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8/12/2019 Inspections Work and Equiptment
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Frosio course hand-out: Section 17A Inspection work & equipment
1
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 1
Use of instruments
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 2
Utstyr utlagt
Inspection Equipment
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Frosio course hand-out: Section 17A Inspection work & equipment
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 3
Inspection after application
Climatic conditions (Ventilation,Temperature and humidity)Curing / drying of the filmDry film thickness (DFT)
AdhesionHoliday detection (if required)
After applicationthe following must be checked
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 4
Wet paint
Steel
ISO 2808 - 97 Method No.1Wet film measuring comb
Microns250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25
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Frosio course hand-out: Section 17A Inspection work & equipment
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 5
4932-81
0459-21
ISO 2808Wet film thickness gauge
Measure wet paint film Here: 25 microns between the teeth
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 6
Using PIG Universal on aships hull
PIG = PaintInspection Gauge
Destructive testmethod
Possible to verifythe number of coatsapplied
Possible to measurethe thickness ofeach individual coat
Cd-4932-100
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Frosio course hand-out: Section 17A Inspection work & equipment
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 7
PIG Paint Inspection GaugeMainly for laboratory use
4932-100
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 8
ISO 2808 - 97
Determination of film thickness
Method No. 6: Magnetic method
Magnetic induction principle (Method 6 A) Permanent magnetic principle (Method 6 B)
Instruments for magnetic, metallic substrates Calibration must be done in accordance
with instructions from the manufacturer
Before testing the paint systemmust be properly cured.
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Frosio course hand-out: Section 17A Inspection work & equipment
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 9
ISO 2808 - 97
Determination of film thickness
High frequency electromagneticinstrument
For non-magnetic substrates
Calibration in accordance with themanufacturers instruction
Method No. 7 - Eddy current method
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 10
Electromagnetic instruments Calibration on a smooth steel surface min. 1,2 mm
thick For DFT measurement, not less than 25 and
preferably above 50 microns Number of readings, as a guide:
1 reference area: At least 3 readings evenly 2 reference areas for every square meter for flat plates 4 reference areas for every length for a web 2 reference areas every metre length for a flange 2 reference areas every metre length for a pipe
ISO 2808 - 97Determination of film thickness
Method No. 10 - On blast cleaned steel substrates
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Frosio course hand-out: Section 17A Inspection work & equipment
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 11
ISO 2808 - Magnetic and electromagneticDry film thickness gauges
Dry film thickness gauge Calibrate on smooth
surface to zero and tothickness similar to bemeasured
Check with yourcalibration foil frequently
Plastic material foils wear
easily. Replacefrequently. No internal memory in
gauge
Cd-4932-82
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 12
ISO 2808 - Magnetic and electromagneticDry film thickness gauges
Dry film thickness gauge Calibrate on smooth
surface to zero and tothickness similar to bemeasured
Check with your calibration
foil frequently Plastic material foils wear
easily. Replace frequently. No internal memory in
gaugeInspection \ Dryfilmthickness1
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Frosio course hand-out: Section 17A Inspection work & equipment
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 13
Trrfilm mlere Elektr.Magn.
Magnetic and ElectromagneticDry Film Thickness Gauges
ISO 2808 Dry film thickness gauge Calibrate on smooth
surface to zero and tothickness similar to bemeasured
Check with yourcalibration foil frequently
Plastic material foilswear easily. Replacefrequently.
Some models haveinternal memory.
