the effect of greenhouse gases by limiting the use of fossil fuels. This

presentation covers briefly the broad topic of inorganic thin film PV technologies, the progress

in three leading thin-film technologies: a-Si, CdTe and CIGS, and the emerging earth abundant

material CZTSSe, and the state-of-the art in devices based on these materials. The world

record efficiency devices are discussed along with the challenges and future research

directions.



ENERGÍA EN EDIFICACIONES

Guadalupe Huelsz



Se presenta la situación del uso de energía en edificaciones en México que es la motivación

para trabajar en el tema dentro del Instituto de Energías Renovables. Se presentan también los

estudios básicos y aplicados que ha realizado el grupo, en especial el proyecto apoyado por el

Fondo de sustentabilidad Energética de SENER-CONACYT.



SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES:

ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND APPLICATIONS

Stefan Hirschberg

Laboratory for Energy Systems Analysis

Paul Scherrer Institut

Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Sustainability is a hot topic today. Hardly any other concept is so often used – or abused. The

desire for sustainable development is certainly undisputed, but what does this mean concretely

in the energy and electricity sector? Can the sustainability of energy systems be measured

objectively? Which technologies perform well? The research at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI)

shows that there are currently no optimal solutions, and that our choice will depend on where

we set our priorities.

Climate-friendly, sparing of resources, free of emissions, safe and reliable, with broad social

acceptance and, naturally, economical – that’s how most people imagine a sustainable

electricity supply. Unfortunately, for now this is just wishful thinking. We will have to get by

for a long time without such ideal technologies.

We still face the necessity to weigh and balance the advantages and disadvantages of the

various alternatives against each other. Consistent, measurable indicators for environmental,

economic and social aspects must be considered, for example pollutant emissions, generation

costs, and the consequences of possible accidents. The representative quantitative indicators

are derived, using a variety of methods including Life Cycle Assessment, Impact Pathway

Approach and Probabilistic Safety Assessment. In cooperation with its research partners, PSI

has developed new methods that allow the systematic comparison of various electricity supply

options. Using so-called Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), the measured indicators

can be combined with subjective preferences of the various stakeholders. The comparative

sustainability of individual technologies therefore also depends upon which indicators are

given the most weight.



If one wants a supply of electricity with the least possible climate, environmental and health

damages, then one must avoid natural gas and, above all, coal plants. If one wants the broadest

possible social acceptance, nuclear energy and other large thermal power plants will

experience difficulties. If economical electricity is most important, then renewable energy are

currently disadvantaged but have potential for major improvements in the future. If we want to

design a sustainable energy supply for the future, then we must weigh the long-term

development possibilities of these technologies, and their relationships to our economy and

society.

Recent applications cover a variety of cases such as Switzerland, European Union, China and

the global level. The work demonstrates that the indicator-based assessment is highly suitable

for guiding in a structured manner the debate on the future energy supply and for supporting

informed decisions.



FRONTIERS OF FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY

O. Savadogo

Laboratory of New Materials for Electrochemistry and Energy

École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada

E-mail : [email protected]

www.newmaterials.polymtl.ca

C. P. 6079, Succ Centre-Ville, Montréal. Québec, H3C 3A7, CANADA

Principles, practices, advantages, limitations and sectors of applications of fuel cell technology

will be indicated. The status on the technology, the fuel and the infrastructure development

will be presented. Current limitations related to the development of effective, durable and

reliable MEA (Membrane Electrode Assembly) components for PEMFC (Polymer Electrolyte

Membrane Fuel Cell) will be addressed. Advancements made in the development of Materials

(catalysts, high temperature solid polymer electrolyte membranes (acid and alkaline) will be

shown. The progress in cell performances and cathode catalyst research will be discussed.

Perspectives of the development of cathodes tolerance to alcohol crossover will be indicated.

Openings in materials processing and mass production of components will be discussed. The

aim of this talk is to present challenges related to future perspectives of fuel cell technology

and the development of new materials for PEMFC applications including the cost issues.



ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF ENTROPY GENERATION

MINIMIZATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

M. López de Haro



Abstract

The underlying notion in the early development of the industrial society was that there was a

vast (almost limitless) supply of raw materials and of energy (coming mostly from

nonrenewable sources such as fossil fuels), which allowed the mass production of goods and

devices. Nowadays it has been realized that the available resources can hardly support the

continuous economic growth and that an ever escalating mass production of consumer goods is

certainly not sustainable in the long run.

Since the 1970’s awareness awoke that extensive use of natural resources would lead to their

depletion and also produced serious pollution problems for mankind. With the above in mind,

the concept of sustainable development was developed which may be briefly stated as “to

ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs”.

The first law of thermodynamics tells us that energy is conserved while the second law

describes the quality of energy and material. Therefore, thermodynamics should be an

important subject in sustainable development. While energy can never be lost, it is certainly

degraded in any process. This may be and has been accounted for by using a combination of

both the first and second laws leading to the so called exergy analysis. Since exergy is defined

as the maximum work potential of a material or of a form of energy in relation to its

environment, such an analysis relies on the assumption that such work potential can be



obtained by reversible processes and on the consideration of a reference environment.

However, in reality there are only irreversible processes, so that a much more natural approach

is to consider the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. In this theory, irreversibilities are

explicitly included in an entropy generation term. Minimization of these irreversibilities is

crucial for sustainable development and hence it may play a similar role to that of exergy

analysis but with the added advantage of being closer to reality.

In this talk, the entropy generation minimization method will be briefly described and

examples both academic and practical that we have studied will be presented. The possible role

of this approach for sustainable development will be thus highlighted.



ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES EN MÉXICO.

Ing. Raúl Maya González

Gerente de Proyectos Geotermoeléctricos, CFE, México

Actualmente en México la electricidad que se produce para la prestación del servicio público,

proviene principalmente de combustibles fósiles, en segundo término de energías renovables

(hidráulica, geotérmica, eólica y solar) y en menor medida de energía nuclear. El común

denominador en muchas naciones, ha sido el uso de los hidrocarburos, por las ventajas que les

ha representado su utilización, sin embargo, es conveniente modificar gradualmente las

tendencias de crecimiento energético para atender el desarrollo sustentable que demanda la

comunidad internacional, basado en un modelo que conjuga armoniosamente los aspectos

económicos, ambientales y sociales.

Los recursos naturales de nuestro país son abundantes y diversos, desde esa perspectiva,

México cuenta con suficientes recursos renovables para la producir electricidad que consume y

la que requiere para su futuro desarrollo mediante el aprovechamiento de la radiación solar, el

viento, la energía geotérmica y la energía potencial del agua como recursos primarios.

El potencial hidroeléctrico nacional que la CFE ha estimado, a través de estudios durante las

últimas décadas, ha permitido cuantificar una capacidad total de 41 000 MW

aproximadamente.

En cuanto a la geotermia, además de los campos geotérmicos en explotación, la CFE ha

identificado otras zonas susceptibles de contener yacimientos de alta temperatura en su

subsuelo; muchas de ellas han sido exploradas con estudios geológicos, geoquímicos y

geofísicos. La CFE llevo a cabo un cálculo del recurso geotérmico del país a través del



inventario nacional de manifestaciones termales con que cuenta, obteniendo un potencial

geotérmico total de 1 200 MW aproximadamente.

En lo que corresponde a la energía eólica, México dispone de sitios de reconocido potencial,

tal es el caso de la región sur del Istmo de Tehuantepec, donde se concentra el máximo

desarrollo eólico actual del país. Estudios realizados por los Laboratorios Nacionales de

Energía Renovable (NREL) de Estados Unidos y otras instituciones mexicanas, han

identificado una capacidad superior a los 30 000 MW tan solo en el estado de Oaxaca. Otras

regiones, tales como, Zacatecas, La Rumorosa y extensiones de los litorales del Océano

Pacífico y Golfo de México, se han identificado también como zonas promisorias. Por lo que

se ha estimado que el potencial eólico nacional es 50 000 MW aproximadamente.

Respecto a la energía solar, México se ubica dentro de las zonas de alta incidencia en radiación

solar. Es bien sabido, que más del 70% del territorio nacional recibe una irradiación solar

superior a los 4.7 kWh/m2 por día. En las regiones de mayor intensidad, como los estados de

Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora y Chihuahua, principalmente, la radiación es

mayor a los 5.2 kWh/m2 por día.



ANÁLISIS Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA PULPA DE MANGO PARA

LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOETANOL

L.F. Santis-Espinosa1, P.J. Sebastian

1, P.S. Bianca

1, S. Saldaña

2

1 Centro de Investigación en Energía UNAM, Privada Xochicalco s/n CP 62580 Temixco Morelos, México. 2 Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas, calle Eduardo J. Selvas s/n Col. Magisterial. CP 29010 Tuxtla Gutiérrez Chiapas,

México. E-mail: [email protected]

Actualmente el bioetanol es uno de los biocombustibles más estudiados a nivel mundial.

Particularmente en México se ha impulsando la producción en respuesta a la escases de

combustibles fósiles a nivel nacional e internacional. La caña de azúcar ha sido una de las

materias primas mas empleadas en la producción de bioetanol. Sin embargo existen diversas

materias primas y residuos agroindustriales con un alto contenido de azúcares reductores

potenciales para la producción de bioetanol. En el presente trabajo se estudia la fermentación

alcohólica del mango, debido a que, es una fruta abundante en México con alto contenido de

azúcares (16–18% w/v) y a que principalmente se reportan pérdidas anuales por 230 mil

toneladas. El proceso para la producción de bioetanol comprende las etapas de preparación del

sustrato, preparación del medio YPD y crecimiento de la levadura S. cerevisiae y la

fermentación alcohólica. En este sentido la fermentación se llevo a cabo a escala de laboratorio

monitoreando datos cinéticos tales como pH, temperatura, población celular y consumo de

azúcares reductores. Mediante esta metodología se establece un proceso fermentativo para

producción de bioetanol. , finalmente se tomaron muestras de medio agotado que fueron

analizadas por medio de espectroscopia infrarroja con transformada de Fourier (FTIR) para

conocer la concentración del bioetanol.

Plabras clave: mango, S. cerevisiae, fermentación, bioetanol.



BIODIGESTOR DE FLUJO CONTINUO PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE

BIOGÁS A PARTIR DE BIOMASA RESIDUAL DEL TIRADERO EL

IZTETE DE LA CIUDAD DE TEPIC MÉXICO

I. Paz Hernández1, Oscar G. Martínez

1, Enrique Estrada

1, Claudia E. Saldaña

1, Sarah Messina

1.

1Ciudad de la Cultura "Amado Nervo", Col. Los Fresnos Tepic, Nayarit. México. C.P. 63190.Tel. Directo: (311)1249694.

[email protected]

Se diseñó un biodigestor de flujo continuo cilíndrico a nivel laboratorio con una capacidad de

11 L, el cual tendrá una chaqueta para controlar la temperatura a 35°C, con agitación para

obtener una mezcla homogénea, aumentar la velocidad de degradación y tener mayor

producción de biogás. Se determinó el balance de materia y sus requerimientos energéticos

para su diseño. Para poder diseñar el biodigestor se determinó la producción teórica de biogás

de la biomasa residual, con base en los componentes principales de la materia orgánica (C, H,

O, y N). Se realizó el análisis físico-químico a la biomasa residual proveniente del tiradero el

Iztete de la ciudad de Tepic Nayarit México, y se determinaron parámetros importantes del

proceso de la degradación anaerobia como el pH. El pH de la biomasa residual estudiada fue

de pH =4.02, el cual debería permanecer entre 6-8; por lo que fue necesario controlar este

parámetro, inoculando a través de estiércol de conejo y residuos cárnicos (50:50), mezclados

con biomasa residual en una proporción de 1:3 (inoculo-biomasa residual) respectivamente.

Otros parámetros que se determinaron fueron: sólidos totales (47.86%), sólidos volátiles

(94.58%), cenizas (5.42%), materia orgánica (12.26%), Hidrógeno (0.81%), carbono (7.11%).

Por último se experimentó con la biomasa residual el proceso de degradación anaerobia, la

cual se realizó en matraces kitazato con un sistema de control de temperatura y captura de

biogás generado, lo que permitió medir el volumen de biogás producido diariamente y su

tiempo de retención hidráulico.

mailto:[email protected]



CO-DIGESTION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES FOR

BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION

Gómez-Romero, J., García-Peña, E.I.

Bioprocess Department, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología-IPN, Av., Acueducto s/n. P.O. Box 07340,

D.F. México.

[email protected]

Global warming, fossil fuel preservation and environmental pollution are the major factors

driving research on production and use of renewable fuels. Hydrogen is recognized as an ideal

renewable energy source, producing no green gases and has the highest energy yield (122kJ/g).

Recently, the biological process as dark fermentation has gain great attention to biohydrogen

production. Dark fermentation can utilize agro-industrial wastes, when utilized a mixture is

called co-digestion these ones. Co-digestion provided a balance nutrient, buffer capacity, and

minerals. Co-digestion studies have shown promising results utilizing food waste, sewage

sludge, cow manure, waste milk and fruit-vegetable waste. However, there has not been any

reported work on biohydrogen production from co-digestion of crude cheese whey (CCW)

with fruit vegetable waste (FVW). In this work, different C/N ratios (7, 17, 21, 31 and 46),

obtained by mixing CCW and FVW, it were evaluated to determine their effect on volumetric

hydrogen production rate (VHPR). The experiments were developed in a batch reactor system

(2 L) with a 1.8 L of working volume. The system was constantly mixed with a magnetic

stirrer bar. The temperature was maintained at 37°C, pH was set and maintained at 5.5 and was

utilized a inoculum that was adapted to lactose (30g/L). Cumulative biohydrogen total from

cheese whey alone was 3832.06 mL (C/N, 7), while that cumulative H2 production was

increased 1.5, 2.1, 2.9 and 2.5 times in 17, 21, 31 and 46 (C/N) treatment, respectively. On the

other hand, the maximum volumetric H2 production rate was obtained at a C/N ratio of 21

(10.68 mmolH2/L*h). Therefore, co-digestion of CCW with FVW improve the hydrogen

production. As biohydrogen is currently an expensive energy compared to other conventional

energy source. The use of wastes to generate biohydrogen energy could reduce the cost,

making the energy gas more available and cheaper.



DETERMINATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION OPTIMAL

TEMPERATURE WITH CASTOR OIL IN HOMOGENEOUS PHASE

USING KOH AS CATALYST AND THE FUTURE

OF HIS APPLICATIONS

Cano-Guzmán C

1. Suárez Parra R

1. Sanchez-Cantú M

2. Pérez-Díaz L

2.

1 Centro de Investigación en Energía CIE-UNAM. Priv. Xochicalco S/N. Temixco, Morelos. 2 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla BUAP. Av. San Claudio S/N. Ciudad Universitaria. Puebla, Pue.

ABSTRACT

The alternative fuels are being highly support for electric energy generation nowadays and to

use them as fuels inside internal combustion motors, to start to replace traditional fuels for

those obtain from the biomass. The BioDiesel (BD) can represent an alternative feasible for

development of biofuels comes from plants. In this context, it was carried out BD production

in a laboratory scale using KOH as catalyst and castor oil plant (Ricinus Communis L.), which

is an abundant plant that grows in half-desert zones and the oil obtained from this plant doesn´t

consider as human consumption oil. The BD samples obtained were analyzed by FTIR to

compare with some samples that didn´t react. Also, it was carried out comparison tests using

thin layer chromatography. Finally, the BD samples obtained were submitted to quality tests to

watch if these pass the international specs of the norm ASTM/D6751. The quality tests that

were operated in the laboratory are: density, viscosity, inflammation point, humidity %, acid

index, saponification index. The high results in humidity % and viscosity show low biofuel´s

ability to be applied directly in diesel cars without any motor´s modification. BD-Conventional

diesel mixes could be operated to decrease these problems and can be used in combustion

internal motors. Finally, the BD obtained can be employed to operate diesel turbo generators or

to feed high pressure vapor generators burners in direct way without to many operation risks.



ENERGIA RENOVABLE Y CAMBIO CLIMATICO: EMISIONES POR

QUEMA DE BIOMASA

R. Manso1, E. C. Vitale

1, R. Manrique

1, A. Valdés

1

1Equipo Técnico de Gases de Efecto Invernadero

Instituto de Meteorología

Casablanca, Apartado Postal 17032

Código postal 11700, Habana17, Cuba

Correo: [email protected]

La biomasa se considera actualmente como una importante fuente de energía ecológica y

sostenible. La combustión directa de la biomasa requiere del empleo de procesos bien

estudiados en los que la eficiencia energética se aúne con un buen control de las emisiones,

principalmente de los óxidos de nitrógeno, partículas volantes e hidrocarburos volátiles, ya que

de lo contrario las emisiones producidas pueden ocasionar problemas de contaminación

atmosférica considerables. La biomasa, como fuente renovable íntimamente ligada al medio

rural, puede constituir un excelente instrumento para el desarrollo de países pobres con

disponibilidad de tierras, o de regiones agrícolas deprimidas de países desarrollados. La

biomasa como combustible es mucho más barata que el combustible de origen fósil, con una

caldera de pellets puede llegarse a ahorrar un 40% de la factura, en comparación con el gas

natural. El dato de actividad se obtuvo mediante la Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas e

Información (ONEI) y el Cuerpo de Guardabosques de Cuba (CGB). Experimentándose a

partir de 1981 una tendencia al aumento de los incendios forestales y una disminución de la

quema de biomasa para uso energético, en especial del bagazo. Para los cálculos de las

emisiones se aplican las recomendaciones indicadas en las Guías Revisadas del IPCC de 1996

(IPCC-OECD-IEA, 1997), para diferentes niveles de complejidad, estimándose el dióxido de

carbono (CO2), metano (CH4), monóxido de carbono (CO), óxido nitroso (N2O), y óxidos de

nitrógeno (NOx (NO2+ NO)). Se presentan tablas y gráficos mostrando las relaciones entre

hectáreas quemadas, número de incendios y las quemas por diferentes tipos de biomasa sólida,

así como emisiones de los gases estudiados y observaciones referidas para el uso sostenible de

la quema de biomasa.




ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIESEL

MEDIANTE ACEITE DE PIÑÓN MEXICANO

(Jatropha curcas)

Ing. N. S. Rivera Lara

El Colegio del Estado de Hidalgo, Calle Miguel Hidalgo número 618, Col. Centro, Pachuca, Hidalgo C.P. 42000 teléfonos: (01

771) 138 30 79 y 138 30 80 [email protected]

El objetivo de la investigación fue realizar un estudio de factibilidad técnico económica para

determinar la viabilidad de la producción de biodiesel a partir de aceite de piñón mexicano, por

un proceso de extracción e industrialización semimecanizada, realizada por una empresa bajo

una figura de sociedad de producción rural. El estudio de mercado determinó que existe

demanda potencial del combustible en el país. Se estructuró la ingeniería del proyecto y el

requerimiento de abasto de materia prima e insumos para calcular la oferta potencial, así como

la organización administrativa, a fin de establecer una planta productiva dentro del marco de la

normatividad vigente y los estándares de calidad del producto, a localizarse en Tulancingo,

Hidalgo, y su posible impacto ambiental. Basado en un análisis y evaluación financiera y

socioeconómica a mediano plazo, considerando una concurrencia de recursos financieros de

programas federales en la inversión. Se dictaminó que es viable técnica y socialmente; pero no

por la venta del biodiesel como producto único, la factibilidad económica está dada por la

venta de subproductos y se recomienda considerar un cultivo complementario que apoye en el

abastecimiento de materia prima a la planta.

Palabras clave: biodiesel, piñón mexicano (Jatropha curcas), factibilidad




ESTUDIO TEÓRICO DE LAS TRAYECTORIAS DE REACCIÓN DEL Zr

(SO4)2 UTILIZADO COMO CATALIZADOR HETEROGÉNEO EN EL

PROCESO DE TRANSESTERIFICACIÓN PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE

BIODIESEL

Christian Celaya1, Jesús Muñiz

1, Alfredo Olea

1

1 Cuerpo Académico de Energía y Sustentabilidad. Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas

Calle Eduardo J. Selvas S/N, Col. Magisterial, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México. C.P. 29010

C.C. : [email protected], J.M. :[email protected]

El Sulfato de Zirconio Zr(SO4)2 ha despertado gran interés en estudios experimentales, para ser

implementado como catalizador heterogéneo en el proceso químico de producción de biodiesel

(Transesterificación), ya que presenta una alta conversión de reacción debido a sus propiedades

catalíticas [1]. Pero aun no se ha utilizado este catalizador a nivel industrial. Para el mejor

entendimiento de lo que ocurre con este catalizador en su superficie de contacto, se elaboró un

estudio teórico acerca de las propiedades catalíticas que se presentan durante la

Transesterificación a nivel molecular, para ello se empleo un modelo molecular extendido de

Triacetina, (CHCO2CH2)2CH (O2CCH3) [2], la cual es utilizada como un sistema que ayuda a

simular los triglicéridos, utilizados como materia prima para la producción de biodiesel. Al

mismo tiempo se emplearon tres modelos moleculares (A,B,C) computacionalmente

manejables del Zr(SO4)2, además se encontraron los sitios activos en donde pudiera ser más

favorable una reacción química con este catalizador. Todas las energías de interacción

obtenidas fueron elaboradas con metodología de ab initio, utilizando Teoría de Funcionales de

la Densidad (DFT, por sus siglas en inglés) [3], junto con el funcional hibrido B3LYP.

También se determinaron algunos parámetros termodinámicos involucrados en cada

interacción, así como las energías de reacción, en base a la metodología IRC (Intrinsic

Reaction Coordinate), reportando una trayectoria de reacción viable. Posteriormente se

elaborará una estimación cuantitativa de las energías de activación obtenidas con otros tipos de

catalizadores heterogéneos, que se han conseguido previamente. Todos los cálculos han sido

elaborados con el código computacional GAUSSIAN 09, en estaciones de trabajo de cómputo

de alto rendimiento de la Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas.




