Institute for the Study of War: Understanding Syria's Political Opposition

8/2/2019 Institute for the Study of War: Understanding Syria's Political Opposition

1/41

NJMMDK KFX] XKH[WJ]Z WKULW] =

Kdjfgk}a LGf`z

Fuwjd 7567

xzwjfx uldj}jhfd luulxj}jlc


2/41

Ual}l Hwkmj}? Xzwjfcx uwl}kx} jc Alnx lc Ofc{fwz 78$ 7567# Ual}l hl{w}kxz lb _jfm Alnxj#

f `a kkkm# ukm ak [km xk b fnk# c ba {g n gk km{km nkm bn g nk$ kk nka$ {m` a$ km`$ bn `k kk kn$ pa{ kn p` bnak {gak#

7567 g ak j{k b ak x{m b P#

u{gakm 7567 ak [km xk b fnk g ak j{k b akx{m b P#

6=55 62a xkk cP$ x{k ;6; Pa`$ Mh 75582#

a?,,ppp#{mkm`p#`


3/41


Kdjfgk}a LGf`z

xzwjfx uldj}jhfd luulxj}jlc


4/41

FGL[] ]AK F[]ALW

Kgka lG`z wkka fc ak jc{k b ak x{mz b P$ pakk ak b{k c xzc cm k{z# xak c oc Nk,uaM `n c fg x{mk cm u xkck

@k`kpc [crkz cm pic` c mkc c pnkc ncz# u occ` jxP$

ak kkrkm ak h dc`{`k xaa {mz fg ak fnkc xa c }c`k$

N$ cm {mkm fg cm kck ak fnkc [crkz c h$ K`z# xak am

gak mk`kk c ak fg dc`{`k cm fg x{mk bn @k`kpc [crkz#

FGL[] ]AK JCX]J][]K

]a Jx}j}{} bw }a X}{mz b Pw !JXP* jx .uw}jx$ .uw}$ u{j ujz wxwa

w`j}j# JXP mrx jbwnm {mwx}mj` b njj}wz jwx }aw{à wj wxwa${km $ m k km{# jxP nnkm n` ak g kk{k n k m km knk`` ak mk akk [#x# k`gokk#

FHICLPDKM@KNKC]X

j n mkk `kb{ Oka Am b a k{`knk m `{mk a{à{ n kka#jm ik ai j Ai b a {km` {# N x{$ } Nk$ m N``kWi wm jmjxux au j mj}j`$ bwn}}j` m jj` }a wuw}# Bjz$ Jm ji }

ipkm`k _m An b a knigk a a m Kak In m Gkm lAa n#pmk#n b ak am pi {` `kak ak An k à#


5/41

KqKH[]JrK X[NNFWz ### # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # 52

JC]WLM[H]JLC ### # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # 5:

]AK XzWJFC CF]JLCFD HL[CHJD ### # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # 65

]AK XzWJFC CF]JLCFD HL[CHJD FCM ]AK BWKK XzWJFC FWNz ### # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # 60

]AK CF]JLCFD HLLWMJCF]JLC HLNNJ]]KK ### # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # 61

@WFXXWLL]X LUULXJ]JLC ### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # 75

KqKWHJXKX JC HLLWMJCF]JLC FCM HLLUKWF]JLC ### # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # 70

HLNN[CJHF]JLC " DL@JX]JHX ### # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## 71

@WFXXWLL]X LUULXJ]JLC FCM ]AK XzWJFC CF]JLCFD HL[CHJD ### # # # # # ## # # # # 7:

@WFXXWLL]X LUULXJ]JLC FCM ]AK BWKK XzWJFC FWNz ### # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # 85

GWJM@JC@ ]AK @FU? IKz CF]JLCFD BJ@[WKX ### # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # 87

HLCHD[XJLC ### # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # 8=

CL]KX ### # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # 82

NFUX " BJ@[WKX

NFU LB XzWJF ### # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # 51

XzWJFC CF]JLCFD HL[CHJD X]W[H][WK ### # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # 66

XzWJFC CF]JLCFD HL[CHJD IKz KrKC]X ### # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # 67

JCMKUKCMKC] MJXXJMKC]X ### # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## 6=

]AK N[XDJN GWL]AKWALLM #### # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # 6;

DLHFD HLLWMJCF]JC@ HLNNJ]]KKX #### # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # 60

AJKWFWHAz LB ]AK UWL]KX] NLrKNKC] ### # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # 77

JMDJG WKrLD[]JLCFWz HL[CHJD LUULXJ]JLC ### # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # 78

ALNX UWL]KX]X XKU]KNGKW.LH]LGKW 7566 ### # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # 7;

ALNX WKrLD[]JLCFWz HL[CHJD UWL]KX]X ### # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # 72

]fgdk lB hlc]kc]XNjMMdK Kfx} xKh[wj}z wKulw} = t xzwjfx uldj}jhfd luulxj}jlc t Kdj_fGK}A lGf@z t fuwjd 7567


6/41

unik n{ mkb m {mkm x $ ga kk m ak `{m$a mk mkk k b ak n m gkk k` b {# f {kb{ [#x# x a{m b{ {` gk kk fm `knk#

}a k mk mkkm bn ak mkk `{` b ak x aj wmw } jbwn }a j}w}j nn{j}zx wxux } }a j}# J} mjx}j`{jxax }p }akk m ak ` k nknk k` ak `{m x#

unik n{ nk ak {mkm` a ak n `k ak ak ak gkabn `k $ g{ ak p ak pi mk pa ak k .n{{k a ak bnkm kk#

]a iz } w}j` }jr }j uuxj}j jx j }j` }a x}jxam }j j}jxa

pa ak ` nknk#

}ak n pk.ip m pmk k`km kgakm ak xac h{ !xch*# }ak xch gkm jg{ m b{ k.`km {ngkw`j}j nuwjxm b xr mjw} x? }a N{xjn gw}awam$ }a Mnx{x Mw}j$ak c G$ ak d hm hnnkk ! kkkk b ak ` nknk*$ak I{ma G$ ak f G$ m jmkkmk#

]a Xch ax } nj`b{z ``m pj}a uuxj}j bwx$ m jx xj` wmjjj}z m j{apj}aj Xzwj x }a j} `wpx nw njj}wjm#

]a }aw xj`j} x}jxam uj}j uuxj}j j}j jx }a c}j hwmj}j hnnj}}a!chh*# }ak chh gkm Mn{ m b k`km kknk m m`{k pa akk`nk# }a k a nmk ak chh k { n` ak ` nknk#

}ak ` nknk b{ m k` kk a{à m gkpkk ak am` nnkk m k{ {# }a nknk a gknk mk$ gkk`km$ m nk akk$ mkk` k {{k#

}ak m` nnkk$ km aka }fcxjvjzzf}$ bn ak gk { b `# f ak

nknk a `p$ {g kk ak mkkkm kà { km ak k{ {} n` }a nnj}}x pj}aj xuj mjx}wj}x#

}ak k{ { k ak n ` {{k b ak ` #a}ak n`k ak k b ak v$ `k k$ m mk pa ak nkm#

}ak x wk{ @kk hnn !xw@h* ak `k ` # j kkka{à kk kk b ak k{ { m ak no b ak m`nnkk#

KqKh[}jrK x[NNfwzNjMMdK Kfx} xKh[wj}z wKulw} = t xzwjfx uldj}jhfd luulxj}jlc t Kdj_fGK}A lGf@z t fuwjd 7567

2 PPP#[CMKWX]FCMJC@PFW#LW@


7/41

0PPP#[CMKWX]FCMJC@PFW#LW@

}ak nkm kk pa ak ` m {ngk b {`ka`{ ak ap p`k pi {mk ak `{mk b ak k{ {#

}ak i b k{k nn{ kv{nk a amkkm ak ` g amk gk ak kk gk{k ak `knk k ak kpakn` n$i m {k `kk ` kk#

}ak kgakm {a ak xch ak {km b .fmab{{k m ak kkkm n { bn ak k nn{$ k ak i ` kpim { k`n mk x# l ak ak am$ ak ` a `kmak { b ak kk$ g{ i m {km b ak g b k{#

}ak [km xk n{ mk m` gn.{ k` a mk gkk { aka ` nknk k` pa x# }a k mkk` gkk k pa kknkb ak ` nknk m pi` pa ik mm{ pa ak mkk kpi b {kpa x g{ n k ak xch ak chh#

f gn.{ k` p{m mk k{k b [#x# { a k ga m a `{ m k{`k ak knk`kk b k`nk kmka#

KqKh[}jrK x[NNfwzNjMMdK Kfx} xKh[wj}z wKulw} = t xzwjfx uldj}jhfd luulxj}jlc t Kdj_fGK}A lGf@z t fuwjd 7567


8/41

NFU 6 t XzWJF


9/41

:PPP#[CMKWX]FCMJC@PFW#LW@

j lgk 7566$ `{ b n kkmx mmk àkkm `kak jg{

kga ak x c h{ !xch*

kn g` `kak ak mk `{# xk bn$ ak

xch a knkm b{ `knk kk$ n ak c

]wxj}j h{j j djz# Jà}j` ax

`{km ak {$ apkk$ m knmkk mmkm# Pkk pk ak gkk p

b b{ k`` ak ` gk{k b

akk m pa ak xch# ckkakk$}a xr}z {}wjx } }a fuwj 7567 Bwjmx

b x x{nn$ ` b ak kkm ap

{ b ak x $ k`kmak xch k`nk kkkk m

ak n k{ pa akk nn{ knk a bk

o{ a b b{ k`#

]a Xch ax }$ aprw$ {jm Xzwjx

# f ak [#x# m akBwjmx b Xzwj }jx wnj bw{x}w}m z

ak xch g {k$ ak km kp

ak ` ak bk b ak x{` . k` ak n nk

b ak `km# uk {k

mk ak k{ mk x$ ak a akxch# }a km a bnkm

`km nknk a m aà kkb k` m `# j nk

ak kk b n$ mk k

m k` kk$ m ak mkkkm

xzwjfx uldj}jhfd luulxj}jlcG Kgka lG`


l Na 6;$ 7566$ kmk b n {ak x i ak kk k ak}w}{w b x}{m}x pa am u{} {u }j.`rwn} `w}j# Bpj` }a `rwn}xak.amkm kk$ mkn v{i km n{a b ak {$ paa km {uwjxj` }a} ax x}m bw nw }a zw# fx }a j} j Xzwj mux$ px}w upwx i kkm ak { ak x kk# zk$ a { a b a`km ak knk`kkb {km k`gk bk b nik pi pa#

b{` {{k# Apkk$ ak

nknk a knkm km gk{k fma mkkm ak k nn{k m {k

{mk kmka#unik n{ gkk mkb m {mkm

x $ ga kk m

ak `{m$ mk mkk k bak n m gkk k` b {# }a

k kn k ak mkk `{`b ak x mk

bn ak k nn{ kk

} }a j}# f nw {m {mwx}mj`b ak nk {{k ak

fnk nik m ak knn{ b k ak ak`kb mkk` gk kk ak

fxxm w`jn# J }a x b xj` {jm$ nik a{m {mkm

ap kknk kk p a

ak {km ak x k{ b nka k# [mkm` akk {{k

p akm à gk b

mkkk` { p a ak ak xkk m nknk ak b ak

m` ak k{ ` fm#

]a wx} ab b }ajx wuw} pj b{x }a

kgakm `{$ akxch m ak c hm` hnnkk

!chh*# }ak gk ip `{$ ak

xch$ b n kkm mmk#}ak xch a kb{km k`k pa ak x

`knk m a km b fm nnkmk


10/41


NjMMdK Kfx} xKh[wj}z wKulw} = t xzwjfx uldj}jhfd luulxj}jlc t Kdj_fGK}A lGf@z t fuwjd 7567

l l}w 7$ 7566$ `w{u b }jrjx}x jz{km ak k b ak xch bn jg{#

dkm g G{a @a{$ u.gkm x

k$ ak { nkm b kkn ? ak Mn{ Mk ak

N{xjn gw}awam$ c}j Bj`{wx,c}jG$ ak I{ma G$ ak f Mknlw`j}j$ jmum} `{wx$ m

nkngk b ak d hm` hnnkkkkk` ak ` #

}ak xch ` ak km a ak {p b{mkm kk ak {`k kkm b

bnkpi b ak k{ pi

gk` mk ak {m m a p g{m mkn$ {$ m k#7

}ak { ak {km akm{{k gkm 705.nkngk @kk

fkng {mk ak kmka b kà.nkngk Kk{k hnnkk m pk.k.

nkngk @kk xkk$ ga akm g ak

xch kmk# }ak ngkm k b akk pkmka gmk kkk ak kk

` ak g b ak bp` mg{ bk?

x k b ak d hma

hnnkk

Bjr x}x bw }a N{xjn gw}awama

B{w x}x bw }a Mnx{x Mw}ja

B{w x}x bw }a c}j ga

B{w x}x bw }a I{wmjxa ga

B{w x}x bw }a Jmum}xa

lk k b ak f Ga

}a{à a {{k p n{`km ak

ak$ mk ak { a k

bpkm a {k# f b f 7567$ ak @kkXw}wj} am }ajw}z.}p jm}jm nnwx?