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 14
SSPC - PA 2Measuring DFT on small areas
1. Area of 10 m 2 : 5 spot measurements
2. Each spot measurement: The average of 3 individualreadings made on one small area
3. The average of 5 spot measurements must bewithin specified range of film thickness
4. Single spot measurements may be as low as 80% ofspecified minimum film thickness
5. Individual readings included in the spotmeasurements may be less than 80% of minimumthickness
Procedure
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Frosio course hand-out: Section 17A Inspection work & equipment
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 15
SSPC - PA 2Number of film thickness measurements
1. 10 m 2 5 spots (on each spot: 3 measurements)
2. 30 m 2 As for case 1 for each 10 m 2
3. Up to100 m 2 Select 3 areas, each of 10 m 2
4. Above 100 m 2 The first 100 m 2 as for case 3For each following 100 m 2 selectrandomly one area of 10 m 2
Note: If measurements outside the specification for any 10 m 2 in case3 or 4 above are found, then each 10 m 2 shall be measured
Case Area Selection of Measurements
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 16
Instruments for measuringsurface roughness
Stylus instruments Elcometer Mod. 123 Testex Press-O-film Microscope Comparator
Rugotest No. 3 ISO 8503 etc.
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Frosio course hand-out: Section 17A Inspection work & equipment
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 17
Clemco
Compartor
Surface Roughness acc. toISO 8503
Example of a referencecomparator: Clemco
Surface profile comparatorcomprising four segments.
Clemco - grit Clemco shot also available Check if the profile is
according to specificationand the paint manufacturersrecommendation
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 18
Jan, speil, lykt
Using Inspection Tools: Mirror andFlash light
Visual inspection Important tools to
be able to inspectareas difficult toaccess
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Frosio course hand-out: Section 17A Inspection work & equipment
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 19
1. Air temperature2. % Relative humidity3. Steel temperature
4. Dew point
ISO 8502 4 Humidity
Guidance on the estimation of the probabilityof condensation prior to paint application
Steel temperature min. 3 oC above the dew point
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 20
Steel temperature
Contact Thermometer
Electronic instrumentfor measuring the steeltemperature
Steel temperaturemust be min. 3 oC
above the dew point Other types of
thermometers are alsoavailable. E.g.magneticthermometers
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Frosio course hand-out: Section 17A Inspection work & equipment
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 21
Measuring the Relative Humidity
ISO 8502 - 4 Photo: Sling hygrometer
for measuring:- Dry temperature- Wet temperature
Measure the temperaturein the vicinity of the work
Calculate the relativehumidity
Use together with dewpoint calculator
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 22
Dew Point Calculator
ISO 8502 - 4 For calculation of dew
point To be used together with
surface temperaturethermometer and slinghygrometer.
Use this frequently duringpre-treatment, applicationand drying of the paint.
Recommendation: Every 6hours and when weatherconditions are changing
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 23
Bresle sett
Salt Test Equipment - Bresle Test
ISO 8502 - 6(Sampling)
ISO 8502 - 9(Conductivity)
Equipment forsampling andmeasuring content of
water soluble salt onsubstrate Bresle method
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 24
How to measure the salt level ona surface
Water soluble salts will beremoved by water jetting
Here: The substrate iscleaned at a pressure of2000 bar
Salt level is measured bythe Bresle method
Dissolve the salt insidethe frame of the patch
Measure the conductivityof the water sample
Pre-treatment: Wj_saltlevel1
For 15 ml sample size, multiplyconductivity measured in S by afactor of 6 to get mg salt per m 2
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Frosio course hand-out: Section 17A Inspection work & equipment
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 25
Calculating salt level on thesubstrate
Formula: (L2 L 1) x 6 = mg salt per m 2
L2 = S after cleaning
L1 = S before cleaning
Water sample, ml: 10 15 20 50
Constant in formula: 4 6 8 20
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 26
ApprovedNot approved
Tape Blast cleaned steel
Assessment of Dust on Steel SurfacesPrepared for Painting. ISO 8502-3
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 27
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 28
Glove RagMEK
Rubbing 50 x
No Zinc on the Rag:CuredApproved
ASTM D 4752-87Curing test of Zinc - ethylsilicate with MEK.
A lot of Zinc on Rag: Not curedFurther curing / Reblasting
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 29
ASTM D 4752-87MEK curing test of zinc ethyl silicate
Left: One cured and uncured test plate Right: Uncured zinc over coated. Result: Delamination
A-40807-2
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 30
Glove
Rag
MEK
ASTM D 4752 ASTM D 4752 --8787Curing test of ZincCuring test of Zinc ethyl silicate with MEK.ethyl silicate with MEK.
