Insects, Insect Management, and Ecological Implications Mar18€¦ · Insect biology and pest management are related. Your ability to manage and respond to insect populations will

Insect ManagementInsect Management

Neil CunninghamGreen Noise

www.theothercolorgreen.wordpress.com1

Agenda

• Introductions/Insect biology (~45 mins)

• Principles of integrated pest management (45 mins)

• Products, predictions & plans (putting IPM into practice) – (45 mins)

• Discussion & Pest Brainstorming – time remaining

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Photos: MDA Biocontrol Program

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Progression of parasitism of Macrosiphum spp. aphids on cup leaves. Source: Green Noise

“Don’t tell me anything about insects because I don’t care. All I want to do is kill them.”

Someone in the audience during a biocontrol workshop.

8Discussion: Perceptions of insects Photo: Green Noise

“Nobody wants to learn about rearing insects. At the end of the day, all they want to do is go home to their family.”

A community gardener.


“Come on, honey. Let’s go look at the big animals.”

A father speaking to his daughter at the Minnesota State Fair exhibit, Little Beasts, Big Feasts: The Things Bugs Eat.


“We don’t care about the bees.”A mid‐level state government administrator during a discussion about pesticides and emerald ash borer when someone asked about whether the residual effects of imidacloprid had any effect on native bee populations.


Insect biology and pest management are related.Your ability to manage and respond to insect

populations will improve the more you understandthe biology of the insects you’re dealing with.

Photo: MDA12

Insect life cycles

1. Complete Metamorphosis (e.g., butterflies, moths, beetles, flies, etc.)

2. Incomplete metamorphosis aka Hemimetabolous (e.g., dragonflies, damselflies, mayflies)

3. Gradual metamorphosis aka Paurometabolous (e.g., grasshoppers, true bugs)

4. No metamorphosis aka Ametabolous (e.g., silverfish, firebrats)

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FunctionsPollinators >>>Plant feedersPredatorsParasitoidsPathogensSca engersScavengersFood

Bumblebee (Bombus impatiens) pollinating anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum)

Photo: Green Noise

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FunctionsPollinatorsPlant feeders >>>PredatorsParasitoidsPathogensScavengersFood

Photo: MDA, Insect Identification by Dr. John Luhman

Alfalfa Lady Beetle on bouncing bet

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FunctionsPollinatorsPlant feedersPredators >>>ParasitoidsPathogensScavengersFood

Photo: Green Noise

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Soldier bugs feeding on a cabbage butterfly caterpillar

FunctionsPollinatorsPlant feedersPredatorsParasitoids >>>PathogensScavengersFood

Photo: MDA Biocontrol

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FunctionsPollinatorsPlant feedersPredatorsParasitoidsPathogens >>>ScavengersFood

Photo: Forestry Images

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FunctionsPollinatorsPlant feedersPredatorsParasitoidsPathogensScavengersFood

Photo: Green Noise

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Ants scavenging bird dung

FunctionsPollinatorsPlant feedersPredatorsParasitoidsPathogensScavengersDecomposerFood

Photo: Green Noise

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Moth fly larvae in scummy dishwater with crushed cheerios

FunctionsPollinatorsPlant feedersPredatorsParasitoidsPathogensScavengersDecomposerFood >>>

“If all mankind were to disappear, the world would regenerate back to the rich state of equilibrium that existed ten thousand years ago. If insects were to vanish, the environment would collapse into chaos.”

– E.O. Wilson

Photo: Green Noise

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Argipes spp. spider snacking on a grasshopper

MouthpartsChewingPiercing‐SuckingRasping‐SuckingSpongingSponging‐Cutting

Photos: MDA Biocontrol22


Photo: Green Noise

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Photo: Tree of Life

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Photo: Tree of Life

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Insect OrdersColeoptera ‐ beetlesLepidoptera ‐mothsOrthoptera – grasshoppers, crickets, cockroaches, mantidsDiptera ‐ fliesNeuroptera – lacewings, mantispidsHymenoptera – bees & waspsHomoptera – cicadas, aphids, leafhoppersHemiptera – true bugsOdonata – dragonflies & damselfliesDermaptera ‐ earwigsSiphonaptera ‐ fleasThysanoptera – thrips