jà} c}j g$ xjq Jmum}x$ rMnx{x Mw}j$ r N{xjn gw}awam$

b{ d hm hnnkk$ p I{ma

G$ m p f G# }ak Kk{k

k`# l ak ak am$ ak chh

k ` a a nkm

k` bn ak x `knk# }a{$ak chh { k` m a {``kkm

p b kbn pa ak {k

kn#

}ak km ab b a k p mk ak` nknk# j p ap

ap pi` nnkk ak

ngkm m mkkkm {{kgkm aka b nnkk$ {$

m nn# }a{à ak k mkkkmm kk `k kk$ ak

a mkm aà mk`kk b ` m

mkknk$ n x nkm

#

]AK XzWJFC CF]JLCFD HL[CHJD

Hafw}kw$ X}w{h}{wk$ fcm Hafddkc`kx

}ak xch k gk ak n gk

` b k pa k fm pipa b {ngk b k# N xch nkngk

k pk.km{km$ Pkk.kkm kk$

k{ kkm g ak k`nk b fm m a

bak m{` ak kk b gk`` ak k 6:15# j akmv{kkm Jx}{ m nj}jx x}j} x j jà}

}aw {}wjx$ j{mj` Bw$ k`m$ }a

[km xk$ m K`# }a kkkk a pkm ak `

ak n x `{ ak

`g `k# xch kkkk ak {kmk nn{ ak$ mkm kgk

k nkngk$ m kgakm m k

pj}a jnuw}} j}w}j `{wx# Nwrw$n b ak xch nkngk k pk.ip

uuxj}j `{wx pa ar ` uj}jzk$ k` k{ kgakm

mmk m{` ak {k b ak k7555 ip ak Mn{ x`#6 }a{ ak

kmk b nkngk `k ak ` mk`kk b kmg$ paa g{km ak

{ ak xch kokm n` ak xkk k#


11/41



m ak Kk{k hnnkk k.{{km km nk nik nk kkkk#

}a k {k {mkp m ak xch

gk` pi` kk kp ak b akgk`` b f#

}ak xch a {ngk b g{k{$ {m`

jk wk$ Nkm m u{gW}jx$ Njj}wz fjwx$ m Bjm knj fjwx# J njm.Nwa 7567$

{km ak bn b ak x

G{k h{ !xGh*$ paa n mk {m { ak x

k{ g ak` kg{m x mj `w{mx# ] ajr }ajx `$ }a

xGh p { k m k {$

k{`k knk$ m kki mkknka gk {km bk ak b b fm#8

Mkk ak kkn` ak a akm

` {{k {``k$ ak xch wjb pj}a j}w mjrjxj# ]a xr mjw}

a bn ak xch k bk mm

pa k ak$ m ak ak bkm mk {jm rjxj# h{j nnwx u{jz

m`kk k {ngk b ik {k$ {

k pakak m ap { x nkm

hnnj}} am z xjq jm}jm nnwx?p c G$ k Mn{ Mk$

k N{n Gakam$ k I{ma G$m fxxzwj g# Aprw$ j} jx mj{} }

k ak k {ngk b k gk` akm

ak @kk xkk m Kk{k hnnkk nk nkngk$ kk ak km pa

ak ` nknk m ak .ak.`{m$ k ik n{ kak mk bn `knk kk{#

fmm$ ak m gkpkk akp gmk g{ n b ak { n

nk nkngk ga ak @kk

xkk m ak Kk{k hnnkk$ paaxipx }a mjx}wj{}j b x}x# Bjz$ @aj{

m ak pa kk ak Kk{k hnnkk

ak k{{km ak mg{ b pk

b b ak Kk{k hnnkk#}a{$ b nm.Na$ ak { {{k

am mjrw`m xj`j}z bwn j}x wj`j

aw}w# ]ajx ax {xm j} pj}a }awxch nkngk pa kp ak k.{{`

kn g @a{ mk pk# M{`

}a Nwa 71 Xch n}j`$ r b}jx pj}ajak { g {kmkm ak

ak { { kp ak a gkk mbkm

Xzwjfc Cf}jlcfd

Hl{chjd

Mfnfxh{x

Mkhdfwf}jlc

N{xdjn

Gwl}akwallm

Cf}jlcfd

Gdlh

I{wmjxa

Gdlh

Fxxzwjfc

Mknlhwf}jhJcmkukcmkc}x

Dlhfd

Hllwmjcf}jc`

Hlnnj}}kkxNjclwj}jkx

Xkh{dfw

Mjxxjmkc}x

Fddlhf}km? ;

Fh}{fd? 2

Fddlhf}km? =Fh}{fd? 2 Fddlhf}km? =Fh}{fd? 62 Fddlhf}km? =Fh}{fd? 7 Fddlhf}km? =Fh}{fd? 8 Fddlhf}km? 6Fh}{fd? 8

Fddlhf}km? 2

Fh}{fd? =

BJ@[WK 6 t XzWJFC CF]JLCFD HL[CHJD X]W[H][WK


12/41



nkngk k{ ak {$ {m`

In .dgp m Aan .Nka$ ak

wjj}j px xaw}.jrm m wip knkkm a akkbk#

l Na 6=$ ga dgp m Nka{km ak k` ` pa p

ak n mkkmk$ Pm .G{m h}awj f}j# Bw{x}w}m pj}a }a i

# f {ngk b n {km k 7567 a g{à à n

b }ax j}w mjx`wn}x# l Bw{wz 77$pk xch nkngk pa mkm pi`

pa ak nkm gik p bn ak

{ m bnkm g km akc ha`k Nknk# unk

fnn .V{g km akn#= fa{à ak xchp gk bkp b ak nk nk

72 FUW 7566 ]ak bjwx} u{gdjh nkk}jc` lb nkngkwx lb }ak Xzwjfc luulxj}jlc jxakdm jc Jx}fcg{d#

7: FUW 7566 6;5 ukludk xj`c f ckp cf}jlcfd jcj}jf}jrk blw mknlhwf}jh hafc`k$hwkf}jc` }ak Xzwjfc Cf}jlcfd Hlfdj}jlc blw Hafc`k# ]ajx jx }ak bjwx}f}}knu} }l kx}fgdjxa fc lw`fcjkm kq}kwcfd dkfmkwxaju blw }akXzwjfc {uwjxjc`#

7 O[C 7566 ]ak Xzwjfc Cf}jlcfd Hlfdj}jlc blw Hafc`k hlnkx }l`k}akw pj}al}akw kdknkc}x lb }ak Xzwjfc luulxj}jlc f} f hlcbkwkchk jcFc}fdzf$ ]{wikz# ]ak hlcbkwkchk jx f}}kcmkm gz djgkwfd$uwl.Pkx}kwc kdknkc}x$ N{xdjn Gwl}akwallm wkuwkxkc}f}jrkx$

Fxxzwjfc fcm I{wmjxa njclwj}jkx#

62 O[D 7566 8;5 mjxxjmkc}x `f}akw blw }ak Cf}jlcfd Xfdrf}jlc Hlc`wkxxnkk}jc` akdm jc Jx}fcg{d#

78 F[@ 7566 Fcl}akw luulxj}jlc hlcbkwkchk jx akdm jc Jx}fcg{d dkfmjc` }l }ak

blwnf}jlc lb }ak Xzwjfc Cf}jlcfd ]wfcxj}jlcfd Hl{chjd }l wkuwkxkc}}ak hlchkwcx fcm mknfcmx lb }ak Xzwjfc ukludk#

7 XKU] 7566 G{wafc @afdjl{c jx cfnkm Uwkxjmkc} lb }ak Xzwjfc Cf}jlcfd]wfcxj}jlcfd Hl{chjd#

7 LH] 7566 G{jdmjc` lc }ak bl{cmf}jlc lb }ak ]wfcxj}jlcfd Hl{chjd$ fhlnuwkakcxjrk luulxj}jlc hl{chjd jx fccl{chkm# ]ak XzwjfcCf}jlcfd Hl{chjd !XCH* blwnfddz mkhdfwkx j}x lw`fcjf}jlcfdfbbjdjf}jlcx fcm x}w{h}{wk }l jchd{mk f @kckwfd Fxxkngdz$ f@kckwfd Xkhwk}fwjf} fcm fc Kqkh{}jrk Hlnnj}}kk#

: OFC 7567 ]ak XCH @kckwfd Xkhwk}fwjf} nkk}x jc Jx}fcg{d }l kq}kcm

@afdjl{cx uwkxjmkchz#

: BKG 7567 Nkngkwx lb }ak XCH Kqkh{}jrk Hlnnj}}kk nkk} jc Mlaf$ Vf}fw#

72 BKG 7567 ]pkc}z uwlnjckc} nkngkwx lb }ak XCH blwn f xudjc}kw `wl{uhfddkm }ak Xzwjfc Uf}wjl}jh @wl{u$ dkm gz Afz}afn fd.Nfdka fcmIfnfd Dfgpfcj# ]akz wkoljc }ak XCH xalw}dz fb}kw#

68 NFW 7567 Bl{w uwlnjckc} nkngkwx wkxj`c jchd{mjc` Afz}afn fd.Nfdka$Ifnfd fd.Dfgpfcj$ Hf}akwjck F}fddj$ fcm Pfdjm fd.G{ccj#

71 NFW 7567 XCH @kckwfd Fxxkngdz nkk}jc` jx akdm jc Jx}fcg{d#

XZWJFC CF]JLCFD HL[CHJD IKZ KRKC]X


13/41



mkn kbn#1 f k{$ ak gknk pk.

ip b Abk .fm$ ak bak b

{k ukmk Ga .fm# Mkk ak{ b a a{à$ @a{

a{km m km b{km

a kk{ {{ bp` fm g{kk b ak 6:15#

Ak mm k{ ak kk {k 7555 m{` ak Mn{ x` pak

ak k{nkm a b mkn kbn# Ak

`km ak Mn{ Mk 755; ma gkk k kk k#

@a{ a k{km ak kkm b mkn

kbn$ ` a kk#: Akgkkk fg kmk bkm g{m nmk k

{kb{ knk$ km {` akk kkm pk {{k# Aka {`km ak x kk {k {m ak

mknm b mkn m k k{$mkn knk b .fm x#65

fa{à ak gk m {k$@a{ kmka a` g{ {km#

N x bkk a{à @a{$ u.gkm kk{$ a {a pa ak ak

`{m# @a{ a km gk nk kk$

a`` ak { k mk `kk{ ga m kgk k`

x# Ak a gkk {km b gk` {k

b ak N{n Gakam# }a a pkikkm@a{ {k m {km n k{

m kb.k` nkngk pa ak n gknk n`km g nk

k`{ nk pa ak `#

Mkk akk {$ @a{ a knkmnnkm k{ `km#

Pa }a Xch px wx} w}m$ }a {jxkmka p aà kkm m

xuwim w m}x# [}jn}z$ }a nwjn nkngk b ak { akkm

kga @a{ kmk g{ nkm a

k{k akk na# zk O{ 7567$a kmk p kkpkm# }ak {nk

{{m` a kmk m ak kkgkam kkp kn g{k$ m akk ak

b k m ` ak xch$

dgp nkm a ak xch gk bkkk` ak b ak x kk

nk a ak kkk k`nk nn`nk n#; Bwnw o{m` m `.

m` mmk Nka kakm a n# jak k`km bn ak xch gk{k akk

b a ak `{ m b kpa ak na à p# z{ p

kk n nk k` $ ak m#2

Nax nn} w}x }a {x {ww}z b}

n` xch nkngk m {``k pk {``k {mkp pa ak xch# N nkngk

nkm g{ ak i b k ak Kk{k hnnkk pi bp`

`wm{ wx}w{}{wj` }a} `r xj`j} nwpk @a{ m n `{ b a kpa ak {# N p a k{{`

@a{ kn mk pk#

ukk k ` g{ ak kk{k gm# Pkm ip pa m`$ m k

ap ak k km` ak nk gk` `k akn$ mkkmk xn xapb m# 0

@k ak n` kk b n b nk nkngk$ nk {k a

akk a gkk {``k k kmkak# j mk gkk {mkm ak `` {``k m m pa i$

kk ik k i ak g abn ak xch# }akk b ak kk g nk bn

akm gi`{m m am n

kp$ a{ akk kk g gk ngkm b{ n `{`? kgakm mmk$

n k$ ak N{n Gakam$ m akd hm hnnkk kkkk#

G{wafc @afdjl{c

xch kmk G{a @a{ x k pa kak ` ak

xgk u# f k{ x{$ @a{

a ankm mkn k ak 6:05# j nak ak {gakm km f Nbk b

Mkn$ @a{ `{km a k pk ak fg pm am gknk ak kkn b k

m km b ak nnkmk nknk b


14/41

6= PPP#[CMKWX]FCMJC@PFW#LW@


gkk {nk{ ak`k a kmka# }akk k b a kmka gk$ apkk$

p gk pakak ak gk kga

nk k ak ak {m m pmk k`n n` m k

ak nknk#

Kx}fgdjxakm Mjxxjmkc}x? Mfnfxh{x Mkhdfwf}jlc$ Cf}jlcfd Gdlh" Jcmkukcmkc}x

Mfnfxh{x Mkhdfwf}jlc

N b ak k{ mmk pa ak xch

ak ak b n m{` ak km bkk m mkgk x a

` x b}w }a m}a b Uwxjm} A .

fm O{k 7555# M{` a nk$ `{b ik.nmkm gk` `` b{n

m{ b nk m gmk jxx{x# Bwn }a u}bwn b }a p bw{nx$

ip n{c}fmf} fg$ akk

ngkm {m {ngk b mknmm k {akm b kbn# }ak

kkkm ak mknm ak xkkngk 7555

X}}n} b ::$ }a wx} u{j njbx}}jb x ` k nknk bp`

ak mka b Abk .fm O{k 7555# }a`km ak b ak k a gknk ip

x }a Mnx{x Xuwj`$ }a }x b paja

p{m kkgkk a{à{ ak bp` k

mkk n` b kk a k{km ak {k b ak b{n m ak nnk

b ak no b `k m #

J } l}w 755;$ Xzwj uuxj}j `{wx

{km knk b { ip kk ak Mn{ Mk# Pk g nk

mmk Nak I$ ak mk km

ak x `knk gk` {a$$ m v{a m km b

kkb{$ `m{$ kbn b{mkm m

m gkm m`{k m k`#66 Nka 7;5 b ak n pk.ip m n

uuxj}j `{wx j Xzwj xj`m }ajx m{n}$

m ak { b ak N{n Gakamm ak {$ {a ak I{ma

Mkn fk m ak fg

c Mkn w#

Cf}jlcfd Gdlh

}ak c G knk gm `{

b mmk pa km ak O{ 7566àk` b x mmk jg{$

}{ik# l`$ ak km a àk` akc x h`k$ m p mkmkm

`k k{$ `km# j nkngk

k n k{ m km nk bn kkx bnk# Apkk$ ak g mk {mk

]ak nfolw gdlhx }af} nfik {u }ak hlddkh}jlc lb jcmkukcmkc} mjxxjmkc} `wl{ux pj}ajc }ajx `wl{ujc`

fwk nlx}dz dlc`.}kwn kquf}wjf}k gdlhx?