Palabras claves: Biodiesel, DFT, Catalizador heterogéneo, IRC.

[1] Kian Fei Yee, Jeffrey C.S. Wu, Keat Teong Lee, “A green catalyst for biodiesel production from jatropha

oil: Optimization study”,ELSEIVER , ScienceDirect, 0961-9534, 1 February 2011.

[2] Taweetham Limpanuparb, Kraiwan Punyain, Yuthana Tantirungrotechai, “A DFT investigation of

methanolysis and hydrolysis of triacetin”, ELSEVIER, THEOCHEM, (0166-1280), 2010.

[3] Kieron Burke, “Perspective on Density Functional Theory”, The Journal of Chemical Physics, 136, 17

April 2012.



FACTIBILIDAD DEL SECADO SOLAR DE LA BIOMASA

MICROALGAL PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIÉSEL

Itzel Alejandra Palacios García1. María Teresa Alarcón Herrera

1

1Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Chihuahua, México.

[email protected]

Las energías renovables son una importante alternativa para disminuir el consumo de

combustibles fósiles. El aprovechamiento de productos naturales o residuos vegetales para

generar energía es cada vez más común para producir combustibles biodegradables renovables

como el biodiésel.

La producción de biodiésel de lípidos microalgales es una tecnología altamente prometedora,

dadas las ventajas que ofrece en contraste con las plantas oleaginosas. Una de estas ventajas se

refleja en la disminución de la huella hídrica (consumo de agua por unidad de energía

generada) en el proceso de producción de biodiesel. Su mayor desventaja es el costo de

producción.

Uno de los puntos críticos en la extracción de lípidos para la producción de biodiesel es el

secado de la biomasa microalgal. El equipo de deshidratación mecánico en si mismo puede

consumir una gran cantidad de energía, ya que. Una alternativa a este problema es el secado

solar de la biomasa microalgal, ya que las zonas áridas y semiáridas del norte de México se

presentan como un escenario potencial para el desarrollo de esta dada la alta incidencia solar

que se tiene en el norte del país.

El objetivo de este trabajo analizar la factibilidad del uso del secado solar, mediante un análisis

de ciclo de vida del proceso de secado convencional y el secado solar.




HYDROGEN PHOTOPRODUCTION FROM Spirulina maxima 2342 AT

SOME SPECIFIC CONDITIONS

A.U. Juantorena1,2,

, E. Santoyo3, P. J. Sebastian

3 ,O. Lastres

4, Hernández

5, G. A. Bustos.

6 and

S.A Gamboa3

1 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, UAEM, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa. Cuernavaca. Morelos.

México;

2 Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, UPEMOR, Boulevard Cuauhnáhuac No. 566, Col. Lomas del Texcal, 62550,

Jiutepec, Morelos, México; 3 Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Xochicalco s/n, 62580, Temixco, Morelos,

México;

4 Instituto de Estudios de la Energía, UNISTMO, Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México; 5 Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Guerrero, UPEG, Comunidad Puente Campuzano, Carretera Federal Iguala-Taxco,

Taxco de Alarcón, Guerrero, México; 6 Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, UNAM, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.

E-mail: [email protected]

The hydrogen production rate from Spirulina maxima 2342 is discussed in this work. The

performance characteristics of this photosynthetic microorganism for producing hydrogen were

studied and a tendency rate was established according to every specific experiment. Analysis

by gas chromatography coupled to a thermal conductivity detector (CG-TCD) was used to

study the gas quality of the products. The experimental procedure for investigating the

hydrogen production from Spirulina maxima 2342 was established by gas detection at 40

mmHg. The analysis of the gas production for some established biomass concentrations was

carried out at 150 µEm-2

s-1

light intensity excitation and 1,45 ± 0,01 min retention time. The

reaction time of hydrogen photoproduction was 19,3 ± 1,2 h. It was possible to determine the

experimental rate of hydrogen production (mole per hour) at some specific conditions

previously identified as close to optimal conditions for the feasible production of hydrogen

from these kinds of microorganisms. This hydrogen is used for a Proton Exchange Membrane

Fuel Cell (PEMFC) in power generation.




MICROALGAE: A POTENTIAL SOURCE FOR BIODIESEL

PRODUCTION

A.U. Juantorena1,2

, E. Arenas3 and P.J. Sebastian

3.

1 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, UAEM, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa. Cuernavaca. Morelos.

México;

2 Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, UPEMOR, Boulevard Cuauhnáhuac No. 566, Col. Lomas del Texcal, 62550,

Jiutepec, Morelos, México;

3 Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Xochicalco s/n, 62580, Temixco, Morelos,

México;


This paper summarizes some of the most important aspects of microalgae as a potential source

for biodiesel production. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that can grow rapidly

in a variety of environments, because of their unicellular or multicellular structure, depending

on the species. The most important algae classes are: the Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), Green

algae (Chlorophyceae) and Blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae). They have great advantages as

they reproduce themselves absorbing solar energy and converting it into chemical energy via

photosynthesis, concluding a full cycle in a few days. Growth rates can be accelerated by

addition of specific nutrients and sufficient aeration. The biodiesel yield is higher than other

energy crops. This review aims culture conditions, growth culture systems (open and closed),

harvesting and biodiesel production process from microalgae.




PERFORMANCE OF A BUS FUELED WITH B20 BIODIESEL BLENDS

PRODUCED FROM RAPESEED OIL AND CASTOR OIL

J.F. Rendón Hernández1, J.L. Gutiérrez Diaz

1, S. Silva Martínez

2,

J.A. Hernández Perez2, A. Álvarez Gallegos

2.

1Posgrado en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas. 2Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas. Universidad

Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Mor. Mexico. Corresponding author:

e-mail address: [email protected], Tel: 01 777 2032942.

Abstract

A field study was conducted on a school bus in Morelos State, Mexico, to evaluate the fuel

efficiency and fuel emissions from petrodiesel and 20% (B20) biodiesel blends under real bus

driving conditions. The school bus was driven on the highway and in urban zone to assess fuel

efficiency. The emissions were measured from the exhaust of the school bus operated on

petrodiesel, on B20 rapeseed biodiesel blend, and on B20 castor biodiesel blend. The rapeseed

and castor biodiesels were produced in compliance with the B100 ASTM D6751 standard. The

transesterification of rapeseed oil and castor oil with methanol were carried out at pilot scale

(300 liters). This study has proven the benefits of using biodiesel blend, since similar fuel

efficiencies and reductions in exhaust emissions were accomplished with B20 biodiesel blends

as compared to petrodiesel fuel. Finally, B20 castor biodiesel blend represents an

environmental alternative to reduce the consumption of petrodiesel without threatening the

food supply since castor biodiesel is produced from wild plant oil. Thus, B20 castor biodiesel

blend can gradually be used as biofuel in all the school buses and shuttle bus that go in and out

the campus of the Autonomous University of Morelos State.

Keywords: Biodiesel standard, Rapeseed biodiesel, castor biodiesel, school bus emissions.



PRODUCCIÓN DE ETANOL EN MÉXICO A PARTIR DE DIFERENTES

INSUMOS: UN ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO

L.A. Becerra y C.A. Cardona

Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa; Blvd. Universitarios y Av. De las Américas,

Unidad 3 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México. C.P. 80010. Tel: +52 (667) 716-11-28. [email protected]

Instituto de Biotecnología y Agroindustrias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Manizales; Cra. 27 No. 64-60 of. F505,

Manizales, Colombia.

Este trabajo presenta un análisis de la producción de etanol en México a partir de cuatro

insumo: caña de azúcar, maíz, remolacha azucarera y sorgo dulce. Revisando el contexto de

producción primaria de estos insumos y los procesos industriales susceptibles de utilizar, se

determina tres escenarios de producción. En cada caso, se estiman costos de producción de la

materia prima y los costos de producción de etanol por litro. Los resultados obtenidos indican

una rentabilidad financiera de 62% para el etanol de remolacha azucarera, un 57% para el

etanol de caña de azúcar, un 51% para el etanol de sorgo dulce y un 47% para el etanol de

maíz. Al tomar en cuenta todos los elementos que integran la cadena productiva, se concluye

que la mayor viabilidad económica está en la producción de etanol a partir de sorgo dulce y

caña de azúcar. Se descarta la remolacha azucarera por no existir fenotipos de ese cultivo en

México, ni la experiencia agrícola necesaria para obtener un nivel de producción comercial

suficiente. También, se descarta el maíz por limitaciones legales, dado el déficit de este grano

básico en México. En la valoración final, el sorgo dulce también fue eliminado en función de

ser un cultivo nuevo en México que requiere de tiempo para contar con un respaldo agro-

biológico y técnico para el manejo adecuado por parte del productor. Sin embargo, hay que

señalar que en el mediano y largo plazo el sorgo dulce es un cultivo de alto potencial

energético y sustentabilidad, toda vez que los análisis preliminares así lo indican y dado que no

compite con la alimentación humana. Por lo tanto, se concluye que en el corto plazo la caña de

azúcar es el insumo más viable para producir etanol en México.




TEQUILA BAGASSE AS A RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY AND

FEEDSTOCKS

L. Chávez-Guerrero1,2

, A. Toxqui-Terán3, M. Hinojosa

1,2

1Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, UANL. México. 2CIIDIT-PIIT. 3CIMAV-PIIT.

The xerophyte plant Agave Tequilana is used to produce alcoholic beverages, food and textiles.

To our knowledge, neither the plant nor its residues have been studied before as an alternative

source of fuel. Agave bagasse is a byproduct generated in the tequila industry, which most of

the times is burned to reduce its volume. Then a second byproduct is generated in the form of

residual ash, which can contaminate the water in rivers and lakes near the production place. In

this work, bagasse samples from the alcoholic beverage production were collected in order to

find out their properties as a fuel. SEM observations allowed us to study the morphological

changes during the processing, whereas the different stages in the decomposition of the

bagasse were analyzed by TGA. The compounds in the ash were identified using X-ray

diffraction. Experiments showed that 16% of the ash was produced in the burning process of

agave and 66% of the ash remains in the form of calcium oxide after a heating process at 950

°C. Also, with these results it is clear that it is possible to use the bagasse and the byproducts

generated (ash) by the alcoholic beverage production as an alternative source of fuel and

chemical compounds.

These results show an important renewable source of biofuel (biomass) and calcium

compounds (CaCO3, CaO and Ca(OH)2). The process presented on this report has positive

impacts, due to the zero emissions to the total CO2 into the environment and because it helps to

minimize the contaminants (ash) near factories.

Presenting author’s email: [email protected]



A MODEL TO DESCRIBE THE INTERACTING DYNAMICS OF THE

GENERATOR AND THE CONDENSER IN AN ABSORPTION HEAT

TRANSFORMER

D. Juárez-Romero , N. Shaha, C. Markides

a, V. Velázquez-Flores, M. Meza-Izquierdo, A.

Hernández, A. Huicochea-Rodriguez, J. Siqueirosb.

Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. Av. Universidad

No. 1001, Col Chamilpa, C. P. 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. a Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Roderic Hill

Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U. K. b Secretaría de Innovación, Ciencia y Tecnología, Cuernavaca, Morelos

Kew Words: Interaction Generator-Condenser, Generator and condenser dynamics, LiBr-H2O

Absorption.

A computer model which describes the dynamic behavior of the interaction between a

generator and the condenser is presented.

The reference unit is a 3kW absorption heat transformer, AHT, located at CIICAp-UAEM.

This unit uses as absorption fluid a mixture of aqueous Lithium-Bromide.

The generator of this AHT is composed by a ‘U’ shape pipe-manifold with a distributor, 3

rows in the upper section and 4 rows in the lower section. The released steam travels from the

generator towards a helicoidal condenser. This shape enhances heat transfer.

The evaluation of the momentum equations are key to analyze the steam flow at a given

pressure and temperature which travels from the generator to the condenser.

The model of the generator is based in the conservation of internal energy in the shell side.

This model considers the concentration profile of the absorption mixture along the pipe

manifold for the specific configuration of the generator.

The model of the condenser considers the different zones condensation and off-saturation.

The selection of tuning parameters (efficient area of desorption, and wetting angle in the

condenser is also discussed)



The model is represented as a set of algebraic differential equations. The steady state results of

these coupled models are compared with the reference unit. The analysis of the dynamic for

some typical operating changes is also presented.

The study of the interaction of these two components of the AHT is important to understand

the conditions to arrive smoothly to a steady state, since some causes for instability can be

identified and to detect low performance. Also this study is useful as a guide the design of

compact generator-condenser units.

(*)Corresponding author [email protected]



ANALYSIS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE GENERATOR OF

APPLIED HEAT PUMP WATER PURIFICATION

Y. Lazcano Véliz1, J. Siqueiros

1, D. Juárez-Romero

1, L.I. Morales

1 y J. Torres Merino

2

1Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad

1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, C. P. 62209, Morelos, México. Tel. (01777) 3297900, [email protected] ; 2Facultad

de Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Edificio E. Facultad de Química, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria,

México D.F. C.P. 04510 Tel: 5622-53-76 / 5622-53-35.

Using closed heat exchange systems for water purification is a good alternative to reduce

energy consumption, including using alternate sources of energy, however, there are few

studies on experimental equipment for evaluating more efficient designs. This study aims to

evaluate the energy efficiency in the distributor of a heat pump heat transformer using an

absorbing solution of lithium bromide-water as coolant. The efficiency in the absorption

process through the heat distribution of a falling film absorber solution of lithium bromide-

water pipes of the coil, plays a very important role in the performance of the generator coupled

to a heat pump . Experimental tests were conducted free-fall drop in a horizontal tube bank

outside diameter 1.22 cm. The results show the characteristics of the distribution patterns of

the absorbent solution during the fall through the tubes of the coil, including the formation of

droplets, fine jets and elongation horizontal tilt at different angles and flow rates (0320, 0228 ,

0.147 and 0.066 kg / ms). We also analyzed the film thickness aqueous lithium bromide-water

along the flow direction using a caliper and the results were compared with measurements

made by digital image processing. We obtained an average film thickness of 0.08 cm. It is

concluded that to obtain a good distribution efficiency of the absorbing solution of lithium

bromide-water along the coil must work flows around 0,228 kg / ms to maintain a

homogeneous solution fall through the coil tube and the heat transfer more efficient in the

generator of the pump.




DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A SOLAR COMBINED

SYSTEM (THERMAL AND PHOTOVOLTAIC) FOR AIR HEATING

PROPOSES

D. Gama2, I. Pilatowsky

1*, A. Oskam

3, G. Mejía

2, V. Canedo

4, V.M. Cadena

4,

J. Ortega1, J. Campos

1,

1Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM 2Posgrado en Ingeniería Área Energía, UNAM, Apartado Postal 34, Temixco, 62580, Morelos, México.

*[email protected] 3Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001,

Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México. 4Graduados de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingenierías de la Universidad del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad

1001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, 62209, México.

Abstract

Design and experimental study of a prototype of the combined solar system; thermal-

photovoltaic, for air heating applications is presented. Solar heating can be carried out by

indirect air heating mode, using a thermo hydronic system (water to air heat exchanger) or by

means of a one-pass direct air heating mode. The air heating process can be realized, during

the day, during the night (thermal storage mode) or night and day, using both solar systems

simultaneously, depending on the thermal and photovoltaic system configurations. The energy

needed for the operation of the electrical components is obtained from a photovoltaic solar

system.

The solar air heated was introduced into a horizontal tunnel where the operation conditions;

temperature, velocity and air humidity were determinate. For different solar radiation

conditions (750 to 950 Wm2), the air temperature range of 40 to 55 ºC, and maximum air

velocity of 2.5 ms-1were obtained. These preliminary results showed an important potential of

application of this prototype in processes where the air heating is required, as such as, drying,

incubators, raising poultry and spaces conditioning




CÁLCULO DEL FACTOR DE EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO

INVERNADERO DE LA GASOLINA MAGNA EN MÉXICO MEDIANTE

UN MÉTODO HÍBRIDO DE ANÁLISIS DE CICLO DE VIDA

M. Nazar Beutelspacher1, J. Moreira Acosta

2, T.M. Rioja Paradela

2

1Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Boulevard Belisario Domínguez Km 1081 s/n Terán, Tuxtla

Gutiérrez, Chiapas México C.P. 29050.

2Facultad de Ingeniería. Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas. Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150. Col. Lajas

Maciel. Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas México C.P. 29018.

[email protected]

El factor de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) de los combustibles fósiles es un

parámetro indispensable para los reportes de emisiones de GEI. Su empleo generalmente se

reduce a las emisiones directas derivadas de la combustión en motores de combustión interna,

empleando valores reportados en la literatura, particularmente los factores reportados por la

EPA en el Reporte AP-42. Este enfoque padece de errores de truncación al no considerar las

emisiones debidas al proceso de extracción, procesamiento y transporte de este combustible.

En este artículo se calculan las emisiones totales de GEI aplicando el método híbrido de

análisis de ciclo de vida de análisis de procesos incrementado. En este método se suman las

emisiones provocadas durante la combustión interna de la gasolina magna en motores a las

debidas al proceso completo de fabricación de la gasolina magna en México. Las emisiones

indirectas de GEI se calculan aplicando el método Input-Output. En este método se parte de la

matriz Insumo-producto de la economía mexicana para obtener la matriz de coeficientes

técnicos y con esta calcular la Matriz inversa de Leontief. Se considera el vector de emisiones

sectoriales de GEI propuesto por Ruiz Nápoles (2011) modificándolo en algunos sectores. Al

resultado del cálculo de las emisiones indirectas se le suman las emisiones directas por

combustión reportadas por la EPA obteniendo un factor de emisiones totales de GEI de 2.863

kgCO2e/lt. El factor de emisiones totales de GEI obtenido es significativamente diferente al

factor de emisiones directas de GEI (2.311 kg CO2/lt).




UPTAKE OF ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 BY THE ATMOSPHERE: AN

IMPACT OF ENERGY DEMAND

Mahendra P. VERMA

Geotermia, Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas, Reforma 113, Col. Palmira, Cuernavaca, Mor. C.P. 62490, México.

[email protected]

In 1960s it was well recognized that the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) due to burning of

fossil-fuels in the production of electrical energy, more precisely the transformation of

electrical energy from chemical energy caused the environmental problems like global

warming, flooding, dryness, weather disasters, etc. Agriculture revolution between 15,000 and

12,000 years ago raised the atmospheric CO2 from 200 to 270±10 ppm by volume, which was

approximately constant till the industrial revolution initiated with the burning of fossil carbon.

A substantial disruption had undergone as a result of the injection of 480 PgC (Pentagrams of

Carbon=1012

kg of C) into the atmosphere through fossil-fuel combustion and land-use change,

including forest clearance.

Deep understanding of carbon cycle is fundamental in planning a strategy for the atmospheric

CO2 removal. It is shown from the long term monitoring data of atmospheric CO2 at the Mauna

Loa Observatory, Hawaii, and surface ocean water alkalinity and pH that there was an

exponential increase in the aggregation of atmospheric CO2 from 6.7 PgC/yr in 1959 to 16.2

PgC/yr in 2008.




CELDAS COMBUSTIBLES DE OXIDOS SOLIDOS DE BAJA

TEMPERATURA: ESTADO ACTUAL, RETOS Y PERSPECTIVAS

R. Sánchez Reyes1, S. Pathiyamattom Joseph

1, J. Moreira Acosta

2

1Centro de Investigación en Energía. Universidad Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, Privada de Xochicalco, S/N.

Temixco, Morelos, México. Tel. 044 777 3067335

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

2Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, México, (UNICACH)

1ª Sur Poniente No. 1460 Col. Centro C. P. 29000 | Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas | Tel. +52 (961) 61 704 00

[email protected]

RESUMEN

La problemática que bloquea el camino a la comercialización de las SOFC se centra

fundamentalmente en la aplicación final planeada para ellas. Las altas temperaturas de trabajo

y el problema de la compactibilidad de los módulos, son restricciones que limitan su uso en

aplicaciones móviles, a cuya solución se están dirigiendo las actuales investigaciones. Se ha

trabajado fundamentalmente en la disminución del tamaño y en la modificación de las

geometrías; tales sistemas son conocidos como Micro-SOFCs. Existen un gran número de

problemas que deben ser resueltos para la implementación y comercialización de esta

tecnología (reducción de los costos de fabricación y operación, mejoramiento del desempeño

de las celdas, extensión del tiempo de vida útil, entre otros), dando lugar al surgimiento de

nuevos campos o líneas de investigación.

Han sido fabricada celdas de alta potencia de salida operando a temperaturas entre 350 oC y

400 oC, las cuales mostraron una fuerte influencia del espesor del electrólito en el rendimiento

de la celda. Otros estudios se han orientado al desarrollo de nuevos materiales para

electrólitos y electrodos. Atendiendo a lo anterior, en este trabajo se presenta una revisión y

análisis de los principales trabajos que han sido publicados en el campo de estudios de

películas delgadas nano cristalinas, logradas fundamentalmente por técnicas de deposición y a

base de diferentes compuestos; así como los resultados más relevantes obtenidos, que

refuerzan la importancia de continuar investigando en este campo.

Palabras claves: Celdas combustibles de óxidos sólidos (SOFC); películas delgadas nano-

cristalinas; rendimientos de las SOFC.






DE LAS OLAS AL HIDRÓGENO

Sánchez Dirzo Rafael1, Silva Casarín Rodolfo

2

Mendoza Baldwin Edgar G.3, González Huerta Rosa de Gpe.

