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AuthorsHelen ColbourneForest Lawn High SchoolCalgary, Alberta
Bob ConstantinWriter/EducatorFormerly of Bishop McNally High SchoolCalgary, Alberta
Darcy DobellProfessional Writer/EducatorTofi no, British Columbia
Claudia FehresWilliam Aberhart High SchoolCalgary, Alberta
Deborah MacFadyenJack James High SchoolCalgary, Alberta
Adrienne MasonProfessional WriterTofi no, British Columbia
George ThomsonCrescent Heights High SchoolMedicine Hat, Alberta
Alexandra VenterProfessional WriterCalgary, Alberta
Toronto Montréal Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei
Inquiry into
BIOLOGY
Contributing AuthorsJonathan BocknekEducational WriterVallican, British Columbia
Jenna DunlopEducational WriterToronto, Ontario
Glen HuttonEducational WriterVulcan, Alberta
Christine WeberEducational WriterChilliwack, British Columbia
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McGraw-Hill RyersonInquiry Into Biology
Copyright © 2007, McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, a Subsidiary of The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, or, in the case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright). For an Access Copyright licence, visit www.accesscopyright.ca or call toll free to 1-800-893-5777.
The information and activities in this textbook have been carefully developed and reviewed by professionals to ensure safety and accuracy. However, the publisher shall not be liable for any damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the reader’s use of the material. Although appropriate safety procedures are discussed and highlighted throughout the textbook, the safety of students remains the responsibility of the classroom teacher, the principal, and the school board district.
ISBN-13 978-0-07-096052-7ISBN-10 0-07-096052-6
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SCIENCE PUBLISHER: Keith Owen RichardsPROJECT MANAGER: Susan GirvanSENIOR DEVELOPMENTAL EDITOR: Jonathan BocknekDEVELOPMENTAL EDITORS: Glynn Gomes, Leslie Macumber, Alexandra VenterSUPERVISING EDITOR: Crystal ShorttPHOTO RESEARCH & PERMISSIONS: Pronk&AssociatesEDITORIAL ASSISTANTS: Erin Hartley, Michelle MaldaMANAGER, PRODUCTION SERVICES: Yolanda PigdenPRODUCTION COORDINATOR: Andree DavisSET-UP PHOTOGRAPHY: Dave Starrett/Pronk&AssociatesCOVER DESIGN: Pronk&AssociatesART DIRECTION: Pronk&AssociatesELECTRONIC PAGE MAKE-UP: Pronk&Associates
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AcknowledgementsProducing a textbook of high quality is a true team effort, requiring the input and expertise of a very large number of people. The authors, editorial team, and publishers of this book would like to convey our sincere thanks to the reviewers listed below who provided crucial analyses of our draft manuscript, and often provided reviews of designed pages. Their assistance was invaluable in helping us develop a text that we hope you will fi nd completely appropriate for your teaching and your students’ learning. In addition, the comments from those teachers (and their students!) who took part in the fi eld testing of this material were very helpful and much appreciated. We realize that tackling a new curriculum with a text-in-progress is a big challenge, and we thank you for being up to the task. We also thank the following writers who researched and prepared the Special Features in Inquiry into Biology: Kirsten Craven, Jenna Dunlop, Susan Girvan, Eric Grace, Barbara Hehner, Ann Heide, Lynne Kailan, Denyse O’Leary, George Thomson, and Alexandra Venter. Finally, we thank the talented and dedicated members of the team at Pronk&Associates who did their best no matter what challenges they faced.