Cf}jlcfd Gdlh

]ajx `wl{ujc` lb kqjdkm mjxxjmkc}x mkwjrk lwj`jcfddz bwln jcmjrjm{fdx pal dkb} Xzwjf fb}kw }ak Gff}aUfw}z hl{u lb 6:2= fcm Afbk fd.Fxxfmx x{gxkv{kc} hlcxldjmf}jlc lb ulpkw pj}ajc Xzwjf#

Mfnfxh{x Mkhdfwf}jlc

]ajx `wl{u mkwjrkx bwln }ak mknlhwf}jh fh}jrjx}x pal pkwk kqjdkm bwln Xzwjf xalw}dz fb}kw Gfxafw

fd.Fxxfmx fxhkcxjlc fcm hlcxldjmf}jlc lb ulpkw jc 7556,755;#

Jcmkukcmkc}x

Nfcz lb }ak ikz jcmjrjm{fdx pal nfik {u }ajx `wl{ujc` afrk afm f xafiz wkdf}jlcxaju pj}a }ak XCH

lrkw jxx{kx lb alp }l x{uulw} }ak luulxj}jlc jc Xzwjf$ jc nfcz hfxkx gwkfijc` pj}a }ak hl{chjd#

Xlnk lb }akxk jcmjrjm{fdx afrk jnuwkxxjrk ck}plwix pj}ajc Xzwjf fcm afrk nfjc}fjckm f mk`wkk lb

dk`j}jnfhz pj}ajc }ak uwl}kx} nlrknkc} cl} xafwkm gz }ak gwlfmkw hl{chjd#

JCMKUKCMKC] MJXXJMKC]X


15/41

6;PPP#[CMKWX]FCMJC@PFW#LW@


Apkk$ f nik { k a 5#6 kk

b ak { x$ m

ak x ha b Mkn kknk nkm n` a n #6=

Gk{k ak I{ma m f nkngk

ak xch kkk ak n n{$ ak xch a kkm kkkk# }ak xch kk ak nk

b ` ak ` .k

m {k b nk mk gk kk { kkkk# Apkk$ a bkm

{mk nkngk b ak no x k$

{m` ak fpk$ M{k$ jnk$ m}{ink$ m a nkm n{ b

ha {# xk ak xch a bkm

nk`b{ bn akk iknk$ {ik a ak ` p

gk gk ` pmk k kkk#

]ak N{xdjn Gwl}akwallm

f ik kknk pa ak xch ak N{n

Gakam# N x$ kk nk b ak

xch p nkngk$ ak {km ak {b gk` b b ak Gakam gk{k

b ak nkk b N{n Gakam

nkngk ak { m ak kk paaakk nkngk ak b{mkm ak `#

dgp {km N{n Gakam nkngkpa ak { b n` b{m`

m n { m m ak pkk kk`

{ngk b nk jn m mkkmk

}aw}x# f x}w` jm}j}j pj}a Xzwj

n {k ak mkk$ k `km$ m {k {a b kbn

gkm `km#

Njclwj}z Xkh}x? I{wmx " Fxxzwjfcx

}ak I{m ak gkk mmkm ak kk

ak x {` m ak a akxch# f k$ ak xch am pk.

r I{wmjxa nnwx bwn }aw b }a now

I{wmjxa uw}jx$ }a I{wmjxa B{}{w Nrn}$ak I{ma [ u x$ m ak

I{ma fm u# Apkk$ O{ 7567$ak I{ma [ u x m ak I{ma

fm u pamkp bn ak xch$ k`

kkkk bn ak n I{maB{}{w Nrn}# fx wx{}$ j}aw b }a }p

no x I{ma k pkk kkkkm

ak xch b f 7567$ m ak nnk I{ma nkngk a m ak k

k mkkmk m k kkkk bak no I{ma km#67

}ak f nkngk ak xch a bn ak

x ha b Mkn $ `{

bnkm k Mkkngk 7566 kk akXzwj {uwjxj`# J j}x wx} x}}n}$ }a `w{u

kkkm na b ak x kk mkm a p bnkm {

ak x m b{k ak {`#68

]AK N[XDJN GWL]AKWALLM

]ak dkfmkwxaju lb }ak Xzwjfc N{xdjn Gwl}akwallm afx gkkc djrjc` jc kqjdk xjchk 6:18$ fcm j} jx

{chdkfw alp mkrkdlukm }akjw ck}plwix lc }ak `wl{cm fwk9 alpkrkw$ }ajx `wl{u jx }ak nlx} {cjbjkm

fcm gkx} b{cmkm pj}ajc }ak XCH$ pajha afx `jrkc j} f `wkf} mkfd lb dkrkwf`k pj}ajc }ak hl{chjd#

N{afnnfm Wjfm fd.Xafvbf

Dkfmkw lb }ak Xzwjfc N{xdjn Gwl}akwallm# Ak afx wkukf}kmdz mkcjkm }ak N{xdjn Gwl}akwallmx

jcbd{kchk jc }ak XCH fcm afx xfjm }af} }ak fd}kwcf}jrk }l Fxxfm jx f ud{wfdjx}jh$ mknlhwf}jh

fcm hjrjdjfc wk`jnk#

Bfwl{v ]fzb{w

]ak mku{}z dkfmkw lb }ak Xzwjfc N{xdjn Gwl}akwallm# Ak afx gkkc nlx} jcrldrkm pj}a }ak XCH

fcm kqkw}x f `wkf} mkfd lb jcbd{kchk jc }ak hl{chjd#


16/41



ak { k`k mk# 6; faknk mkkmk { nkngk$ Pm

.G{$ km ak k`k k b ak

N{n Gakam pak ak kkm aNa 7567 k`# }ak Gakam

i ak pak {# Pk gknk ik k$ak m#62 wk`mk b pakak ak N{n

gw}awam qwjxx }jr }w rw }axch$ a kk n ak `

j{ j Xzwj m wjxx w n` }a

{ Pkk k#

}ak x N{n Gakam mk ak

mkk kpi { mk x$ m k gk k pki m{k `

a b kk{# }ak x Ga u

{pkm ak N{n Gakam abk k` pk 6:28# }ak Gakam

{km k$ apkk$ m ngkm{ b ak ` k# Gk``

6:0:$ ak N{n Gakam km kgk

`jx} Ab .fxxm$ paja }a w`jn zv{kkm pa ak An Nk b 6:17# xk

}a$ }a fxxm w`jn ax }jrz x{uuwxxmak Gakam x$ b` kmk

kk# }a kpi b k`nk k$ `

kk k ak 6:15$ nik { ak N{nGakam g pa ak xch# }ak `

gkk bn x m ak fm k`nk

`m n` ` akn ak k ak i b { m bk n x

bkk pm ak Gakam#

N nkm kmk ak ak gkkb

a ak xch b b ak Gakam$paa ak k ak i b k

pa ak xch# j kkp }nk N`k

kk m{km k ak }{ia gmk$kgk ikm g{ gk` p a ak N{n

Gakam p k ak k{60

a{à ak xch# lk kgk pa km ak 6:02 6:17 x {` km a gkkb

a ak Gakam gkkm ak {` akx k`nk# Ak m ak N{n Gakam

{` ak k{ pkik`$ m

ak p mk bk` i#61 fakkgk m$ jb j kk k b ak nk ak

{ bk ak k{ { m n k$ j pk j p i an#6:

}a{à @a{ a mkkm akk k`$bnk x N{n Gakam kmk f

xm .M G{ {knk gk{ a ak N{n Gakam kk

xjmw j{ pj}aj }a Xch# J

mk km z{}{gk$ G{ mnkmak Gakam nkm @a{ {

kmk nkk b# G{ kkm

a @a{ n p nk `pmk k k m kk ak

x k`nk bn mk` jn { ak {# Pk mm p ak x

k`nk ik m`k b ak b a jn

k km` ak xch$ ak m ak mk#75

fa{à ga dm.gkm Gakam

ikn _{a xkn m ak Gakamh{ nkngk mkkm a mk k$ ak

{knk a km m{g m {n` ak g pa ak xch#

Pak ak N{n Gakam nà ak kkk kpi x$ mk n

rx} }pwi wm m jx j{}j j }a

xch# } mk$ ak Gakam bn ak n

akk g pa ak {$ paaa pkm k m nàk ak g m mk {a#

B{w}awnw$ j} ax xx } b{mx }aw{à ajà.

kk k ak k` g{ m{` k kk m pkb{ kpi b {k

.a @{b {k# N{a b ak xchb{m` nk bn akk k$ k{`

ak Gakam n b {

x m wx{wx#

Dlhfd Hllwmjcf}jc` Hlnnj}}kkx !DHH*

dhh {ngk kn a kbk

ak .kk m` nnkk# }akk

`{m.kk `{ k mx}w{}{w m uw} pj}a mjw} uj}jx

m j mjw} j}jx }aw{à{} Xzwj# Pa

ak kn dhh {km ak k b ak xch$ kbk k b nk 675


17/41



nkm kn ` `kk`{m { m ak n

b }a j}# J j}x wx} rw} } b x{uuw}

b ak nkm $ @a{ {km}a Xch pj uz qm xwjx } wx$

xmjwx$ m }aw nnwx b }a Bw Xzwj

fn$ ak {ngk ` {mk paa ak

wnm uuxj}j jx xz j}m# Aprw$a }m }a} }ajx j` pj } {xm }mk pk ak kgk#77

Mkk a kk aknk$ ak

w}jxaju }p Xch m }a BXf ax

gkk n `# u ak Na 71{ nkk`$ @a{ am km a x

p p m kkm b nkm

kk fm k# f k{$ ak}p w`j}jx ar mjwm mwx}jz j

`n m $ km mkkmk b kaak$ m ikm m m k#

Aprw$ bpj` Bw{wzx }aw.pigngmnk b An m {gkv{k `{m

xjr j g fnw$ @aj{ wjm

a kk g{ nkm kk paak kpb{m k x#78 j kbkkk u Na 6$ @a{

{km ak bn b n m

g{k{ kkk$ `k$ m {b ak nkm$ ` p gk ik mkbkk

n#7= @a{ km a ak mk bn ak g{k{ nk bk m{ pa

ajx {}wuw}x j }a BXf m }a} }a am

`wm j} px xxwz bw }a Xch } au m}ajw YBXf^ njxxjx#7; zk pa a{ b ak

uwxx bw BXf mw h Wjm fxmmkkm a knk ak bn b ak

n g{k{# j ak wk{k bn

nk m` nnkk a

km`km ak { ak xch k#

j {k ap pakak ak dhh nkngk ak xch kkk ak nk kpi b

nnkk ak `{m# N dhhkkkk nk ak gkk kkkm m{k

k{ k$ g{ ak nkngk pa ak

jm}jm ar b{w x}x j }a @wxkk#

wk`mk b pakak ak dhh nkngk kk`nk kkkk b ak `

nnkk$ ak ak bnkm }jr uj}j pj}aj }a Xch#

B{w}awnw$ uuwqjn}z 855 b }a

m` nnkk ak km`km ak{ ak xch# }akkbk$ ak k kkkm

b dhh nkngk ak akkm ak mkkm

} b }j` }a Xch } }a mnx}w}wx x#

]AK XzWJFC CF]JLCFD HL[CHJD FCM ]AK BWKK

XzWJFC FWNz

}ak mkgk n` xch nkngk k pakak} x{uuw} wnm wxjx} m ap } m }a

{ ka pa ak nkm

a gknk ak n mk {k pa akxch# N $ kk ak ak

`{m$ ak km b `kk { akwnm uuxj}j x }a j} ax n nw

rj}# J } Bw{wz 7567$ Xch nnw

pa kv{kkm n m a {`a k`ankngk b ak { pkk ` mkbk

mk bn kp nknk

b{ n` ak kgk m {` nkmkk#76 f b f 7567$ @a{ kkm gk ab` ak { pm ak

DLHFD HLLWMJCF]JC@ HLNNJ]]KKX

]ak xkf}x mkxj`cf}km blw }ak dlhfd hllwmjcf}jc` hlnnj}}kkx mkwjrk bwln f hlddkh}jlc lb 675 `wl{ux

lw`fcjjc` uwl}kx}x lc }ak `wl{cm jc Xzwjf$ pal wkhl`cjkm }ak XCH jc Lh}lgkw 7566#