4

1Fes-Zaragoza UNAM, México, [email protected]; 2,3Instituto de Ingeniería UNAM, México; 4ESIQIE-IPN, México

Las ondas oceánicas concentran tal cantidad de energía solar que de poder ser aprovechada

contribuiría de manera significativa a resolver el problema de la obtención de electricidad

barata, la más económica posible, y con la misma, obtener hidrógeno de manera masiva por

electrólisis. El estudio del fenómeno costero conocido como la bufadora permite concebir

dispositivos sencillos para lograr tal propósito. Este trabajo presenta uno de tales dispositivos

al que se le ha llamado “blowjet”. El blowjet es una elemental tobera en forma del instrumento

musical conocida como “tuba” que reproduce el fenómeno de la bufadora. Una aplicación

inmediata es proponer la innovación de una de las estructuras de ingeniería más importantes,

milenarias e imponentes sobre las costas: los diques rompeolas que desde hace milenios son

diseñados y construidos para romper las olas y con ello disipar su energía, el blowjet, es una

alternativa para concentrar y con ello aprovechar la potencia del oleaje. Diversos sistemas

oceanomotrices se encuentran en desarrollo y México, con inmensos recursos marinos, no

puede darse el lujo de excluirse de estas áreas de las energías renovables que en los últimos 20

años han tenido un despunte que las coloca como reales alternativas en el dilema de disminuir

la presencia de los hidrocarburos para obtener energía eléctrica.

Referencias

1. Edgar Mendoza-Baldwin, Rodolfo Silva Casarín, Rafael Sánchez-Dirzo and Xavier, Chávez-Cárdenas,

WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION USING A BLOWJET-SYSTEM, 2010 Proceeding of the 32nd

International Conference Coastal Engineering p. 1-10

2. Rosa de Guadalupe González Huerta, Ernesto López Chávez, Blanca Velázquez Morales.

HIDRÓGENO: Introducción a la energía limpia. 2009, ISBN: 978-607-7798-02-6 UAEM.

3. http://www.iea-oceans.org/ última revisión 25 de diciembre de 2012.

http://www.iea-oceans.org/



ELECTROCATALYST CoxFeyRuz, COULD BE A NEW MATERIAL TO

CARRY OUT THE OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTION IN A FUEL

CELL?

A. Sandoval-González

1,*, Abdiel Moisés Martínez Bañuelos

2,

Sebastian Joseph Pathiyamattom3

1Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Guerrero, Carretera Federal Iguala-Taxco Km 105 Puente Campuzano Taxco de

Alarcón Guerrero, 2Universidad Politécnica de Zacatecas. Plan del Pardillo S/N, Parque Industrial, Fresnillo Zacatecas, 3Centro de Investigación en Energía, CIE-UNAM. Privada Xochicalco S/N,Temixco, Morelos, 62580, México.

*E-mail [email protected]

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are considered promising power sources for

portable applications in a near future. The main problem avoiding the massive use of this kind

of energy production system is the lower performance and stability than traditional catalysts

used in PEMFC. In this work is reported a simple and rapid synthesis method for obtaining

CoxFeyRuz based electrocatalyst showing adequate characteristics to reduce oxygen in a fuel

cell experimental condition. Cobalt (II) Nitrate hexahydrate [Co (NO3)2 *6H2O], triruthenium

dodecarbonyl [Ru3 (CO)12] and Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4*7H2O) were used as

precursor reagents. Ethylene-glycol and water were used as reaction medium and reducing

reagents. The nanostructured characteristics of CoxFeyRuz electrocatalysts were controlled by

using a microwave synthesis at 220°C for 30 min, and approximately 600 W power radiations.

The catalysts were characterized by electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry, lineal

sweep voltammetry and rotating ring-disk electrode. It was also possible to determine the

electrochemical mechanism to reduce oxygen when CoxFeyRuz catalysts were used in the

cathode of electrochemical experimental. Also was possible to obtain the chemical

composition and the x-ray diffraction. CoxFeyRuz based materials could be considered as

prominent new cathodic electrocatalysts in PEMFC.

Keywords: Electrocatalyst, oxygen reduction, microwave irradiation, CoxFeyRuz, PEMFC.



HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN A MICROBIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELL

WITH BICARBONATE BUFFER

L. Verea, P.J. Sebastian, F.Ginez

Departamento de materiales solares. Instituto de Investigación en Energía, Universidad

Nacional Autónoma de México. Temixco 62580, Morelos, México. Tel: 777 3 62 00 90

[email protected]

The hydrogen production by the microbial electrolysis process can be enhanced with the

optimal conductivity of the medium. In this study two different conductivities were tested. The

conductivity was varied with carbonate buffer since the residential waste water (RWW)

contains high concentrations of this compound. The aim of this study is to produce hydrogen

with synthetic RWW in a 80 ml membrane less microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) with an

applied voltage of 1 V. As it was expected the hydrogen production was enhanced with the

increase of the conductivity. The hydrogen production rate (Q) was enhanced from 0.13

m3/m

3d to 0.21 m

3/m

3d with the increasing the conductivity from 7.5 to 15 mS/m. This effect

was reflected in the overall the parameters evaluated. The highest cathodic efficiency was 97.7

% and a hydrogen productivity of 0.54 W was obtained with the conductivity of 15mS/m. This

study proves that the increase in the bicarbonate buffer concentration contributes to decreasing

the resistance of the medium to transport H+ to produce H2 molecules.




SURFACE MODIFICATIONS OF ALUMINUM ALLOY 6061 FOR

BIPOLAR PLATES OF A POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE

FUEL CELL

A.G. González-Gutiérrez1, J.P. Sebastian

1 , L. Magallon Cacho

1

1 Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Privada Xochicalco S/N, Centro, 62580,

Temixco, Morelos. México

[email protected], [email protected]

The polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an electrochemical device that

converts chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy through a REDOX reaction, whose

only biproduct is water and heat. This kind of device presents efficient operation, high energy

density, modular characteristics, low-temperature operation (max. 80ºC) and zero

contamination (when hydrogen fuel is used). These advantages make the PEMFC an attractive

candidate for applications in propulsion engines and portable devices. This technology still

presents a few problems, mainly with respect to catalysts, electrolytes, and bipolar plates, since

the latter represents 80% of the total weight and 45% of the cost. This work proposes the use

of an alternative material to substitute the graphite plates with those based on aluminum. This

material has the advantages of low density, low cost, and malleability, but for its use as bipolar

plates usage it is necessary a stable coating in the corrosive environment of the cell. In this

work we present details of a physic-chemical treatment that enables a gold coating on the

aluminum to protect the same against corrosion. The surface modification consists of the

deposition of a nickel layer and a post-deposition thermal treatment in the nitrogen atmosphere

and finally the gold deposition by sputtering. The samples were analysed using XRD, SEM,

corrosion studies, chronoamperometry and cyclic voltamperometry.

Keywords: Bipolar plate alumininum, metal coating, sputtering, corrosion.





DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND INTEGRATION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES

APPLIED TO SUSTAINABLE HOUSING

A. Yunez Cano, J. Franco Cruz, M. L. Hernández Pichardo, R. G. González Huerta

IPN-ESIQIE, Laboratorio de Foto-Electrocatálisis, UPALM, Mexico D.F.

[email protected]

Economic and scientific development has enabled various forms of alternative energy

worldwide, reducing environmental damage and electricity costs. The technological transition

of this type of sustainable systems have become essential in this century; in Mexico, however,

has taken longer to promote and adopt these alternative technologies in the industrial and

domestic sectors, despite of the wide diversity of natural resources that enable the proper

operation thereof.

Nowadays, the limited condition of certain sources of energy specifically for each region of the

country, has been overcome with the integration of hybrid systems for clean energy generation,

such is the case of hydrogen technology through fuel cells, as these systems can be adapted to

various sustainable energy sources such as solar, wind and wave to strengthen and maximize

the energy available.

In this project, it has been developed a “Sustainable Housing” which promotes a first prototype

of mobile home integrating 1 kW installed solar providing 2.5 days of battery life with an

average daily consumption of 3.3 kWh/day, using energy-efficient appliances. The second and

third stages, currently in development, consist in the integration of a system of fuel cell support

PEM, which includes the production of hydrogen by water electrolysis and its subsequent

storage via metal hydrides.



DISEÑO Y PRUEBA DE UNA CASETA PARA DETERMINAR

SIMULTÁNEAMENTE EL FLUJO TÉRMICO A TRAVÉS DE VARIAS

LOSAS PARA TECHUMBRE, DOTADAS DE DIVERSOS

RECUBRIMIENTOS

J. Lucero-Álvarez, I.R. Martín-Domínguez

Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S. C. (CIMAV)

Departamento de Energía Renovable y Protección del Medio Ambiente

Miguel de Cervantes 120. Complejo Industrial Chihuahua. 31109 Chihuahua, Chih. México

[email protected]

En este trabajo se muestra el diseño y pruebas de una caseta, en la cual se pueden determinar

experimentalmente los flujos de calor a través de una serie de probetas que representan un

techo convencional de concreto. Sobre estas probetas se pueden aplicar diversos arreglos de

materiales termo-aislantes y recubrimientos reflectivos, que frecuentemente son utilizados para

aumentar la resistencia al flujo de calor a través de techo, y de esta forma disminuir el

consumo energético de los equipos de climatización artificial. El objetivo es someter a todas

las probetas a las mismas condiciones climáticas exteriores e interiores, y medir

simultáneamente los flujos de calor que se generan en cada una de ellas.

El flujo de calor a través de las probetas es determinado midiendo las temperaturas en las

superficies de las mismas, cada dos minutos y durante periodos de una semana. Las probetas

son idénticas en espesor y material de construcción, y se conoce su conductividad térmica,

densidad y capacidad calorífica. Las mediciones pueden realizarse de manera simultánea y

bajo condiciones similares de operación en todas las probetas, y así comparar el

comportamiento térmico de diferentes arreglos. El rápido reemplazo de las probetas permite

evaluar una gran cantidad de arreglos con materiales termoaislante y recubrimientos utilizado

en techos, en un periodo de tiempo relativamente corto, y bajo condiciones reales de operación.

Mediante éste sistema es posible comparar el desempeño térmico de diferentes tipos de

recubrimientos y aislamientos, bajo condiciones reales de operación.




EFICIENCIA, ACCESIBILIDAD Y COMPONENTES DE LOS

SISTEMAS DE ENFRIAMIENTO NATURAL PARA REGIONES

CÁLIDO HÚMEDAS

Laura I. Guarneros Urbina1, Paul Ramiro Pérez Sampablo

2

1,2Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco. Posgrado en Diseño. Arquitectura Bioclimática División de Ciencias y

Artes para el Diseño San Pablo 180. Colonia Reynosa Tamaulipas. C.P. 02200, México, D.F.

[email protected]

La climatización al interior de los edificios ubicados en regiones cálidas húmedas tiene como

principal requerimiento térmico el enfriamiento durante todo el año, al igual que el control de

humedad, debido a que en estos climas se registran humedades sobre la zona de confort

recomendable (30%-70% HR).

Es recurrente que la solución a dichas demandas de climatización sea a través de equipos

mecánicos de enfriamiento, mismos que repercuten en la economía, el ambiente y la salud.

Lamentablemente no se conciben inicialmente soluciones pasivas o naturales para lograr el

confort higrotérmico en beneficio de los ocupantes, debido principalmente a la falta de

difusión, aplicación y dominio sobre el tema, lo que dificulta la elección y aumenta indecisión

de su uso.

En este trabajo se analiza el comportamiento termofísico, complejidad y viabilidad de los

componentes de algunos sistemas de enfriamiento natural de regiones cálido húmedos.

Para la evaluación de estos sistemas se diseñaron tablas comparativas para obtener las

similitudes y generar una lista de componentes necesarios para el diseño e integración de

sistemas de enfriamiento natural en la edificación. Los resultados obtenidos en investigaciones

experimentales realizadas en Venezuela, México y Estados Unidos confirman las ventajas de la

implementación de estos sistemas en el sector habitacional, mejorando las condiciones de

confort higrotérmico de los ocupantes, ahorro de energía y reducción de contaminantes que se

emiten al medio ambiente.

Palabras claves: Sistemas de climatización natural, clima cálido húmedo, confort

higrotérmico, alternativas de diseño.




Ener-Habitat: THERMAL EVALUATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL

ENVELOPE

Guadalupe Huelsz, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 34 Temixco Centro,

62580, Temixco, Mor. Tel/fax 55+56-22-97-41, [email protected].

Guillermo Barrios, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 34 Temixco Centro,

62580, Temixco, Mor. Tel/fax 55+56-22-97-41, [email protected].

Jorge Rojas, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 34 Temixco Centro, 62580,

Temixco, Mor. Tel/fax 55+56-22-97-41, [email protected].

Ener-Habitat is a numerical tool for the thermal evaluation of building envelope walls/roofs

accessible via Internet with a web browser. It solves the one dimensional time dependent heat

transfer equation through the wall/roof, considering convective boundary on the inside and

periodic outdoor temperature, solar radiation, and convective boundary condition on the

outside. The entry data is introduced through a Graphical User Interface. It can evaluate

constructive systems (CS) composed by only homogeneous layers or CS that contain one no-

homogeneous layer. By definition, a homogeneous layer is composed by only one material and

has no air cavities in it. A no-homogeneous layer is composed by two or more materials or has

air cavities in it. The evaluation is for a city of Mexico, the time period (typical day of month

or annual evaluation), the type of CS (wall or roof) and the condition in which the CS is

evaluated (air-conditioned or non-air conditioned). If the user selected a CS composed by

homogeneous layers, Ener-Habitat can compare up to five CS at once and it last a couple of

minutes. If the user selected a CS with a no-homogeneous layer, the numerical analysis takes

some hours, and the user can evaluate only one CS at once. Up to now, Ener-Habitat can

evaluate three types of no-homogeneous layers. The materials and dimensions of the layers and

the solar absortance of the outdoor surface must be defined. When the CS is evaluated

considering an air-conditioned room, the main evaluation parameter is the energy per unit area

per selected period needed to keep the room at the comfort temperature and the best CS

configuration is the one with the lowest value. When the CS is evaluated considering a non-air-

conditioned room, one of the reported parameters is the thermal energy transferred through the

CS per unit area per the selected period. In this case, the best CS configuration is the one with

the lowest value of this parameter.






PROPOSAL OF SOLAR RADIATION PROTECTIONS ON THE

FAÇADES OF A NEW LAB-BUILDING OF THE INSTITUTO DE

ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES –UNAM

Adriana Lira-Oliver1, Jorge Rojas

2, Guadalupe Huelsz

2,

Guillermo Barrios2, Francisco Rojas

2

13S-Consulting for Sustainable and Integrated Designs, Mexico City, Mexico

2Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Mexico

ABSTRACT: Solar radiation protections on the main façades of a new research laboratory

building were proposed. These main façades are oriented towards the Northeast and the

Southwest. The building is located in the campus of the IER UNAM in Temixco, Mexico.

Solar radiation levels at this location are high, creating the need of the design and construction

of solar protected façades that diminish, as much as possible, heat loads on the building’s

structure. The analysis of shadows, incident radiation blockage and indoor natural lighting

illumination levels was conducted for the following four cases: case 1. Forty-five degree tilted

louvers 0.60m wide; case 2. Horizontal louvers 0.60m wide; case 3. Double façades that

comprises solid panels covering the opaque surfaces and panels with perforations of 0.05m

diameter, every 0.1m all over the transparent surface; and case 4. Double façade that comprises

solid panels, covering the opaque surfaces, and 0.30m wide horizontal louvers, along the

windows. Results indicate that cases 1and 4 are the best alternatives from the thermal and

illumination point of view. The new building is under construction with the protections

corresponding to case 4 on the Southwest façade and only with the horizontal louvers on the

Northeast façade.



THERMAL COMFORT AND THERMAL STRATEGIES FOR NON AIR-

CONDITIONED DWELLINGS IN HOT DRY CLIMATE

I. Marincic, J.M. Ochoa, M.G. Alpuche, I. González

Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Encinas y Rosales, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico

[email protected]

The social housing construction in Mexico has been supported during the last decade by the

government, in order to address the housing deficit. One of the consequences of the quick

construction of houses, and of the need of lowering as much as possible the costs, is the

decrease of the quality in the design and construction of them. When houses are designed and

constructed without climate considerations, especially in hot arid regions, environmental

comfort conditions indoors become drastically uncomfortable and also high electricity costs

must be paid by those who can afford some kind of acclimatization device.

A project about thermal comfort in low cost houses has been carried out by seven universities,

located in warm dry and warm humid climates in Mexico. In this work we present results

obtained in Hermosillo city, with hot dry climate. Indoor thermal variables have been

measured and field surveys have been applied to occupants of low-cost housing, to analyze the

habitability of them.

Adaptive neutral temperature and comfort range for the local population have been obtained.

Passive thermal strategies have been developed, based also on regional needs and economic

limitations. Although the guidelines are focused more on cooling requirements, some water

conservation suggestions and integrated renewal energy techniques have been also been

included.

A house model project has been developed, according to the generated guidelines, and it has

been simulated and compared with a commercial house model usually constructed by

developers.

The physical house model has been constructed for experimental research and demonstration,

and it has been monitored over almost one year. The indoor temperatures are presented and

analyzed, in relation to the climatic conditions and the obtained comfort range.



THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF A CONCRETE ROOF WITH AND

WITHOUT SOLAR REFLECTIVE COATING UNDER CLIMATIC

CONDITIONS OF MORELOS STATE

I. Hernández-Pérez, G. Álvarez, J. Xáman

Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (CENIDET-DGEST-SEP), Prol. Av. Palmira S/N, Col. Palmira

Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62490, México

Email: [email protected]

Abstract

A cool roof is an ordinary roof with a reflective coating on the exterior surface which has a

high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance. These properties let the roof keep a lower

temperature than a standard roof under the same conditions. In this work the thermal

performanceof a concrete roof with and without insulation and with different coatings has been

analyzed.The boundary conditions for the external roof surface have been taken from monthly

averagedclimatic data offour localitiesof Morelos State. For the internal surface, it is

considered that the building is air-conditioned and the inside air has a constant temperature.

The temperature distribution andthe heat flux rates at midday into the building for each month

of the year have been obtained using the finite volume method.




VENTILACIÓN BIOMIMÉTICA

Alejandro Morales Cruz

1, Víctor Fuentes Freixanet

2 Jorge Sánchez de Antuñano y Barranco

3

1Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, México D.F.;

2 Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, México D.F. 3 Departamento de Investigación y Conocimiento para el Diseño, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco,

México D.F.

[email protected]

La arquitectura bioclimática; consiste en el diseño de edificios teniendo en cuenta las condiciones

climáticas, aprovechando los recursos disponibles para disminuir los impactos ambientales, en

ocasiones se complementa con el biomimetismo y toma procesos del funcionamiento de la

naturaleza para resolver problemas de diseño aplicados en el comportamiento humano.

El principal motivo de esta investigación surge del el alto consumo energético empleado

actualmente en las construcciones para su climatización. En promedio se utiliza para este fin un

40% de toda la energía generada a nivel mundial.

En contraste, para poder obtener un hábitat fresco, ciertas especies de insectos han desarrollado

sistemas complejos y extraordinarios de control de temperatura, sin la necesidad de emplear

ventiladores, generadores de aire y otros sistemas mecanizados.

En este trabajo se analizaran los sistemas de las termitas mediante el estudio de ventilación, en

diferentes tipos de nidos, lo que determinara el funcionamiento de su composición estructural, y

permitirá visualizar su óptimo comportamiento biomimético.

El fin de este análisis es reducir o eliminar los sitemas de climatizacion mecanizada en la

arquitectura contemporánea, por medio de soluciones inspiradas en los espacios creados por los

insectos en la naturaleza.




ASSESSMENT OF THE EOLIC POTENTIAL IN AN AREA OF THE

TOWN OF JUAN C. BONILLA, PUEBLA, MEXICO

Jesús B. Marcos Jiménez1, Fernando O. González Manzanilla

2

1 2Universidad Politécnica de Puebla, Juan C. Bonilla, Puebla

[email protected]

In the future the humanity will have to face, from an energetic point of view, to a very serious

problem that is the need of oil, since this source gives movement to the world in which we live

and without it, as has been predicting due to the increase of the population who demands more

energy, will be catastrophic. Is for this the interest of search new options to supply the need of

oil and between the sources of alternative renewable energies wind and solar, which is most

used is the wind because it is competitive from the economic aspect. Of this form the

Polytechnic University of Puebla works in research, analysis of data and development of

prototypes for sustainable energies. Then, with the information of the period January 01 to

September 30, 2012 showed on this paper are averages of: speed of the wind 2.8 m/s and

temperature 17 °C at a height of 2222 msnm giving a wind potential of 6.404 KW.




BREAKING THE TEN MINUTE PARADIGM IN WIND RESOURCE

ASSESSMENT

O. Rodriguez-Hernandez1, J.A. de Río

2, O.A. Jaramillo

2

1Posgrado en Ingeniería (Energía), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 34, CP 62580, Temixco, Mor., Mexico.

[email protected] 2Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 34, CP 62580, Temixco, Mor., Mexico

The most important arguments to determine wind power techno-economic feasibility is

resource assessment. The sampling technique used is supported by calculate Representative

Averaged Wind Speeds (RAWS) by a ten minute average rate time. This time was established

from van der Hoven’s work concerning wind speed power spectrum dispersion analysis, which

concludes that the power spectrum has its minimum between 0.1 and 2 hours average rate time.

Resource assessments that uses as average rate time, 30 minutes or 1 hour RAWS leads to

power underestimation. It is clear that in the same place a small wind turbine will produce

more energy per unit area than a large turbine. On the other hand, due to the fact that SWT has

a smaller dynamic response than a large wind turbine, it seems that a smaller average rate time

than 10 minutes provides reliable assessments. This work contributes to develope reliable

assessments by presenting an adequate average rate time for small wind turbines in a tropical

region from a simple concept analysis easy to reproduce.




DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF A CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A

LOW-POWER WIND TURBINE

A. Verde A.1, J. Campos

1, O.D. Lastres

2, J. P. Sebastian

1, H.G. Geovanni

3, A. Sánchez

1.

1 Departamento de materiales solares. Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de

México. Temixco 62580, Morelos, México. Tel: 777-3 62 00 90; 2 División de estudio de posgrado, Universidad

del Istmo, campus Tehuantepec. Sto. Domingo Tehuantepec 70760, Oaxaca, México. Tel: 971-7 12 70 50; 3

Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Guerrero. Taxco de Alarcón 40321, Guerrero, México.

[email protected]

This paper presents the design, construction and testing of the control system of a wind turbine

low power. The goal of the control system is to operate automatically and reliably the turbine.

To achieve this objective, the control system was designed according to the characteristics of

the wind turbine, which is divided into three subsystems: monitoring and control system,

communication system and the central system.

The monitoring and control system consists of two electronic boards: The supervisory board

monitors the variable voltage, current, wind rotor angular velocity, temperature and vibration,

and the control board that is responsible for start and stop the turbine.

The communication system interconnects the monitoring and control system to the central

system.

The central system is the interface between the operator and the turbine. We performed a

program in the LabView software that processes, stores and displays in real-time the

measurements of the field variables.

Also, we designed and implemented a system of electronic load regulation that allows us to

evaluate the wind turbine with wind speeds higher than the rated speed.

Finally we present the results obtained with the control system in graphical form for an test day

of the turbine with the purpose of observe its behavior in the presence of different wind

regimes, demonstrating that the objective was achieved to operate, monitor, control and

evaluate a low power turbine automatically and reliably.



A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MULTICOMPONENT AND

SOLUTE GEOTHERMOMETRY THROUGH THE ESTIMATION OF

EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURES IN THE GEOTHERMAL

RESERVOIR OF LOS AZUFRES, MICHOACÁN (MÉXICO)

L. Peiffer, E. Santoyo, M. Guevara

Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM. Privada Xochicalco s/n, Centro Temixco, Morelos 62580, México;

[email protected]

Classical solute geothermometers have been widely applied for many decades as a powerful

exploration tool to estimate deep equilibrium temperatures in geothermal reservoirs. The most

widely used geothermometers, based on either the absolute concentration of SiO2 or the ratio

of several cations like Na/K, Na/K/Ca/(Mg), often provide satisfactory temperature

predictions, although they can be affected by significant error sources. On the other hand,

multicomponent geothermometry takes into account a complete chemical composition of

geothermal fluids based on the calculation of saturation indices of a group of probable

coexisting mineral phases in the reservoir. In this work, the dis- and advantages of each type of

geothermometers are discussed taking as a case study the Los Azufres geothermal reservoir

(Mexico), for which extensive data sets of water-gas-rock-mineral analyses are available. One

of the great advantages of the multicomponent geothermometry is that by numerical

computation and parameter optimization, it is possible to consider diverse geochemical

processes (e.g., the phase separation and dilution-concentration effects), which enables the

initial geothermal reservoir composition to be reconstructed. The impact of specific lithology

and secondary mineral phases can also be included allowing a more realistic geothermometry

approach. On the opposite, this method is more sensitive to re-equilibration processes through

water-rock interaction and precipitation than the solute geothermometers. To validate the

results of each geothermometer, equilibrium temperature estimates were compared with those

temperatures (bottomhole and static formation temperatures) measured in some drilled wells of

Los Azufres.




Furthermore, reactive transport simulations under kinetic and equilibrium conditions were also

performed to assess the results of each geothermometer’s estimate in response to variations in

the geothermal reservoir mineralogy. Finally, it is shown how the “excess steam” could be an

important geochemical parameter to be estimated for a better application of the solute

geothermometers.



GEOCHEMICAL MODELING OF LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMAL

SPRINGS IN THE CENTRAL-EASTERN REGION OF SONORA,

MEXICO

E. Almirudis1,*

I.S. Torres-Alvarado†, E. Santoyo

2, M. Guevara

2, F. Paz-Moreno

3

1Posgrado en Ingeniería (Energía), Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM;

2Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM, Privada Xochicalco s/n, Temixco, Mor., 62580, México; 3Departamento de

Geología, UNISON, Blvd. Luis Encinas s/n, Hermosillo, Son., 83000, México; *[email protected]

Abstract

According to regional geological and geochemical models, earliest surveys on the

Northwestern Mexico have delimitated promissory hydrothermal areas linked with the pull-

apart basins in the Gulf of California, and with convection hydrothermal systems of high- and

low- temperature. Given the importance of studying the geochemistry of thermal springs to

understand the dominated geothermal processes, water-rock interaction between geothermal

fluids and minerals has been studied. A geochemical model of the thermal springs located in

the Central and Eastern regions of Sonora has been proposed.

A field survey for collecting and analyzing the composition of twelve hot spring samples

was carried out. Chemical (major and minor components) and isotopic (18

O/16

O and D/H)

composition were determined from the collected samples. Deep equilibrium temperatures

(using solute geothermometers), and the mineral composition of in-situ precipitates were used

for proposing a preliminary geochemical model.

Finally, the calculation of hydrothermal mineral species and the corresponding mineral

saturation index, together with the geologic and lithological structures, suggested the possible

existence of a deep low-to-medium temperature hydrothermal system in the region of Sonora.

Acknowledgements: This work was partially supported by the project PAPIIT 115611




GEOCHEMOMETRIC STUDY OF SOLUTE AND GAS

GEOTHERMOMETRY IN GEOTHERMAL WELLS

C.G. García-López1, K. Pandarinath

2 and E. Santoyo

2

1Posgrado en Ingeniería-Energía, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 2Departamento de Sistemas Energéticos, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv.

Xochicalco s/no., Col. Centro, Apartado Postal 34, Temixco, Mor. 62580, Mexico.

E-mail: [email protected].

ABSTRACT

The existence of geothermal reservoirs in a specific area is characterized by presence of

surface manifestations like hydrothermally altered rocks, thermal springs and/or fumaroles.

Chemical composition of the fluids from thermal manifestations and drilled wells reflects the

geochemical characteristics of water-rock interaction and prevailing hydrothermal activity in

the subsurface. Solute and gas geothermometers are frequently applied to estimate the reservoir

temperatures and are important tools in the exploration and evaluation of geothermal fields as

well as in monitoring the production of the systems.

In this work, we report a comparative geochemometric study between the estimated reservoir

temperatures (by applying solute and gas geothermometers) and the measured bottom-hole

temperature (BHT) in wells of the important geothermal fields of the world. For this purpose,

we have applied a geochemometric methodology involving: (1) creation of an extensive

database consisting of chemical composition of geothermal water and gases and BHT of the

geothermal wells representing different regions of the world; (2) estimation of the reservoir

temperatures by applying 13 Na/K and 21 gas geothermometers; (3) estimation of the errors in

the estimated temperatures using the Monte Carlo method; (4) comparison of the estimated and

measured reservoir temperatures by a statistical method.

The study indicated that the Na/K geothermometers are generally overestimated the reservoir

temperatures for the majority of the geothermal wells of the systems characteristic of



comparatively lower reservoir temperatures (average BHTs between 222 and 237 °C) and

underestimated for the majority of the geothermal wells of the systems characteristic of higher

reservoir temperatures (average BHTs between 289 and 308°C). However, the applied gas

geothermometers have not shown any systematic over or under estimations of the reservoir

temperatures but indicated more scatter than those of Na/K derived temperatures. Na/K

geothermometers are, in general, more successful in predicting reliable reservoir temperatures

than the gas geothermometers.



GEOTERMOMETRÍA DE AGUAS TERMALES DEL CAMPO

GEOTÉRMICO DE LA PRIMAVERA, MÉXICO: EVALUACIÓN

BASADA EN UN ENFOQUE ESTADÍSTICO

Humberto Domínguez-Domínguez1, 3

, Kailasa Pandarinath2 y Luis Hernández-Álvarez

3

1Estadía de tesis de licenciatura, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv.

Xochicalco s/no., Col. Centro, Apartado Postal 34, Temixco, Mor. 62580, Mexico. 2Departamento de Sistemas Energéticos, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv.

Xochicalco s/no., Col. Centro, Apartado Postal 34, Temixco, Mor. 62580, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] 3Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, Bvld. Cuauhnáhuac #566 Col. Lomas del Texcal, Jiutepec, Morelos

RESUMEN

Los geotermómetros son herramientas más económicas para estimar las temperaturas de

reservorio de sistemas geotérmicos y muy útiles durante la etapa inicial de la exploración

geotérmica. El campo geotérmico de La Primavera (CGLP) es uno de los más importantes

campos geotérmicos de México. Las aguas de manantiales termales y de pozos geotérmicos de

este sistema fueron usados en esta investigación para estimar la temperatura de reservorio

aplicando todos los geotermómetros de soluto disponibles. Las temperaturas estimadas del

reservorio han sido evaluadas y su confiabilidad ha sido obtenida basada en un método

estadístico adecuado.

El agua de manantiales termales es predominantemente de tipo bicarbonato (HCO3) y la

mayoría de estas muestras presentan una condición de equilibrio parcial (agua parcialmente

madura). La mayoría de las temperaturas estimadas para estas aguas son subestimadas

(inferiores) en comparación con el promedio de temperaturas medidas de fondo de pozos

geotérmicos (TFP) y temperaturas de equilibrio químico (TEQ). El análisis estadístico de las

temperaturas de reservorio estimadas indica que solo 7 de los 30 geotermómetros utilizados

presentan temperaturas similares o mejor comparables (estadísticamente no existe diferencia

significativa) a la respectiva TEQ.



Por otra parte, la clasificación química de aguas de pozos geotérmicos indica que la mayoría de

las muestras son agua de tipo cloruro (Cl; agua madura) y presentan una condición de

equilibrio total (agua madura).

El promedio de temperaturas de equilibrio químico para agua de pozos es de 259 °C, casi

similar al promedio de la temperatura de fondo de pozo estudiados (260 °C). La mayoría de los

geotermómetros aplicados (22 de los 28) han indicado temperaturas similares/comparables

(estadísticamente no existe diferencia significativa) a su respectiva TFP. Este estudio indica,

que basándose en una metodología geoquímica y estadística adecuada podemos obtener una

aplicación de los geotermómetros confiable.



IMPROVED METHOD FOR ESTIMATING STATIC FORMATION

TEMPERATURES IN GEOLOGICAL WELLS

J.A. Wong-Loya 1*

, J.A. Andaverde 2,3

and J.A. del Río 4

1 Posgrado en Ingeniería (Energía), Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Priv.

Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro, Temixco, Morelos 62580, México. [email protected] 2 Centro de Investigación en Recursos Energéticos y Sustentables, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Universidad Veracruzana

Km. 7.5, Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, México. [email protected] 3 Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Universidad Veracruzana Km. 7.5, Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz,

México. [email protected] 4 Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv. Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro,

Temixco, Morelos 62580, México. [email protected]

*Presenting Author: [email protected]

Abstract

This paper describes a mathematical method for estimating static formation temperature using

a function based on the extrapolation of the measured data in the thermal recovery process of

geothermal and petroleum wells. This method use least-squares fit of a rational polynomial

model to describe the transient temperature data and, it provides an analytical expression of

thermal recovery processes. One can obtain enough accuracy with a relatively small number of

approximation coefficients. We apply this method for estimating the static formation

temperature of a geothermal and petroleum drilled well recovery process. In this work we have

developed the equations of least-squares fit of rational polynomial function and the equation to

calculate the uncertainties of its coefficients. This fitting procedure allows us to obtain a

mathematical model that represents the thermal recovery process and extrapolate the value of

temperature to infinite time. Also this method allows us to estimate the static formation

temperature and its uncertainty.




MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VOLCANIC ROCKS: AN

IMPORTANT PARAMETER FOR GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION

STUDIES IN IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROTHERMALLY ALTERED

ROCKS AND ZONES OF ALTERATION

Kailasa Pandarinath1, Rajasekhariah Shankar

2 and Anish Kumar Warrier

2, 3

1Departamento de Sistemas Energéticos, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv.

Xochicalco s/no., Col. Centro, Apartado Postal 34, Temixco, Mor. 62580, Mexico. Email: [email protected] 2Department of Marine Geology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, 574199 Karnataka, India 3Present address: National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (NCAOR), Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, India-

403 804

ABSTRACT

In geothermal areas, hydrothermal fluids reach the Earth's surface through faults, fractures,

gaps and cracks. These geothermal fluids react with the sub-surface and surface rocks. Some

minerals (primary) present in the rocks become unstable as a result of interaction with the

geothermal fluids. Due to this instability, a new equilibrium is attained between the minerals

and geothermal fluids through dissolution of primary minerals and precipitation of new

mineral phases (known as hydrothermal minerals). The distribution of a zone of

hydrothermally altered rocks provides information on the size of a geothermal system, the

nature of fluid-rock interaction processes and thermal conditions prevailing at depths

(reservoir). These aspects are of great importance during the initial phase of geothermal

exploration.

We have studied magnetic susceptibility (χlf) of drilled rock cuttings from two geothermal

wells of the important electricity-generating geothermal system, Los Azufres, Mexico. The

study indicates a decrease in χlf values with depth in the geothermal wells corresponding with:

(i) an increase in the reservoir temperature and hydrothermal alteration; and (ii) a decrease in

the concentrations of Fe-Mg silicates and opaque minerals.

The decrease in χlf, ilmenite and Fe-Mg mineral contents with an increase in the hydrothermal

alteration degree, pyrite and hematite contents suggests the hydrothermal alteration of ilmenite



and Fe-Mg minerals (characteristic of high χlf values) to pyrite, hematite and other opaque

minerals (with low χlf values). In a geothermal area, an anomaly of low magnetic susceptibility

values of rocks in a homogenous litho unit characterized by high magnetic susceptibility may

suggest hydrothermal alteration. Magnetic susceptibility can be a useful parameter, during the

initial stages of geothermal exploration, in identifying hydrothermally altered rocks and zones

of hydrothermal alteration.



WATER-ROCK INTERACTION USING VOLCANIC ROCK SAMPLES (BASALT

AND DACITE): AN EXPERIMENTAL AND GEOCHEMOMETRICS STUDY TO

PREDICT GEOTHERMAL FLUID COMPOSITIONS AND REACTION TIMES

UNDER QUASI-STEADY STATE CONDITIONS

D. Pérez-Zarate

1, M. Guevara

2, L. Peiffer

2, J.A. Wong-Loya

1, I.S. Torres-Alvarado

†, E. Santoyo

2,*

1Posgrado en Ingeniería (Energía), Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM;

2Instituto de Energías Renovables,

UNAM, Privada Xochicalco s/n, Temixco, Mor., 62580, México. *Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Geothermal reservoirs of low-to-high temperature are highly dynamic systems in which secondary

mineral assemblages and fluid chemistry greatly depend on the extent of water-rock (W/R) interaction

processes. Laboratory experiments offer the opportunity to emulate a variety of geothermal conditions,

and especially to assess and quantify the kinetic rates of W/R reactions. One of the main issues of these

W/R experiments is to estimate the reaction times needed to reach either full-equilibrium or quasi

steady-state conditions. Reaction rates decrease with time and therefore true steady-state conditions (or

full-equilibrium) are very difficult to reach because long experimentation times are actually needed.

The parameters affecting the reaction rates, and therefore the time needed to reach steady-state, such as

temperature, concentration of reactants, W/R ratios, surface areas of the rock samples, among others,

need to be constrained before setting up any experiment. Furthermore, reaction time plays an important

role when designing costly and optimized W/R experiments. Processing costs and problems of

reproducibility can be resolved when the time necessary to approach a quasi-steady state in such W/R

interaction experiments is determined with precision and accuracy. In the present study, W/R

experiments using volcanic rock samples were carried out. Crushed samples of basalt and dacite rocks

(500-1000 µm grain size) were reacted in a batch reactor with distilled water at three different

temperatures (23 °C, 90 °C, and 150 °C) and a W/R ratio of 5. Fluid and rock samples were collected

and analyzed prior to, and after each successful experiment during a period of 24 months.

Experimental data was optimized with sophisticated statistical tools (using rational polynomial models)

to reproduce the kinetic behavior of the W/R reactions with high accuracy. A geochemometric

methodology was then applied to predict the most probable final concentration of products (through the

estimation of log (Na/K) together with the use of various Na/K geothermometers), and the longest

expected reaction times (t→∞), assuming an exchange reaction between Na-K cations and alkaline

feldspar minerals which could be the most representative system in such W/R experiments. Details of

such W/R experiments and the geochemometrics treatment are outlined.

Keywords: rock dissolution, Na/K geothermometer, rational polynomial model, feldspar minerals.




ANÁLISIS NUMÉRICO EN EL RECEPTOR DE UNA ESTUFA SOLAR

URBANA

R.I. Cázares Ramírez1, P. Quinto Diez

1, J.A. Urbano Castelán

2, E. Jiménez Rodríguez

1.

1Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación-ESIME Zacatenco-LABINTHAP-IPN, México D.F., MEX; 2Sección de Electrónica de Estado Sólido-Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados-Zacatenco, México D.F., MEX.

[email protected]

Este artículo muestra diferentes soluciones para la transferencia de calor en un intercambiador

tipo helicoidal el cual forma parte de una estufa solar urbana y se encuentra ubicado en el

receptor del colector de la estufa solar urbana. Se realizaron diferentes análisis para el mismo

problema, variando la geometría del objeto de estudio para así observar los diferentes

resultados y finalmente concluir que tanto varían uno respecto de otro y que tan apropiado es

utilizar cada uno dependiendo de su aproximación con respecto al resultado obtenido

experimentalmente.




COMPARACIÓN DE RENDIMIENTO DE LOS CICLOS DE MEDIO,

SIMPLE Y DOBLE EFECTO EN SERIE E INVERSO PARA SISTEMAS

DE REFRIGERACIÓN POR ABSORCIÓN OPERANDO

CON LiBr-H20

J.A. Hernández, L.A. Domínguez, M.E. Sandoval y W. Rivera



Temixco Morelos, México

Correo: [email protected]

Resumen

En el presente artículo se reporta la comparación del funcionamiento teórico de cuatro

sistemas de aire acondicionado por absorción: i) simple efecto, ii) medio efecto, iii) doble

efecto en serie y iv) doble efecto inverso operando con la mezcla binaria LiBr-H2O, donde el

LiBr es el absorbente y el H2O es el refrigerante. En el desarrollo del artículo se describe

detalladamente cada uno de los ciclos termodinámicos y se propone el modelo matemático

para cada uno de los sistemas analizados. Para cada uno de los sistemas se obtienen gráficas

del Coeficiente de Operación y la Relación de Flujo en función de las temperaturas de

generación, absorción, condensación y evaporación. Del análisis de resultados se puede ver

que los sistemas más simples son los de simple efecto con los cuales se pueden obtener

coeficientes de operación teóricos de hasta 0.9 a temperaturas de generación entre 80°C y

100°C. Por otra parte, se observó que con los sistemas de medio efecto las temperaturas de

generación pueden ser más bajas que las empleadas con los sistemas de simple efecto, sin

embargo, su COP se reduce a casi la mitad. Por último, se observó que los sistemas de doble

efecto son los más eficientes alcanzando coeficientes de operación de hasta 1.5, sin embargo,

estos sistemas son los más complejos y sus temperaturas de generación son las más elevadas.



COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE-STAGE, TWO-

STAGE AND DOBLE-ABSORPTION HEAT TRANSFORMER BASED

ON AN ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS

*W. Rivera and H. Martínez



A.P.34, 62580 Temixco, Mor., México.

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

In the present study, the first and second law of thermodynamics have been used to analyse

and compare the performance of single-stage, two-stage and double-absorption heat

transformers operating with the water-lithium bromide mixture. Mathematical models were

developed to estimate the coefficient of performance (COP), the exergy coefficient of

performance (ECOP), the total exergy destruction in the systems (ExT) and the exergy

destruction (ExC) in each one of the main components of the three heat transformers. The

results showed that the highest COP and ECOP and the lowest (ExT) were obtained with the

single-stage heat transformer, however, with this configuration is not possible to obtain higher

gross temperature lifts (GTL) compared with those obtained with the other configurations, and

also the operating range is very limited. In general the COP, the ECOP, the ExT and the

operating range of temperatures are almost the same for the two-stage and double-absorption

configurations; however, the flow ratio is considerably lower for the double-absorption system

than for the two-stage heat transformer which is a considerable advantage. Moreover, it was

found that the highest irreversibilities occur in the generator in the three systems.



CORRECTION OF THE CONCENTRATED SUNLIGHT SPOT´S DRIFT

OF THE CIE-UNAM´S SOLAR FURNACE

E. Brito-Bazan1, R. Pérez-Enciso

2, C.A. Arancibia-Bulnes

2, D. Riveros-Rosas

3,

C.A. Perez-Rábago2, 4

, J.J.Quiñonez2, C.A. Estrada

2

1Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n,

Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. 04510, México. Phone +52(777)2795862. Email: [email protected]

2Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, México.

3 Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México.

4Instituto IMDEA Energía, Móstoles, Spain.

1. Introduction

In the Institute of Renewables Energies of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

(UNAM), a High Radiative Flux Solar Furnace (HRFSF) was built, which was inaugurated in

August 2011. The optical design includes a total of 409 facets, divided into 5 different focal

length groups [1]. Since the inauguration date, some problems detected during its operation

have been solved. The main problem observed was that the concentrated sunlight spot did not

stay fixed at the focal zone throughout the day. This problem is detected when the solar

furnace is in operation for a prolonged period of time.

The heliostat has an azimuth mounting and its movement is produced with the help of a gear

mechanism with two electric motors, one for the azimuth motion and the other for elevation.