ReviewersSusan BarkerUniversity of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta
Agnieszka Barwacz-RiouStrathmore High School Strathmore, Alberta
Erich BerndtSir Winston Churchill High School Calgary, Alberta
Dean BrownCrescent Heights High School Medicine Hat, Alberta
Stephen BrownLord Beaverbrook High School Calgary, Alberta
Duncan BuchananSt. Francis Xavier High School Edmonton, Alberta
Tanya BuhlmannQueen Elizabeth High School Edmonton, Alberta
Jenai ChristensenRoss Sheppard High School Edmonton, Alberta
Maureen CiminoJasper Place High School Edmonton, Alberta
Roger CowanBrooks Composite High School Brooks, Alberta
Michael CraigWilliam Aberhart High School Calgary, Alberta
Jane DykeRoss Sheppard High School Edmonton, Alberta
Ken EaleySt. Jerome, A Science Academy Edmonton Catholic SchoolsEdmonton, Alberta
Rhonda ElserCalgary Catholic Separate School BoardCalgary, Alberta
Claudia FehresWilliam Aberhart High SchoolCalgary, Alberta
Eulalia FernandezWilliam Aberhart High School Calgary, Alberta
Evelyn FrayRoss Sheppard High School Edmonton, Alberta
Julianne HaferRoss Sheppard Senior HighEdmonton, Alberta
Gary HannaMemorial Composite High School Stoney Plain, Alberta
Natasha HeronHenry Wise Wood High School Calgary, Alberta
Robert C. HicksLord Beaverbrook Senior High SchoolCalgary, Alberta
Gord JasperDr. E.P. Scarlett Senior High SchoolCalgary, Alberta
Stephen JeansUniversity of Calgary Calgary, Alberta
Christina KangNotre Dame High School Calgary, Alberta
Mark LaddPeace River High SchoolPeace River, Alberta
Kathryn LowtherWestern Canada High School Calgary, Alberta
Ann LukeyEcole Secondaire Beaumont Composite High School Beaumont, Alberta
William MacLeanForest Lawn High SchoolCalgary, Alberta
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Valerie MartelGrande Prairie Composite High SchoolGrande Prairie, Alberta
Daniel McDougallBishop O’Byrne High School Calgary, Alberta
Paul MerrickMcCoy High School Medicine Hat, Alberta
Brian MoriartyBishop Carroll Senior High Calgary, Alberta
Kimberley OrrLethbridge Collegiate Institute Lethbridge, Alberta
David RoseJohn G. Diefenbaker High School Calgary, Alberta
Cheryl SceviourJohn Diefenbaker High SchoolCalgary, Alberta
Deborah SchroderSturgeon Composite High SchoolNamao, Alberta
Jay SmithGrande Prairie Composite High SchoolGrande Prairie, Alberta
Trevor SmithRoss Sheppard High SchoolEdmonton, Alberta
Wade StrassSpruce Grove Composite High SchoolSpruce Grove, Alberta
Rachel ToewsBowness High SchoolCalgary, Alberta
Mary Jane TomcalaSt. Mary’s High SchoolCalgary, Alberta
James WardRed Deer, Alberta
Ada WynnUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta
Glyn WynnUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta
Accuracy ReviewersHeather AddyUniversity of Calgary Calgary, Alberta
Glen HawkinsUniversity of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta
Karen HobbsUniversity of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta
Gail MichenerUniversity of Lethbridge Lethbridge, Alberta
Ted PikeSir Winston Churchill High School Calgary, Alberta
Brent SelingerUniversity of LethbridgeLethbridge, Alberta
Sid ShugarmanEdmonton Public SchoolsEdmonton, Alberta
Lab Technical ReviewersPat DaveyLord Beaverbrook High SchoolCalgary, Alberta
Rebecca MichaelsForest Lawn Senior High SchoolCalgary, Alberta
Senior Pedagogical ConsultantElisa RaweEdmonton Public SchoolsCentre for Education Edmonton, Alberta
Safety ReviewerBarry McCashinUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta
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Contents
Safety in Your Biology Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Introducing Inquiry into Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
1UNITUNITENERGY AND MATTER EXCHANGE IN THE BIOSPHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Unit 1 Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 1 Energy Transfer in the Biosphere . . . 6
Launch Lab: Considering Connections . . . . . . 7
1.1 How Energy Enters the Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Investigation 1.A: Storing Solar Energy in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2 How Energy is Transferred in the Biosphere . 16
Thought Lab 1.1: Analyzing Energy Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Investigation 1.B: Weave Your Own Food Web. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Thought Lab 1.2: Energy Fluctuation in an Ecosystem. . . . . . . . . 25
Investigation 1.C: Ecology of an Endangered Prairie Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Connections (Social and Environmental Contexts): Biomagnifi cation: A Fish Story . . . 28
Chapter 1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Chapter 1 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Chapter 2 Cycles of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Launch Lab: Whose Planet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1 The Role of Water in Cycles of Matter . . . . . . . 34
Thought Lab 2.1: Water Gains and Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Investigation 2.A: Societal Uses of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2 Biogeochemical Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Investigation 2.B: Carbon Dioxide Production in Plants and Animals. . . . . . . . . . . 44
Thought Lab 2.2: Carbon, Sulfur, and Iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Investigation 2.C: What’s in the Water? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3 The Balance of the Matter and Energy Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Thought Lab 2.3: Too Much of a Good Thing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Investigation 2.D: Biosphere in a Bottle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Thought Lab 2.4: Evaluating Water Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Thought Lab 2.5: Design a Self-Sustaining Mars Colony . . . . . . . 60
Connections (Social and Environmental Contexts): Phytoremediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Chapter 2 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Chapter 2 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Career Focus: Ask a Sustainability Expert . . . . 66
Unit 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
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2UNITUNITECOSYSTEMS AND POPULATION CHANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Unit 2 Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Chapter 3 Ecosystems and Their Diversity . . . . . 76
Launch Lab: The Mountain Pine Beetle vs an Ecosystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.1 Individuals, Populations, and Communities in Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Investigation 3.A: Observing Leaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Thought Lab 3.1: Planning for Your Field Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.2 Classifying and Naming Organisms . . . . . . . . . 85