Source: MDA Biocontrol Program, Dr. John Luhman

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Insect Orders……....and Etymology

Coleoptera ‐ beetlesLepidoptera ‐mothsOrthoptera – grasshoppers, crickets, cockroaches, mantidsDiptera ‐ fliesNeuroptera – lacewings, mantispids

Coleoptera – “sheath‐winged”Lepidoptera – “dust‐winged”Orthoptera – “straight winged”Diptera – “two‐winged”Neuroptera – “nerve‐winged”

“ ”Hymenoptera – bees & waspsHomoptera – cicadas, aphids, leafhoppersHemiptera – true bugsOdonata – dragonflies & damselfliesDermaptera ‐ earwigsSiphonaptera ‐ fleasThysanoptera – thrips

Hymenoptera – “net‐winged”Homoptera – “same‐winged”Hemiptera – “half‐winged”Odonata – “toothed”Dermaptera – “skin wingless”Siphonaptera – “”sucking wingless”Thysanoptera – “fringe‐winged”

Source: MDA Biocontrol, Dr. John Luhman

II. Integrated Pest Management

IPM ToolsChemicalPhysical/MechanicalCulturalBiological

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Integrated pest management

“timing”

“target”

“tools”

“technique”

30Photo: Green Noise

Chemical (Synthetic)Product: Sevin*Active ingredient: Carbaryl (22.5%)

31*Inclusion does not mean or imply an endorsementPhoto: Green Noise

Chemical (Synthetic)Product: Sevin*Active ingredient: Carbaryl (22.5%)

Mode of action: Cholinesterase Inhibition

“Organophosphate and carbamateinsecticides are known as cholinesteraseinhibitors. They bind to the enzyme that isnormally responsible for breaking downACh after it has carried its message acrossthe synapse. When an insect has beenpoisoned by a cholinesterase inhibitor, thecholinesterase is not available to help break down the ACh, and the neurotransmitter continues to cause the neuron to “fire,” or send its electrical charge. This causes overstimulation of the nervous system, and the insect dies.”

from Maryland Cooperative Extension Leaflet #43

32*Inclusion does not mean or imply an endorsement

Photo: Green Noise

Chemical pesticide (Organic)Product: Organic Insect Killer*


Photo: Green Noise

Chemical pesticide (Organic)*Modes of action: Suffocation, Dessication, Irritation

2‐Phenethyl Proprionate ester of phenylethyl alcohol and proprionicacid (esters are made from condensing an acid with an alcohol))

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (surfactant)

Eugenol (essential oil derived from cloves)

Thyme oil (essential oil of thyme is called also known as thymol also the ingredient in Listerine)

Sesame oil


Photo: Green Noise

Conventional pesticides*

Organophosphates & CarbamatesMode of action: Synaptic poisons. Prevents nerve impulse transmissions. Insects “think” themselves to death.Example organophosphate pesticide common names: chlorpyrifos, diazinonExample organophosphate pesticide brand names: DuraGuard, Knox Out GHExample carbamate pesticide common names: bendiocarbExample carbamate pesticide brand names: Turcam

Insect Growth Regulators (IGR)Mode of action: Chitin synthesis inhibitors or juvenile hormone mimics.Example pesticide common names: diflubenzuron, fenoxycarb, s‐Kinoprene, pyriproxifenExample pesticide common names: diflubenzuron, fenoxycarb, s Kinoprene, pyriproxifenExample pesticide brand names: Adept, Precision, Enstar II, Distance

PyrethroidsMode of action: Affects the nervous system. Axonic toxins.Example pesticide common names: PyrethrinExample pesticide brand names: 1100 Pyrethrum TR, EXclude

Chloronicotinyls (aka, Neonicitinoids)Mode of action: Inhibits nerve impulse reception, prevents normal behavior when messages cannot be “received” Example pesticide common name: ImidaclopridExample pesticide brand names: Merit, Marathon, Imicide

*This list is not intended to be comprehensive.Inclusion does not mean or imply an endorsement.