The control system that was initially installed in the heliostat is of the open loop type and the

sun´s apparent position vector was calculated by using the equations from the book by Duffie

and Beckman [2]. These were suspect of causing some of the drift problems, so a comparative

analysis of various codes proposed by different authors was made in order to implement a

better set of equations in the control system. The codes selected for the comparison were those

proposed by Grena [3] and Reda [4].




In view of the comparison results, equations were changed for the ones proposed by Reda.

With this modification, the drift was reduced significantly, but not completely so it was

necessary to apply a closed loop control system, due to the difficult to identify and correct

completely the physical causes of de residual drift. This is done by means of a device

(peephole), which allows realizing adjustments in real time in the moment when a variation

occurs in the direction of the rays reflected by the heliostat.

References

[1] D. Riveros-Rosas, J. Herrera-Vázquez, S. Vázquez-Montiel, C.A. Arancibia-Bulnes, C. Pérez-Rábago, F.

Granados-Agustín, C. Estrada. Optical design of a high radiative flux solar furnace for Mexico. Solar Energy, 84-

5, (2010) 792-800.

[2] J. A. Duffie and W. A. Beckman, 2006. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes.

[3] R. Grena, R. An algorithm for the computation of the solar position. Sol. Energy 2008, 82, 462-470.

[4] I. Reda, and A. Andreas. Solar position algorithm for solar radiation applications. Sol. Energ. 2004, 76, 577-

589.



DETERMINACIÓN DE LA CONDUCTIVIDAD TÉRMICA Y CALOR

ESPECÍFICO DE MATERIALES REFRACTARIOS

M. Montiel González1, O. Mesa Cruz

1, C.A. Estrada

1, I. Pilatowsky

1

1Instituto en Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Privada Xochicalco S/N, Temixco, Morelos,

62580, México.

Resumen

En el presente artículo se presenta el diseño, integración de componentes, instrumentación y

desarrollo de un experimento realizado en el laboratorio de concentración solar del IER-

UNAM, para determinar la conductividad térmica y calor específico de tres materiales

compuestos por una mezcla de cemento refractario comercial denominado COMPRIT 137M y

alúmina. Para realizar el experimento se fabricaron tres muestras circulares de 8.8 cm de

diámetro y 2.5 cm de espesor con diferente contenido de alúmina, esto es, 48.9% (COMPRIT

137M), 75% y 90%, respectivamente. Cada muestra fue instrumentada con tres termopares tipo

T en la superficie inferior y tres en la superficie superior. Posteriormente, se utilizó un

elemento calefactor conectado a una fuente de voltaje variable para suministrar el flujo de

calor de entrada a cada muestra de material y sobre ésta se colocó un calorímetro de placa

plana instrumentado con dos termopares tipo T, uno a la entrada y otro a la salida del fluido de

refrigeración (agua), para remover la cantidad de calor que se transfiere por conducción a

través de la muestra. Al realizar un balance de energía en la muestra cuando se alcanza el

estado estacionario, es posible determinar la conductividad térmica del material. Mientras que

un balance de energía durante el estado transitorio permite determinar el calor específico de la

muestra. La conductividad térmica del cemento refractario fue de 1.27±0.08 W/mºC y el calor

específico de 1252.9 ± 68.0 J/kgºC. La caracterización térmica de este tipo de materiales

permitirá la construcción de receptores de concentración solar tipo cavidad.



DETERMINACIÓN DE LAS AREAS DE MAYOR FACTIBILIDAD

PARA LA INSTALACIÓN DE PLANTAS TERMOSOLARES DE TORRE

CENTRAL. CASO SONORA, MEXICO

R. E. CABANILLAS-LÓPEZ1, J.L. TADDEI-BRINGAS

2, R.F. NAVARRO-

TRUJILLO

1 Departamento de Ing. Industrial, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México 2 División de Ingeniería, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México.

e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

El propósito de esta investigación es determinar las localizaciones con mayor factibilidad para

la instalación de plantas termosolares tipo Torre Central en el estado de Sonora y para explorar

el desarrollo de la energía solar en gran escala para esta región.

Sonora es una de los lugares de México y del mundo que cuenta con mayor irradiancia solar

directa. Sin embargo, actualmente existe un desconocimiento sobre las localizaciones con

mayor factibilidad para instalar plantas termosolares tipo torre central.

Se espera que la Tecnología de Torre Central (TTC) en escala de 150 MWe sea competitiva

con otras formas de producción de potencia eléctrica. La TTC posee características que la

distinguen de otras formas de aprovechamiento de la energía solar. Por ejemplo, se requiere un

lugar con altos valores de radiación solar directa, a diferencia de las plantas fotovoltaicas que

pueden aprovechar la radiación difusa. Así mismo las plantas de TC generalmente están

asociadas a ciclo Rankin para la producción de electricidad y para eliminar el calor al ambiente

se requiere de torres de enfriamiento por lo que un suministro de agua es necesario. En este

trabajo se exploran algunas de estas características para determinar las zonas geográficas con

mejores condiciones para la ubicación de plantas termosolares de Torre Central.

Se determinaron seis criterios con la especificación de los parámetros correspondientes. La

información para cada uno de los criterios se plasmó en un Sistema de Información Geográfica

(SIG), posteriormente se utilizó la técnica de superposición considerando las seis capas de

información con las cuales se genera la séptima capa en la que se establecen las localizaciones

con mayor potencial para instalar las plantas de torre central.



DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLAR COOKER JORHEJPATARNSKUA I:

THERMAL STANDARD ANALYSIS OF COOKER WITH DIFFERENT

ABSORBER VESSELS

González-Avilés, Mauricio; Servín Campuzano, Hermelinda

Universidad Intercultural Indígena de Michoacán. Licenciatura: Desarrollo Sustentable con terminal en Tecnologías

Alternativas. Dirección: Finca la Tzipekua Carretera Pátzcuaro-Huecorio km 3, código postal 61614 Correo electrónico [email protected] Fax. (434) 3458088, Tel. (434) 3425532 y 3422307

This paper considers a comparative study by performing thermal standardized analysis of the

solar cooker Jorhejpataranskua I with different types of absorber vessels and amounts of

charge for the best performance. In the analysis has been used the Protocol of Funk (2000) to

estimate the cooking power. In addition we have obtained the factors of merit and the thermal

performance according to Ashok & Sudhir (2009).



DISEÑO Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN HELIÓSTATO CON FACETAS

DEFORMABLES

M. Rosales1, G.I. Alday

2, C.A. Arancibia Bulnes

1, R. Reséndiz

3, R. Peón Anaya

2, R.E.

Cabanillas2, C.A. Estrada

1

1 Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Privada Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro,

Temixco, 62580 Morelos, México; 2 Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo, 83000 Sonora, México; 3 Pirámide Estructural del Golfo, S.A. de C.V., km 23.5 carretera Fortín-Huatusco, Coscomatepec, 94140 Veracruz, México.

[email protected]

Un helióstato dentro la tecnología de torre central es el dispositivo encargado de recibir y

concentrar la radiación solar en un receptor. En el Campo de Prueba de Helióstatos (CPH), en

Hermosillo, parte de las actividades de desarrollo se orientan al diseño, construcción,

evaluación y caracterización de nuevos prototipos de helióstatos. La búsqueda de mejoras a los

prototipos de helióstatos existentes en la PSH se encamina a la optimización de su operación y

abaratamiento de su manufactura. El presente trabajo describe el desarrollo de un prototipo de

helióstato de 36m2. Entre las mejoras incorporadas al presente diseño está un diseño en

herradura, para que el que el helióstato sea abatible y disminuir así el ensuciamiento por polvo

en el área reflectiva; peso aligerado, a través de la reducción del espesor del vidrio y el

consecuente aligeramiento estructural; un cabezal más barato y preciso, así como más ligero;

facetas deformables para mejorar su comportamiento óptico; un sistema de canteo más preciso.

Se simularon deformaciones en las facetas para evaluar el desempeño de concentración del

sistema óptico, así se observo que es factible la integración de un dispositivo deformador de

facetas, que a su vez facilitara el canteo de las mismas. Para el diseño del nuevo marco

estructural se rigió por la selección de componentes de dimensiones comerciales evitando

desperdicio de material y aminorando trabajo de manufactura. El comportamiento mecánico de

la estructura repercute en la calidad de la imagen reflejada, a su vez la rigidez es determinante

para la resistencia a las cargas inducidas por el viento y su propio peso. Se esquematizaron

diversos diseños de estructuras ligeras mediante el Diseño Asistido por Computadora (CAD),

evaluando así los esfuerzos, deformaciones y desplazamientos de las propuestas. Ésta iteración

se llevo a cabo hasta definir el nuevo prototipo de helióstato.




DISEÑO Y OPTIMIZACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA SOLAR ASISTIDO POR

GAS PARA EL SUMINISTRO DE AGUA CALIENTE A REGADERAS

EN UN CUARTEL MILITAR, MEDIANTE SIMULACIÓN DINÁMICA

EN TRNSYS

J.A. Escobedo-Bretado; R. Chávez-Torres; I.R. Martín-Domínguez*, M.T. Alarcón-Herrera



Miguel de Cervantes 120. Complejo Industrial Chihuahua. 31109 Chihuahua, Chih. México.

*614-439-1148 [email protected]

En un cuartel militar se requiere que el personal tome su ducha diaria en un horario muy

restringido en tiempo. En el caso analizado 315 efectivos cuentan con 2 h para su aseo, entre

las 12:00 y 14:00 horas. Para este proceso de requieren 12,600 L diarios de agua a 40°C, los

365 días del año. Se pretende substituir en lo posible el consumo de gas requerido para dicho

proceso mediante la utilización de energía solar térmica, pero el patrón de consumo que se

tiene requiere de un análisis cuidadoso del sistema propuesto

En este trabajo se presenta la metodología desarrollada para el dimensionamiento y

optimización de un sistema solar para el calentamiento de agua sanitaria, que resulta en el

mejor aprovechamiento del recurso solar, para ello se propone la utilización de dos tanques de

almacenamiento que operan alternadamente entre sí. La simulación usa las condiciones

climáticas de la región de Querétaro, México, donde se localiza el cuartel utilizado como caso

de estudio. Se simulan en TRNSYS tanto el sistema actualmente en operación como el nuevo

sistema propuesto, para comparar los beneficios derivados del uso de energía solar,

considerando la operación de los sistemas durante un año típico de uso. Se analiza el efecto del

número de colectores solares y se obtienen los costos de adquisición y operación de ambos

sistemas, para determinar la rentabilidad esperada del sistema propuesto. Se presenta el análisis

paramétrico del comportamiento del sistema propuesto, y se discuten los efectos de las

variables principales.



DISEÑO Y SIMULACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA TÉRMICO SOLAR

COMBINADO (SOLAR COMBISYSTEM)

M. Nájera-Trejo, I.R. Martín-Domínguez




[email protected]

Ligado al desarrollo económico y tecnológico, se observa un aumento continuo en el consumo

de energía en el sector residencial que esta estrechamente ligado a la creciente demanda de

mejores niveles de confort térmico. En la región norte de México las condiciones climáticas en

invierno llegan a ser severas, con importantes variaciones de temperatura entre el día y la

noche. Diseñar una vivienda que provea niveles de confort térmico adecuados al mínimo costo

posible, requiere de un análisis técnico minucioso.

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un modelo de simulación dinámica en TRNSYS,

propuesto para asistir de energía solar térmica a un sistema que satisface las necesidades de

calefacción por piso radiante y consumo de agua caliente sanitaria para una vivienda que está

situada en la ciudad de Chihuahua. El sistema es analizado bajo las condiciones climatológicas

de un año típico y es sometido a la variación del número y tipo de colectores solares, capacidad

del termotanque, temperatura de suministro de agua de reposición, consumo de agua caliente

sanitaria, control de temperatura y flujo de agua para calefacción. Se analiza también el efecto

de los materiales de construcción utilizados en la vivienda, comparando el uso de ladrillo

común, techo de concreto y ventaneria sencilla, contra el uso del material celular Hebel para

muros, techo de losa aligerada con aislamiento adicional de poliuretano, y ventanas de doble

vidrio. Se determina con ello la cantidad de energía proporcionada a la vivienda tanto por el

calentador de gas auxiliar como por el sistema activo solar.



EFECTO DE LA CONCENTRACIÓN SOLAR EN LA DEGRADACIÓN

DEL HERBICIDA CARBARILO MEDIANTE PROCESOS

FOTOCATÁLISIS HETEROGENEA Y HOMOGENEA A NIVEL

PLANTA PILOTO

Carlos A. Pineda-Arellanoa*

, Antonio E. Jiménez Gonzáleza, A. G. González Mata

b y

Eduardo Iragorri Sámanob

a Instituto de Energías Renovables – UNAM. Priv. Xochicalco S/No., Centro, Apdo. Postal 62580. Temixco, Morelos.

México. *[email protected] Tel.: (01 777) 3620090. Fax: (01 777) 325 00 18. b Posgrado en Ingeniería – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

RESUMEN

En este trabajo se compararon dos reactores fotocatalíticos de uno y dos soles de

concentración solar, para degradar, mediante proceso foto-Fenton y fotocatálisis heterogenea

con TiO2 en suspensión,15, 35 y 90 mg L-1

del plaguicida carbarilo (Sevin®) y, de esta manera,

determinar cuál de las dos relaciones de concentración solar aprovecha mejor la energía

disponible en ambos procesos. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo en idénticas condiciones

experimentales: concentración de Fe2+

, H2O2 y TiO2 en el mismo tiempo de exposición solar.

Ambos reactores están equipados con sensores en línea para adquirir en tiempo real los

parámetros de temperatura, pH, y Oxigeno Disuelto, así mismo se llevaron a cabo mediciones

de TOC y de espectrofotometría UV-Vis para cuantificar el grado de mineralización y de

degradación del plaguicida respectivamente. Los resultados muestran resultados mixtos:

mediante proceso foto-Fenton se logró una mayor degradación y mineralización utilizando el

reactor CPC de 1 sol de concentración solar alcanzándose degradaciones del contaminante de

más del 90 % de ambos parámetros. Por otro lado el reactor solar de 2 soles de concentración

fue más eficiente para degradar el plaguicida carbarilo alcanzándose mayores degradaciones en

un menor tiempo de exposición solar.



EFFECTS OF pH VALUE ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TIN

SULPHIDE THIN FILMS PREPARED BY CHEMICAL BATH

DEPOSITION

D. Avellaneda*, R.E. Ornelas, B. Krishnan, G.A. Castillo, T.K. Das Roy and S. Shaji.

Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León,

México.C.P.66451.

*[email protected]

Tin Sulphide (SnS) is a promising candidate as an absorber layer for photovoltaic applications

due to the characteristics of nontoxic and low cost alternative to other compound

semiconductors. Also, SnS thin films can be prepared by chemical bath deposition, a simple

and inexpensive technique for the synthesis of a variety of thin films. The aim of the present

work is to investigate the influence of pH values on the properties of SnS thin films prepared

by chemical bath deposition. The pH variation was done by changing the quantity of

ammonium hydroxide present in the bath (5 to 15 ml). The structural analysis was done by X-

ray Diffraction Technique (XRD). Morphologies of the thin films were analyzed using

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Optical and

electrical properties were studied using UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer and photo-response

characterizations, meanwhile the composition studies were done using X-ray Photoelectron

Spectroscopy (XPS). It was observed that the film thickness was dependent on the pH of the

chemical bath.




EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OF A SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM

THROUGH PARABOLIC SOLAR CONCENTRATION

C.A. Rodríguez Castañeda1, M.A. Rivera Martínez

1.

P.M. Moreno Romero1, O.A. Jaramillo Salgado

2

1Ingeniería en Energía, Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Guerrero - UPEG. Puente Campuzano, Carretera federal Iguala -

Taxco, Km 105, Guerrero, C.P. 40321, México. 2Instituto de Energías Renovables - UNAM, Privada Xochicalco S/N,

Temixco, Morelos, C. P. 62580, México.

[email protected]

Today the term "Net Zero Energy" for various types of buildings around the world, is

becoming the focus of work for the future of the new construction centers, in this way, try to

achieve a balance between energy expenditure and their efficient use, is manifested in various

practices that involve mainly the removal of refrigerants that cause irreversible effects in the

environment when they are handled inefficiently. The exponential increase of the heat demand

through these old systems, has led to various advanced experimental scientific studies on the

use of solar concentrating devices, that are recognized and brought now to the field of civil

engineering and bioclimatic architecture as one of the major precursor of elements in design,

evaluation and construction of new buildings under the climate change regime. This paper

discusses the technology of solar concentrating parabolic type with the modeling of an

experimental prototype of thermal power generation for applications on air conditioning,

which can be used to achieve a high fraction of CO2 emissions reduction with respect to

conventional systems and capable of covering part of the heat demand of a building. This

photothermal experimental installation has been designed with the purpose of identifying

factors that influence in the heat transfer process from the receiver to their components,

evaluating the thermal efficiency and operation principle of a working fluid by density

difference across the thermosyphon effect. Preliminary results indicate that the working fluid

that has received the solar energy concentration, is effective as a storage element during the

zenith, in this way, for satisfy the heat demand for the overall process has been studied and

evaluated in parallel a modular energy conservation unit.



EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION AND MODELING OF INTERNAL

TEMPERATURES IN AN AIR GAP MEMBRANE DISTILLATION UNIT

U. Dehesa Carrasco, C.A. Pérez Rábago, C.A. Arancibia Bulnes

Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,

Privada Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro, A.P. 34, Temixco, Morelos 62580, México

[email protected]

Membrane distillation is a separation process that involves transfer of heat and vapor through a

porous hydrophobic membrane. This process can be used for desalination of water by using

low grade heat, in particular, reject heat or heat from low temperature solar collectors. In the

present work, an experimental and theoretical study of an air gap membrane distillation unit is

presented. This unit was built with a plane parallel geometry, from an insulating material to

reduce losses. Temperatures are measured at different points in the unit, as well as flow rates

and distillate production, to evaluate the different enthalpy flows. In particular, the internal

temperatures surrounding the air gap, namely the membrane and cooling plate temperatures,

are measured. From these internal temperatures it is possible to evaluate the diffusion

coefficient for vapor in the air gap. Experiments are carried out for different values of the

saline solution temperature and flow rate. A one dimensional heat transfer and mass flow

theoretical model is proposed with no free parameters and solved iteratively for different

conditions. The temperatures predicted by the model are compared to the experimental results.

Very good correspondence is found, within 5% accuracy, between measured and predicted

temperatures, although the slopes of the curves differ somewhat. Possible improvements to the

model are discussed.




HEAT TRANSFER MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION

FOR A CAVITY-TYPE SOLAR RECEIVER

F. Hinojosa2, M. Montiel-González

1, H.I. Villafán-Vidales

1,*, A. Bautista-Orozco

1,

C.A.Estrada1

1Instituto en Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Privada Xochicalco S/N, Temixco, Morelos,

62580, México. 2Departamento de Ingeniería Química y metalúrgica, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México.

* E-mail: [email protected]

In this work the numerical and experimental results of natural convection and surface thermal

radiation in an open cubic cavity are presented. The two-dimensional mass, momentum and

energy conservation equations were solved numerically with the finite volume methodology by

using the SIMPLEC algorithm. In the model, it is assumed large temperature differences,

variable fluid properties and the Boussinesq approximation, with the aim to compare both

solutions. Numerical calculations were conducted for different Rayleigh number values in the

range of 104-10

6 and the temperature difference between the hot wall and the bulk fluid was

varied in the range of 10 K to 400 K. Results show that streamlines and temperature fields are

noticeable affected by the solution method. The model was validated with an experimental

campaign at the IER-UNAM Laboratory. The agreement between the experimentally obtained

and theoretically calculated temperatures is fairly good with a difference of 4.7% when

considering variable properties and 5.3 % when using the Boussinesq approximation.




IMMOBILIZATION OF -FeOOH and -Fe2O3 PHASES AND THEIR

USE IN PHOTO-FENTON PROCESSES ASSISTED BY SOLAR

RADIATION

A.E. Jiménez González, C.A. Pineda Arellano and A.G. Gutiérrez Mata

Departamento de Materiales Solares, Instituto de Energías Renovables,

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos CP 62580, Mexico


Abstract

During this work, it has been possible to prepare thin films of -FeOOH and -Fe2O3 on Pyrex

glass by the chemical deposition technique sol-gel choosing an alternative route to the

traditional which uses metal alkoxides. This alternative route, which uses iron salts, is more

economical than metal alkoxides. -FeOOH films were found to be amorphous at room

temperature and below 500 º C. FTIR studies show that when the -FeOOH films of are

thermally treated up to 500 º C in air, they loss continuously OH groups and then undergo an

amorphous-crystalline phase transition to a rhombohedral structure (-Fe2O3), as it was

confirmed by X-ray Diffraction. At 500 ºC, iron oxide films present a size crystal at

nanometric scale. AFM studies show that the surface morphology of the films of both -

FeOOH and -Fe2O3 is irregular with peaks and valleys, and with average pore size of the

order of 25 nm. By means of UV-VIS spectrophotometry on -Fe2O3, it was determined that

these films possess an energy band gap of 2.17 eV. The application of -FeOOH and -Fe2O3

in photocatalytic processes assisted by solar radiation coming from CPC collectors is

discussed.



MATERIALES PARA RECEPTORES SOLARES DE ALTAS

TEMPERATURA, REVISIÓN

L.G. CEBALLOS-MENDIVIL1, R.E. CABANILLAS-LÓPEZ

1, J.C. TÁNORI

CÓRDOVA2, R. MURRIETA YESCAS

2

1Departamento de Ing. Química y Metalurgia, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México; 2Departamento de

Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México


El receptor solar en plantas de Torre Central es la parte del sistema que transforma la radiación

solar en calor y lo transfiere al fluido de trabajo. Los materiales con los que está construido

deben ser capaces de soportar alto flujo radiativo (hasta 5,300 kW/m2), grandes esfuerzos

térmicos (desde temperatura ambiente hasta 1200°C) y esfuerzos mecánicos, además de

soportar muchas horas de trabajo sin fallar. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar un panorama

del estado de arte del desarrollo de materiales para receptores de altas temperaturas usados en

plantas de Torre Central que aparecen reportados en la literatura especializada en nuestros días.