Investigation 3.B: Creating a Dichotomous Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.3 Studying Organisms in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . 93
Thought Lab 3.2: Forest Habitat and Bird Biodiversity . . . . . . . . 99
Investigation 3.C: Preparing for Your Field Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Thought Lab 3.3: Super Competitor: Knapweed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Connections (Social and Environmental Contexts): The Smeetons and the Swift Fox. . 104
Investigation 3.D: An Ecosystem Field Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Chapter 3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Chapter 3 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Chapter 4 Mechanisms of Population Change . 112
Launch Lab: Could Cockroaches Rule Earth?. . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.1 Adaptation, Variation, and Natural Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Investigation 4.A: Variations Great and Small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Thought Lab 4.1: Evolving “Superbugs” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Thought Lab 4.2: Analyzing Changes in Beak Depth . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.2 Developing a Theory to Explain Change. . . . . 122
Thought Lab 4.3: Comparing the Ideas of Lamarck and Darwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Thought Lab 4.4: Homologies of Hair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Connections (Social and Environmental Contexts): Debating Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.3 How Species Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Thought Lab 4.5: Leopard Frogs: One Species or Seven? . . . . . . . 139
Chapter 4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Chapter 4 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Career Focus: Ask a Paleontologist . . . . . . . . . . 146
Unit 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
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3UNITUNITPHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Unit 3 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Chapter 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Launch Lab: Seeing Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.1 Matter and Energy Pathways in Living Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Investigation 5.A: Gases Released During Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration . . . . 166
5.2 Photosynthesis Stores Energy in Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Investigation 5.B: Using Chromatography to Separate Plant Pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Thought Lab 5.1: Modelling the Source of Oxygen in the Light-Dependant Reactions . . 175
Thought Lab 5.2: Adaptations and Applications of Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Investigation 5.C: The Rate of Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5.3 Cellular Respiration Releases Energy from Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . 182
Investigation 5.D: Oxygen Consumption and Heat Production in Germinating Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Thought Lab 5.3: The Effects of Metabolic Toxins on Cellular Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Connections (Science and Technology): Energy from Manure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Chapter 5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Career Focus: Ask a Research Scientist. . . . . . . 196
Unit 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
4UNITUNITHUMAN SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Unit 4 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Chapter 6 Digestion and Human Health . . . . . . . 204
Launch Lab: Visualizing the Human Body . . . 205
6.1 The Molecules of Living Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Thought Lab 6.1: How Do You Take Your Macromolecules? . . . 210
Investigation 6.A: Testing for Macromolecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
6.2 The Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Thought Lab 6.2: An Accident and an Opportunity . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Investigation 6.B: Optimum pH for Two Protease Enzymes . . . . 228
Connections (Science and Technology): Sorting Out Nutritional Supplements . . . . . . . 232
6.3 Health and the Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Thought Lab 6.3: Enzymes and Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
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Chapter 6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Chapter 6 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Chapter 7 The Respiratory System. . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Launch Lab: Modelling Your Lungs . . . . . . . . . 243
7.1 Structures of the Respiratory System . . . . . . . . 244
7.2 Breathing and Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Investigation 7.A: Measuring Respiratory Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Investigation 7.B: Carbon Dioxide and the Rate of Respiration. . . . . . . . . 253
Connections (Social and Environmental Contexts): Traditional Healing in Modern Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
7.3 Respiratory Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Thought Lab 7.1: Smoking and the Respiratory System. . . . . . . . 260
Thought Lab 7.2: You Diagnose It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Chapter 7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Chapter 7 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Chapter 8 Circulation and Immunity . . . . . . . . . . 266
Launch Lab: Watching Blood Flow . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.1 Structures of the Circulatory System . . . . . . . . 268
Investigation 8.A: Identifying Structures of the Circulatory System . . . . . . . . 272
Investigation 8.B: Factors Affecting Heart Rate and Blood Pressure . . . . 278
Thought Lab 8.1: Cardiovascular Health, Technology, and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
8.2 Blood and Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Investigation 8.C: Identifying Blood Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Thought Lab 8.2: Keeping the Blood Supply Safe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Connections (Social and Environmental Contexts): The Tomorrow Project. . . . . . . . . . . 290
8.3 The Lymphatic System and Immunity. . . . . . . 292
Thought Lab 8.3: Barriers of Defence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Chapter 8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Chapter 8 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Chapter 9 Excretion and the Interaction of Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Launch Lab: Dehydration and Urine Colour . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