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List compiled by: Green Noise

Biorational pesticides, including botanicals*Insecticidal oils and soaps (Contact pesticides)Insecticidal soap – Safer Soap, Des X INsecticidal Soap Concentrate, Horticultural oil – Sesame oil, Suffix Oil‐X, Hot pepper or garlic sprays

Microbials (Pathogens)Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) – Dipel, XentariBeauvaria bassiana – MycotrolStreptomyces fungus – Mycostop, Actinovate AGTrichoderma – RootShieldSaccharopolysora spinosa – Spinosad, Conserve, Entrust, Tracer,Success, etc

Minerals (Repellents or Dessicants)Kaolin clay – “Surround”Diatomaceous earth

Botanicals* (Stomach poisons, Suffocators, Repellants, or Nervous system poisons)Rotenone – Contact and stomach poison found in several subtropical leguminous shrubs – derris, cube, timboPyrethrum/Pyrethrins – Pyganic, Safer Insect Killer with soap (III) ‐ affects the nervous system of insectsNeem – Agroneem, AZA‐Direct, Azatrol, Ecosense, Ecoside, Neemix, Ozoneem, NeemAzad 1%Sabadilla – Contact and stomach poison made from seeds of a Lily family plant. Applied as a dust with sulfur or lime.

Also toxic to bees.Ryiana – Stomach poison made from stems and roots of a South American shrub, Ryania speciosa. Longer residual activity. Toxic to mammals. Other – Hot pepper, herb, seed, or garlic sprays

*This list is not intended to be comprehensive. Inclusion does not mean or imply an endorsement.

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List compiled by: Green Noise

Check the Status of Products• Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI)

http://www.omri.org/omri‐lists/download• Database on NOSB Recommendations for Materials Considered for Use in Organic Agricultural Production and Handling (XLS)

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Check Organic Regulations• National USDA Organic Program

http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/nop

Mechanical/PhysicalBug vacuumAtrix Express Plus Bug Vacuum$249.00DoMyOwnPestControl.com

Other examples:PruningHand‐pickingRow coversBranch meshBagging applesHeatHumidityLightAirflow

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Photo, bottom: MDA Biocontrol

CulturalTrap cropping

Plant care (fertilizer, mulching, watering)

Plant location (soil quality, shade/light, matching location to plant preferences)

Plant selection (resistant to disease/pests, zone hardy, tolerant to poor conditions)

Time‐based techniques (late season crop)

Habitat adjustment (removing plants that provide habitat during the growing season or secondary hosts that provide habitat for overwintering)

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Concept image: Dr. Ayanava Majumdar, Louisiana Gardener, 2/28/11

Biological Control

Approaches to biological control (3)Importation (“Classic”)Increase (Augmentative)Conserve (Conservation biological control)

Types of Natural Enemies (4)PredatorsParasitoidsPlant‐feedersPathogens

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Top photos: Green NoiseBottom: MDA Biocontrol

Biological ControlBio‐control vs Natural Control

Top: Aphidius colemani , parasitic wasps of aphids that can be purchased from biological control suppliers.

Bottom: Macrosiphum spp. Aphidson goldenrod parasitized by naturally‐occurring parasitic wasps.

Photos: Green Noise

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Natural Control

Ladybeetle eggs on a plum leaf infested with wooly

aphids.

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Photo: Green Noise

Biological Control – Classical (Import)

ClassicalAugmentativeConservation

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Photo: MDAWeed Biocontrol Program

Biological Control, ClassicalAphthona spp.

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Biological Control, ClassicalCollecting Aphthona spp.

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Biological Control, ClassicalSorting Aphthona for distribution

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Biological Control, Classical

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Biological Control, ClassicalA couple of years apart

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Biological Control, Augmentative

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Hippodamia convergens ladybeetle adults

Aphidius matricariae adults

Photo left: MDA BiocontrolPhoto right: Green Noise

Biological Control, Augmentative

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Images: European corn borers infested with Beavaria bassiana (bottom); Bottle of Mycotrol, a bioinsecticide that contains B. bassiana spores (from Arbico Organics)Photos of infested larvae: MDA Biocontrol

Biological Control, Conservation


Biological Control, Conservation


Biological ControlPredatorsParasitoidsPlant‐feedersPathogens

Soldier bug feeding on a cabbage butterfly

caterpillar.