Una gran variedad de materiales han sido probados con el fin de mejorar la eficiencia del

receptor. Compuestos cerámicos, metálicos y cermentos son comúnmente estudiados para

encontrar un buen balance entre las propiedades ópticas, térmicas y mecánicas de los

receptores para asegurar su eficiencia y una larga vida útil del receptor.

La presente revisión abarca reportes desde materiales considerados clásicos en estas

aplicaciones, tales como los metálicos, hasta los materiales que presentan gran potencial como

el Carburo de Silicio (SiC) y los compuestos de Cerámicas de Ultra-Alta Temperatura

(UHTC).





SIMULACION DE UN SISTEMA DE SECADO DE CARNE ASISTIDO

CON ENERGIA SOLAR

C.K. Romero-Pérez, I.R. Martín-Domínguez




[email protected]

El secado de alimentos es uno de los métodos de conservación más antiguos. Existen diversos

diseños de secadores que tienen en común el uso de combustibles fósiles. México cuenta con

un gran recurso solar, que puede ser aprovechado por medio de dispositivos de captación de

energía y que integrados a un sistema pueden satisfacer ciertas necesidades productivas. La

cantidad de energía utilizada en los actuales procesos de secado de alimentos es muy alta, por

lo que una de las soluciones posibles para reducir este consumo, es por medio del uso de

energías renovables. El uso de energía solar en aplicaciones de secado se está volviendo una

importante y viable alternativa ya que puede reducir el consumo de energía convencional entre

30% al 80%. Además puede proporcionar fácilmente calentamiento a bajas temperaturas

requerida para secado de alimentos.

En este trabajo se analiza el comportamiento energético de un sistema para el secado en lotes

(batch) de carne magra de res, durante un año climático típico de la ciudad de Chihuahua. El

análisis se realiza mediante simulación numérica utilizando los paquetes Engineering Equation

Solver (EES) y Transient Simulation System (TRNSYS). En EES se modela el

comportamiento de un secador tipo batch, que es integrado a un sistema de calentamiento solar

diseñado en TRNSYS. El sistema consta de un tanque de almacenamiento térmico, colectores

solares, intercambiador de calor, ventilador y un calentador auxiliar. El objetivo de este estudio

es determinar la viabilidad técnica y económica de utilizar energía solar para reducir

significativamente el consumo de gas en el secado de carne.



SÍNTESIS DE ÓXIDO DE TUNGSTENO (VI) POR MEDIO DE

CONCENTRACIÓN SOLAR

H.I. Villafán Vidales†,*

, A. Bautista-Orozco†, C.A. Estrada

†.

†Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Privada de Xochicalco s/n, Temixco Morelos,

62580, México.

* E-mail: [email protected]

El trióxido de tungsteno (WO3) es un compuesto con aplicaciones tecnológicas y científicas

muy importantes, debido a que se utiliza como material electrocrómico, fotocrómico o

gasocrómico. Este material se sintetiza por diversos métodos como deposición química,

sputtering, condensación de gas, sol-gel y otros. Sin embargo, todos estos métodos resultan

complicados y costosos, tanto económica como energéticamente, ya que requieren de varios

pasos y/o reactantes para su implementación. La concentración solar es una buena alternativa

para evitar procesos complicados y reducir costos en la preparación del WO3. En el presente

trabajo, se describe un método sencillo, limpio y de bajo costo de operación que permite la

obtención de dicho compuesto. Utilizando las instalaciones del Horno Solar de Alto Flujo

Radiativo (HoSAFRa) del IER-UNAM, se obtuvo el óxido de tungsteno a alta temperatura

colocando electrodos de tungsteno de grado industrial con pureza del 99% en el foco del

HoSAFRa de 30 KWt, dentro de una cámara esférica de vidrio Pyrex®. La temperatura

alcanzada en el foco permite la formación del WO3 a presión atmosférica y en presencia del

oxígeno contenido en el aire. El compuesto se recolectó de manera generosa por simple

deposición.



THERMODYNAMIC EVALUATION FOR A PROTOTYPE SINGLE

STAGE HEAT TRANSFORMER OPERATING WITH WATER

/CARROL MIXTURE

J. Ibarra – Bahena1, R.J. Romero2, Velazquez – Avelar L.1, Valdez – Morales V.1, Galindo –

Luna Y. R.1

1 Engineering and Applied Science Postgraduate School, Autonomous University Morelos State, Av. Universidad 1001,

Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México.

2 Engineering and Applied Sciences Research Centre, Autonomous University Morelos State, Av. Universidad 1001,

Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México.

Abstract: Single Stage Heat Transformer (SSHT) is a device to recovery waste heat by a

thermodynamic cycle. In this paper an experimental SSHT prototype was analyzed. This

prototype operates with Water/Carrol mixture. Four test runs were carried out in order to

evaluate the performance. The heat powers were measured from 0.99 to 1.35 kW for the

generator, 0.97 to 1.33 kW for the condenser, 0.99 to 1.35 kW for the evaporator and 0.69 to

0.81 kW for the absorber. Experimental Gross Temperature Lift (GTL) was values from 18.50

to 22.17 °C and the dimensionless Coefficient of Performance (COP) was calculated for those

operating conditions from 0.30 to 0.35, these values are similar to reported by other authors for

similar conditions with Water/LiBr mixture, which is a commercial absorption heat pump pair.



CdS/CuSbS2 PV STRUCTURES: PRELIMINARY RESULTS

R.E. Ornelas-Acosta1, S. Shaji

1,2, D. Avellaneda

1, G.A. Castillo

1, T.K. Das Roy

1, B.Krishnan

1,2

1Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León-

66450, México; 2Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León-CIIDIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León, México

[email protected]

In order to solve various issues which limit the cost and capacity of the existing polycrystalline

thin films solar cell technologies based on CdTe and CIGS, it is necessary to develop new

easily available nontoxic materials. Copper antimony sulfide (CuSbS2) is one among them

having an ideal optical band gap of 1.5 eV. In this work, CuSbS2 thin films were prepared by

heating glass/Sb2S3/Cu layered structure in low vacuum. The Sb2S3 thin films with thickness of

600 nm were deposited from a chemical bath containing SbCl3 and Na2S2O3 at 40 °C on well

cleaned substrates. A copper thin film with thickness of 50 nm was thermally evaporated onto

glass/Sb2S3 structure and the glass/Sb2S3/Cu multilayers were vacuum annealed at different

temperatures. The thin films formed were characterized using different techniques. X-ray

diffraction analysis after annealing showed the formation of CuSbS2. Morphology was

analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Depth profile of

composition of the films was performed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Photovoltaic

devices were prepared using CuSbS2 thin films as absorber and chemical bath deposited CdS

thin films on FTO coated glass substrates. Analysis of J-V characteristics of the PV structures

were performed using a solar simulator under illumination of AM1.5 radiation.




CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A DISCONTINUOUS TWO-AXIS SOLAR

TRACKER FOR A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

P.G. Fonseca-Obregón1,2

, S.I. Pérez-Aguilar1, R. Cuevas-Tenango

1,

E.E. Granda-Gutiérrez1, J.C. Díaz-Guillén

1, J. Candelas-Ramírez

1.

1Corporación Mexicana de Investigación en Materiales S.A de C.V. Ciencia y Tecnología 790, Saltillo 400. Saltillo, Coahuila,

México; 2Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo. V. Carranza 2400 Col. Tecnológico. Saltillo, Coahuila, México.

[email protected]

Nowadays, the cost of the solar tracking equipment represents an important part of the initial

economic investment to implement a photovoltaic (PV) system. In addition, the operation of

this equipment implies an energy consumption that could become significant in the case of the

isolated systems, so that its use limits the optimal performance of PV system.

Looking for the optimization of the rate between the energy captured by the PV system and the

energy consumed by its tracking equipment, a design of a two-axis solar tracker is proposed.

The operation of the proposed tracker system is based on a tracker pattern obtained from

mathematical models which describe the apparent movement of the sun. By using the proposed

design is expected to reduce the amount of system components.

In this work an analysis and the comparison of the amount of energy received by the system at

different angles of incidence of the radiation, have been developed.

From the analysis, a discontinuous displacement pattern was obtained. Such a pattern allows an

energy capturing similar to the obtained by using a continuous displacement system. The

discontinuous displacement considers that in the first and last hours of day, the intensity of the

radiation is minimal, therefore angles of lower displacement must be used. On the other side,

the displacement around of solar noon is performed with greater angle at a lower frequency.

We conclude that a discontinuous system will have fewer movements in comparison with

continuous systems; the latter implies lower consumption of energy, additional to the

utilization of lower cost components due to the less required resolution.




DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF ROTARY TYPE 10 kWt SOLAR

THERMOCHEMICAL REACTOR FOR THE CHEMICAL KINETIC

STUDIES OF NON-VOLATILE METAL OXIDES

C. Pérez-Rábago1,2

, S. Bellan1, E. Alonso

1, J. Gonzalez-Aguilar

1, M. Romero

1, C. Estrada

2

1 Instituto IMDEA Energía, Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935 Móstoles, Spain. Phone: +34 917371120, e-mail:

[email protected] 2 Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580, México. Phone: +

52 (55) 56224729. Email: [email protected].

1. Introduction

The long-term intension of the solar thermochemical process is to develop clean, efficient and

sustainable commercial systems [1]. The feasibility and performance of the thermochemical

processes using concentrated solar energy has been extensively demonstrated [2, 3]. The solar

thermochemical processes of synthetic fuel production, storage and thermochemical hydrogen

generation are being studied [4]. There are several designs of reactors for producing the

reduction or oxidation by thermochemical cycles using concentrated solar energy [3]. A solar

reactor has to provide the optimum temperature required for chemical reduction without the

device materials, which degrade or react with reactants, and the reactor has an atmosphere

without oxygen to prevent the re-oxidize materials. The aim of this paper is to design and

calibrate a 10 kW thermochemical reactor for chemical kinetic studies of non-volatile metal

oxides using the Solar Furnace of the Renewable Energy Institute of UNAM in Mexico

(HRFSF). The Solar Furnace has a concentrated power of 30 kWt, a spot of concentrated

radiation is less than 7 cm in diameter with a peak of 18 000 kW/m2 [5].

The new type of cavity reactor will be designed to withstand high temperature, minimize

thermal losses, and achieve high chemical conversion rates. The concentrated radiation enters

into the cavity receiver through the quartz window and is absorbed by the reactant (metal oxide

particles). In such a way the particles are directly exposed to the radiation. Moreover, the

reactor will be designed with a crucible rotary motion to ensure the particles are in constant

movement and to adjust the temperature and facilitate the release of oxygen molecules.

The moving mechanism of the crucible is supported by an insulating silicon carbide connected

to a tube of refractory steel, which rotates through bushings, which resist high temperature

graphite. At the front of the cavity is proposed to inject the gas stream that enters directly in to

the crucible and go through the rotating tube, which is equipped with a rotary joint that allows

the gas to exit through the rotating tube.

2. Methodology

The dimension of the window and the aperture of the reactor will be determined by the design

specification of the Solar Furnace [5]. In order to optimize the dimensions of the rotary sample,

a ray-tracing model will be developed to predict the radiation distribution throughout the





reactor using the Monto Carlo based commercial software TracePro. Subsequently a CFD

model will be developed and using the radiation distribution predicted by the ray-tracing

model, the temperature distribution throughout the reactor will be predicted to optimize the

design the reactor.

References

[1] El ingeniero del ICAI y el Desarrollo Sostenible. Colección: Avances de Ingeniería, 88-90, 2009.

[2] Winter C.J., Sizmann, R, Vant-Hunll, L. 1991. Solar Power Plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-

18897.

[3] Steinfeld A., 2005. Solar thermochemcial production of hydrogen-a review. Solar Energy 78, 603-61

[4] Wong, B., Brown, L., Schaube, F., Tamme, R., Sattler, C., 2010. Oxide based thermochemical heat storage,

in Oxide based thermochemical heat storage, 1–8.

[5] Riveros-Rosas D., J. Herrera-Vázquez, C. Pérez-Rábago, C.A. Arancibia-Bulnes, S. Vázquez-Montiel, M.

Sánchez-González, F. Granados-Agustín, O. Jaramillo, Estrada C.A., 2010,“Optical design of a High

Radiative Flux Solar Furnece for Mexico”, Solar Energy, pp. 792-800

[6] Alonso Elisa, Carlos Pérez-Rábago, José Gonzalez-Aguilar and Manuel Romero, 2012, “Thermal Performance

and Residence time distribution Determination in a Solar Reactor for Chemical Kinetics”, SolarPACES

2012 Symposium, Marrakech, Morocco.



DEVELOPMENT OF CZTS FILMS BY THE SULFURIZATION OF

SnS/Cu ZnS LAYERS

C.A. Meza Avendaño

1,2,

N.R. Mathews

1*

1 Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580, México. 2 Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas, calle Eduardo J. Selvas S/N Col. Magisterial, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 62580,

México.

* Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]

In this work we report the development of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films by a multi-step

process. SnS thin films were first pulse electrodeposited on SnO2:F glass substrates from a

solution consisting of Sn(II) and (S2O3)2-

. The applied potentials were -0.9 V (deposition) and -

0.1 V (dissolution) w.r.t SCE. The metallic Cu films were deposited on top of SnS films from a

CuCl2 bath applying a potential of -0.6 V vs. SCE to form a stack of SnS/Cu. The third layer of

the stack ZnS was vacuum evaporated on to SnS/Cu. The film thicknesses and annealing

temperature were varied to control the final composition of the films. It was observed that the

layers with thickness in the range of 200 nm SnS, 200 nm Cu and 140 nm ZnS after annealing

at 500°C in the N2/S atmosphere resulted in the formation of stoichiometric quaternary

material CZTS. The film properties were studied using different techniques such as XRD,

SEM/EDS, Raman scattering and U-V visible spectroscopy. The estimated value of optical

band gap was 1.4 eV and the photoelectrochemical measurements showed that the films are p-

type.

Acknowledgements: This work at IER-UNAM was partially supported by the project IA 100712. Authors wish

to thank Ma. Luisa Ramón García for XRD analysis, Rogelio Moran Elvira and Jose Campos in SEM

measurements.



EFFECT OF ANNEALING PROCESS ON Cu2ZnSnS4 FILMS

DEPOSITED BY A VACUUM-FREE NANOPARTICLE-BASED

APPROACH

Alan I. Palacios Lagunas1, 2

, A. Martínez Ayala1, M. Pal

1, X. Mathew

1, *

1Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580, México. 2Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas, calle Eduardo J. Selvas S/N Col. Magisterial, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 62580, México.

* Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]

The structural evolution of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) films, fabricated by a nanoparticle based

approach, was investigated by changing the annealing temperature. CZTS thin films, a

potential candidate for the absorber layers of solar cells, were deposited onto fluorine doped tin

oxide (FTO) substrates by a simple paste-coating process. Annealing of as-deposited films at

350-550 0C for 30 min in elemental S and N2 atmosphere produced highly crystalline kesterite

phase. The CZTS films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering,

energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy

(FE-SEM) and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Results showed that kesterite phase was

formed in the temperature range below 550 oC. When the annealing temperature was at the

high end, several XRD and Raman peaks different from those assigned to CZTS phase were

detected indicating the decomposition of quaternary to binary and ternary phases. The EDS

estimated chemical composition was found to vary with annealing temperature. The optical

band gap of films annealed at different temperatures was found to vary between 1.4 to 1.6 eV.

Acknowledgements: This work at IER-UNAM was partially supported by the project CONACyT 129169.

Authors wish to thank Ma. Luisa Ramon Garcia for XRD analysis, Rogelio Moran Elvira and Jose Campos in

SEM measurements, and Gildardo Casarrubias Segura for technical support in the laboratory.




EFFECT OF ELECTRONIC NATURE OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN

TRANSPARENT SWCNT-TIO2 PHOTOANODES

G. Alvarado-Tenorio*1, M.E. Rincón

1, M. Solís de La Fuente

1, J.C. Calva Yáñez

1

Instituto de Energías Renovables – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv. Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro, Temixco,

Mor. 62580, México. *[email protected]

The incorporation of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) to mesoscopic semiconductors

such as TiO2 has been reported to improve the charge separation and transport of carriers to

collector electrodes, decreasing carrier recombination in photoelectrochemical solar cells and

dye sensitized solar cells [1-3]. However, the works reported use pristine SWC NT consisting

of statistical amounts of semiconducting and metallic carbon nanotubes. In this contribution we

coated semiconductor or metallic Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) with

mesoscopic TiO2 thin film by sol-gel method, for to elaborate transparent SWCNT-TiO2

phototoanodes.

The s-SWCNT- TiO2 photoanode showed a sensitization effect which was observed in

absortion and photocurrent curves, which increase to 162 % (∼110 μA/cm2) compared to TiO2

photoanodes elaborated with metallic carbon nanotubes (∼42 μA/cm2). Also, a positive

potentials shift in flat band was measured, from -0.97 mV to -0.90 mV for TiO2 and s-

SWCNT-TiO2 respectively.

The fill factor and photovoltage were increased also, unlike to incorporation of metallic

nanotubes where photoanode performance was not relevant. These results clarify what the

electronic nature of carbon nanotubes determine the collection mechanics in SWCNT-TiO2

heterojunction. The major extraction of photogenerated charge carriers in s-SWCNT

photoanodes was discussed in terms of local electric fields.

Keywords: Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes, TiO2, Photoanodes

[1] A. Kongkanand, R. Martínez, P. V. Kamat, Nanoletters., 7, 3, 676 (2007).

[2] P. Brown, K. Takechi, P. V. Kamat, J. Phys. Chem. C., 112, 4776 (2008).

[3] T. Hasobe, S. Fukuzumi, P. V. Kamat, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 45, 755 (2006).

mailto:*[email protected]



EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE

OF TITANIA NANOWIRES

O.A. Jaramillo Quintero, M. Ramírez Vargas, J.C. Calva Yáñez,

M. Solís de la Fuente, M.E. Rincón

Instituto de Energías Renovables-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos

[email protected]

We report the synthesis and characterization of titania nanowires obtained by solvothermal

synthesis at 150°C for 6h. These nanostructures were annealed in air at 300-550°C for 1-3h.

The morphology and crystallinity changes were measured by scanning electron microscopy

and X-ray diffraction as a function of the annealing parameters. The optimum conditions to

minimize the presence of oxide barriers and to improve nanowire crystallinity will be

discussed relative to the potential of these nanostructures in the fabrication of dye and

semiconductor sensitized solar cells.



ELECTRICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER

SULFIDE:POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE) BULK HETEROJUNCTION

P.V. Quintanaa, M. C. Arenas

a, J. Santos-Cruz

b, M. Vega-Gonzalez

c

a Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro,

México b Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro,Querétaro, México c Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México

[email protected]

Copper sulfide (CuxS) is a non-toxic semiconductor promising for solar cells due its

optoelectronic properties (coefficient absorption about 105 cm

-1). It has functioned as an

electron acceptor in organic solar cells based on Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):fullerene,

increasing the photocurrent density. In this work, bulk CuxS:P3HT heterojunctions were

prepared with copper sulfide nanocrystals of about 14-17 nm of length and 6-7 nm of width,

which absorb in the UV-Vis range of 400 to 700 nm. The nanocrystals were mixed with P3HT

in dichlorobencene solution in order to form a CuxS:P3HT bulk heterojunction. P3HT:CuxS

bulk heterojunction were electrically characterized presenting a resistance of about 108

Ω/sq.

The influence of the CuxS nanocrystals size in the morphological properties was studied and

analyzed by SEM, AFM and TEM.




ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE STUDIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR

SENSITIZED TIO2 FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS

M. Solís de la Fuente, J. C. Calva Yañez, G. Alvarado Tenorio, O. Jaramillo, M.E. Rincón

Instituto de Energías Renovables-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Av. Xochicalco S/N, col. Centro, Temixco, Mor.,62580

e-mail: [email protected]

Impedance electrochemical studies were pursued to investigate the electron transport and

recombination processes in semiconductor sensitized TiO2 photoanodes. One-dimensional

TiO2 matrices, nanotubes and nanowires, were obtained by electrochemical anodization and

solvothermal synthesis. Sensitization with PbS and Bi2S3 nanoparticles was carried out by

chemical bath deposition (CBD) followed by thermal treatment. Structural differences in the

semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces of nanotubes and nanowires produce significant changes

in important kinetic parameters such as chemical capacitance, charge transference

(recombination) resistance, and carrier’s life-time. The convenience of n or p-type

chalcogenides relative to the characteristics of the one dimensional TiO2 matrices will also be

discussed.



OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(3-

HEXYLTHIOPHENE) (P3HT)-GRAPHENE COMPOSITES FOR

PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS

C. López-Mata1*

, B. Flores Argaez2, C. Velasco Santos

3, A.L. Martínez

3, J.O. Aguilar

2, J.M.

Zavala-Pimentel1, J. Campos Alvarez

4

1Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica del Instituto Tecnológico de Chetumal, Av. Insurgentes No. 330, C.P.

77013, Col. David Gtz. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 2Universidad de Quintana Roo Boulevard Bahía s/n esq. Ignacio Comonfort, Col. del Bosque Chetumal, Quintana Roo C.P.

77019,

3Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México. C.P.

76230, 4Centro de Investigación en Energía-UNAM Privada Xochicalco S/N Temixco, Morelos 62580.