9.1 Overview of the Excretory System. . . . . . . . . . . 306
Investigation 9.A: Identifying Structures of the Excretory System . . . . . . . . . . 309
9.2 Urine Formation in the Nephron . . . . . . . . . . . 311
9.3 Maintaining the Excretory System . . . . . . . . . . 316
Investigation 9.B: Urinalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Connections (Nature of Science): Metabonomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Chapter 9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Chapter 9 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
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Chapter 10 The Muscular System and Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Launch Lab: Working in Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
10.1 Movement and Muscle Tissue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Investigation 10.A: Observing Muscle Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Thought Lab 10.1: Designing a Muscle Fibre Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Connections (Science and Environmental Contexts): How Much Does It Cost to Be the Best?. . . . . . 343
10.2 Muscles, Health, and Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . 344
Thought Lab 10.2: Injuries Related to Athletics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Chapter 10 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Chapter 10 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Career Focus: Ask an Athletic Therapist . . . . . 354
Unit 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
5UNITUNITTHE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Unit 5 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Chapter 11 The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Launch Lab: You, Robot? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
11.1 Structures and Processes of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Investigation 11.A: Move Fast! Refl ex Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Investigation 11.B: Modelling Resting Membrane Potential . . . . . 375
Investigation 11.C: Examining Neural Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Thought Lab 11.1: The Effects of Drugs on Neurons and Synapses. . . . . . . . . . 383
11.2 The Central Nervous System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Investigation 11.D: The Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
11.3 The Peripheral Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Connections (Science and Technology): Neurological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Chapter 11 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Chapter 11 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Chapter 12 Sensory Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Launch Lab: Sense It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
12.1 Sensory Receptors and Sensation. . . . . . . . . . . . 406
12.2 Photoreception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Investigation 12.A: Dissection of an Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
12.3 Mechanoreception and Chemoreception . . . . 419
Investigation 12.B: Distinguishing Sights and Sounds. . . . . . . . . . . 422
Investigation 12.C: Feel, Taste, or Smell: Design Your Own Investigation . . . . . . 428
Connections (Nature of Science): Pain Relievers or Deadly Neurotoxins? . . . . . . 430
Chapter 12 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Chapter 12 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
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Chapter 13 Hormonal Regulation of Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Launch Lab: Modern Stress! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
13.1 The Glands and Hormones of the Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Connections (Social and Environmental Contexts): Light Up Your Life! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
13.2 Hormonal Regulation of Growth, Development, and Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Investigation 13.A: Evaluating Potential Uses for Human Growth Hormone . . . . . . . . . 447
13.3 Hormonal Regulation of the Stress Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
13.4 Hormonal Regulation of Blood Sugar . . . . . . . 456
Thought Lab 13.1: Blood Glucose Regulation and Homeostasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Investigation 13.B: Analyzing Endocrine Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Chapter 13 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Chapter 13 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Career Focus: Ask an Endocrinologist . . . . . . . 466
Unit 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
6UNITUNITREPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . 472
Unit 6 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Chapter 14 The Continuance of Human Life . . . . 476
Launch Lab: Inside Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
14.1 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Investigation 14.A: Examining Gonads and Gametes. . . . . . . . . . . . 483
14.2 The Effect of Sexually Transmitted Infections on the Reproductive Systems . . . . . 486
Thought Lab 14.1: STIs: What to Know and How to Know It . . . . 491
14.3 Hormonal Regulation of the Reproductive Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Thought Lab 14.2: Testosterone and Male Development . . . . . . . . 494
Thought Lab 14.3: Development of the Corpus Luteum . . . . . . . . 497
Thought Lab 14.4: Therapy Options for Menopause. . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Investigation 14.B: The Menstrual Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Connections (Social and Environmental Contexts): Endocrine Disruptors in the Environment . . 501
Chapter 14 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Chapter 14 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
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Chapter 15 Human Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Launch Lab: Visualizing Early Human Development . . . . . 507
15.1 Fertilization and Embryonic Development . . 508
Investigation 15.A: Comparing Embryonic Structures . . . . . . . . . . 519
15.2 Fetal Development and Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Thought Lab 15.1: Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects . . . . . . . . . 524
Connections (Social and Environmental Contexts): Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
15.3 Reproduction, Technology, and Society . . . . . 529
Thought Lab 15.2: Evaluating Reproductive Technologies: Safety and Effectiveness. . . . . . . 533
Chapter 15 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Chapter 15 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Career Focus: Ask a Sexual and Reproductive Health Coordinator. . . . . . . . . . . 538