Inspection / Zincsilicate_curing1
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 31
ASTM D 3359-87Adhesion testing by knife and adhesive tape
There are two test methods The method to select depends on the DFT
Method A: DFT above 125 micronsMethod B: DFT below 125 microns
(Above 125 if wider cuts are used)
Method A: X - cut. Tape testMethod B: Cross - cut. Tape test
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 32
ASTM 3359-87. Method BAdhesion testing
< 50 microns = 1 mm apart (11 cuts) 50 - 125 microns = 2 mm apart (6 cuts) > 125 microns = Method A
1. Cuts: 20 mm long2. Brush with a soft brush
3. Examine4. Cuts: 20 mm long at 90 o on the original cuts5. Brush with...6. Tape 75 mm7. Within 90 + 30 sec. remove tape
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 33
5B The edges of the cuts are completelysmooth; none of the lattice is detached
4B Small flakes of the coating is detached atintersections: 5% of the area is affected
3B Small flakes of the coating are detachedalong edges and at intersections of cuts.The area affected is 5 to 15% of thelattice.
2B The coating has flaked along the edgesand on parts of the squares. The area
affected is 15 to 35% of the lattice.1B The coating has flaked along the edges of
cuts in large ribbons and whole squareshave detached. The area affected is 35 to65 % of the lattice.
0B Flaking and detachment worse than Grade1B.
Classification of adhesion test results.Method B. (Example for six parallel cuts).
5B None4B
3B
2B
1B
0B Greater than 65%
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 34
ISO 2409Cross-cut testCutting tool
Single bladed knifeor
Multi-blade cutting tool with 6 cuttingedges spaced 1 mm or 2 mm apart
Spacing of cuts0 - 60 microns: 1 mm spacing, hard substrates0 - 60 microns: 2 mm spacing, soft substrates
60 - 120 microns: 3 mm spacing, hard/soft substrates121 - 250 microns: 3 mm spacing, hard/soft substrates
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 35
Procedure: Make 6 parallel cuts with defined space in the
coating. Repeat operation, crossing original cuts at 90 o
so that a grid pattern is formed. Brush with soft brush. Apply adhesive tape and pull off. Classify results in accordance with table 1.
ISO 2409Cross-cut test
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 36
ISO 2409Cross cut adhesion test
Cross cut adhesiontest
Cut vertical andhorizontal lines toform a grid
Apply a strong tape Pull off the tape Evaluate according to
the standard
Cd-4932-91
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 37
ISO 2409Cross-cut adhesion test
Left: A good type of cross-cut tool Right: Evaluation of performed test
0002-001
0002-002
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 38
5B The edges of the cuts are completelysmooth; none of the lattice is detached
4B Small flakes of the coating is detached atintersections: 5% of the area is affected
3B Small flakes of the coating are detachedalong edges and at intersections of cuts.The area affected is 5 to 15% of thelattice.
2B The coating has flaked along the edgesand on parts of the squares. The areaaffected is 15 to 35% of the lattice.
1B The coating has flaked along the edges ofcuts in large ribbons and whole squareshave detached. The area affected is 35 to65 % of the lattice.
0B Flaking and detachment worse than Grade1B.
Classification of Adhesion Test Results.(Example for six parallel cuts).