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Composite films of poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) with graphene oxide (GROX) nanoparticles

with varying degrees of purity were obtained. Morphological characterization of composite

films through techniques of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electronic

Microscopy (SEM) it was carried out. Their optical and electrical properties have been

characterized as a function of nanoparticles concentration in the composite films (5, 10, 15 and

20 wt. of graphene oxide nanoparticles). The conductivity contributions of the nanotubes and

Hall voltage measurements are used to understand the utility of the composites for solar cell

applications.

Key words: poly(3-hexylthiophene), graphene oxide, electrical properties, composite films



HERRAMIENTA DE SIMULACIÓN DINÁMICA PARA LA

INTEGRACIÓN DE PANELES FOTOVOLTAICOS EN MICRO-REDES

A. Coronado Mendoza1, J. Sosa Sales

1, J.A. Domínguez Navarro

2

1Universidad Tecnológica de Nayarit, Xalisco, Nayarit; 2Universidad de Zaragoza, España [email protected]

La generación distribuida a través de micro-redes permitirá aumentar la penetración de

energías renovables como la fotovoltaica, eólica, pilas de combustible, micro-hidráulica y

sistemas de almacenamiento en los sistemas de distribución convencionales así como en

aplicaciones aisladas. Sin embargo, sus elementos como micro-fuentes, acondicionadores de

potencia, sistemas de almacenamiento y la red de distribución, presentan diferentes

características técnicas.

Existen en la actualidad dos tipos de programas de simulación: unos basados en modelos

detallados, conocidos como modelos EMTP (Electromagnetic Transient Program) y otros

basados en modelos fasoriales o TSP (Transient Stability Program). Los primeros permiten

realizar análisis electromagnéticos, sin embargo, dados los pequeños pasos de integración los

tiempos de simulación se vuelven excesivos en la medida que el sistema bajo estudio crece.

Los programas basados en TSP trabajan a la frecuencia fundamental, útiles para análisis de

transitorios electromecánicos, omitiendo los rápidos transitorios que pudieran suceder en el

sistema. Existe además una necesidad de contar con herramientas de simulación especializadas

en micro-redes con energías renovables que permitan realizar análisis dinámicos de una

manera más eficiente y precisa.

En este trabajo se presenta una herramienta que permite simular micro-redes con energías

renovables de una manera más eficiente y precisa que los programas basados en EMTP o TSP.

Los modelos matemáticos de paneles fotovoltaicos son conectados a una micro-red trifásica de

baja tensión a cuatro hilos a través de inversores monofásicos. Los modelos de los inversores

utilizan la técnica de los fasores dinámicos basados en los coeficientes de Fourier, en los cuales

se consideran tanto la frecuencia fundamental de la micro-red (50-60Hz) como la frecuencia de

conmutación del convertidor (kHz), lo que permite realizar análisis transitorios de las

dinámicas de los elementos de la micro-red, y por ende realizar análisis de estabilidad

transitoria, cálculo de protecciones, diseño de algoritmos de control, entre otros alcances.




MORPHOLOGICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF Al2O3 LAYERS

DEPOSITED BY ALD

M. Tulio Aguilar-Gama*, Erik Ramírez-Morales, Zeuz Montiel-González, P.K. Nair, Hailin

Hu

Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos, 62580, México.

*[email protected]

Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is a gas-solid reaction technique for thin film deposition. It is

similar to chemical vapor deposition (CVD), except that the ALD reaction breaks the CVD

reaction into two half-reactions, keeping the precursor materials separate during the reaction.

Separation of the precursors is accomplished by pulsing a purge gas after each precursor pulse

to remove excess precursor and possible by-product from the process chamber and prevent

'parasitic' CVD deposition on the substrate. The most important is that ALD is a self-limiting

process, that is, the amount of film material deposited in each reaction cycle is constant. In this

work, thin films of aluminum oxide have been deposited on crystalline silicon wafers and glass

slides at relatively low temperatures: 150 and 175 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

images show that they are homogenous and pin-hole free thin films with uniform thickness.

XRD patterns indicate that they are amorphous independent on deposition temperature and

post-deposition annealing at 400 °C. The Al-O vibrational peaks were observed by Raman

spectroscopy in all the ALD thin films to confirm the formation of aluminum oxides. Finally

the use of ALD thin films in solar cell applications is discussed.

mailto:*[email protected]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-reaction



OPTICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF TUNGSTEN OXIDE

COATED POROUS SILICON: EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE

MORPHOLOGY

N. Mendoza-Agüero and V. Agarwal

Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos

Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México 62209.

[email protected]

Optical and structural properties of electrochromic tungsten oxide on stain etched and

electrochemically anodized porous silicon (PS) were investigated. Thin tungsten oxide films

were electrodeposited on nanostructured luminescent macro-, meso- and microporous silicon

substrate from a water/isopropanol solution containing peroxy-tungstates species. The

characterization of WO3/PS structures was done as a function of annealing temperature and

substrate morphology by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformation

infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Apart

from the emission corresponding to WO3, morphology of the silicon substrate and annealing

temperature have been found useful for tuning the emission of the composite structure within

the complete visible range. This opens a relatively economical route to produce composites for

display applications.

Authors are thankful to the support given by PROMEP project 128593 for scholarship. We acknowledge the

technical support provided by Mtro. José Campos, Dr. Nair from CIE-UNAM.




OXYGEN EFFECT ON CdTe SURFACE AND CdS/CdTe

SOLAR CELLS PARAMETERS

Juan Luis Peña1, Inés Riech

2, Víctor Rejón

1

1Applied Physics Department, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mérida, Yucatán, México. 2Materials Science Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México.

[email protected]

The solar cells were fabricated using layers ITO/ZnO/CdS/CdTe. The films of ZnO and

CdS were deposited by rf-sputtering. The CdTe film was grown by conventional CSS

technique. The cells were activated by using gases of argon, CHClF2-argon, CHClF2-

argon-oxygen. Before and after activation process SEM analysis were made. The activation

process made by using argon and CHClF2-argon produces small hollows of 100-300 nm at

grains, high series resistance and low efficiencies. While these hollows are inhibited by

oxygen used in the CHClF2-argon-oxygen activation process, also all parameters are

improved, mainly the JSC, VOC and efficiency. Both Cu (15 nm) and Mo (500 nm) used

as the back contact also were deposited by rf-sputtering. This fabrication process can be

brought to industrial scale.

References

[1] N. Romeo, A. Bosio and A. Romeo, “An innovative process suitable to produce high-

efficiency CdTe/CdS thin-film modules”, Solar Energy Materials and Solar cells Vol. 94,

pp. 2-7, 2010.

Acknowledgement: This work has been supported by CONACYT-México under contract

FORDECYT-116157 and FOMIX 170098. The author A. Rios-Flores acknowledges

CONACYT- México for scholarship. The Authors acknowledges Dr. José Mendez from

UADY for facilities extended for using the solar simulator, O. Gomez, W. Cauich and D.

Huerta for technical support, and

L. Pinelo for its secretarial assistance.





PHOTOLUMINISCENCE OF POROUS SILICON PHOTONIC

MULTILAYERS

S. E. Guerrero1, R. Nava

1, J. A. del Río

1, J. Tagüeña-Martínez

1, M. B. de la Mora

1, J. A.

Reyes-Esqueda2

1Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Privada Xochicalco S/N, Temixco, 62580

Morelos, México 2Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito de la Investigación Científica Ciudad Universitaria,

04510 México, D. F. México

[email protected]

The porous silicon (p-Si) is a nanostructured material with a sponge-like structure formed by a

skeleton of crystalline silicon (c-Si) of a few nanometers thickness. This material is produced

by electrochemical attack of a c-Si wafer with an electolyte which has hidrofluoric acid. The p-

Si main properties are the refractive index that can be changed within a width rage; and the

luminiscence. Therefore, the p-Si has a great technological potential in order to manufacture

active photonic structures to apply it on optoelectronics.

This presentation has the aim to design a photonic structure looking for confine the p-Si

emission in a plane on a transversal section of the pores, and so analyze the propagation of

emission through the porous structure. First we show the manufacturing of a computer

controlled system which drives the electrochemical attack, so it can be manufactured a high

quality p-Si photonic structure. After that, a plane waveguide composed by a two

omnidirectional mirrors and an active core of p-Si is shown, also the process of manufacturing.

Optical and photoluminescence properties of the p-Si are characterized at high power

excitation. Finally is given the conclusions



PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE OF RUTILE PHASE

NANOSTRUCTURED TiO2 SENSITIZED WITH CARMINIC ACID

M.A. Sánchez-García1, X. Bokhimi

1, A.G. Vega-Poot

2, A.E. Jiménez

2,

S. Velázquez-Martínez3

1Instituto de Física, IF-UNAM, Apartado Postal 20-364, México D.F., 04510, México;

2Instituto de Energías Renovables, IER-UNAM, Temixco, Morelos, 62580, México;

3Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, CIICAp-UAEM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62209, México.

[email protected]

The photoelectrochemical solar cells based on nanostructured and mesoporous film of TiO2

sensitized with a dye (DSSC: Dye sensitized solar cells) are an alternative for the development

of a new generation of photovoltaic devices. The greater efficiency of this type of cell reported

until now is of 12.3 % for the anatase phase. Nevertheless the rutile phase is the most stable of

TiO2 polymorphous, in this work we used nanostructured rutile synthesized at low

temperature. The photovoltaic properties of nanostructured TiO2 (rutile) electrodes sensitized

with carminic acid dye are explored. We used carminic acid and compared their performance

to that of the most popular dye: N719. We observed that this dye efficiently sensitize the rutile

mesoporous film and yield efficiencies that are competitive with respect to those provided by

N719. Photoconductivity and transmittance measurements confirm the good performance of

the rutile mesoporous films. We have prepared polymer-sealed cells and measured the

perfomance of the devices under continues illuminations at 100 mW/cm2 corresponding at the

standard solar light intensity. The carminic acid with rutile mesoporous films had stable

properties under these conditions. These combinations should be considered as an alternative

in the field of dye-sensitised solar cells.




PREPARACIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE RECUBRIMIENTOS

ESPECTRALMENTE SELECTIVOS BASADOS EN PELÍCUAS DE

Al2O3-Ni PARA APLICACIONES EN LA ENERGÍA SOLAR

S. Santiago Cruz y A.M. Fernández

Instituto en Energías Renovables-UNAM, Privada Xochicalco S/N Temixco, Mor, México

C.P. 62580, [email protected]

Se desarrollaron películas anódicas porosas de óxido de aluminio sobre sustratos de aluminio

1050 (99.5% Al) con espesores de película de 700 nm, con diámetros de poro de 40 nm y

espesor de capa barrera de 30 nm. Las películas fueron impregnadas por la técnica de

electrodeposito con níquel, utilizando una solución a base de sulfato de níquel y ácido bórico.

Para el electrodepósito se utiliza voltaje de corriente alterna (C.A) senoidal a frecuencias

variables. Estas películas fueron caracterizadas mediante su evaluación de la reflectancia

espectral en la región del espectro solar visible e infrarrojo cercano, como una función del

voltaje aplicado, la frecuencia y tiempo de impregnación. Se realizaron varios experimentos

con el propósito de correlacionar estos parámetros con el contenido de níquel en el fondo de

los poros de la película y con la reflectancia total. Hemos encontrado mediante análisis

morfológico que las muestras con contenido de níquel promedio del 10% del volumen total del

poro no presentan propiedades como absorbedor selectivo, en cambio las muestras con

contenido 60% del volumen total del poro, presentan una reflectancia en el espectro solar

visible del 5% y del 90% en el espectro solar infrarrojo por lo que puede ser considerada

como una buena películas absorbedora selectivas de la radiación solar, lo que hace que las

recubrimientos sean adecuados prospectos para ser implementados en colectores solares de

mediana temperatura.



SINTESIS Y CARACTERIZACION DE Cu2ZnSnS4 ASISTIDA POR

MICROONDAS PARA SU APLICACIÓN EN CELDAS SOLARES

M. F. Sánchez1*

, F. Pulgarin1, P.J. Sebastian

1

1CIE-UNAM, 62580 Temixco, Morelos, Mexico. *[email protected]

Las películas delgadas han sido una de las tecnologías más prometedoras para el desarrollo de

celdas solares. Estas han sido desarrolladas a partir de materiales poco abundantes en la corteza

terrestre, algunos altamente tóxicos y de costos elevados. Por lo que la tecnología va

encaminada a la búsqueda de nuevos materiales, como la Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), el cual es

material cuaternario, que tiene una brecha de energía de 1.5 eV y un coeficiente de absorción

óptica elevado, por lo que cumple con las características para ser usado como material

absorbedor en las celdas solares. Para la síntesis de CZTS, usamos un método asistido por

microondas, debido a que permite un calentamiento homogéneo y una considerable reducción

en el tiempo de síntesis. Usamos como reactivos Zn(NO3)2, SnCl2, CuCl2 y Tiourea como

fuente de azufre; como disolvente orgánico se utilizó etilenglicol. La síntesis se realizó en un

reactor de microondas con una potencia de 600 W, durante 30 minutos, a temperaturas que van

desde 120°C a 200°C y una presión de 60 bars. Una vez obtenidas las muestras fueron secadas,

para remover el solvente orgánico; además de ser analizadas por difracción de rayos X y

espectroscopia Raman. Identificamos picos característicos de CZTS, así como de algunas fases

binarias y ternarias como Cu2SnS3, ZnS, Cu8S5 y CuS que se formaron durante la síntesis.

Aplicando un recocido pos-síntesis a 550 °C se obtiene el cuaternario Cu2ZnSnS4.



SOLUTION SYNTHESIZED CdS NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR

APPLICATION IN CdS:P3HT SOLAR CELLS

Claudia Martínez-Alonso1,

*, Selene Coria1, Ma. Concepción Arenas

2, Hailin Hu

1

1Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580, México. 2Centro de

Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, México. E-mail:

[email protected]

Nanocrystalline semiconductor materials have attracted considerable attention due to their

particular properties that are not present in bulk materials. For example, nanocrystalline

cadmium sulfide (CdS) shows the size dependent optical properties in comparison with the

bulk CdS; the optical band gap (Eg) of CdS particles is increased by decreasing the particle

size. Usually they are synthesized with organic ligands to disperse them from agglomeration.

However, these ligands could act as series resistance in the active layer of solar cells. In this

work CdS precipitates were prepared from cadmium and sulfide ion solutions without any

ligands at different solution temperature and synthesis time. The obtained CdS precipitates

were exhaustively washed by centrifugation to exclude as much as possible the impurity. X-ray

diffraction (XRD) spectra indicate that they have a cubic crystalline structure. The average size

of the CdS crystallites was of about 4 nm observed in their TEM images, and their Eg value

was estimated by Kubelka-Munk and confirmed by photoluminescent spectra. Finally the CdS

precipitates was employed in CdS:Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) hybrid solar cells and the

photovoltaic performance of the cells was evaluated as a function of CdS synthesis conditions.



SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Cu2ZnSnS4

NANOPARTICLES FOR APPLICATIONS IN SOLAR CELLS

Isaac M. De Los Santos

1,2, Arturo M. Ayala

1, Mou Pal

1, N.R. Mathews

1, Xavier Mathew

1,*

1 Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580, Mexico 2 Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas, Calle Eduardo J. Selvas s/n, Col. Magisterial, C.P. 29082

e-mail, (I.M. Santos): [email protected]

* Corresponding author (X. Mathew): [email protected]

The necessity to develop low-cost and non-toxic solar cells has prompted the worldwide

research to look for new photovoltaic (PV) materials consisting of abundant, inexpensive and

non-polluting elements. One such material is Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), with a direct band gap of

about 1.5 eV and absorption coefficient of larger than 104 cm

-1 at the absorption edge, suitable

to be used as solar cell absorber material. In this work we are presenting a study on the effect

of temperature on the structural and optical properties of CZTS nanoparticles synthesized by

high-temperature arrested precipitation route in a Schlenk-line. As-synthesized particles were

characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS),

Raman scattering and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Both XRD and Raman results

confirmed the kesterite phase of CZTS nanoparticles. The average crystallite size was found to

increase with increasing the reaction temperature. The elemental composition analysis of the

particles revealed the atomic stoichiometry close to the theoretical value of 2:1:1:4. The

nanoparticles showed enhanced optical absorption in visible and near-infrared region.

Acknowledgements: This work at IER-UNAM was partially supported by the project CONACyT 129169.

Authors wish to thank Ma. Luisa Raman Garcia for XRD analysis, and Gildardo Casarrubias Segura for technical

support.




EMULATING SUNLIGHT IN THE DEPTH OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA

J. Gómez, J. A. Del río, J. Tagüeña-martínez, S. Escobar, MB. De la mora and R. Nava

Instituto de energías renovables, universidad nacional autónoma de méxico, a.p. 34, 62580

temixco, morelos, méxico ([email protected])

It is well known that porous silicon can be used to fabricate photonic structures as mirrors or

filters. These structures have different applications. Up to our knowledge, porous silicon has

not been yet used to reproduce the filtering of seawater. It is clear that seawater filters the

sunlight and the marine organisms receive different radiation than the terrestrial ones,

depending on the depth. Also it is obvious that seawater has different particles in suspension

depending on the geographical places and thus the optical properties of the seawater are

different for each region of the planet. The main goal of this work is to fabricate a filter to

reproduce the optical spectrum of the sunlight in mean depth seawater of the caribbean sea, at

the shore of the north yucatan peninsula.

In this work we present an application of porous silicon multilayers to reproduce the solar

radiation measured around a 13 m depth in the caribbean sea. In order to accomplish this we

started by modeling the multilayers using the transfer matrix method and we proposed a specific

structure for the filter. In our calculations we did not include absorption and we considered the

refractive index constant in the wavelength range of interest because this is a good

approximation. Experimentally this can be accomplished including mirrors, where the optical

path length for each one varies gradually in such a way that the bands overlap. The final product

is a wide band covering a bigger interval. Then we fabricated it by electrochemical etching using

a low resistivity silicon wafer. The resulting photonic structure filters the solar radiation and

reproduces the sunlight spectrum observed in mean depth of the caribbean sea at the yucatan

shore.




HEAT TRANSFER IN PHOTONIC MIRRORS

D. Estrada-Wiese1, J.A. del Río

1, M.B. de la Mora

2

Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

[email protected]

In concentration solar energy is common the use of secondary mirrors. However, high concentrated

solar radiation heats these mirrors degrading their physical properties. In particular, aluminum mirrors

are melt because of high radiation. In contradistinction photonic crystals could present “perfect

reflection” and they can be fabricated using porous silicon which has a higher melting point than

aluminum. Porous silicon is a nanostructure semiconductor material which can be fabricated with

different porosities and refraction indexes. Multilayers of alternating periodic refraction index conform

the structure of these photonic crystals. The light that propagates in these structures interacts with its

periodic refractive index, that generates wavelength gaps of forbidden transmission and so these

multilayers conform a mirror. Even these photonic structures are heated when they are exposed to high

concentrated solar radiation. In this work we analyze experimentally this heating process and model it

using an effective medium model to explain the increasing temperature behavior.



STUDY OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF POROUS SILICON

MONOLAYERS BY SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY

Z. Montiel-González, J. Tagüeña-Martínez, S. Escobar and R. Nava

Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Privada de Xochicalco S/N, Temixco, Morelos,

México, C.P. 62580.

[email protected]

The knowledge of the optical properties of porous silicon in the ultraviolet-visible-near

infrared section of the electromagnetic spectrum is of great importance in the design of

complex structures for different applications such as Bragg reflectors, Fabry-Pérot films and

antireflecting coatings. Porous silicon samples are prepared with a simple electrochemical

process; however, their final properties depend of the different electrochemical etching

conditions. In this work a series of porous silicon monolayers with different porosities (ranging

from 50 to 90% approximately, depending on the current density applied) were prepared in

such a way that the thickness was of approximately 500 nm for all the samples. Spectroscopic

ellipsometry, reflectance and transmittance measurements were carried out in order to

determine the complex refractive index, thickness and porosity of the monolayers through the

application of suitable optical models. The proposed models take into account the

heterogeneous nature and the column-like structure of porous silicon and are based on effective

medium theories considering a mixture of crystalline silicon and air. After the fitting process,

good agreement was obtained between the calculated and the experimental ellipsometric

spectra and the results were contrasted against the reflectance and transmittance spectra and

scanning electron microscopy images. With the parameters obtained from the modeling, the

optical properties (refractive index and absorption coefficient) of the monolayers were

analyzed.




CARRIER LIFE TIME IN PHOTOELECTRODES BASED ON CARBON-

DOPED TITANIA RIBBONS

J.C. Calva Yáñez, M. Solís de la Fuente, O. Jaramillo Quintero, M.E. Rincón

Centro de Investigación en Energía-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Av. Xochicalco S/N, col. Centro, Temixco, Mor.,62580

e-mail: jccaycie.unam.mx

The determination of carrier life time in photoelectrodes based on carbon doped titania ribbons

(CTR) is presented. CTR were obtained from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)

scaffold films deposited on FTO substrates by spray coating, followed by the deposition of

TiO2 thin films from sol-gel solutions, and air annealing at 550°C. Removal of carbon opens

the thin TiO2 layer surrounding the MWCNT, leaving a CTR instead. Carrier life times were

measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and intensity photovoltage spectroscopy

as function of the carbon percentage. The best transport properties will be discussed in terms of

the generation of vacancies and color centers due the incorporation of carbon impurities into

the TiO2 matrices. The potential of CTR as photoelectrodes in emergent solar cells will also be

addressed.