Alpkrkw$ }akxk xkf}x fhhl{c} blw lcdz f xnfdd ulw}jlc lb Xzwjfx `wl{cm.dkrkd uwl}kx} `wl{ux

fcm mlkx cl} jchlwulwf}k jcu{} bwln }ak Wkrld{}jlcfwz Hl{chjdx# B{w}akwnlwk$ }ak dkrkd lb

jcbd{kchk }akxk `wl{ux afrk pj}ajc }ak hl{chjd afx gkkc djnj}km gz }ak bfh} }af} }akjw dkfmkwxaju

wknfjcx lc }ak `wl{cm fcm hfccl} ufw}jhjuf}k jc nkk}jc`x akdm jc Jx}fcg{d fcm Ufwjx#


18/41



}{ik$ fm m$ G{a @a{ nmk ak.mkm {knk# j mm ip g{

j}# P pj } m pj}a Y}a njj}wz {w{^ }

gk{k pk m ip n k`k#72

}ak bn b ak n { kkk

ak k b nk{k` @a{kkm k 7567 mk k`

k`k# A gkkm k` b ak nkmkgk kkkkm gm ` { bn ak

k `{ g ` ak

BXf wx uu{wj}z n` j}j# Aprw$n x pkk ik g{ a k

gkam k` n g{k{# lk x

pa jnm } ar b{`a} pj}a BXf wx j }a{mk k jmg `{km a @a{ p

` gk ak ik hk wm fm#70fak x nnkkm a p

kn ` pk m mnknk` kknk m knakm @a{

kkm `k kmk b ak ``

akm ak #71 @a{ kgakm a

n { ak nk nk a ak xch p

xuj}wj` j w} } w.xxw} ajx uxj}j ak bkb b ak # wk`mk b

@a k$ a gm {k ak i b

}a uuxj}j am } z} x{mm$ x }a BXfm xch ak k ap ` b k

f 7567#

Hafddkc`k lb Dk`j}jnfhz

}ak xch k`n ak `{m a mkkm

ak m pa ak { gknk nkg{# Pk kk gkk bn x

pakkk ak xch nkkm$ pk

o{wjx} Aj @ammw j } Bw{wz 7567#7:

}ak xch a gkk p {k$ a

k nk`b{ k``k pa bwx$ m j} jx xj` wmjjj}z m j{

}a w{m x }a j} wpx nw njj}wjm#

f bn fa$ jmg k m akxch p {a pa ak x kk$

m ak bn kg xvg nkm am gmkm ak kk#85 lk nkngk b

ak wk{ h{ b An k{

km a ak xch p gkk a fm#86Nkpak$ kk {ngk b k 7567

mkn akm Mn{ m ak k

a{`a{ x akm$ Mp pa fm$mp pa @a{#87 }akk knk k

km$ g{ ak k kkkk b km{nk pa ak xch#

N x ak kkkm `p` bk axch nkngk k g{ nk` b pk

m j{ pj}aj }ajw p w`j}j

b{ ak` kk mk x# j ` ak$ ak xch km a ak {

kmk p{m gk gkm ` akk.na kn$ m kk n

ak mkn {k b ak {#88 zk$

pa} px w`{z j}x wx} }x} b }ajx mnw}j{k$ ak xch kkmkm @a{ kmk

O{ 7567#8= }a k k`k nk`k mkn ` b mkn {k$

pa p kmkk a ak xch kn` . ak k{ m kga p

{a x#

]AK CF]JLCFD HLLWMJCF]JLC HLNNJ]]KK

}ak c hm hnnkk !chh*$

nn km bn fg akc hm Gm$ ak km

n pmk k`km x

`# dik ak xch$ ak chh b `{# [ik ak

kk xch$ ak chh akmv{k

Mn{ m ak no b k kgkm x# }ak chh p kgakm nm.

xkkngk 7566$ m nmkk A fgmk fn km ak `# }a

k g b akkmjw} `w{ux j{mj` z{}a w`j}jx$akk I{ma k$ m {ngk b

mkkmk #

}ak c hm hnnkk b

Mkn ha`k {gk b ak chh mbn ak n g pa ak `# }ak

p ak gknk `k n{$ m nkm


19/41

6:PPP#[CMKWX]FCMJC@PFW#LW@


pk gk n` ak `kk {$ m

j} jx iu} jr w`z }aw{à }a w}x b j}x

jnuw}} Uwjx.xm amm z j{}jmmk Aan N#80

]ak Cf}jlcfd Hllwmjcf}jlc Hlnnj}}kk fcm Xzwjfc Cf}jlcfdHl{chjd

}ak chh m xch ak o a$ m n

b ak nkngk k k km# }akk nkngkw x}jxam uuxj}j `{wx pj}a xjnjw

gi`{m x n$ mkk ak

w mjwx b ujj# Bw qnu$ Xchnkngk wm xkb m chh nkngk fkb M

`km ak nk k 7556 mknm`

kbn m pkk ga {gkv{k

wwx}m# Bpj` }ajw wx bwn oj$ }ank bnkm k n` 7551 g kknn{ n xk

pj}a }a aux }a} j} p{m m j awn }

ak n pk$ wn Nia{b$ { Ga .fm m n nkngk b

ajx jw jw# Xjb px }a wx} xj`}wz ak 755; Mn{ Mk$ m{nk

mbkm g chh nkngk Nak I m `km

g n xch m chh nkngk#81 }akk k

b k k nn# N nkngkak kkm pa k ak k ak 6:15

m {k m # f @a{ knakm$

]az Ychh^ ar mjx}m }anxrx bwnak xch mk k aknkk$ m

pk k pk a akk mk

ak { ` b {# G{ akk kk`{ pa nkngk b ak `{ pa

k { {$ m k ak gkk kkkmb akn pa ak xch#8:

Mkk ak akm ak$ ak { uw`wnx w ajàz }}j{x m mjw

ap k`nk a`k x a{m {#@a{ m fn km {k ak p `{

Mkkngk 7566 m ` O{ 7567$ g{

ak p ak gkk {gk nk`k k `k `# Nkk$

ak chh gkm ak Na 71 xch nkk` jg{# chh nkngk Nan{m Nkk

km$ Pk pkk kk km b m`{k

{k bk {k ak nk ka`kg kbk ak nk `# }ak g

nkm b n b ak kkm pa ak bnk c Mkn

w$ k a p k ak

k 6:15#8; j { n` nkngknz }jjx} m xjjx} `{wx$ j{mj`

nk nmmk.i` n mkbk m k {a bnk An uk{ fm

Nankm .Gi{# }a{$ chh nkngk aknk kkkk m n$ paa

km kmg ak `#

}ak chh p ak { `

b m`{k pa ak x `knk f

7567# j b nkm `{

m km bn b bk` kka p{m k n nk{k# j nkngk { a pknk b

x k$ {m` nkngk b ak {k

k`nk# }ak `{k a m`{k kn ak k {k m ak {à

k`k kknk pa fm

`knk gkm ak m pampb ak n bn ak kk$ ak k b

`knk i ` k$ m ak

kkk b k# }ak chh a kkk b nkngk k nkm

pi$ { a{à ak fg dk`{k$ m a km i pa ak x `knk#

}ak x `knk a k`km ak chhgk{k b nmkk a$ m ak

` pkm m kk{k

nkm k x#

Apkk$ a `n a kkm

ak `{$ m ak fm k`nk

{km `kk m k b kka nkm ak chh { gk# xnk xm bkp ak {km ak chh b gk`

{k nknk km g ak

k`nk#82 }ak b a ak chh a gkk gk kk bn akmv{k Mn{ nm

kk a km nk kmk

gkkk ak chh g` pa ak x`knk# }m ak chh a k nkm


20/41



k ak b{{k b ak $ aàààk k{ ka gkpkk ak p

`{# =5 Uwaux x }a j} wpx nw m

nk mkkk ak chh n gk k km k`k pa ak x `knk$

a p{m kk k pa ak xch#Apkk$ a p{m {k ak chh bbkak nkpa kkm { ak k`nk p

akn$ ni` {ik gm b k`km {#

@WFXXWLL]X LUULXJ]JLC

]ajx uj`wua qnujx }a nx} xj

mjwx }p }a x}jxam uj}j m ak `

nknk# lbk ak bk b k kk

ak x kk ak km mknm m`m bkkmn pa ak { ` fd xafg

{wjm jxvf} fd cjfn. { n$ ak kk p akb b ak k`nk# }a ak n gokk

b ak pa x$ m bkp ak

{km pa p{m nk bk akkm#

}a i b kk mk gkpkk

ak k nknk$ paa kkk` $ m ak kgakm

# N gkk ak km

k k ak g b akk bnkm` k pa x aknkk$

g{ ak ` nknk a gkk gk

mkk akk kk akfm k`nk# zk ak nknk kn ak

n gk `{ x$ mkkak b a a k {k .fm

b{{k$ gk{k kkk ak m

kk m` ak k{# }ak knmk

b a k k ap ak ` mgk b ak ` `{

k {{km m ap ak {m gknk gkkk ak fm k`nk$ kk b ak i

{km ` gm p#

Bwj` x}}x ar } xjmwm Xzwjx

`wxxw}x uuxj}j nrn} }jr

kk fm# fm k`nk a kkm}a p b jbwn}j {} b Xzwj m nm

mj{} }a nw` b xj`$ {jm` gm a {ak `m

m `n# }ak ` m kk {

b `{ ik ak xch m chh nik aknnk gk k {mkk$ kk

a{à mkn ak km ak k{#

[#x# xkk b Mkbkk dk uk nmk a k Na 7567 pak ak m xkk

nnkk$ Akk {k ` k ak gknYnuwm } djz^ {x }aw w x nz

mkk `{ a k km# Pakak

}az m mw$ pa}aw }az m}a} w} } }wz } wj` }an }`}aw j

xn ijm b {j }aw w w}x } }wz }nik a ak$ g{ bi ak ak gkk

{kb{#=7

f uk nnk nik k$ a` kkmk { nik kk b bk`k mk { g p` k b

gkam m am {gk# Apkk$

ak ` `{ x k pa m gk b kk` {#

wkb{` mk akk `{ gk kk m b{` k{k

ak kgakm k

ak kk b a# f k i kk

a ak ` m kk b` m m a {m km aub{ m`w b {j}j j }a b{}{w#

Djcijc` Mknlcx}wf}lwx }l Uldj}jhfd X}w{h}{wkx

}ak x k{ gk` Na 7;$ 7566

pa b}.zw.m z nm Nannm

m `{ b bkm .km Mppa ak k`nk a p# f ak nk$

]ak xdl`fc }ak lrkw}awlp lb }akwk`jnk jx {cuwfh}jhfd$ {cwkfdjx}jh$ fcm{xkdkxx#=6 .Vfmwj Ofnjd$ CHH nkngkw