5B None4B
3B
2B
1B
0B Greater than 65%
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 39
ISO 2409Classification of Cross-cut testClassi-fication
Description Appearance of surfaceSix parallel cuts
0 Completely smooth: none of the squares detached1 Small flakes at the Intersections. Area affected 5 %
2 Flaked along the edges and/or at theIntersections. Area affected: 5-15%
3
Flaked along the edges, wholly in large ribbons,
and/or partly or wholly on different parts ofthe squares. Area affected: 15-35%
4Flaked along the edges in large ribbons and/or some squares have detached partly or wholly.Area affected: 35-65%
5 Any degree of flaking that cannot even be classified by 4.
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 40
ISO 2409Cross cut adhesion test
Cross cut adhesion test Cut vertical and
horizontal lines to forma grid
Apply a strong tape
Pull off the tape Evaluate according to
the standard
Inspection / Adhesion_crosscut1
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 41
Instruments: Elcometer Adhesion Tester Saeberg Adhesion Tester (pneumatic) Hate Adhesion Tester (hydraulic) PAT Other
ISO 4624Pull-off test for adhesion
Failure:Adhesion failure: Between coats or between or substrate and 1st coatCohesion failure: Inside a coat
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 42
ISO 4624Pull-off test for adhesion
Procedure : Test dollies glued onto the coating Adhesive: Cyano-acrylate or solvent free epoxy Remove adhesive and coating around the dollies Pull off test-dollies vertical to the surface
Read adhesion value and report the type of fracture
Fractures: Adhesion failure - fracture between coats or substrate and 1.
coat Cohesion failure - fracture within a coat
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 43
ISO 4624Pull-off dollies glued to the structure
Pull off adhesiontest
Dollies are glued tothe structure with astrong glue
Prior to pull-off:
Cut around thedolly, through thepaint film and downto the substratematerial
Cd-4932-102
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 44
ISO 4624Pull-off testing of paint on a structure
Pull off adhesion test. Destructive test method Here, connecting of the
device for pulling off thedollies
Read and note the value Several types of
instruments areavailable
Cd-4932-101
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 45
ISO 4624Area after pull-off testing
Pull off adhesion test The adhesiveadhesive failure -
fracture between coats -or between coating andsubstrate must beevaluated
Note adhesion failure, % The cohesivecohesive failure -
fracture within thecoating- must beevaluated.
Note cohesion failure, % Also: Note glue failure, %
Cd-4932-103
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 46
ISO 4624Pull-off dollies glued to thestructure Pull off adhesion test Dollies are glued to the
structure with a strongglue
Prior to pull-off:
Cut around the dolly,through the paint filmand down to thesubstrate material
Record the pull-offvalue
Evaluate the failureInspection / Adhesion_pulloff1
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 49
ASTM G-62-85, method ALow voltage pinhole detector
Photo: Low voltage pinholedetector
Detecting pinholes, voidsor metal particles in paintfilm up to 250 microns
Non destructive testmethod
Will only detect defectsdown to bare metal The sponge must be
wetted Do not use excessive water
0002-004
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 50
ASTM G-62-85, method ALow voltage pinhole detector
Detecting pinholes,voids or metalparticles in paint filmup to 250 microns
Non destructive test
method Will only detect defects
down to bare metal The sponge must be
wetted Do not use excessive
waterInspection / Pore_detection1
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 51
ASTM G 62 Method BHoliday detection. High voltage.
High voltage: 900 - 20.000 V
Used to detect pinholes, voids andareas with thin paint films
This is a destructive test.
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 52
ASTM G-62-85, method BHigh voltage holiday detector
Destructive test methodfor detecting pinholes,voids and thin spots inpaint film
Adjust voltage according to
the film thickness or thepaint manufacturersrecommendation
Gives a light or signal whenpinhole or weak point isdetected
Cd-4932-93
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 53
0002-005
ASTM G-62-85, method BHigh voltage holiday detector
Destructive test methodfor detecting pinholes,voids and thin spots inpaint film
Adjust voltage according tothe film thickness or thepaint manufacturersrecommendation
Gives a light or signal whenpinhole or weak point isdetected
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 54
ASTM G 62 Method BHoliday detection. High voltage.
High voltage: 900 - 20.000V
Used to detect pinholes,voids and
areas with thin paint films
This is a destructive test.
Inspection / Holiday_detection1
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 57
ISO 8504
Surface preparation methods:
Part 1: General principles.Part 2: Abrasive blast-cleaning.Part 3: Hand- and power-tool
cleaning.
