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INSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT – THE PRESIDENCY
AP Government Review
22nd Amendment
Why was it adopted? FDR’s four term stint
What is the term limits? Two terms, not more than 10 years
25th Amendment
What is this amendment also known as? Presidential disability amendment
What does this establish? Vice President succeeds the president Vacancy in VP slot means president can appoint a VP
with majority consent of both houses of Congress President can inform both houses if he will be
incapacitated so VP can take over If President can’t let Congress know, VP and majority
of Cabinet can so VP can take over
Informal Sources of Presidential Power
To whom does the President make legislative recommendations? Congress
What does he do as Chief of Party? Leads his political party
Why is executive privilege important? To protect his actions from Congressional oversight
How is the President a lobbyist? He “lobbies” Congress to implement his agenda
Constitutional Powers of the Vice President
What is the only job for the VP listed in the Constitution? President of the Senate
When is the only time the VP can vote in the Senate? To break a tie
Executive Office of the President
List the components of the Executive Office Office of the President Office of the Vice President Office of Management and Budget Office of Administration U.S. Trade Representative Various policy development offices, such as
National Security Council National Economic Council Domestic Policy Council Office of Science, Technology, and Space Office of Environmental Policy National Drug Council
White House Chief of Staff
What IS the Chief of Staff? President’s closest advisor
Does this position require Senate confirmation? No
Why is the Chief of Staff often called the “gatekeeper”? He coordinates the day-to-day schedule of the
president.Who is often considered the strongest man to
ever hold this position? H.R. Halderman – President Nixon’s Chief of Staff
National Security Advisor
What does this person do? Provides daily security briefings to the president along
with other key security personnel.Historically, what promotions do National
Security Advisors receive? Advancement to Secretary of State Examples:
Kissinger for Nixon Rice for GW Bush
White House Staff
What does the White House Staff do? Make up the personnel that run the White House and advise the president
Do these advisers need Senate approval? No
What are some positions included in the White House Staff? Chief of Staff Press Secretary Councils to the President Personal aides Ancillary people such as
White House Cook Secretaries to the President and the First Lady
How did the President choose these people? Most worked with him during the election
How does he know it’s okay to talk with them about national matters? They are also protected by executive privilege
White House Press Secretary
What does this person do? Works out of the office of communications and is the
chief White House spokesperson to communicate directly with the media
Does this job need Senate confirmation? No
How does this Press Secretary try to control the flow of information out of the White House? Tries to set the agenda on a daily basis Holds daily press briefings
Office of Management and Budget
Does the director of the OMB need Senate confirmation? Yes
What is the main responsibility of the OMB? Assist the president in overseeing the preparation of
the federal budget and supervise its administration after the budget is passed by Congress
List two other jobs of the OMB. Evaluates the effectiveness of bureaucratic agencies
and sets funding priorities Issues reports and recommends legislation related to
budget priorities.
Council of Economic Affairs
How many people are on the council and do they need Senate confirmation? Three, yes
What is the main job of the council? Advise the president in the preparation of economic
reports Gathers information about economic developments
and trends Recommends national economic policies that promote
free enterprise and further national employment Recommends economic legislation that would achieve
the economic goals of the administration
President’s Cabinet
How is this group part of the “unwritten Constitution”? Based on practice, precedent, and tradition even
though the Constitution does mention “executive departments”
Who began this tradition, precedent, or practice? George Washington
Do they need Senate confirmation? Yes
Who creates new cabinet positions? President requests, Congress approves
Secretaries of State, Defense, & Veterans Affairs
What is the job of the Secretary of State? Be the diplomatic representative for the president in
foreign affairs & assist in formulating foreign policy.What is the job of the Secretary of Defense?
Oversee the military and assist the president in formulating military policy
Supervises the Joint Chiefs of Staff Works in the Pentagon
What is the job of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs? He/she is responsible for all matters related to
veterans including benefits
Attorney General & Secretary of Homeland Security
What is the job/role of the Attorney General? Enforces all federal laws Heads the Department of Justice Is called the “nation’s lawyer” Works with the Solicitor General to arguing cases before the Supreme Court
What agencies are included in the Department of Justice? Civil Rights Division Drug Enforcement Administration Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives FBI U.S. Marshals Service
What is the job of the Secretary of Homeland Security? Protect the U.S. from attacks
What agencies are included in Homeland Security? Immigration and Naturalization Customs and Border Patrol Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Transportation Security Administration U.S. Coast Guard
Secretaries of Treasury and Housing & Urban Development
What is the main job of the Secretary of Treasury? Act as the principle economic advisor to the president
What is he/she responsible for? Formulating and recommending domestic and international
financial, economic, and tax policy and overall fiscal policies that have an impact on the economy.