53Photo: MDA Biocontrol

Biocontrol, Augmentative

Beneficial nematodesHeterorhabditis bacteriophora• This species has a “hunting ccharacteristic and is able to penetrate cell walls with its hooklike mouthpart.

Steinernema felitae• A shallow‐dwelling nematode species.Prefers to live at a 3” soil depth.

Steinernema carpocapsae• Recommended for caterpillars such as webwormscutworms, and borers.

Photos: MDA Biocontrol,Info: MDA Biocontrol, Green Methods, University of Kentucky

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Types of Bio‐AgentsParasitoids

Photos: Encarsia formosa (left), Pimpla disparis (right)MDA Biocontrol

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Types of Bio‐Agents

Parasitoids

Photos:Pimpla disparis wasp (left), European corn borer pupa (middle), European corn borer caterpillar (right, bottom) MDA Biocontrol

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Types of Bio‐AgentsParasitoids

Trichogramma ostriniae adult wasps (left), parasitized ECB egg masses (top right), ECB larvae emerging from egg masses (right bottom)

Photos: MDA Biocontrol57

Types of Bio‐AgentsPlant feeders

Cyphocleonus achates (left). Aphthona spp. on leafy spurge (right).

Photos: MDA Biocontrol

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Types of Bio‐AgentsPathogen – Beauvaria bassiana

European corn borer larvae infected with Beauvaria bassiana fungi. This species of fungus is available in liquid commercial formulations that can be sprayed on crops like conventional synthetic pesticides.


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Biological ControlPredatorsParasitoidsPlant‐feedersPathogens

A shipment of ladybeetles (Hippodamia convergens)

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Insect shipments

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Insect shipmentsGreen lacewing eggs and larvae

Photos: Forestry images (top), MDA Biocontrol (bottom)

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Biological ControlWorking with living “products”

Photos: Green Noise

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Green lacewing (Chrysoperla rufilabris)

Photos: Green Noise

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Green lacewing larva. Photo: MDA Biological Control

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Insect shipmentsAphid midgeAphidoletes aphidimyzaRecommended for reducing aphids in greenhouses and orchards.

Aphid midge adults emerging from vermiculite.


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Insect shipments


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Aphidoletes aphidimyza eggs (orange) laid next to a green peach aphid nymph.

Aphidoletes aphidimyza adult midge.

Insect shipments & releases

Photos: MDA Biological Control68

Aphidoletes aphidimyza larva feeding on a green peach aphid

Insect shipments & releases

Photos: Green Noise

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Cabbage leaf showing healthy aphids (light green), parasitized aphids (brown), and A. aphidoletesmaggots (orange).

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Cabbage leaf in the process of being “cleaned” of aphids by Aphidoletes aphidimyzamaggots and Aphidius colemani.

Photo: Green Noise

Thrips

72Photo: MDA Biocontrol

Flower thrips adult (right) and greenhouse thrips adult and nymph (right).

Biological control of thrips with predator mites

Neoseiulus cucumeris, foliar predator mite

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Hypoaspis miles, soil‐dwelling predator mite

Photos: MDA Biological Control

Suppliers of beneficial organisms

Association of Natural Biocontrol Producerswww.anbp.org

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III. IPM: An interdisciplinary approach

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Questions to ask when starting an IPM Program (for any insect)

1. What is /are its common name(s)? 2. 2. What is its scientific name?

3. When does it emerge or become active in the spring?a. Find degree day information.b. Determine when to start trapping or montitoring.

4. Are there control methods I should be using in the spring (i.e., are there life stages that are vulnerable in the spring)?a. Find out what tools can be used to reduce numbers either

7, What can I do to interfere with the pupal stage?a. Ask if there are pupal parasitoids that can be used to reduce

adults or if there are nemotdes, for example, that can be used to reduce mature larval numbers before they pupate.

8. Does the pest have a second generation?a. Find out if the pest has a second (or multiple) generations per

growing season, so that you can plan to take Degree Day information to prepare for a “second f light.

h d d b f fbefore it emerges or while the target pest insect is emerging.

5. What can I do to prevent or reduce egg lay?a. Find out if there are tools or techniques that can be used to

prevent or reduce the number of eggs that reach the host plant.