Unit 6 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
7UNITUNITCELL DIVISION, GENETICS, AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Unit 7 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Chapter 16 Cellular Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Launch Lab: Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
16.1 The Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Investigation 16.A: Modelling a Karyotype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
16.2 The Reproduction of Somatic Cells . . . . . . . . . 556
Investigation 16.B: Observing the Cell Cycle in Plant and Animal Cells. . . . . . . . . 559
Connections (Nature of Science): Regenerating the Sense of Hearing? . . . . . . . . . 562
16.3 The Formation of Gametes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Thought Lab 16.1: Nondisjunction Syndromes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Investigation 16.C: Modelling to Compare Meiosis and Mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
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16.4 Reproductive Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Thought Lab 16.2: Comparing Reproductive Strategies. . . . . . . . . 579
Chapter 16 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Chapter 16 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
Chapter 17 Patterns and Processes in Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Launch Lab: Coin Toss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
17.1 Laying Foundations: Peas, Patterns, and Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Investigation 17.A: Testing the Law of Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
17.2 Extending Mendel’s Laws: More Patterns and Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Thought Lab 17.1: Mapping Chromosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Investigation 17.B: Environmental Infl uences on Gene Expression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
17.3 Genetics and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Thought Lab 17.2: Creating a Pedigree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Thought Lab 17.3: Analyzing Pedigrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Connections (Social and Environmental Contexts): Biobanks . . . . . . . . 618
Chapter 17 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Chapter 17 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Chapter 18 Molecular Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Launch Lab: DNA Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
18.1 DNA Structure and Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Thought Lab 18.1: DNA Deductions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Investigation 18.A: Modelling DNA Structure and Replication . . 634
18.2 Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression. . . . . . 636
Thought Lab 18.2: Transcription in Reverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Investigation 18.B: Simulating Protein Synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
18.3 Mutations and Genetic Recombination . . . . . 643
Thought Lab 18.3: Investigating Cancer Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Thought Lab 18.4: Recreating the First Chimera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Thought Lab 18.5: Reading a DNA Fingerprint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
18.4 Genetics and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Connections (Social and Environmental Contexts): Biotechnology: Assessing Unintended Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Chapter 18 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Chapter 18 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Career Focus: Ask a Cancer Geneticist . . . . . . . 666
Unit 7 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
8UNITUNITPOPULATION AND COMMUNITY DYNAMICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Unit 8 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
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Chapter 19 Genetic Diversity in Populations. . . . 676
Launch Lab: Pick Your Plumage. . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
19.1 The Hardy-Weinberg Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Investigation 19.A: Applying the Hardy-Weinberg Equation . . . . 684
Investigation 19.B: Testing the Hardy-Weinberg Principle. . . . . . . 686
19.2 The Causes of Gene Pool Change . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Thought Lab 19.1: The Spirit Bear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
Thought Lab 19.2: Maintaining Genetic Diversity in the Whooping Crane . . . 696
Connections (Social and Environmental Contexts): Biotechnology and Gene Pools . . . 698
Chapter 19 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Chapter 19 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Chapter 20 Population Growth and Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
Launch Lab: Reproductive Strategies and Population Growth . . . . . . . . . . 703
20.1 Population Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
Thought Lab 20.1: Distribution Patterns and Population Size Estimates . . . . . . 706
Thought Lab 20.2: What Limits the Growth of Grizzly Bear Populations? . . . . . . . . 714
20.2 Interactions in Ecological Communities. . . . . 717
Investigation 20.A: Interspecifi c and Intraspecifi c Competition Among Seedlings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Investigation 20.B: Celebrate the Small Successions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
Thought Lab 20.3: Testing the Classical Model of Succession. . . . 729
20.3 Sharing the Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Thought Lab 20.4: Biological Control or Damage Control? . . . . . 732
Thought Lab 20.5: Population Growth Rates in Different Countries . . . . . . . . 734
Connections (Social and Environmental Contexts): Helping Hippos and Humans . . . . 738
Chapter 20 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Chapter 20 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Career Focus: Ask a Science Journalist . . . . . . . 742
Unit 8 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
Appendix A Measurement in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Appendix B A Quick Chemistry Reference for the Biology Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Appendix C Microscopy Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756
Appendix D Review of Biological Drawings . . . . . . 759
Appendix E Tips for Writing Diploma Exam Written Response Questions . . . . . . . . 760
Appendix F Fetal Pig Dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802
Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
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