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1
Institutional Framework and some Recent
Reforms on Environmental Protection
toward Sustainable Development in
Vietnam
Nguyen Trung Thang PhD, ISPONRE
Hanoi, 30/6/ 2014
2
1. Vietnam Environmental Context 2014
2. Institutional Framework on EP in Vietnam
3. Some Recent Reforms
4. Lessons Learnt
Outline
3
Vietnam Context
Economy Growth
Source: General Statistic Office, 2012
4
Poverty reduced
Source: General Statistic Office, 2012
Poverty reduction in Viet Nam (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1980 1993 1998 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2011 2012
5
Industrialization speeds up
Source: General Statistic Office, 2002-2013
Increase in industrial production value and number of labour
Source: General Statistics Office, 1990-2013
Industrialization speeds up Increase of the share of industry in GDP while agriculture is decreasing
7
But the Economic Growth is Brown
with Environmental degradation:
Source: Viet Nam Environment Administration, 2012
Air pollution: TSP concentrations in big cities continously exceeded standard
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But the Economic Growth is Brown
with Environmental degradation:
Source: Viet Nam Environment State Report 2012
Surface water is polluted: BOD5 in Sai Gon River 2007-2011
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But the Economic Growth is Brown
with Environmental degradation: Biodiversity decline
Source: Viet Nam Environment
Administration, 2012
• Degradation of ecosystems (mangrove)
• Number of wild animal in the Red Book is increasing. Some of species have recently declared for disappeared
• Some alien plants and animal imported: red ear turtles, mai duong, oc buou vang…
Climate Change Impacts
• Viet Nam has been forecasted to be one of the most seriously affected countries by CC in the world
• In the past 50 years the temperature has increased 0.5-0.7oC; sea level has risen by 20cm.
• Higher rain level in raining seasons, but less rains in dry seasons
• Increasing extreme weather events in frequency and intensities (wind, typhoon, drought, flood...)
• CC scenarios to 2100: – Temperature increase 2-3oC – Sea level rise 1m
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2. Institutional Framework on
Environmental Protection in Vietnam
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Environmental Protection Laws:
Law on Environmental Protection, 2014 (1993, 2005)
Biodiversity Law, 2008
Law on Environmental Protection Tax, 2010
EP Related Sector Laws:
Landuse Law, 2013 (1993, 2003)
Water Resource Law, 2012
Law on Forest Development and Protection 2004
Law on Fisheries, 2003
Law on Saving and Efficient Use of Energy, 2010
Law on Chemicals, 2007
…….
Key EP Legislations
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Environmental Protection Policies
Pollution
Prevention
and control
Rehabilitation
of degraded
Area, improvement
of environmental
quality
Sustainable
use of natural
resources and
biodiversity
conservation
Responding
to
Climate
Change
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• Implement effectively strategic
environmental assessment (SEA) and
environmental impact assessment (EIA).
• Request production, trade and services to
control EP in their activities. Promote
cleaner production, waste audits, ISO
14000
• Promote integrated waste management with
reduce, reuse and recycle (3R). Control
illegal waste imports, and importing of
outdated technologies and equipment.
• Handle completely with seriously polluting
establishments; craft villages and
environmental hot spots.
Pollution Prevention and Control
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• Treat sites contaminated by Agent
Orange/dioxin in Da Nang, Binh Dinh, Bien
Hoa
• Treat canal, lakes contaminated by
wastewater in urban areas. Construct
wastewater treatment systems in cities.
• Improve air quality in urban areas by
promoting public transport, application of
tighter vehicle standards and usage of
clean fuels.
• Improve water supply in urban and rural
areas.
• Rehabilitating and regenerating degraded
natural ecosystems, especially coastal
mangrove forests.
Rehabilitation of degraded area,
improvement of environmental quality
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• Protect land environment from pollution, infertility and
desertification. Improve the efficiency of water resources use, and
reducing water scarcity within regions and between seasons.
• Protect and plant forest, to improve forest coverage.
• Develop and maintain the system of natural protected areas,
including marine reserves, wetlands, sea-grass beds, coral reefs
and other ecosystems.
• Develop and implement programs of wild species conservation.
Control of invasive aliens. Build a database system of genetic
resources and develop a genes bank system; conserve indigenous
knowledge on genetic sources.
• Control risks posed by genetically modified organisms (GMO) and
their products to environment and human health.