21/41



b ak `{m {``k akk n{k m

akm kmka m` ak {`# f

ak {` a {km a{à ak {kb ak k$ gk `k m kmk

ak knk`km# d kmk ak k gk

b ai` k` m ak knkm} mru {jm u bw ajrj` }a

k{ n#=8 }ak ak ap ak

k`{ m mkk kp nkam

kk ga {kk m mkbk#

}a{à ak ak `km ak

g$ akk kmk ak n`km kga`k$ nk bn {{k mk ak

k b ak # }akk {{k$n ak bn b k{ {$

ak nnkk b `` mkn$nkm {ka$ k{ m nkm k$nkm kn m a{n m#==

}akk kmk k bk bkm k

m{gk k k am`$ m ak {k

mkk k ip n { paak p nn{k# Apkk$ kmk

nn{k m kk pa k ak g m k gkn` k`

`km#

X}w{h}{wk fcm Lw`fcjf}jlc

}ak fm k`nk {` imp

a bkm ak n b .kk

{{k$ g{ mkgk mk`kk bk k n` akk {{k#

x` kk m n` {pm$

pi` m` nnkkngk { b mkn ak

`k m kàgam kk m mk

pa kg nnkk# f ak m m kk$ wk{ h{ m wk{

hnnm h{ mk ak k bak nnkk m kbk pa nkm

`{# f ak kk$ ak

x wk{ @kk h{$ ak n ` $ nk ak

k b ak k` {$ m kk ak n nkm {k m k{#

ak am mk a ak p{m i k{# }p m k$ k{ bk kkm

m {km ak g# }ak mkk m

{k `km a{`k k ak ankpb Mk$ kk bk ak pkk kkkm p pkki

k# }akk k km k a{à{

x m ak {km b nk a k#

}ak {a pa ikm ak k{ kkkkk b ak pa p m

ak bkb b ak $ km`

mkn$ `` k$ mmkn` kp ak {mk x# }ak

k nkngk b ak `{

w` j ` bwn b} } }ajw}z.r m nbn ak m nmmk k$ paa ak

x `knk m knn`km# N {` km gk

.mk` ak m

kk m k n nkm g mkk bbkkmn$ m`$ m g a{n à$ {ik

n nkngk b ak xch m chh$ pa kkm pa mk` k#

Dkfmjc` }ak Wkrld{}jlc

jk nkm a b{km ak xch ak kkkk b ak x kk$ `

ak { ak k{ kmka# f

k{$ ak k nknk kkm n b {ab{ mkn# Apkk$

F zl{}a fh}jrjx} jc Ml{nf$ Xzwjf aldmx f xf}jwjhfd xj`c# !Ual}l? _jfm Alnxj*


22/41



]fcxjvjzzf}? Dlhfd Hllwmjcf}jc` Hlnnj}}kkx

f ak {k b ak k{ `kmaknkk n$ km nnkk

a km$ m{nkkm$ m {gkm

mkn# Ip kk ak dhm` hnnkk$ akk nnkk

gknk ak ` gigk b akx k{# N x `k m

kàgam am ak p m`

nnkk g k 7567# }akk k {m =55mjw} }fcxjvjzzf} a{à{ x k m

{g{g#=; r{kk b gi`{m nk

m bknk$ {` m m$ m bn k m

wj`jx x} }a }fcxjvjzzf}#=2

Nfodjx ]afpfw? Wkrld{}jlcfwz Hl{chjdxM{` ak {k b ak k{ ak k

nknk kkm nk kgk {{kb nnkk$ {$ m nn#

Bpj` }a xuwm b }a }fcxjvjzzf} a{à{

ak x {mk$ {g kk gk` mkk kà { km ak wk{

!wkgk* h{$ nfodjx }afpfw$ paa pkk

wxuxj bw n`j` nnj}}x j xujm# f n akk k nk a

b}z x{a {jx$ pj}a }a nw p.ip{ ak m {m An$ An$

fk$ Mk$ jmg$ Mk ._$ Mn{$

m .wvv#=0 wk{ { kk

ak n b b m`

nnkk$ `` k m ak .k`nk k$ m m` pa nkm

`{#

}ak wk{ h{ b An$ k b ak

nk akm {$ a gknk {

k.pa..k#=1 }ak { g b kkkm kmka m nk kk ma amk nkm k$ nkm {ka$

mkn$ nkm m k` kkm$ m

a{n m# }ak { `k km mk pa k{ kn pa gi ak

kk kk k`nk k{ bn kk`

m i{ p b a` k{bk m g# j kmk mk pa

Xzwjfc

Wkrld{}jlc

@kckwfd

Hlnnjxxjlc

NFOLW HJ]Z,UWLRJCHK

CF]JLCFD

Wkrld{}jlc

Hlnnfcm

Hl{chjdx

MJX]WJH],HJ]Z

Wkrld{}jlcfwz

Hl{chjdx?

Nfodjx ]afpfw

RJDDF@K,CKJ@AGLWALLM

Dlhfd

Hllwmjcf}jc`

Hlnnj}}kkx?

]fcxjvjzzf}

]ajx wkuwkxkc}x }ak wl{à ajkwfwhaz lb uldj}jhfd

fh}jrjx} `wl{ujc`x jc Xzwjf#

Jc nfcz hfxkx }ak Wkrld{}jlcfwz Hl{chjdx fcm

}ak Wkrld{}jlc Hlnnfcm Hl{chjdx fwk

jcmjx}jc`{jxafgdk$ g{} }ajx jx }ak nlx} jnulw}fc}

dkrkd lb uldj}jhfd lw`fcjf}jlc fcm njdj}fwz

luulxj}jlc jc}k`wf}jlc#

]ak XW@H afx mknlcx}wf}km }ak fgjdj}z }l

jcbd{kchk fcm plwi pj}a }ak dlhfd `wl{ux$ g{}

mlkx cl} mjwkh}dz hlc}wld }akn#


23/41



cg{m m x{vg$ m apkm ap ak

akkm `k `k.k mkn a

i k ga k Na 68$ 7567#;5l }ajx mz$ rjmx Z{]{ wn }a}

k km n mkn

Ib cg{m$ m ak pkgk b ak dhhkm a kkm x{vg#;6

]ax {jx mnx}w} xj`j} r bm m k gk nn{k

ak { nnkk#

lk pa oi` km ankb fgmk

N{vpn !k ak kk* b{akmkkm ap ak nnkk m ak {

pi `kak# f nkngk b ak .V{

hm` hnnkk$ ak m `k

m bn ga ak nnkk mak k{ { nkk `kak ak nk m b ak k# }ak mkmk

` b ak k ak kk gk

m xj`x } uw}wz {jm nxx`# ]az xmk ` b ak mkn$ bk

`` b {mkik {m knm à` b ak mkn p gk akm

nkm kn k b p{mkm mkn#Bjz$ j} ax xrw nmj }jrjx}x m mrjxwx

pa m{nk ak mkn m k{`

k{ imp m ak km ak bn {mk nkm m # f b O{ 7567$

ak wk{ h{ b An p bkkm`62$555 bnk a{à{ ak k#=:

Nkk$ kkn ak {km ak k`nkBw{wz nwmn} m ax }j{m j}x

k a{à f 7567#

} mk$ ak k{ { ak k ak

n ` {{k b ak ` # }ak ak gkk gk {k

k m mkk {{k a p ak

{jx } }jrz n` }a }jrj}jx b

ak m` nnkk pa akm# lk nkngk b ak wk{h{ b An mkkm a b nnm

m {km ak { m k b

}jrjx}x pwij` bw }a {j x b Bw{wz7567# Ak p kgk b m`

k pa ak nnkk apk An$ {m` ak Ib

NFU 7 t JMDJG WKrLD[]JLCFWz HL[CHJD HLLWMJCF]KX FWNKM " [CFWNKM LUULXJ]JLC JCFWJAF LC OFC[FWz 7;$ 7567#


24/41



à# Ak m `{ b ak {kk pkkkgk b m{nk` kk mk

a {km ak ka m$ {m`

k$ mkn$ i$ akxj`j} r}x# f}aw nnw b }a

nnkk p ak kgk b mkk` ak ak wk{ h{ An$ ainkk ak ak$ paa p{m {ga

m mg{k # }ak wk{ h{ An kkm gk mk

pa ak nkm kk m

mkm k gkm a bn$m` fgmk# Ak mnkm a ak mm

ip n{a g{ pa ak nkm kk p

{} xjm a am awm }a} wnm wx x}mak wk{ h{ m akkm {

#;7

f k O{ 7567 knk mknk ap kk{ { mk ak k b

ga ak m` nnkk km kgk kmk$ a k k```

bk k k mk m akn

bn {k` mkn kkpakk# fnkngk b ak wk{ h{ jmg

nn{km pa dk{k _a Iik$

p.ip w mw j}m pj}a }a Bwx fn$ m` m{nk mkm

g mk x# }ak p nk m {mkkm b mkn { ak

nk nk {k k kg fa$

k b ak ik p jmg m# }ak kgkn{km m m x `knk

bk a pkm ak mkn kkm

pa{ bgk {k#;8 rmk km

Z{]{ wn }a uw}jx x{xxb{{}n# l }a mxj`}m mz$ }jrjx}x nm

`k mkn fa$ m Iiknkm kg b {kb{ k` ak # ;=

Nfodjx Vkzfmf} djd ]afpwf Xl{wjzfa? Wkrld{}jlc HlnnfcmHl{chjdx

xnk b ak `k k ak bnkm wk{

hnnm h{ `k m mkak k b ak nk$ nk km

nnkk m {# }ak m{

ak Mn{ wk{ hnnm h{ak km a ak ` b ak { p

bn {km kmka b ak k{gkm k` #;; j nkm

gk k b k{ kknk Mn{$ kkk` ak d hm`

hnnkk b Mn{$ ak Mn{

wk{ h{$ m ak k` ak kk kk m#;2

lk $ pa ikm gk km Gkn

a b bkm pa am kk gkk ikm

g `knk bk$ kkm ak kw`j}j x}w{}{w# Bjwx}$ z{ ar }a

}fcxjvjzzf}# }akk ak kk ak `k m

{mk pa { m m{nk ak ma` a ak$ ak m# ck ak nfodjx

}afpfw$ paa p k ak bn km {# }ak $ Ak mkn

a nk m a k$ g{ a {{ o{

ak nk bn aàk {# }ak akmkbkm k m mk pa ak nkm

kgk# j nk k { ak hnnm

h{$ paa ak `k akk ${} }a j} `}x mj{} {x j}x xjw bw }a

`rwn} } m {}#

;0

}a mk akm à bkp nb k`m` ak ` b ak `

uuxj}j# Bjwx}$ jnuw}} w`j}j{{k k k n` ak `

# }a{à n b ak m

mk ak n{ kk$ akk kk b` a kkm bn ak `k m

{mk ak k# xkm$ ga Gkn

m fgmk N{vpn m ak k{

{ mkm pa nkm nkngk# }am$ a{à Gkn m an mkn o{ ak$ ak

nkkm a { aàk { a ak

m` nnkk akn# f`$}ajx x{``x}x xj`j} m`w b w`j}j

n` ak ` $ ` bn

}a nj {w }wx m }wj` }aw{à }ap m `k#


25/41



Cf}jlcfd Hlfdj}jlcx? ]ak Xzwjfc Wkrld{}jlc @kckwfdHlnnjxxjlc !XW@H*

}ak x wk{ @kk hnn

!xw@h* ak `k ` # jkkk {`a 05 kk b ak k{

{ m ak no b ak m`

nnj}}x$ pj}a b}z.xjq mjw} w`j}jxjz w`jm j j}x aw}w#;1 }a{`a

n b ik kmk ak ak knn{ m{k k{ k$ ak

nn mk {mk {ngk b nk

mmk$ {m` x{a .f$ cm

}ak km nnk g{ gk` kk b

}a rwn} } m {} {} }a w`w$ nw

`km { kk ak n n

nkmnk `kk { n` x` # l` kv{knn{ m kng# }ak fm k`nk

` m a{n k`kk gk p

akn m{ ` nkk`$ mkk$ m `k akn# }ak fm k`nk

x{uuwxxj jx mj` jnj}}j } }a

` b ak ak`{m x# f ak gkk bkm {k

kk p `k m nn{k#

NFU 8 t ALNX UWL]KX]X GK]PKKC XKU]KNGKW 71 " LH]LGKW 71$ 7566# !HL[W]KXz LB XzWJFNFU#PLWMUWKXX#HLN*


26/41



Mpa$ m xw@h ikn Gn O#

}ak xw@h a mknkm aà mk`kk b` m a mkm kkk

pa ak m` nnkk a{à

n g{k{ m kpi a{à{ x#j a kkkk ak xch m a gkk

p` kk pa ak {#

}ak nn ak k a ak xw@h

n ` {k ak m akkk k k# j mk m a$ ak

nn p k $ $ m

nmj w}x } x{uuw} }a uj}j uuxj}j

m nkm kk#;: }ak xw@h pkgk

{k mkkm k` b ak{``k ` ak fm k`nk# }a

gkm akk nk? ng m

`$ ak k m nkm$ m mnm#

}ak xw@h a km k k akkb }ax }`wjx# l Bw{wz 7=$ 7567$

fd.V{xfzw!7;in XP*

A{xfzcjzfa

!6;in X*

]fdgjxxka

!65in C*

N{xawkbfa

!65in CK*Kfha uljc} wkuwkxkc}x f

uwl}kx} hlcm{h}km }af}

Bwjmfz$ =7 uwl}kx}x jc fdd

Fxawfbjzfa

!0in C*

NFU = t UWL]KX]X HLLWMJCF]KM Gz ALNX WKrLD[]JLCFWz HL[CHJD LC OFC[FWz 75$ 7567#


27/41



Pak ak k kk ak xw@h a gkk

k$ nk x k k{ {

ak nn# lk x kkm a akp p b `{ a nkm kkk

ak kk$ mm` a ak kk

kkk ak kk#2= fak x kakma knk$ ` akk k n `{

` ik k ak k{#2; }a{`a

kak b akk x mk kbkkkm ak

XW@h$ }ajw nn}x w} wx}n} n`x pm `{ a n kkk

akn# Pak ikm a ak xw@h$ k

x pa am {kkkm pa a m` nnkk bnkm a kknk

pk# j pk`$ ak a{``km a a{mkm k`km ikm$ Pa a


28/41



}ak k gk` k ak pkki pak jx ux}m }a Xzwj Wr{}j 7566 Bi

`k$ paa mnkkm g n

`{ b ` k `km paak x wk{ @kk hnn# }ak

u `jrx }p r m jà} uxxj nx ak bn$ m a{m k }a r}# Bw qnu$ m{wj` }a pi b Nwa

6:$ 7566 ak am kkkm k 6;$555 kpj}aj }a wx} r a{wx b j} j` ux}m$ m

}a x` Bwjmz b }a Mnx{x fwwjr am

`kkm ak n k# }ak {{ kmk Pkmkm à m ak mkm `

jx }a wux}m j}x Bi u` m }a

Bi u`x b }a nz nnj}}x$ {jx$m nn a nk ak gm b ak

` # xnknk akk `k nkm a z{}{gk paa ak

Bwjmz uw}x} n jx nujm z b}`

b ak k{ m mn n{# f {kknk ak pk b nkm m

k ak x k{$ ak p` nk

nik p ak kk#

Z} }a Bwjmz uw}x} nx pw } pzxmkmkm a p# j kkp$ Pk }n$

x o{ pa ak GGh fg kk$kkm$ j ak kk m na b ak{`$ ak nk p ak g ak mn b

}a Xzwj Wr{}j u` Bi$ x }a

kk mm {km k ak nk b akBwjmz Yuw}x}x^# g{} }{z$ }az nujm }

ak mn# }ak m an$ Pk p mknx$ { ak `k { ak k b

}a n b }a Bwjmz Yuw}x}x^# fm }{z$

ak mn b ak `k kmkm k#21}a knk mknk ak b

mkn { m a`k#

HLNN[CJHF]JLC FCM DL@JX]JHX

lk b ak `k nkmnk b` ak

kn `k

ak mk nnkk m {a{à{ x ak fm k`nk

b kknn{ pa ak {#

]a Xzwj `rwn} }jrz {}

nn{$ ak kk

nkm nn{k#

@ bk ak bkp

kk nk b km` pak}nn{j}jx w xa{} # l Nwa

62$ p kkm a kknn{j nx} Xzwj uwrjx pw {} m{ }

mkn akm nnkn b ak

k.k k b ak x k{#2:

}ak m a {knk p nmk$ ak

Xzwj lxwr}wz bw A{n Wjà}x Bi`k km ` {m 66 #n# m mm

k` { Na 6:# xn$dkgcp k ik km `

Bi m ]pj}}w }jrj}z } 66?85 u#n# m

mm k{nk { Na 6:# zk ga k{km nkm i z{}{gk mk

m{nk` ak k# }a mknka ak x `knk g

kknn{ n nn{

ak$ g{ nk k gk `kbn { a{à ak nk#

N ak b{m p g`knk k kknn{#

fbk pk` ak K` `knk

{k a{` mp jkk m ngkak kpi$ `{ b x km

{nk n nk g mg{`kk ak m nmkn x#

fnn fgmk Anm$ x gkm

Nm$ knkm a ak m a `{ b am mkkkm nk a 655 kk

ak m x#05 j kk$ ak

N b jbn {km knk N 77 {p` kk ak$ `

akn nk b mk` pa bk` ka km mn`k ak k{#06Apkk$ ak kn n

nn{ #

hka m ak x `knk

n` ak amkkm nn{# }a{k a `{km kn {k ak `{m

$ m dhh ikn ln .

jmg km$ Gk{k b ak k`nk k$ k


29/41

7:PPP#[CMKWX]FCMJC@PFW#LW@


nn{# }ak `knk

a nkm pmk.k nn{ m

wmj}j m }jrz x}uum j} j nzk# f n{ k `` g

pm b n{a m {k m nkk`

{a nv{k kàgam k a mk {nk `knk mkk# j

nk k$ ak kkm bn b nn{$ {a k `k

m nik `$ mk kmk mkk#02

@WFXXWLL]X LUULXJ]JLC FCM ]AK XzWJFC

CF]JLCFD HL[CHJD

}ak ka gkpkk `

m ak xch ng`{{# N b ak

m nnkk ak k`km akxch ak k`nk kkkk b ak x

uuxj}j$ m }a} x{x} ax }mpa b ak nnkk x# N

x $ {m` ak km

` `$ aum }a Xch p{m }jrz wuwx} }ajw

nknk# }akk {k p ak xch

p mk b ak x k{ gmm gkkkm a k{k gk ak xch

p{m ak k ak {k# Nkk$ akak b n nk xch nkngk

nbkm akn m$ k { $ ak

gkkkm ak x p `mam#00

zk$ kk bn ak gk``$ ak xch kn

{k ak x {mk {ngkbkm kk bn ik # dhh

ikn ln .jmg kkkm km a

k k {` ak {$ m bk

p bnkm jg{ lgk ak p n`}a wx} } v{x}j j}# ]ajx bwn}j a{w}x }a{k ak `{m gk{k ak k {akm m

mk bk p$ ak m#01 lak ak m a m a{m gk

kb akn# f ikn b k `

m }a hj}j b Bw Mnxx bwukkb{ ha`k {km a { k

{mknk ak xch$ mk` ak

p {k ak nnkk ak `{m#0:

b ak gkn b ak x a

pk k p pi` mm{$ `{$

gk{k pk pi {g# Pkk ppi` kk#07 Bw }a} wx `wxxw}x

kmk ikk mk.

ni` km m nkm n `{b }w{x}m jmjrjm{x# Bw qnu$

m` nnkk fk mkkmbn mk ak nnkk pkk b` ak

w}x } u{} }`}aw x{wuwjx mnx}w}jx#}ak `{ p bkm kk n{a b pi

m nnk k#08 j ak knk$ bn m` nnkk

ak Mn{ {mk nkm a ak

nnj}} px nu}z j}jr {xak i b ak {kk am gkk mmkm

pa m{gk `k#0=

]a b} }a} }a `rwn} {xx Bi }

n m i x a gknk pmk ip a ak kkm {`

bi Bi {}x x nx b mu}j#

j a k{k km u M` hk? }ak fgx` Gk b wkkk$ Np

Im$ bk b nn{ ak[k b uk$ m{km ak

k`nk k b knk g kn`} jm}jbz }jrjx}x }aw{à bi Bi r}xm `{ g{ kn mkkk

ak `knk a{à bik {#0; lk mkgkm ap ak m bkp b a bkm

am w}m w{u Bi m }a um mkn nk`k a{à ak `{

n {# }ak mkn ak am

km p kmkm mk mkk p bn ak { mkn

a p ak kkpakk#

}a aàà ak n m a a

b nkm `kk { n` ak ` ? ak nk `km

gknk$ ak kk b fm bk

i ak k m {k akn# }akfm k`nk$ k`` ak k b `kk

`$ a knkm {g

kbk n` ak { `{ g àk`


30/41



Ak mmkm$ f pk `k mk pk kk {$ g{ pk m p

ak {mk ak {# ukk {mk m

ip pa `` mk# Pkk ak k pakkkk#15 fak m k {

n{a nk i# x` b ak m o aY}a {j^ }az m} x{uuw} }a wr{}j$

g{a$ ak m#16 Nk kk k kk`

xjnjw rjpx x }a rj} j} x}x# ]ax kk k gk`` bkk a ak xch

a {a pa ak k{#17 }ak k{a gkk a ak xch bk `p` mknm

bn ` k ak pm

#18

}ak `kk ` a amkkm bkm

k gkpkk ak ` mak xch# }ak m` nnkk m ak

x wk{ @kk hnn kn nkm b {a.km `{ a bn

ak no b ak mkn` ak kk#

l ak ak am$ ak xch gkk ip akkgakm k n b nkngk

ak gkk k k ak k 6:15#}ak kp `kk b k a a km ak

x {` m{ ak kgakm mmk

b gk` k ak k`nk b a`bjm } mjrw xj`j} mnw}j a` j

ak #

@WFXXWLL]X LUULXJ]JLC FCM ]AK BWKK

XzWJFC FWNz

Pa `p` mk pk m{ ak nkm x$ n

Xch nnwx bw }a} }a b j{m pk m ab` p bn ak

# }ak m{k k ak xch

{knk b n g{k{ kngknb ak k{ ka gkpkk @a{

m BXf mw Wjm fxm# ]ajx ax b{m

k m{ k ak ak`k ak {k .km km g

ak k b ak nkm #

}ak k b nkm k{k pa

k {kk akkak b gk .fm `knk$ g{

` ak xch ak gk kk

fm n akk ak mkkm kagkpkk m nkm # }ak

BXf.j`m wx ux a` } Xch

w}x } uwx} j} x }a `j}jn} wuwx}}jr

b }a Xzwj uu# B{w}awnw$ wx ar amp k ak { g v{k`

@aj{x }jx m n}jrx# BXf.j`mkgk m k ak`k `{m.kk

$ a{`a$ m akk mk`kkb k gkpkk ak p `{$ kk

kk a kkm ak ` b 7567#

}ak b a {`k `{ pi {mk ak`{mk b { mk a ak

` a ak k gknk gk kk { ak b b ak

x knk#

Wkrld{}jlcfwz Hl{chjdx fcm Oljc} Lukwf}jlcx

f {ngk b ` ak nnkkm ak k gkpkk ak wk{

h{ m nkngk b ak nkm #lk nkngk b ak wk{ h{ b

G m ak bk pikm pa nkm kgk$

m` mkn kn k{k k mk`kk b k

m{` k a nknk kkm kk#1= fak nkngk b ak nk {

wnm ajx `{x wuw}$ xzj` }a}

jjx pj}a BXf wx px jnuw}} b{}jb ak wk{ h{# }a ap

n b ak k$ ak mmkm#1; Ak kkm a n g m` a b kn a

x{``x}m xj`j} }} }p }a jrjj

akm b ak G wk{ h{ mnkm kgk kmka ak k#12 Pakak

a kmkk k{km bnb kk m$ ak nn{

j}xb w}m `wpj` axj n` }a

`{ ak `{m m mkk kk#

N k ak fg k m{nk

jx}x b BXf xmjwx }wj` j}z$ w uw}

b j}z$ xujz } uw}} jrjjx m{wj` mkn m ak k`


31/41



Hjrjdjfc Uwl}kh}jlc Hlnnjxxjlc

}ak h uk hnn !huh*

knk b ` a mknk aà kk b k gkpkk nkm kgk

xxj}m pj}a }a BXf m `wxxw}x uj}j

$ pk ak g k pa gmk kpi b m

mwx# l Bw{wz 62$ bwnw xafgjaf nkngk

pa gknk pk.ip nkmfg{ Ob bk a mkbk {km ak

bn b ak h uk hnn An# j a mk knk fg{ Ob k

a ak kp kkm nn p kkm

kk ak An# j kv{km oj} w} ab b njj}wz m jrjj

mk$ m b kmk b akBXf m j}x jrjj {}wuw}x$ a xjm#:5

M bk fg{ Ob knk$ mkn k An Gg A{m kàgam$ m

.V{$ a inkk ak {apk$

{km ak k b ak h ukhnn#:6 M{` ak mkn

Gg A{m$ ak k akm$ }ak kk{ ak h uk hnn$

pak ak akm ` a km$ }ak x

kk `k ak x c h{ k ak k ak pm # j

nk b ak kk#:7

}ak k b ak h ukhnn kkm kpakn` kk

bn ga nkm `{ m

# Pa m$ {nk{ gbnkm {m An { ak huh$ :8 m

n $ {m` a{n à`{ m aka ` nkm b

m m {k$ km`km ak ak`{#:= J rjm$ `w{u b BXf xmjwxm `kak pa { b m n

ak kkm mkbkm ` ak knnkm g ak fm k`nk#:;

]a hUh x x} wuwx}}jrx } }a Bw{wz7= Bwjmx b Xzwj n}j` j ]{jx# f x}}n}

{` mk km m a ak

huh kkkk p{m k b{ {

km# f nkm Ga .Aii m

.N{vg ckp a m{` `k k Mnx{x$ BXf n}x n wz } uxj}j

aknkk {m ak kk pakk akk i k# }ak pkk k `km mkb kmkm#10 xn k ak

knk`km k xkkngk 7566 w$ makk k kàgam Mn{$ An$

m r fuu paw wnm uuxj}j à}wx`{wm wmx mj` } mnx}w}jx } am

k{ bk#11

j ak kkp$ k pk b

a ak p `{ `k kkm#lk m akm ak `{ k ak a{mk$

m akm gk a` fm bk$ m

ak k m akm gk m` k { mkn$ a` b ak nk a`

{ pkk a` b$ ak knkm#1: }akBXf m }a uuxj}j nnj}}x xjx}

w`z b wmjwz j}jx pa w à}j`

ak m kk b {` m aakk$ a {gk g{ am kb#

krjm x{``x}x }a} }a BXf m `wxxw}x

x km { ka akm pi `kak pak k gk#

@ m ` ak n{ab }a uu{wj}z }a BXf ax ozm$ m w`z

b ak nk k? Ga `{ k kk

b ak { kk ` ak xk`nk# }a o{km pa ak xch m

chh$ paa mk ak gkab g{ knjx{}m bwn }a j}#

Xzwjfcx uwl}kx} jc alclw lb nfw}zwkm wkgkdx jc Alnx# !Ual}l? _jfm Alnxj*


32/41



b ga ak nkm kk m ak

kk x #:2 }a kna

ak kk x p kkkm

a{`a{ ak k m p ngkm paak g{ ak {k x kk m ak

{ kk ` ak fm k`nk#:0

}ak k kkn {k ak n b ak xc h{ ak k`nk kkkk

b ak x kk$ km {``k` a gaak nkm m kk ak `{m

k nk { kkkk# j a p ak

huh n k n knk b ap ak` mkk `

gk b {` nkm m kknkb ak #

GWJM@JC@ ]AK @FU? IKz CF]JLCFD BJ@[WKX

G{m` {kb{ bk x

a gk b ak`` fm `knk

m k` gk kk ak k`nkmkkm {ak` ak kgakm

` pa ak `

nn{# P` ak { b {` xpa k `` m m` ak {`

ak `{m k i# j p kv{k

kk ak {mk kk`k

`kk {a akk $ m p

wv{jw w} } nw wxuxjr } }axpi` ak `{m#

j kk k{{k ak xch p

a p gk nk kk ak ak {m m nk kkkk b ak xkk# lk gk p akk a `

m` `kk { ik mm{ pa

ak ga { ak xch m mkk k} }ax }a `w{m# X{a `{wx ar }a

k mkk kk k gkpkk ak xch

m ak ` # j akpm b Oa{ dm$ mk b ak hkk

b Nmmk Kk x{mk ak [k blian$ x kkm @k`k Pa`#:1]a jm }a} }aw mx } }w `{w pa

a ak { b ak x kk m

kk ak bk b ak x ak{mk pm # x{a mm{ n

gm`k ak ` gkpkk ak mk

`{# Gkp k bkp mm{ pa ak akk a k#

IKZ JCMKUKCMKC] BJ@[WKX

Hkw}fjc jcmkukcmkc} bj`{wkx pal afrk gkkc fxxlhjf}km pj}a }ak XCH afrk xudj} pj}a }ak hl{chjd