6. What can I do to prevent or reduce larvae or nymphs from hatching from egg?a. Find out what controls are available for the particular insect

that can reduce numbers of immatures before they begin to cause damage or burrow into the host plant, etc.

9. What can I do post‐season to reduce numbers of insect pests for next year?

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Source: Green Noise

Insect Degree Days

Source: MDA Integrated Pest Management for Apple Orchardshttp://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants/pestmanagement/ipm/apple‐manual.aspx

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When to release beneficial nematodes

Four things: 1) Consistently warm temps above 60 Deg F, 2) Moist soil, and 3) Japanese beetle larvae between 1st and 3rd instar, 4) Best to apply at night out of direct sunlight.

Source: USDA, Green Methods, MDA, University of Minnesota78

Example IPM plan #1: whitefliesInsecticidal soap and sticky cardsProduct: Insecticidal soap and Yellow sticky cardsTarget pest: Whiteflies (adults , crawlers, and pupae)Host plants: Tomatoes and PeppersChemical mode of action: suffocation, dessication

a) Detection. Once plants are outside, stick or hang yellow sticky cards every 4‐6 feet to detect whitefly adults.

b) Threshold More than 4 6 whitefly adults per 3 x 6” cardb) Threshold.More than 4‐6 whitefly adults per 3 x 6” card.

c) Apply Spray. Spray infested area. Make sure soap spray comes into contact with target pest by spraying under leaves. Leave soap on for several hours to maximize the chitin‐dissolving effect. Caution: soap treatments may be phytotoxic for some plants, like cabbages and lettuces.

d) Repeat as needed. Repeat insecticidal soap application every 2‐3 days until new, surviving, or newly‐emerging adult s on new cards fall below threshold levels.

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Info: Green Noise, MDA Biocontrol

Example IPM plan #2: whitefliesTrap crop, biological control, scouting and yellow sticky cardsProduct: Eggplants, Encarsia formosa, and yellow sticky cardsTarget pest: Whiteflies pupae, adultsHost plants: Tomatoes and Peppers

a) Diffusion/Distraction. Plant disposable trap crop (eggplants) on the perimeter of tomato crop OR intersperse them among tomatoes. Prune infested eggplant leaves to reduce whitefly numbers.

b) Preventative release of Encarsia formosa to prevent greenhouse whitefly. Releasing Encarsia formosa will help establish parasitic

h l b kwasps among your crop to help prevent outbreaks.

c) Perimeter arrangement of yellow sticky cards. Place yellow sticky cards around the perimeter of the growing area TWO WEEKS AFTER initial release of Encarsia formosa to prevent wasps from being trapped before they can find prey.

d) Scout. Scout for whitefly adults and pupae by examining the underside of the crop plants every 3‐5 days. Whitefly adults are readily visible to the unaided eye. Using a magnifying glass with greatly increase the chances of detecting whitefly pupae.

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Photo: MDA BiocontrolInfo: Green Noise, MDA Biocontrol

Whitefly life cycle, Interruptedby Encarsia formosa (parasitic wasp)

whitefly

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Encarsia formosaparasitic wasp

Apple Maggot DD Life Events

• Base Temperature for AM = 50 F• Approximate initial spring emergence in MN: from mid‐June to mid‐July

• Degree day adult emergence: ~900 DDd fli h k• Degree day flight peak: ~1400 DD

• Eggs laid singly under the fruit skin• Larvae develop under the fruit ~30 days• Overwintering: Fruit tend to fall, maggots leave fruit and burrow under the soil to pupae until the following year….which leaves them vulnerable to nematodes

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Info: University of Minnesota Extension, Michigan State IPM Resources, MDA IPM Program

Example IPM plan #3: apple maggots (lite)Mass trappingProduct: Red sphere trap, tanglefoot, grocery store apples Target pest: Apple maggotHost plants: Apple trees

a) Timed trapping. In late June/early July, place red sphere traps and/or grocery store apples covered with Tanglefoot every 10‐15’ depending on the pressure.

a) Larval disruption. Diligently remove infested apples and apples that fall to the ground in the late summer/fall to prevent maggots

83Info: University of Minnesota Extension, Michigan State IPM Resources, MDA IPM Program

Example IPM plan #4: apple maggots (aggress.)Mass trapping, pesticide, defensive barrier, post‐season cultural techniques, and biological control.