Chairman of the President’s Economic Council Oversees the U.S. mint
What about the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development? Advises the president on matters related to housing urban
development
Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior
What’s the Secretary of Agriculture responsible for? Matters related to agriculture, farming, food, and rural development
What agencies does the Department of Agriculture include? U.S. Forest Service U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service
What else? Coordinates the Food Stamp program Works closely with nation’s farmers
What agencies are included in the Department of Interior? Bureau of Indian Affairs U.S. Geological Survey National Park Service
Secretaries of Commerce and Transportation
What’s the Secretary of Commerce mainly responsible for? Matters related to promoting economic growth, trade and the improvement
of business and industry Gathering economic and demographic data for businesses
What other agencies are a part of the Department of Commerce? National Weather Service Bureau of the Census Patent and Trademark Office
What about the Secretary of Transportation? He’s responsible for all matters related to transportation and the nation’s
infrastructure What agencies are also part of the Department of
Transportation? Federal Aviation Administration Federal Highway Administration National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Secretaries of Labor & Energy
What’s the Sec. of Labor do? He’s responsible for issues related to labor unions and
laws involving workplace issuesWhat other agencies are part of the
Department of Labor? Bureau of Labor Affairs Employees Compensation Appeals Board Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
What’s the Sec. of Energy do? He’s responsible for matters related to energy
resources including nuclear energy and energy conservation
Secretaries of Health & Human Services and Education
What’s the Sec. of H&H Services do? He’s responsible for all matters related to the health of U.S.
citizensWhat other agencies are part of H&H Services?
Administration of Aging Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Food and Drug Administration National Institutes of Health
What about the Sec. of Education? Deals with matters of national education policy Oversees No Child Left Behind Sees that all federal laws and grants dealing with education
are implemented.
State of the Union Address
Why does the President deliver this message? Article II, section 3 of the Constitution requires him to do this
How has this been delivered to Congress? Washington to Taft – written report Wilson on – speech Coolidge – since him it’s been nationally broadcast to the
American peopleWhat’s this speech do?
Outlines the president’s agenda and motivate the Congress to adopt his proposals
How does the opposition respond? They are interviewed immediately following the speech – kind
of like a rebuttal
Bully Pulpit
What’s this? Coined by Teddy Roosevelt to explain how he could
use the White House to promote his policiesHow do modern presidents use the bully
pulpit? They use the media to communicate with the people
Reagan – began Saturday morning radio broadcasts Clinton & GW Bush – held town meetings Others have spoke to special-interest groups that support
the policies they support
Line Item Veto
What is this? Gives the president the authority to selectively veto
portions of the 13 appropriations bills that are passed by Congress and make up the federal budget
When did this go into effect? With the Republican Contract with America and
signed into law by Clinton in 1996Is it still in use?
No, it was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
Executive Order & Executive Agreement
What are Executive Orders? Have the force of law and do not need congressional
approval unless appropriations are needed to carry out the order
Examples: Truman’s integration of the military Kennedy’s creation of the Peace Corps Clinton’s “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” military policy
Executive Agreements are… Agreements made with foreign countries that DO NOT
need Senate approval Example: - Trade Agreements
Executive Privilege
Why does the president use this? A power that allows the president to protect the
privacy interests of the executive branchIn what area is it mainly used?
Foreign policyWhat did Nixon, Clinton, and GW Bush try to
protect? Nixon – Watergate info Clinton – Monica Lewinsky affair GW Bush – firing of U.S. Attorneys
Signing Statements
When are these used? When he signs a bill into law
What do they do? Explain his view about the legislation
Why are they controversial? Critics say they change the intent of the law
U.S. v. Nixon
Facts: Grand jury investigating Watergate wanted the tapes
Nixon kept of all conversations in his office once they learned of them
Nixon refused to turn them over claiming executive privilege
Issue: Was executive privilege justified?
Decision: Supreme Court ruled refusal violate separation of
powers because executive privilege could be claimed in issues of national security, not general privacy
Impeachment of the President
What is impeachment? Formal charges brought by the House of Representatives
stating the President is guilty of a high crime or misdemeanor
Steps: 1. House Judiciary Committee brings articles of
impeachment to the full house 2. Whole House votes – majority “yes” means Senate
convenes and conducts the trial 3. Chief Justice of the U.S. comes over to preside
Who’s been impeached? Andrew Johnson Bill Clinton
Impeachment of Bill Clinton
Who was the Special Investigator appointed by the Attorney General? Kenneth Starr
What were the charges against Clinton? Perjury and obstruction of justice
What happened? Senate failed to convict Clinton