lrkw ikz jxx{kx fcm wk}fjckm f mk`wkk lb dk`j}jnfhz pj}ajc }ak `wfxxwll}x luulxj}jlc nlrknkc}$

dfw`kdz }awl{`a }akjw mkku ck}plwix jc }ak hl{c}wz#

Ifnfd DfgpfcjDfgpfcj xudj} pj}a }ak hl{chjd jc Bkgw{fwz 7567 lrkw mjxf`wkknkc}x fgl{} x{uulw}jc` fwnkm

luulxj}jlc jc Xzwjf# Dfgpfcj hlc}jc{kx }l plwi pj}a f ck}plwi lb uldj}jhfd fcm njdj}fwz luulxj}jlc

lc }ak `wl{cm#

Pfdjm Fd.G{ccj

F uwlnjckc} Xzwjfc mjxxjmkc} pal pfx jx fc jnulw}fc} nkngkw lb }ak XCHx blwkj`c uldjhz g{wkf{#

Ak afx wkukf}kmdz hwj}jhjkm }ak XCH blw j}x bfjd{wk }l wkhl`cjk }ak BXF fcm jc df}k Bkgw{fwz ak

hwkf}km f bfh}jlc pj}ajc }ak XCH hfddkm }ak }af} fmfnfc}dz hfddkm blw `wkf}kw x{uulw} }l }ak fwnkm

luulxj}jlc#

Afz}akn Nfdka

Nfdka x nkngkwxaju jc }ak XCH afx fdxl pfrkwkm gk}pkkc x{uulw} fcm wkxj`cf}jlc m{k }l hlcbdjh}pj}a l}akw xkcjlw XCH nkngkwx lrkw ikz jxx{kx# Pajdk fc jnulw}fc} bj`{wk$ ajx fgjdj}z }l fhhkxx

luulxj}jlc ck}plwix jc Xzwjf jx dkxx hwkmjgdk m{k }l ajx djnj}km hlcckh}jlcx pj}a zl{}a fh}jrjx}x#


33/41



pa k k }a fkng p m

x}j}{}j mw}j }a} pj m

ak pk m b{ b ak `k akn m mkknk ak kp mk b

}a x}} m j}x b{}{w xzx}n# A }a mm

p.kkm k` a p{m { ga gk `km m n #

fm` dgp$ m` `kmnkm {``k a m .$

pj}a j$ `jx}j m uj}j x{uuw} b

bkm$ ak gk p km ak k`nk mmk gk kk fm#65=

dgp kki kk `

a km ak kkm b ga ak xkk m ak k nn{# Mp

dgp mkk k x m kkk .ak.`{m kpi$ a kngn { ak k b k$ nkk

$ nnk{n pm ak k{bn a a b gkk kkm g

ak ` nknk# j n gk ak k

b k{{km `kk b `k` `kk k

{#

X{afjw F}fxxjx{a f {ik x

pa$ { O{ 7567$ am gkk `` k Mn{# f a

bn nk bn m p aàj{m z aw b}aw$ On .f}xxj$ pa

p `k nm kkkm n

k# Ak p n gk` m{àk Mn{ x` pak ak akkm kga

.mkn b{n ak nk b ak bak#

Xa p w{x }a On f}xxj Bw{n `w{u Bi# ]ajx Bi `w{u jx q}xj

b }a m On f}xxj Bw{n$ paja xb kbn x$ {m` ak

kknk b à m ak k b

ak knk`k p a {kmkm {à 6:28#65;

f}xxj px jnuw}} `{w j }a `wxxw}x

nknk m `km {nk{ k#

Ifnfd Dfgpfcj

In dgp x m m $ m

ak k b ak n nk nkngk b akx # G _gm 6:;0$

dgp a ` a b n# u{

x}wjx xz }a} a wx} }i } }a x}w}x j 6:28bk Abk .fm akkm `k n {#

f ak nk ak p k m# j 6:17$ pak

k` n m$ dgp pkkmak An nk# f k{$ ak gknk

k ak {` Ga u m bkkm ak fm k`nk# Ak gknk km

ak Mn{ x` nknk 7555 m

akkm kk b{n b m`{k pabkp mmk wm xkb$ {k xch nkngk#

j xkkngk 7556 ak m xkb pkk kkm$ ma xu} }a q} }aw zwx j uwjx# Bpjà kkk$ ak gknk mkmkm $

kga` { gkm kb mkn$ gkn$ m k{n#::

dpj px }a wx} Xzwj mjxxjm} }

km ak Pak A{k 755;$ ak pk nkm b# dgp$ bnk fnk

jk k b kk$ a k

n b ak mkmk #655 }ak x

`knk kkkm dgp pa kkm w} } xap qjjj}z m xjwj}z a{wxgkbk ak fg dk`{k p k {km x

nkngka ak ` 7566#656

dgp a km k k ak x

{` k a kkk# l` nkngkb ak xch$ ak {km a k` bn

ak { Na$ ` ak xch

j}jrxx#657 xa bk a k`$ak { ba b kga` nk

m m }jr ]wxj}j c}jfxxnz }a} }}w w}x }a uuxj}j

ak `{m x$ ak mkn

pa kngm ak p b ak kk m { mkn m g{#658 l{` a

b ak fkng$ dgp pk$ Pk$ `{b . p` bn pa

x$ kki k km{k ak

kkk gkm p a k


34/41



k kmkm b{ak p` kakm ak k$ ` a` {a $ Pk

k { gak# }ak g` k{à b

b {# ukk m a# xago gknk ak m p pk.ip a{à{ x

b a nnnk ak {` m `b kkb{$ mkn kbn#651

l xkkngk 2$ 7566$ xago p kkm pabkp @aa N$ pak gm p k

gi m k#65: xago kn #w _{ka$ ak pk.ip `

}jrjx}$ pw} {} Xawoj m }a }jrxx

b a mkn km` .k{k kk pak b` g{k#665

dgp$ f$ m xago kkk kmkpa ak ak k gm`k ak ` gkpkk

ak kgakm pi` `kbn gm m ak k nknk#

Aprw$ mj` xj` mw j }a Xzwjk {ik# }ak x k{ a

gkk {km `k gk{k b mkkkm

m b`nkkm {k$ paa a nmk mj{} bw }a fxxm w`jn } x{uuwxx# fx

km$ }ak k k b ikk`

ak k pa{ ip kmka {pkà ak k`k#666 Pak n a akk gk kk ak m {

n` ak { `{

nka` a n gk akkm a{à ik`{wx j} pj wnj xxwz } pwi pj}aj

ak bnkpi b ak k .n

{{k a ak bnkm kk#

HLCHD[XJLC

}a{m b x k ak ik ak kk kk m b k k$ bk

{mw w bwn fxxmx bwx x a uwxxx }

km ak {`# zk$ [#x# nik akam mj{}z jm}jbzj` }a Xzwj uj}j

m ak kkm nk kgkg{ k kkkk `$ nk

ak xch# f xkk b xk A h

km xkkngk 7566$ }ak dg am bk$ ga ak kk pa pkk m`

xak akkm kga ak x wk{

hm [ m nkngk b akx wk{ @kk hnn#652 fbk

na b m` mnk $ O{ 7567 ak kb x b u$ pakk ak

p ` ak k nn{ mk m ` { akk{# xak m ak kb x g` ak

nknk kp `k nk#650 f n kmk pa ak xw@h$

f a km ap {k m `{#

Zfazf Xafwgfoj

za xago knk b

`{w pa uj}njx }a aw} b }a `wxxw}xnknk# [ik ak mk kgakmmmk ik dgp m f$ xago

kmk b ak {a nknk# }ak fm k`nk

nkm an xkkngk 7566$ g{ ak k`km knk b ak k b

{` pa ak km km` k

x k{#

xago p g Mn{ M {g{g 6:0: m gk` ` .k

n {m 6::: pak ak okm `{ip ak M {a# }a `{px nuwjxm b {} }p}z.r z{` n

m pnk nnkm {m` .kk#

M{` ak k 7555$ ak nk b akMn{ x`$ ak M {a nk k`{

k { kk m m{ .{n`# G 7558$ n b ak { nkngk

am gkk kkm m{k ak

{g kngk# }ak `{ mgmkm a

b}wpwm$ {} j}x }x }j{ } b} jM m k ak k bk k

nkngk k nmk#

Xawoj n iz m w`jw bwmkn M m{` ak k `k

b ak x {`# xago gknk ip

ak n b k gk{k ak p nnkm .kk m p{m `k k ak

nkm bk k kk k# A k


35/41



}a {}wa mjun}jz m }a à}wx# P{m { nkk pa akn# Pk {m kkg

akn# Pk {m i akn {à v{k# Ak

nn}x ajàjà} }a mj{}jx b ``j` }ax pa{ {km kkkk

`#

f {kb{ [#x# x a{m b{

{` {a ` gkkk fm `knk# Kgakm

{a ak xch ak{km b .fm

b{{k m ak kkkm n { bn

ak k nn{$ k ak i `kpi m { k`n mk x# l

ak ak am$ ak

a km ak { b ak kk$ g{ i m akk nk`k ak g

b k {# }ak ik k` }jr }j uuxj}j jx j }j` }a

kgakm pa ak

nknk#

[ akk p bk `$ ak knn{ p kkm mk kk {

ak ak {m ak a b{`

k{k ak x c h{#unik n{ {mkm a ak n

`k ak gk bn `k

# wak$ ak p ak pi mk pa.n {{k a ak bnkm

r m m pzx } x{uuw} }a uw}x}nknk mk#

x `km$mkk kk b m{# fa{à ak

k nknk akk km$ a gkk bkm kn mk kmk

`knk kk# }ak ` k

nknk a gknk mk$ gkk`km$ m nk akk k`mk b akk

# }a{à k` m

gkpkk ak m` nnkk m akk{ {$ a k kkk

m mknkm {g gk b

ng# }akk k gk a gkg{ #

}ak i b k{k nn{ kv{nk

a amkkm ak g

mk gk ak kk# }ak g {km b a gkk km g ak

`knk kpakn` n$i m {k `kk `# h

{km k f a ak [#x# p{m

mk .ka { {${m` k{k nn{ kv{nk$

paja jx rj} } }ajw w}x# ]ajx p v{jun}n ak ak k nknk knk ak

n {mk paa ak kk m mkk

kk kk ak#

Kk b fm gk k{mkm mk.kk

rj j Xzwj$ }a j} nz ar wamak pakk k`km kknk

`k gk# }ak k nknk {ik k {nk a b a b

fm kn$ m ak k`nk kkm

kmk a# [k ak [#x# kkm p ak fm k`nk pk$

n{ mk mkk` k pa

kknk b ak mk x# }ap kv{k mkk` k` a g{m

gk kk fm bn ak `{m {$ak a k` k ak xch# u{{`

{a p{m p ak [#x# ak

x akk akm gokk m n`k ak kv{kk a{m ak fm

w`jn b w }a j} uw}w}#


36/41

cl}Kx


70 jkkp m{km g {a Na :$ 7567#

71 jkkp m{km g {a Na ;$ 7567#

7: }ak dkg b ak x $ A @amm$ cpd$ Bw{wz$ 75$ 7567#

85

J}wrjpx m{}m z {}aw pj}a Xzwj }jrjx}x Bw{wz 777567#

86 jkkp m{km g {a pa x Na 1$ 7567#

87xkk z{}{gk$ a?,,ppp#{{gk#n,paf2ic_8[ kkm Bw{wz 67$ 7567#

88 lj Xzwj c}j h{j pxj}$ ppp#xzwj{j#w`fkkm Na 67$ 7567#

8= }ak x {` b 7566? Pa ak fm k`nk ik {k 7568$ Oa{ dm$ Nmmk K u h{$ Na 7567#

8; Bwnm j O{wz 6:15$ }a c}j Mnw}j Wz px bak km` km ak nknk b ak 6:15# jnkngk pkk k m{` ak {k b ak k 7555m wmj}m pj}a nz nnwx b }a Mnx{x Mw}j# Bw

nw jbwn}j x }a c}j Mnw}j Wz pxj}$ j Bwam fwj# a}}u?,,}`na#mjnw}z#bw#bw,BwnX}8#a}n fxxm Na$ 6;$ 7567#