Product: Red sphere trap, tanglefoot, grocery store apples , Spinosad, kaolin clay, plastic bags, mesh, beneficial nematodesTarget pest: Apple maggotHost plants: Apple trees

a) Timed trapping. In late June/early July, place red sphere traps and/or grocery store apples covered with Tanglefoot every 10‐15’ depending on the pressure.

b) Time trapping with organic‐approved bio‐insecticide. In late June/early July, place red sphere traps and/or grocery store apples baited with scent volatiles and laced with Spinosad for greater adult reduction.

c) Place baited traps. Trap baits. Place volatiles attractants with baits for greater attratction.

d) Defensive barrier. Spray weekly applications of Surround kaolin clay to reduce attraction and visibility. Bag each fruit or cover limbs with mesh bags to prevent adults from laying eggs.

e) Larval disruption. Diligently remove infested apples, apples that fall to the ground, and leaves in the late summer/fall to prevent maggots from pupating successfully.

f) Biological control. Release beneficial nematodes into the ground late August or early September to help control or impact next generation of apple maggots. See: Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora.

Examples of sources: Great Lakes IPM (apple lures), Planet Natural (kaolin clay), Green Methods (nematodes)

84Info: University of Minnesota Extension, Michigan State IPM Resources, MDA IPM Program

Example IPM plan #5: squash vine borer (lite) Mass trapping, pesticide, defensive barrier, post‐season cultural techniques, and biological control.

Pest: Squash vine borer (Melitta curcurbitae)Product: Yellow sticky cardsHost plants: squash, cucumbers,

a) Expect adults. Action: Setup yellow sticky cards and/or floating row covers before DD~900‐1000. Late June or early July adults emerge from cocoons in the ground. Plant varieties that are not as preferred by squash vine borers, such as “butternut squash, cucumbers, melons, and watermelons” (U of MN nExtension).

b) Look for eggs 1 week after first adults are seen. DD~1000‐1200. Late June or early July. Watch for nymphs.

c) Apply pesticide treatment s~8 days after seeing first adults. Or

d) Scout for frass tunnels. Action: Remove borers with a razor blade, if needed. Bury vine.

e) Destroy infested plants used as a trap crop, and plant second crop of squash.

Examples of sources: Great Lakes IPM (apple lures), Planet Natural (kaolin clay), Green Methods (nematodes)

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Photo: U of MN, Jeff Hahn.

Info: University of Minnesota Extension, The Ohio State IPM,

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Bottom Image: Maria SchneiderTop image: Author unknown. Photo found on Village

Garden Web website.

IPM plan #6: Squash bugsAnasa tristis

a) Expect adults late May/early June. Action: Scout and squash on sight and/or add floating row covers.

b) Scout for for bronze egg masses. Crush on sight.

c) Scout for nymphs 8‐14 days after observing 1st egg masses. Crush on sight.

d) Scout twice weekly for more evidence of sawdust‐ish entry points.

e) Use resistant varieties such as Butternut, Royal Acorn, Sweet Cheese

f) During season: lay boards or shingles under plants to attract aggregates of squash bugs. Destroy them in the morning.

g) Post season: Remove debris around plants that they may use to overwinter.

Encourage habitat for Tachinid fly, Trishopoda pennipes, or Sceleonids such as Eumicorsoma spp.

Apply sabadilla, ryalia, rotenone during nymphal stage.

Info: U of Minnesota VedgeEdge, Midwest Vegetable Production Guide for Commercial Growers (Purdue), National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service 87

Image: VegeEdge, U of M Extension

IPM plan #7: Cabbage butterfliesPieris rapaeGoal: Prevent visual damage from cabbage butterfly on commercial cabbageStrategy: Active, Constant Prevention. 1) Monitor twice a week after expected spring adult emergence. (~May

20)2) Setup yellow sticky traps around perimeter of plot. (~May 24)3) Catch observed adult butterflies with a net. (~May 24‐June 15)4) Scout for eggs 1 week after first sign of adults. Crush on sight. (~May