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 58
Methods Effectiveness Fields of
application
ISO 8504 - 2
Abrasive blast-cleaning
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 59
Methods Equipment to be used Procedure to be followed
ISO 8504 - 3Hand and Power-tool Cleaning
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 60
Steel
Rag soakedwith solvent
No reaction:Chemically curing
Paint dissolves:Physically drying
Using solvents to determinegeneric type of paint
2 coat paintLifting/Wrinkling:Oxidatively curing
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 61
Use a rag soakedwith solvent
No reaction:Chemically curing
Paint dissolves:
Physically drying
Using solvents to determinegeneric type of paint
Lifting/Wrinkling:Oxidatively curing
Inspection / Determine_generic1
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 62
Standards relating to mechanical properties
Property Standard / Test methodAdhesion (Cross cut) ISO 2409, DIN 53251, BS 3900-E6, ASTM 3359Adhesion (Pull-off) ISO 4624, ASTM 4541, BS 3900 - E10Adhesion(Shear strength)
ASTM D 1002 (Specified for Chartek)
Hardness ISO 2815 (Buchholz - methode)Hardness ISO 1522 (Knig - pendel)
Hardness BarcholElasticiy ISO 1520 (Cupping test)Flexibility ISO 6860 ASTM D 522
BS 3900 - E11 (Conical mandrel)
Impact resistance ISO/TR 6272 - 79E ASTM D 2794 - 84DIN 55669 BS 3900 - E3
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 63
Testing and evaluation.marine atmosphere (1 of 2)Test method Standards Comments
Physical testingAdhesionAdhesionFlexibilityElasticityHardnessImpact resistanceGlossAbrasion resistance
ISO 2409ISO 4624ISO 1510ISO 1520ISO 2815ISO 6272ISO 2813ASTM D 4060
Before and after exposureBefore and after exposureBefore and after exposureBefore and after exposure
Exposure conditions:SaltsprayProhesion testUV-cabinetCondensation chamber Humidity chamber WeatheringResistance to liquids
ISO 7253 or ASTM B 117
ASTM G 53ISO 6270BS 3900ISO 2810ISO 2812 Oil, petroleum , etc.
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 64
Test method Standards Comments
Evaluation of paint filmsBlisteringRustCrackingFlakingChalking
Scribe
ISO 4628/2ISO 4628/3ISO 4628/4ISO 4628/5ISO 4628/6
ASTM D 1654
Evaluation of the liquid paint
Appearance in tin
Application properties
ISO 2431
ISO 2884
Flow time
Viscosity
Testing and evaluation.marine atmosphere (2 of 2)
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 65
Abrasion resistance
Weigh the paintedsample
Install it in the apparatusand run 1000 cycles
Measure the weight loss
Testing paints \ Abrasion resistance1
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 66
Flexibility test
Use a thin test panel Measure the paint film
thickness Carry out the impact test
on the rear side of thetest panel
Determine the highestlevel of impact loadbefore any crack ordefect in the paint filmoccurs
Testing paints \ Flexibility_test1
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 67
Impact test
Use a thick test panel Measure the paint film
thickness Carry out the impact test
on the painted side of thetest panel
Determine the highestlevel of impact loadbefore any crack ordefect in the paint filmoccurs
Testing paints \ Impact_test1
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 68
Reference area should:
be representative to the remainingarea coated with the same system.
be available for inspection at any time. be marked thoroughly to indicate
"ref.area" not be overcoated
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Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 69
Controlled application
Inspection of: steelwork cleaning surface preparation (blastcleaning) painting curing
completed system
Frosio 17A Inspection work & equipment slide # 70
Number of reference areas
2000,29>50000
1000,2925000 to 50000
750,3710000 to 25000500,575000 to 10000
250,552000 to 5000
120,63< 2000
Recommended maximumtotal area of referenceareas
m 2
Recommended maximumpercentage of referencearea relative to total areaof structure
Recommended maximumNumber of referenceareas
Size of structure(painted area)
m 2