Inside Reading 2: Fat for Brains

Words to know

• goes (v.) = maintains; states; says• obviously (adv.) = clearly; distinctly• affect (v.) = influence; impact• performance (n.) = activity• handles (v.) = deals with; manages• stable (adj.) = unchanged• concentrate (v.) = focus• reaction (n.) = response• defuse (v.) = remove; calm; make harmless• aging (n.) = becoming old

Words to know (2)

• associate (v.) = link; connect• encouraged (v.) = promoted; facilitated• drain (v.) = remove• psychological (adj.) = mental• benefits (n.) = advantages; uses• paradigm (n.) = model; pattern; example• gaining (v.) = obtaining; acquiring• conceiving (v.) = thinking• recognize (v.) = admit; acknowledge• discrete (adj.) = separate; distinct

Words to know (3)

• compound (n.) = combination; mixture• smart (adj. = wise; clever• commit (v.) = perform; take• classified (v.) = divided; classed; grouped• varying (adj.) = different• proportions (n.) = quantities; amounts• solid (adj.) = hard; not liquid• allocate (v.) = give; allot• intake (n.) = a quantity taken in• moderate (adj.) = average; not too high and too low

Words to know (4)

• poses (v.) = causes; leads to• consume (v.) = eat; take• beyond ((prep.) = more than• promote (v.) = encourage; raise; increase; cause• depressed (adj.) = sad; gloomy• impair (v.) = weaken; diminish• mental (adj.) = psychological; relating to the mind• make up (v.) = form; constitute• bulk (n.) = large amount; great quantity• beware (v.) = be careful; be cautious

Words to know (5)

• approach (n.) = way; means; method• overall (adj./adv.) = on the whole; in total• critical (adj.) = important; crucial• metabolism (n.) = a chemical process of breaking

down the food in a living body• sharp (adj.) = vigorous; quick; alert• crucial (adj.) = important; essential; necessary• supplies (n.) = food content• ample (adj.) = enough; sufficient• rich (adj.) = plentiful; abundant

Words to know (6)

• identical (adj.) = same• allergic (adj.) = sensitive to certain things• intolerant (adj.) = disapproving; disliking• evidence (n.) = support; proof• intellectual (adj.) = deep in thought; powerful thought

mental advantage• premature (adj.) = happening before growing up• significantly (adv.) = importantly• compiled (v.) = gathered; collected• initial (adj.) = beginning

Words to know (7)

• concluded (v.) = summarized• exclusively (adj.) = not inclusively; leaving out• component (n.) = part• journals (n.) = periodicals• routinely (adv.) = regularly• confirm (v.) = prove• demonstrated (v.) = showed• reduced (v.) = decreased• stroke (n.) = a sudden rupture or burst of a blood

vessel in the brain

Words to know (8)

• pessimistic (adj.) = thinking of bad things• impulsive (adj.) = doing things without thinking• prospects (n.) = hopes; expectations• therapists (n.) = doctors; physicians• determined (v.) = intended• coordinate (v.) = combine; integrate• drugs (n.) = medicines

Exercises

Reading Comprehension

1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T

5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T

Reading StrategySuggested answer:

A balance of fats, brain cells, IQ and depression, omega-3s, saturated and unsaturated fats

Step I Vocabulary Activities: Word Level

A. 1. caused 2. complete

3. convert 4. finally

5. sponsor 6. sections

7. wrote

Word Meaning

• influence (v.) = have an effect on; affect• affect (v.) = influence; cause something to change• impact (v.) = affect

• determine (v.) = prove; show• deficit (n.) = lack• concentration (n.) = attention• impulsive (adj.) = spontaneous; involuntary• triggered (v.) = caused

Word Meaning (2)

• encourage (v.) = support; alert; foster• promote (v.) = encourage• facilitate (v.) = encourage; ease

• eliminating (v.) = removing; excluding• provoking (v.) = annoying• presumably (adv.) = probably; likely• healthier (adj.) = better

Word Meaning (3)

• divide (v.) = separate• distribute (v.) = divide• allocate (v.) = divide

• eliminate (v.) = remove; exclude• additives (n.) = substances added to food• ban (v.) = prohibit; not allow

Word Meaning (4)

• overall (adv.) = in total; all over• in total (adv.) = overall• as a whole = overall; in total

Word Meaning (5)

• team (n.) = group• squad (n.) = group• group (n.) = team; squad

• monitor (v.) = check

Word Meaning (6)

• intervals (n.) = periods; times• periods (n.) = times

• suspected (v.) = distrusted; doubted

Word Meaning (7)

• compiled (v.) = gathered; collected• gathered (v.) = compiled• put together (v.) = compiled

• noted (v.) = saw; noticed; observed• increases (n.) = rises; additions

Step II Vocabulary: Sentence Level

D.1. I made a financial commitment to the Diabetes Research Foundation. (i)2. I can’t meet at that time because I’ve a commitment. (e)3. She is totally committed to her daughter. (d)4. He suffered from depression for many years and finally committed suicide. (b)5. His leaving early shows a lack of commitment to the team. (j)

Step II Vocabulary: Sentence Level (2)

6. The government has honored a commitment to allocate more money to the school lunch

program. (g)

7. He went to prison for committing crimes. (a)

8. She thinks she can come tomorrow, but she won’t commit herself until she talks to her sister. (c)

9. They would love to take a vacation, but they have commitments that need their attention. (f)

10. He’s not really sick. He’s just trying to get out of a commitment. (h)

Conclusion: meaning of ‘commit & commitment’

• make a financial commitment to

= promise to give money to• have a commitment

= promise to do something• be totally committed to someone / something

= be all thought about• commit suicide / homicide

= kill oneself• a lack of commitment

= not care about

Conclusion: meaning of ‘commit & commitment’ (2)

• honor a commitment

= fulfill a promise• commit a crime

= carry out an illegal act• not commit yourself

= not promise yourself• have commitments

= have responsibilities• get out of a commitment

= rid yourself of a promise

Step II Vocabulary: Sentence Level

• E

1. Chemical compounds called antioxidants may become more important in your diet as you get older. A number of studies have suggested that they maintain memory and mentally sharp in older adults.

2. Antioxidants in the body react with free radicals and limit the reaction they can do.

3. Overall free radicals cause damage to tissues in the body. Their general effect on the body partly promote the slow decline we call “aging”.

Step II Vocabulary: Sentence Level (2)

4. One of the most disturbing aspects of aging is that it affects the brain.

5. Some people seem to have improved their prospects of staying sharp in old age by eating foods that contain adequate amounts of antioxidants.

6. Several studies of older patients taking antioxidant pills, however, showed unaffected differences between these patients and older persons who took no supplements.

Conclusion of word meaning in ex. E

• mentally = cognitively• react = trap damaging• reaction = limit the damage• overall = (nearly) every part• promote = be responsible for• affect = happen to• prospects = chances• unaffected = no significant