30‐June15)30 June15)4a) Remove yellow sticky cards. (June 15)5) Scout for caterpillars based on visual damage 2 weeks after first sign

of adults. Crush on sight. (~June 1‐June 30)6) Order and release green lacewing larvae and soldier bug attractant

lure, if # of caterpillars exceeds 1‐2 per leaf after random sample of 30 leaves. (June 7)

7) Spray insecticidal soap under leaves if # of caterpillars exceeds 3‐4 per leaf after random sample of 30 leaves. (June 7)

8) Scout for mature larvae and/or chrysalis based on visual damage 4‐5 weeks after first sign of adults. (June 30)

9) Setup yellow sticky cards 5‐6 weeks after 1st sign of adults and/or 1‐2 weeks after first sign of chrysalises. (July 1) 88

Image: VegeEdge, U of M Extension

Example IPM plan #8: Japanese Beetle Nematodes & Milky spore.Product: Beneficial nematodes, milky spore,Target pest: Japanese beetleHost plants:

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Biocontrol, Augmentative

Beneficial nematodes

Heterorhabditis bacteriophora

Source: MDA, USDA, Forestry Images90

Other considerations for use of nematodes

• They do not establish readily. Additional applications from year to year are recommended for optimal control.

If i hb i h• If your neighbors are not managing them, you may still have Japanese beetle adults in your area.

• The success of nematodes depends on weather and soil moisture conditions that are (or can be) beyond your control.

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Thresholds

Based on visible damage: Observe feeding holes in 20% or more of cabbage leaves. (Also: # of pests per leaf, per flower, per stem, per root sample, etc.)

Based on unseen damage: More than 10% maize infested with corn borer.

Based on pests observed within a timeframe: More than three (3) squash bugs observed within 5 minutes of scouting.

Based on timing within season: >10 Soybean aphids during flowering a cause for action compared to >10 aphids on pods during pod set (no action)

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Other bio‐agents

Istocheta aldrichibeetle parasitoid

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Some parting thoughts

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Biocontrol, Conservation

• The conservation of natural enemies is probably the most important and readily available biological control practice available to growers. Natural enemies occur in all production systems, from the backyard garden to the commercial field.

Source: Cornell University, Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America

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Biocontrol, Conservation

If organic practices in general promote an increaseddiversity of potential beneficial insects andalternative prey, they should also be moresustainable in terms of ecological resiliencesustainable in terms of ecological resilience in the face of environmental changes in agriculturallandscapes (Duelli, Obrist & Schmatz 1999).

Source: Letourneau & Goldstein, University of California

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Examples of predators on foliage‐feeding insects• Ladybeetles (various species)• Hover flies• Lacewings (green and brown)• Ambush bugs, Pirate bugs,

Damsel bugsDamsel bugs• Assassin bugs, Big eyed bugs• Predatory mites• Predatory wasps• Predatory midges• Parasitic wasps*• Parasitic flies*

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Soil‐dwelling predatory beetles

• Carabid beetles (feeds mainly on insect larvae)• Calosoma sp. (feeds on small insects on the ground, in

trees, and soil)• Soldier beetles (larvae are predaceous in the soil; adults

often feed on aphids on plants)often feed on aphids on plants)• Rove beetles (feeds on small soil‐dwelling insects,such

as fungus gnat larvae and onion maggots)• Predaceous sap beetles (feeds on armored scales)• Tiger beetles (various small insects)• Flower beetles (partly predaceous, also scavengers)

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BeesShort tongued bees

‐ Family Anthophoridae (digger bees)‐ Family Andrenidae (small digger bees & ground nesters)‐ Family Halictidae (green metallic bees or sweat bees, mining or burrowing bees)

Long tongued bees‐ Family Megachilidae (leaf cutter bees, stem nesters)‐ Family Apidae (honeybees, bumblebees, social bees)

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Acknowledgements & Sources

• Minnesota Department of Agriculture IPM & BiocontrolPrograms

• Dr. John Luhman, U of MN Dept of Entomology• Cornell University Department of Entomology

U i i f C lif i IPM P• University of California IPM Program• University of Minnesota Extension• Green Methods• Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers• Organic Materials Research Institute• Xerces Society

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Documents

Insects, Insect Management, and Ecological Implications Mar18€¦ · Insect biology and pest management are related. Your ability to manage and respond to insect populations will