82 j x$ {``k ` bk` {$ xbBw{wz 75$ 7567#

80 Aan N ak bnk ikn b ak fg hnn A{n Wjà}x# Bw jbwn}j {} N$ ux x ajx uwxpkgk a?,,ppp#aann#k,mk#k{k#an

81 x l Gkimp$ f.fiag ckp$ Mkkngk 6=$ 7566#

8: jgm#

=5 f.fm x kki { 05. jg{ {nn k$Knk ukik m M fg{.c$ Gngk`$ Na 71$ 7567#

=6 @{jm } }a Xzwj luuxj}j$ ggh$ Bw{wz 7=$ 7567#

=7 xkk b Mkbkk dk uk$ }kn gkbk ak xkk fnkmxkk hnnkk$ Na 0$ 7567$ k xk Gk ck#

=8 V"f? cjw Wx Xzwjx uw}x} nrn}$ f.Ow$ Bw{wz62$ 7567#

== jgm#

=; }ak bk b k{ x$ dg xmi$ f.OkkO{ 61$ 7567#

=2 jgm#

=0 j b x k$ ak m {{m` mak ak nk nk ak k#

=1 V"f? cjw Wx Xzwjx uw}x} nrn}$ f.Ow$ Bw{wz62$ 7567#

=: jgm#

;5 J}wrjp m{}m z {}aw pj}a Xzwj }jrjx} Bw{wz 71$ 7567#

;6 xkk z{}{gk a?,,ppp#{{gk#n,paIKxv:@GP=fkkm Na 71$ 75679 m dhh {mk b Na 68$ 7567 a?,,ppp##`,0;0;$ fkkm Na 71$ 7567#

;7 }a bn p àkkm kk b kkp m{km g ak{a pa ak x ip fgmk N{vpn Na 1 . :7567$ m Na 70$ 7567#

;8 jkkp m{km g {a pa x Na :$ 7567

6 }ak Mn{ Mk p knk b { g {ngk buuxj}j `{wx jxx{m j l}w 755;# J} wj}jjm }a Xzwj`knk {a m km b kkb{$ `m{ kbn#

7 lj Xzwj c}j h{j pxj}$ ppp#xzwj{j#w`$ fxxm Na 67$ 7567#

8 }k bn knk g ak x G{k h{# a?,,ppp#{#`,k,mkap,kn,268..g{k.{#anfkkm f :$ 7567#

= Xzwj mjxxjm}x x}jxa p $ A{wwjz} Mjz cpx$ Bw{wz 77$7567#

; unk nkngk kk x c h{$ Ki xn mlk Ank$ wk{k$ Na 6=$ 7567#

2 unk nkngk kk x c h{$ Ki xn mlk Ank$ wk{k$ Na 6=$ 7567#

0 }ak dkg b ak x $ A @amm$ cpd$ Bw{wz$ 75$ 7567#

1 x G{a @a{$ f.Okk$ f 6$ 7567#

: Bwn g{wa @aj{x uwx pxj} m `# a}}u?,,wj}jv{.k#g`#n, fkkm f =$ 7567#

65 jgm#

66 Bwn }a }q} b }a Mnx{x Mw}j# ]ajx }q} xxm jk`jxa Oxa{ dmjx ` }j}m Xzwj hnn}# a}}u?,,b{}z.x}#{#km{,d,Oa{#N#dm.6,g`,755;,66,mn{.mk..kà#an fkkm f 6$ 7567#

67 }ak wk b x I{m ak f.fm wk{$ ln Am ja }$ f Ak Oi xk wk$ Na 7567#

68 Bwn }a njxxj u` }a Xzwj hawjx}jx bw Mnwz Uw}zxpkgk$ a?,,.a#`,g{,{..+M1+f8+M:+10+M1+fB+M1+f0+M:+16+M:+12+M1+f0, fxxm fuwj 6$7567#

6= }ak x{``k b x$ Ok Am$ j{k b ak x{m b P$Nmmk K xk{ wk (7$ Mkkngk 7566#

6; x l @{ w{km m Mmkm$ fk Gm$ CkpZlwi ]jnkx$ Na 6=$ 7567#

62 x l @{ w{km m Mmkm$ fk Gm$ CkpZlwi ]jnkx$ Na 6=$ 7567#

60 x wkgk u ak ck Nk$ w fg{km$ }nk N`k$Bw{wz 66$ 7567#

61 jgm#

6: jgm#

75 Jxnjx}x xi j{ j Xzwj [uwjxj`$ fU$ Nwa 67$ 7567#

76 unk nkngk kk x c h{$ Ki xnm lk Ank$ wk{k$ Na 6=$ 7567#

77 luuxj}j à}wx } `} xwjx$ ggh$ fuwj 6$ 7567#

78 f ak {àk {k$ ak x `kk nkm kk$ w fg{km$ }jNK$ Na 6$ 7567#

7= x akb mm k n gm$ wk{k$ Na 6$7567#

7; f ak {àk {k$ ak x `kk nkm kk$ w fg{km$ }jNK$ Na 6$ 7567#

72 x akb mm k n gm$ wk{k$ Na 6$7567#


37/41

cl}Kx


00 jkkp m{km g {a Na ;$ 7567#

01 x ? m m$ f.Okk$ A{à Nkmm fx Bnm$ Xu}nw 7$ 7566#

0: jgm#

15

x ? m m$ f.Okk$ A{à Nkmm fx Bnm$ Xu}nw 7$ 7566#

16x ? m m$ f.Okk$ A{à Nkmm fx Bnm$ Xu}nw 7$ 7566#

17 }a ak p kkkm n{k kkp m{km g {apj}a }jrjx}x m{}m j } Bw{wz 7567$ m wz Nwa 7567#

18Z{]{$ a}}u?,,ppp#z{}{#n,p}aWw_=r]o`BAi"b}{w>z{}{# xxm Bw{wz 6:$ 7567#

1= J}wrjp m{}m z {}aw Bw{wz 7:$ 7567#

1; J}wrjp m{}m z {}aw Bw{wz 7:$ 7567#

12 J}wrjp m{}m z {}aw Bw{wz 7:$ 7567# Bp {um{km kn a{à{ ak na b Na 7567#

10 ]a Bw Xzwj fwnz }wx Mnx{x j wmw } uw}} uw}x}wx$f.N{vg$ O{ 76$ 7567# }km bn fg#

11 V"f? cjw Wx Xzwjx uw}x} nrn}$ f.Ow$ Bw{wz62$ 7567#

1: jkkp m{km g {a Na 1$ 7567#

:5z{}{gk$ a?,,ppp#{{gk#n,pa}[7KN1ni="bk{k>w}m xxm Bw{wz 62$ 7567#

:6 Z{]{$ a}}u?,,ppp#z{}{#n,p}aWw_=r]o`BAi"b}{w>z{}{# xxm Bw{wz 6:$ 75679 m Z{]{$ a}}u?,,ppp#z{}{n,p}a{m]{Nc=IN"b}{w>z{}{#$ xxm Bw{wz6:$ 7567#

:7Z{]{$ a}}u?,,ppp#z{}{#n,p}aWw_=r]o`BAi"b}{w>z

{}{# xxm Bw{wz 6:$ 7567#:8z{}{gk$ a?,,ppp#{{gk#n,paI@j;7c@j7="bk{k>w}m$ xxm Bw{wz 75$ 7567#

:=z {}{ gk$a ? , ,p pp# { {gk#n, pa gA A Ia6 ;xxm Bw{wz 7;$ 75679 Z{]{$ a}}u?,,ppp#z{}{#np}a]BilnJ]bia xxm Nwa 75$ 7567#

:;Z{]{$ a}}ux?,,ppp#z{}{#n,p}a]BlnJ]bia"b}{w>w}m xxm Bw{wz 78$ 7567#

:2 xknk ak h uk hnn akBwjmx b Xzwj hbw$ ]q} bwn }a Bi u` bw }a hjrjjuk hnn# a?,,ppp#bkgi#n,x@hhu kkm Na 75$ 7567#

:0

jgm#:1Bwn Oxa{ dmjx ` }j}m Xzwj hnn}# a}}u?,,ppp#oxa{mjxn,g`, fkkm f 6$ 7567#

:: d`nk x mmk In dgp {`k {km fm k`nk$ Mk @i$ uwj ak Pm$ O{ 2$ 7567#

655 In dgp$ fbv$ f{`{ 66$ 7551

656 x? kkk b Mn{ x` mmk In .dgppknkm$ fnk jk$ ckngk 6;$ 7566#

657x { {km m mmkm$ fk Gm$ Ckp Zlw]jnkx$ Na 6=$ 7567#

pa bp { v{k ka`km kn m{` ak knmk bNa 7567#

;= xkk z{{gk$ a?,,ppp#{{gk#n,paO6vp7qn[ fkkm Na 75$ 75679 m a?,,ppp#{{gk#n,pak\kngkmmkm">p7Mk0I1 fkkm Na 75$ 7567#

;; ]q} }i bwn }a j {n} b }a bwn}j b }aMn{ wk{ hnnm h{$ {km xkkngk 77$ 7566#]a }q} xxm }a h{jx Bi u` } a}}u?,,w.w#bkgi#n,w#d#h#Mn{b fkkm Na 75$ 7567#

;2 jgm#

;0 jkkp m{km g {a pa x ip Gkn Na ;$ 7567#

;1 Kgank b ak x wk{ @kk hnn$ }kbn ak x wk{ @kk hnn pkgk# a?,,ppp#`nn#`,mk#an\k"kp>k"m>;:"jknm>0= fkkm Na 75$ 7567#

;: jgm#

25

uk b Mkn$ }k bn ak x wk{@kk hnn pkgk# a?,,ppp#`nn#`,mk#an\k"kp>k"m>;:"jknm>0= fkkm Bw{wz 7=$ 7567#

26 xkk z{}{gk$ a?,,ppp#{{gk#n,pa.ag@KfPui $ kkmBw{wz 7=$ 75679 Z{]{$ a}}u?,,ppp#z{}{#n,p}aOJNX..Z$ xxm Bw{wz 7;$ 75679 Z{}{$ a}}u?,,ppp#z{}{#n,p}a:aa\j0jiJp $ xxm Bw{wz 7;$ 7567#

27 }ak c hm` hnn mk kkk {$xknk bn ak An wk{ h{# a?,,an.{#w`,wajrx,}`wz,x}}n}x$ xxm Bw{wz 7:$ 7567#

28 x ? m m$ A{à Nkm mfx Bnm$ f.Ow$ Xu}nw 7$ 7567#

2=

jkkp m{km g {a pa x kb{`kk Na 65$ 7567#2; jkkp m{km g {a pa x kb{`kk Na 65$ 7567#

22 J}wrjp m{}m z {}aw Bw{wz 7#

20x l? ukk m wk$ xb$ Mkkngk 7566#

21 Ap ak M b Mk{k k ` nk$ jkkp g dN{ b Pk }nn$ ak Pm$ O{ 6$ 7566#

2:f{knk ak ank`k b ak dhh pkgk# ppp##`fkkm Na 60$ 7567#

05 Kk a` pm n`k b x k$ fa xamm$ Ckp Zlwi]jnkx$ f 78$ 7566#

06 dkikm x m{nk ap ap fm gkm kk k mkk ak$ Nak Pk$ ]ak ]kdk`wfua$ O{k 70$ 7567#

07 x l? ukk m wk$ xb$ Mkkngk 7566#

08 }ak x wk{ ckp w{m [? M 701? x{m$ 60 MKh7566$ }ak xk` wkka m hnn{ hkk !xwhh*$a?,,g#,oIbg

0= jgm#

0; u M` hk? }ak fg x` Gk b wkkkdk{k `k g Np N# Im @k`kp [k Na77$ 7567#

02 X Bw 7= px wuw} } a}}u?,,ppp#mjzn}j#n,rjm,500\an..k..`k..nn{k\kp fkkm Na 85$ 7567#


38/41

cl}Kx


658x wk{ zk lk? f u b wk`` ak l$In dpj$ Bjiw Bw{n$ Nwa 77$ 7567#

65= jgm#

65; V"f? Xzwj }jrjx} X{ajw f}xxj$ f.Ow$ Bw{wz :$ 7566#

652

x ? m m$ A{`a Nkm mfx Bnm$ f.Ow$ Xu}nw 7$ 7567#

650Xzwj uuxj}j }jrjx} nrx } Bw$ dcp$ O{wz 76$7567#

651 za xa{go m x .k k b kk k `k m`k$ Nao Iab$ N{n hnn{ wk$ ckngk 0$7566#

65: j x$ bk m kk k mi m b 6:15$ wo fgm{an$Dlx Fc`kdkx ]jnkx$ Mkkngk =$ 7566#

665za xa{go m x .k k b kk k `k m`k$ Nao Iab$ N{n hnn{ wk$ ckngk 0$7566#

666 x f? wkai` wk{$ Kk Ia{$ f.fiag

K`a$ Na 75$ 7567#667 }ak d hm` hnnkk i m m{nk m kj Xzwj# X mjz `{wx bw uw}x}x m uw}x}wx } a}}u?,,ppp#xzwj#`,m{nk`.kk

668 Xzwj j}wr}j jx {jiz {}j }a uuxj}j {jx$ Xw Xwaw$]ak F}dfc}jh$ Na 7567#


39/41


40/41


41/41

Documents

Institute for the Study of War: Understanding Syria's Political Opposition