Promote sustainable use of natural
resources and conservation of biodiversity
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Promote sustainable use of natural
resources and conservation of biodiversity
Source: MARD 2013
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• Adaptation:
- Strengthening capacity on monitoring, forecasting and warning
on climate change and disasters;
- Developing infrastructure for prevention and restraint of
impacts by sea level rise and disasters;
- Mitigation of the damages from natural disasters.
• Mitigation:
- Promote energy efficiency, energy saving in all activities
- Promote development of new and renewable energy
- Protect forest and plant forest for increasing GHG sinks
- Carrying out GHG inventories, developing National Appropriate
Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), promoting carbon markets.
Strengthen capacity
in response to climate change
Institutional Arrangement on EP (1)
MONRE
Survey & Mapping
VietNam environment
Administration (VEA)
Geology and
mineral
DONRE
Div. NRE
Env Officer
Hydromeoteology
Water resource
Marine & Islands
Landuse
Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
National
Provincial
District
Commune
Institutional Arrangement on EP (2)
Inter-sectoral framework
Government
MoNRE
Env Police
MoPS MoIT MoC MOFi MARD
DOSTE DOSTE DOSTE VEA
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3. Some Recent Institutional Reforms on
Environmental Protection in Vietnam
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National Strategy for Green Growth
(NSGG)
1. Reducing
greenhouse gas
emission
intensity and
promote clean
and renewabe
energy
2. Greening production: green industry, reduction
of use of natural
resources, intensification
of eco-industries and
environmental services,
and renovation of
technologies
3. Greening lifestyles
and consumption:
Establishing
green ways of life
and sustainable
consumption
Overall Objective: Green growth, as a means to achieve a low carbon
economy and to enrich natural capital, will become the principal direction in
sustainable economic development
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• Environmental Planning: regulated by the newly adopted
revised Law on Environmental Protection 2014, including
EFZ and planning of EP facilities.
• Ecological Functional Zoning (EFZ) is to divides different
ecological zones for different development or conservation
purposes.
• EFZ should be conducted based on ecological
characteristics, resource potential and adaptation capacity
to climate change.
• The EFZ results will serve as the basis for socio-economic
development planning.
Environmental Planning and
Ecological Functional Zoning (EFZ)
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• EPR was introduced by the Law on Environmental Protection in 2005; realized by
the Prime Minister Decision 50/2013/QD-TTg dated 09/8/3013.
• Producers and importers of certain products have the responsibilities to collect
back and treat these discarded products in an environmentally friendly manner.
• The MONRE is now developing a circular for implementation of this Decision.
Realization of
Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR)
Discarded products Time to be applied EPR
Battery 2015
Electronics and electrical equipments:
- compact lamps, computers, printers, mobile phones, DVD players,
- photocopiers, TV, freezers, air conditioners
2015
2016
Chemical (Chemicals used in industrial, agricultural, aquaculture and
human medicines)
2015
Technical vehicles oil 2015
Tyres 2016
Vehicles (motorbike and automobiles) 2018
Payment for Forest Env Services (PFES) Vă
Piloted from 2008-2009 by the Decision 380/QĐ-TTg in Lâm Đồng, Sơn La. Applied nationwide from 2010 by Decree 99/2010/NĐ-CP.
Payers: Hydropower plants; Water supply companies; Tourism companies
Payee: Forest protection households, communities in the upstream area
Rate: 20 VND/kWh for hydropower plants, 40 VND/m3 for water supply companies and 1–2% of gross revenue for eco-tourism companies
Revenue: PFES in 2009-2013 is VND 2,850 billion (~ USD 140 million); of this sum, payments from hydropower plants account for nearly 98%, water companies for about 2% and tourism for 0.1%.
However, only around 45% have been paid to the households due to difficulties in defining the correct area and type of forest.
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Lessons Learnt
• Green growth/Green economy become a new growth paradigm with
economic growth together with conservation of natural capital, low
carbon development and less waste.
• Institutional reforms play an important role to create enabling
conditions to promote green growth. Participation of communities
and business sectors are very important, government play just a
triggering role.
• In some cases, to ensure success, the policy should better be
piloted first before being applied nationwide. Enforcement is a key to
bring environmental protection legislations into reality.
• Lessons learnt from other countries are very important. International
supports play a catalytic role for successful implementation.