CONCEPTUAL ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY SUPERCAPACITORS

BASED ON

POM-CARBON NANOCOMPOSITES

A.K. Cuentas-Gallegos1 , T. Brousse

2

1 Instituto de Energías Renovables-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Privada Xochicalco S/N Col. Centro, AP 34,

CP 62580 Temixco, Morelos, México 2 Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP32229, 44322 Nantes

Cedex 3, France

Nanocomposite materials (NT/POM) based on the immobilization of polyoxometalate

nanoparticles (POMs) on to the surface of oxidized carbon nanotubes (NT) were synthesized,

characterized, and electrochemically tested as electrode candidates for aqueous supercapacitor

cells (0.5M H2SO4). Oxygen-functionalities obtained on NT determined the dispersion degree

of POM nanoparticles [1-5], resulting in nanocomposite materials with higher intrinsic

capacitance values. Different POMs were immobilized on to NT, in order to obtain the positive

and negative nanocomposite electrodes with complementary voltage windows and assemble an

asymmetric supercapacitor cell. Positive electrode based on the polyanion PMo12 resulted in

higher intrinsic capacitance values (450F/g, at 10mV/s) in a voltage window between -0.2V

and 0.65V, than for negative electrode based on PW12 as the polyanion (126F/g, at 10mV/s,

voltage window between -0.7V and 0.7V). A Conceptual Environmental Friendly

Supercapcitor based on an asymmetric assembly with NT/PMo12 as the positive electrode and

NT/PW12 or NT/SiW12 as the negative electrode is suggested, in order to utilize the total

pseudocapacitive contribution of the POMs in each nanocomposite material electrode, and to

increase the voltage window up to at least 1.5V.

References 1] A. K.Cuentas-Gallegos, R. Martínez-Rosales, M. E. Rincón, G. Hirata, G. Orozco, Opt. Mater., 29,126 (2006)

2] A. K. Cuentas-Gallegos, R. Martínez-Rosales, M. Baibarac, P. Gómez-Romero, and M. E. Rincón.,

Electrochem. Commun., 9, 2088 (2007)

3] A. K. Cuentas-Gallegos, M. Miranda-Hernández, A. Vargas-Ocampo., Electrochim. Acta , 54, 4378 (2009)

4] A. K. Cuentas-Gallegos, S. Peñaloza-Jiménez, D.A. Baeza-Rostro, A. Germán-García. J New Mater.

Electrochem. Syst, 13, 369 (2010)

5] A. K. Cuentas-Gallegos, A. Zamudio-Flores, M. Casas-Cabanas, J. Nano Res., 14,11 (2011



COOPER DOPED ONE-DIMENSIONAL TiO2 MEMBRANES: EFFECT

OF Cu-PRECURSOR INTO THE MORPHOLOGY AND

PHOTOCATALYTIC PERFORMANCE

I.T. Rendón*, M.E. Rincón

Instituto en Energías Renovables, Temixco, Morelos;

*tonahtiuhrendó[email protected]

Metal doping is considered as one promising way for enhancing the photo catalytic activity of

TiO2 nanomaterials at low cost, expanding its photo response into the visible range. In the

present research, two species of cooper precursors, CuNO3 and CuSO4, have been studied as a

function of concentration to determine their influence into the crystalline and texture properties

of Cu-TiO2 one dimensional membranes, which were obtained by anodization at 50 V, in

ethylene glycol, followed by air annealing at 550°C for three hours. Cu-salts were incorporated

by the impregnation method, varying their concentrations from 0.5 to 1.5 M. The experimental

data were analyzed by the XRD, EDS, SEM and UV/Vis spectrophotometry techniques. The

photo catalytic performance of the membranes was tested with the degradation of Blue Erionyl

A-R textile dye.

mailto:tonahtiuhrendó[email protected]



ESTUDIO DE LA GENERACIÓN DE ELECTRICIDAD EN UN

HUMEDAL ASISTIDO ELECTROQUÍMICAMENTE

Salinas-Juárez María Guadalupe1, Moeller-Chávez Gabriela E.

2, Roquero-Tejeda Pedro

3,

Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa María del Carmen1

1Laboratorios de Ingeniería Química Ambiental y de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Química, UNAM, México, DF; 2Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Jiutepec, Morelos; 3Facultad de Química, UNAM, México, DF.

[email protected]

Las celdas de combustible microbianas vegetales, son dispositivos que proveen energía

renovable al aprovechar la captura de energía química proveniente del Sol por parte de las

plantas, para convertirla en energía eléctrica utilizando los elementos y mecanismos de una

celda de combustible microbiana y tomando como combustible únicamente los compuestos

orgánicos liberados por las plantas (rizodepósitos); este tipo de celdas NO depuran el agua

residual. Por otro lado, los humedales artificiales constituyen un eficiente sistema natural para

el tratamiento de aguas residuales, éstos requieren una inversión mínima de energía, presentan

bajos costos y facilidad en su operación y mantenimiento. La presente investigación se enfoca

al estudio y análisis un sistema innovador para la producción de electricidad y el tratamiento

biológico simultáneo de un agua residual sintética, que consiste en una serie de reactores que

simulan humedales artificiales (a escala de laboratorio) y que, con una adecuación

electroquímica, son capaces de llevar a cabo las funciones de una celda de combustible

microbiana vegetal para la generación eléctrica. Este sistema está pensado para satisfacer las

necesidades de electricidad y depuración de aguas residuales en zonas rurales alejadas, en

donde los sistemas de electrificación y de tratamiento de agua residual no son posibles. Se

montó un sistema de prueba a escala de laboratorio en el que se obtuvo una densidad de

potencia de 40.71 mW/m2, valor que está en el intervalo de los reportados en la literatura.

Actualmente se tiene en operación sistema para llevar a cabo el tratamiento del agua residual

generando electricidad.




EVALUATION OF CATALYSTS TO REDUCE ENERGY

CONSUMPTION IN THE ELECTROCHEMICAL

REDUCTION OF CO2

D.A. García Osorio, S.J. Figueroa Ramírez, M. Miranda-Hernández*

Instituto de Energías Renovables Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Apartado Postal 34, Temixco, Mor. 62580, México. *e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Considering the high concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, nowadays different alternatives

have been proposed in order to bring down these levels, one the most important is

electrochemical reduction of CO2 due to interest in the synthesis of chemicals, specifically

hydrocarbons. The copper is unique among the metals, the best catalyst for CO2 reduction

(cathodic reaction) for producing hydrocarbons at significant quantities by means of

electrolysis, where the main anodic reaction is water oxidation. In this context, one of the main

challenges of electrolysis cells is to reduce energy consumption. To achieve it, many studies

have been focused in catalysts development to promote the reduction and oxidation reaction;

and in this way can be reduce the process total energy. In this work, it is presented an

evaluation of catalysts supported on carbon matrices for their use as cathodes (copper

dispersed particles) and SnO2-Carbon Black composites as anodes in the electrolysis of CO2, in

order to reduce energy consumption for the manufacturing of hydrocarbons and /or alcohols

using carbon dioxide as carbon source.




FACTIBILIDAD TÉCNICA Y ECONÓMICA DE LA RECUPERACIÓN

DE RESIDUOS FORESTALES MEDIANTE PELLETIZACIÓN, EN LA

SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL DE MÉXICO

M. Moreno-López, I.R. Martín-Domínguez y M.T. Alarcón-Herrera

Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S. C (CIMAV)


Miguel de Cervantes 120. Complejo Industrial Chihuahua. 31109 Chihuahua, Chih. México

[email protected]

En México se encuentran instalados aproximadamente 1,250 aserraderos, los cuales procesan

diariamente un promedio de 90 m3

de madera en rollo cada uno. Como subproducto de ésta

actividad se generan importantes cantidades de residuos, tales como aserrín, corteza y recortes.

Para los productores locales, dichos residuos son desperdicios que constituyen un problema

para su disposición, y un peligro de incendio durante los meses secos.

Una posible solución al problema anterior, consiste en convertir dichos residuos en un

producto comercializable. En éste trabajo se presentan los resultados de un estudio en el cual

se determinó la posibilidad técnica y económica de producir Pellets a partir de residuos

forestales.

Para lo anterior se realizaron muestreos en la localidad de Ciudad Madera, Chih., que es una

comunidad con numerosa actividad forestal, representativa de otras comunidades situadas en la

Sierra Madre Occidental (Chihuahua, Durango, etc.). Se analizaron las características físico-

químicas y energéticas de los residuos ahí producidos y se estimaron los volúmenes

producidos. Con esa información se procedió a dimensionar el equipamiento requerido para

producir Pellets, y se localizaron proveedores internacionales, ya que en México no existe tal

industria.

Se presentan los resultados de la factibilidad técnica de producir Pellets con la materia prima

disponible, y se determina la factibilidad económica de instalar una planta productora de

Pellets, dimensionada de acuerdo a los volúmenes de producción encontrados, incorporando

los costos de adquisición y de operación de la misma.




FORMACIÓN DE RECURSOS HUMANOS EN LÍNEA: LIER UnADM

J.I. Andrade Gandarilla, L.M. Torres Pacheco

Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México


La formación de recursos humanos en Energías Renovables es una necesidad

apremiante para el país. El aprovechamiento racional de las fuentes de energía en comunidades

alejadas de los centros urbanos hace necesaria la intervención de profesionales que diseñen

proyectos para el uso de eficiente de la energía. Las opciones educativas en el nivel de

licenciatura, que enfrentan esta necesidad, se han incrementado en la última década, la mayoría

de ellas de manera presencial y cercanas a los ciudades más pobladas del país. En este trabajo,

se presentan los ejes fundamentales de la opción académica de la Licenciatura en Energías

Renovables de la Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México, el impacto en la formación de

recursos humanos en el país en las áreas de energía solar, eólica e hidráulica, la cobertura que

ha alcanzado en cada uno de los estados de la República Mexicana, los vínculos con

instituciones que coadyuvan en la formación profesional de los alumnos y las perspectivas de

consolidación a corto y mediano plazo.




FUNCIONALIZACIÓN DE ANTRAQUINONA EN MEDIO ACUOSO

Hugo A. Mosqueda

Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica e Eléctrica. Av. Universidad s/n, Cd. U-niversitaria

66451, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L.

[email protected]

Los condensadores electroquímicos también llamados supercapacitores son ideales para

aplicaciones de picos de potencia, como en el arranque de motores, o en aplicaciones de corta

duración, por ejemplo, subir o bajar los vidrios del automóvil. Otro uso es ensamblado con las

baterías, al funcionar como un convertidor de fuente de voltaje que dicta la frecuencia y el

voltaje en corriente alterna del sistema. El capacitor sería la primera fuente de almacenaje y

funcionaria como estabilizador principal a sorpresivos desbalances de energía. La capacitancia

se debe a la absorción de cargas positivas o negativas en la superficie del electrodo con la

subsecuente formación de la doble capa electroquímica. Pero también existe el fenómeno

conocido como pseudocapacitancia, donde existe transferencia de carga en la superficie con la

subsecuente oxidación o reducción de la misma.

La antraquinona es una molécula con dos grupos cetonas, las cuales pueden absorber

carga. Debido a esta cualidad es un compuesto promisorio para usar como electrodo en un

condensador electroquímico.

En el presente trabajo se presenta dos métodos de funcionalizar la antraquinona a una matriz de

carbono, Black Pearl. Los dos son en medio acuosos, una con la reducción directa con nitritos

y la segunda con una reducción previa de nitrato a nitrito insitu.

Se puede observar la evolución de la capacitancia de la antraquinona antes, y después de la

funcionalización, y la eficiencia después de 300 ciclos.




HISTORY AND TENDENCY EVOLUTION OF

IER SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION

K. Cedano*, M. Martínez**y J.A.del Río**

*Centro Lavín para el Desarrollo de Innovación y Transferencia Tecnológica. Domingo Diez 1003, 3er piso.

Colonia del Empleado, 62250 Cuernavaca, Morelos. [email protected]

**Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Privada Xochicalco s/n,

62580 Temixco, Morelos

Abstract

We present a scientometric analysis of all the research papers published by the Scientific

Community at the Instituto de Energías Renovables (IER). We applied text mining algorithms

to all such records found in the Web of Science, from 1971 until December 2012 and without

lower limit on the time of publication. This search resulted in almost 1,200 papers, published

in 31 years.

The text mining approach (Kostoff et al. 2001, del Río et al. 2002) has been used to study the

characteristics of Mexican science in the two research publications with higher impact factor,

Nature and Science (Kostoff et al. 2007) and to characterize Ibero-American science on both

journals as well (Russell et al. 2007).

These research papers reveal not only the behavior of the scientific community on the

Institution under analysis , but also, its strengths and weaknesses. We are able to show the

journals where most of their research is being published; the name of the most prolific authors,

as well as the most cited; the collaboration with other institutions and countries; the strongest

areas in the field ; and the evolution of the community as a whole, and by department.

To have a better understanding of the evolution of this scientific community and the impact of

the research done by it, we correlate the number of research papers with milestones in the

history of the IER.

We start this analysis with the research team known as the Departamento de Energía Solar at

the Instituto de Materiales, and followed its evolution and spin-off as the Laboratorio de

Enegía Solar, which matured into the Centro de Investigación en Energía and has been



recognized in this year as Instituto de Energías Renovables. Furthermore, we followed the

productivity of its three major research groups (known as Departamentos) as well as its impact

in the international scientific community.

Finally, we applied a logistic algorithm to this data series, to make a prospective analysis to

different information clusters. This analysis combined with the historical information on the

institutional milestones provides a better understanding of the influence of different parameters

on the productivity of this particular scientific community.

''CITATION MINING: INTEGRATING TEXT MINING AND BIBLIOMETRICS FOR RESEARCH USER

PROFILING'', R.N. Kostoff, J.A. del Río, J.A. Humenik, E.O. García y A.M. Ramírez, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci.

Techn. 52, 1148-1156 (2001).

''PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH TO PROFILE IMPACT OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: CITATION

MINING'', J.A del Río, R.N. Kostoff, E.O. García, A.M. Ramírez y J.A. Humenik, Adv. Complex Syst. 5, 19-42

(2002).

''Clustering methodologies for identifying country core competencies'' Kostoff R.N., del Río J.A., Cortés H.D.,

Smith C., Smith A., Wagner C., Leydesdorff L., Karypis G., Malpohl G., Tshiteya R. J. Information Sci. 33, 21-

40 (2007).

''Highly visible science: A look at three decades of research from Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Spain'' Russell

J.M., del Río J.A., Cortes H.D. INTERCIENCIA 32, 629-634 (2007).

“Futures Research Methodology, v3.0” [CD-ROM], Glenn, J.C.; Gordon T. J. 2009 American Council for the

UNU; CDR edition “Intersections of Strategic Planning and Future Studies: Methodological Complementarities”.

Curtis, W.R. Journal of Futures Studies. 15(2) 71–100 (2010)



HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ASSISTED ETCHING OF N-TYPE,

LUMINESCENT MICRO, MESO AND MACROPOROUS SILICON:

STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES

E.E. Antúnez-Cerón, M.A. Basurto-Pensado, V. Agarwal

CIICAP-UAEM,

Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P.62209, México

[email protected]

We report the fabrication of luminescent micro-, meso- and macroporous n-type silicon, single

and multilayers under dark anodization conditions. The pore dimensions can be tuned from

micro to macro porous depending on the peroxide concentration and current density. Pure

chemical dissolution of silicon wafer by the electrolyte (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-

hydrofluoric acid (HF)) can be controlled by decreasing the concentration of H2O2, to have a

controlled reaction through electrochemical anodization. The morphology and the porosity

were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Broad and intense luminescence band

from 500 to 800 nm was observed for all the three morphologies.




MULTI-TECHNOLOGY PRODUCT SELECTION FOR LOCAL

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY GENERATION ON COMPANIES WITH

SMALL TO MEDIUM ELECTRICAL LOAD

D.F. Hernández-Joya, J. Martínez-Carballido

National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics 72840

[email protected]

In an effort to contribute in the reduction of climate change and global warming the costumers

of the power system are becoming more involved with the integration of the alternative sources

of energy. An option for this energy delivery is local generation and can be of major

importance for small and mid-sized industries. Currently these industries have a strong

dependence to the grid, but every day is of higher importance that they use a portion of low

emission energy. In such microgrids a hybrid combination of energy sources, including energy

storage systems, can considerably improve reliability and stability of their energy supply; but

selecting and sizing the suitable technologies for a given set of conditions is an ever changing

problem due to the available elements to design a solution in a given time. This paper presents

a scheme to design solutions for complementary local alternative energy generation, covering a

portion of the peak demand, where a subset of technologies are selected from a data base by

using criteria such as: capacity, fuel rate, efficiency, emissions, heat recovery, usage time,

dimensions and weight. The data base used can easily be changed or updated anytime and in

conjunction with the above mentioned criteria give to a user: an up-to-date, manufacturer and

technology independent solution.



PHOTOLUMINESCENCE AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION

OF ONE-STEP SYNTHESIZED CORE/SHELL CdSe/CdS

NANOPARTICLES

C.S. Coria-Monroya, M. Sotelo-Lerma

b, J.M. Hernández

c, H. Hu

a

aInstituto de Energías Renovables, Priv.Xochicalco S/N, Temixco, Morelos, 62580 México,

[email protected]. b

Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora, México. cInstituto de Física UNAM Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria D.F.

04510 México.

CdSe/CdS core/shell nanoparticles were synthesized in aqueous solution by one-step process.

First CdSe precipitations were obtained in a solution of cadmium chloride, sodium citrate,

ammonia and sodium selenosulphate. After 4 h of formation a sulphur precursor was added

without stoppping the stirring. The particle size and crystallinity of CdSe core particles were

studied as functions of cadmium: selenide (Cd:Se) precursor concentration, solution

temperature and reaction time. Different sulfur precursors had been chosen for the CdS shell

formation such as thiourea, sodium thiosulphate and sodium sulfide. The influence of other

parameters like the amount of sulphur precursor, the pH value of the solution and type of

buffer solution on CdS shell formation was also analyzed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) Patterns

indicate that CdSe nanoparticles are of cubic structure and the crystalline size depends on the

Cd:Se proportion as well as solution temperature. The obtained core/shell CdSe/CdS

nanocrystals showed additional hexagonal wurzite crystal structure planes (101), (110) and

(112) of CdS as the concentration of sulphur precursor in the solution is sufficiently high.

Photoluminescence emission (em = 370nm) and excitation (ex = 615nm) spectra suggest that

the solution pH value affects considerably the formation of CdS on CdSe. Transmission

Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) have also been used to

observe the morphological properties of core and core/shell particles. The one-step synthesis

conditions for CdSe/CdS core/shell nanoparticles were optimized in order to obtain a very thin

shell thickness for hybrid solar cell application.




SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON COLLEGE

STUDENTS FOR EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION GUIDELINES

Yolanda Ramírez Vázquez1, Édgar González Gaudiano

1

1Universidad Veracruzana. Lomas del Estadio s/n Zona Universitaria, C.P. 91000, Xalapa, Ver.

[email protected]

Climate change (CC) is a socio-environmental problem directly related to energy use. The

population is vulnerable to its effects, particularly undergraduates play a crucial role in the

actions to take. It is imperative to adopt mitigation and adaptation actions in all economic,

social and political levels. The media have a significant influence on the social representation

(SR) of the people on the phenomenon, so it is important to conduct studies in specific

segments of the population to produce and effectively convey messages about the subject

(Meira, 2006). The objective of this research is to determine if there are differences in the SR

of undergraduates of Universidad Veracruzana and of the Universidad Anáhuac in Xalapa,

Veracruz, to structure guidelines for educational communication strategies on CC. Eight grades

in the areas of humanities, economic - administrative, and engineering were taken into account.

For data collection in the first stage the word association technique was used. We analyzed 231

applied instruments, finding that words with higher frequency of occurrence are pollution,

thaw, heat, fire, flood, natural disasters, global warming, cold, destruction, and death among

others; the hierarchy of these terms changes when socio-cultural and economical aspects are

introduced. For the analysis, five categories of SR were inductively built. The next stage

involves an analysis of interviews with 14 students. The findings of this study could help

promote the use of renewable energy and sustainability in the adoption of actions facing

climate change.

Meira Cartea, Pablo Ángel, (2006) Las ideas de la gente sobre el cambio climático. Ciclos:

Cuadernos de Comunicación, interpretación y educación ambiental, nº 18, julio, pp. 5-12.




BALANCE DE ENERGÍA DEL ESTADO DE SONORA

J. L. TADDEI-BRINGAS

1. R. E. CABANILLAS-LÓPEZ

2,

1 Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora,

2 División de Ingeniería, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México.

*e-mail:

[email protected],

[email protected],

La energía es la base para mejorar la calidad de vida de las sociedades y esencial para

incrementar la economía de las naciones. El Estado como principal responsable de impulsar el

desarrollo, debe establecer políticas públicas encaminadas a lograr la sustentabilidad

energética. El dinamismo que caracterizó al siglo xx e inicios del xxi se debe en mucho a la

contribución de los combustibles fósiles. En el mediano plazo nos espera una vida de menor

intensidad energética porque esos combustibles no son renovables y no existen fuentes

primarias conocidas con capacidad de potencia similar.

Sonora es uno de los estados del país donde el consumo de energía es muy elevado debido a

las condiciones climáticas de altas temperaturas en el desierto y con bajas temperaturas en la

sierra, lo que demanda climatización para viviendas y edificios. Así mismo las actividades

productivas como la minería, la agricultura y la pesca, aunada al desarrollo industrial son

consumidores intensivos de energía para su operación.

Por ello se justifica la necesidad de comprender con mayor detalle los flujos energéticos de la

región, como un primer paso para identificar los principales elementos que constituyan una

política energética regional encaminada al desarrollo sustentable.

Se presenta el balance de energía para el Estado de Sonora, México, en el año 2010. El

objetivo de la investigación es identificar la dinámica del equilibrio entre oferta y demanda

utilizando los datos del flujo energético en ese periodo y para esa región.

Utilizando la metodología propuesta por la Organización Latinoamericana de Energía

(OLADE) se realiza una exhaustiva búsqueda de información y se establece la presentación

estadística confiable, detallada y completa que es esencial para el seguimiento de la situación

energética a nivel del estado


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