- 1. INPUT AND OUTPUTDEVICESBYSUMIT M MESHRAMM.TECH(1
YEAR)GEOMATICSIIT ROORKEE
2. INPUT DEVICES:1)AERIAL CAMERAS2)SCANNER3)INFRARED
EMITTER4)MOUSE 3. AERIAL CAMERAS1)METRIC CAMERA: 4. They have
stable and precisely known internal geometries and verylow lens
distortions.The principal distance is constant, which means, that
the lenscannot be sharpened when taking photographs.The image
coordinate system is defined by (mostly) four fiducialmarks, which
are mounted on the frame of the camera.Aerial metric cameras are
built into aero planes mostly lookingstraight downwards.The
elements of interior orientation are known i.e the focal lengthand
location of the centre of the photograph. 5. 2)STEREOMETRIC CAMERAS
6. The overlapping area of the two photographs (which are called
astereo pair) can be seen in 3D, simulating mans stereoscopic
vision.In practice, a stereo pair can be produced with a single
camera fromtwo positions or using a stereo metric camera.A stereo
metric camera in principle consists of two metric camerasmounted at
both ends of a bar, which has a precisely measuredlength (mostly 40
or 120 cm).Both cameras have the same geometric properties. Since
they areadjusted to the normal case, stereo pairs are created
easily. 7. 3) AMATEUR CAMERASThese cameras are used when the
internal geometry is not stableand unknown like normal commercially
available camera.They can only be used for purposes, where no high
accuracy isdemanded.The precision will never reach that of metric
cameras. 8. SCANNERS:Scanners allow information such as a photo or
text to be input intoa computer.Various scanners are:1) ROTATING
DRUM SCANNER2) FLAT BED SCANNER3) STRUCTURED LIGHT SCANNER4) ARM
AND LINE SCANNER 9. 1) ROTATING DRUM SCANNER 10. It got its name
from the clear acrylic cylinder, the drum, on which theoriginal
artwork is mounted for scanning.They capture image information with
photomultipliertubes (PMT), rather than the charge-coupled device
(CCD) arrays. It has the ability to control sample area and
aperture sizeindependently. The ability to control aperture and
sample size separatelyis particularly useful for smoothing film
grain when scanning black-andwhite and color negative
originals.They are superior in resolution, color gradation, and
value structurealso capable of resolutions up to 24,000 PPI. They
are used when ascanned image is going to be enlarged. 11. 2)FLAT
BED SCANNER 12. This type of scanner is sometimes called a
reflective scanner.They are designed for scanning prints or other
flat, opaquematerials.These scanners work by shining white light
onto the object andreading the intensity and color of the light
that is reflected from it.Some flatbed scanners have available
transparency scanningadapters but these are not suited to scanning
film as a dedicatedfilm scanner. 13. 3)STRUCTURED LIGHT SCANNER 14.
MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE:A structured light scanner uses a projector
and two calibratedcameras to generate a 3D point cloud.The
projector projects a structured pattern onto the object.
Thispattern is observed by the two cameras.This generates the
necessary data for the software to calculate the3D position of
every point on the lines of the pattern.When scanning an object,
the scanner will be oriented in differentpositions and each scan
will be aligned by the use of referencemarkers or best fit
algorithms. 15. RANGE AND ACCURACY:Range: objects from the size of
a coin to full cars can be measured.Typical accuracy: depends on
the size of the object, the accuracyranges from 10m for very small
objects (the size of a key) to 0.1mm for larger objects (the size
of a car).ADVANTAGES:Measurements can be done on site.Can be used
for objects of nearly any size. 16. 4) ARM AND LINE SCANNER 17.
MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLE:It consists of 4 main segments: the base, two
arm segments and themain handle. Each of those is connected with
one or more hinges, 7 intotal.This allows the main handle to be
positioned in virtually everypossible direction hence angle of
every hinge is measured. With this information the software can
calculate the absolutecoordinate of the probe at the end of the
main handle.With a laser scanner attached to the arm it becomes a
scanninginstrument. The arm is used to measure the position of the
laserscanner.The laser scanner itself is then used to scan a
geometric object. 18. RANGE AND ACCURACY:Range: Both arms offer a
total range of 2.4 m. Bigger objects canbe measured by using jump
points for different positions.Typical accuracy for laser scanning:
0.1-0.2 mm.ADVANTAGES:Portable and easy to use.Ability to measure
in tight spaces and difficult geometries.Easy combination of single
point measurements and scanned pointclouds. 19. MOUSE1) SPACE
MOUSE2)STEALTH 3D MOUSE3) TRACKBALL 20. 1) SPACE MOUSE 21. Space
Mouse is a professional 3D controller specificallydesigned for
manipulating objects in a 3D environment.It permits the
simultaneous control of all six degrees offreedom (translation ,
rotation or combination).Drawing time is reduced by 20%-30%
increasing overallproductivity.Going back and forth to the menu is
eliminated.Natural hand position (resting on table) eliminates
fatigue. 22. 2)STEALTH 3D MOUSEThe Stealth 3D Mouse provides an
two-handed 3D input formapping. The mouse has an optical XY motion
sensor, a high-resolution Z wheel and 10 buttons. The standard
Stealth 3D Mousehas two thumb buttons above the Z-wheel. The
connection of theStealth 3D Mouse requires a single USB port. 23.
3)TRACKBALL The trackball is an upside-down mouse, with the ball
located ontop. A trackball has three sensors. In this the fingers
are rolledover the trackball, and internal rollers sense the motion
which istransmitted to the computer. advantage is that the
trackballremains stationary on the desk, so less room is required
to use thetrackball. 24. INFRARED EMITTER:An infrared emitter is
usually an electrically-powered device that isused to emit light
wavelengths in the infrared spectrum, which areinvisible to the
naked eye .These emitters produce a red type of light invisible to
the human eyewith a wavelength of around 880 nanometers. 25. OUTPUT
DEVICESOutput is the result of processes that are done on the
computer which canread or another machine can read.An output device
receives information from the computer and translatesit from
machine language to a form that humans understand .The
variousoutput devices are:1) 3D GLASSES2) PLOTTERS3)DISPLAY
DEVICES4)GRAPHICS CARD 26. 3D GLASSESTypes Of 3D Glasses:-1)
Anaglyph glasses2) Pulfrich glasses3) Polarized glasses4) LCD
Shutter glasses 27. 1)ANAGLYPH GLASSES 28. Anaglyph 3D is the name
given to the stereoscopic 3D effectachieved by means of encoding
each eyes image using filters ofdifferent (usually chromatically
opposite) colors, typically red and blue.The purpose of 3D glasses
is to filter a separate image into eacheye.The red image goes in
the red lens and the blue image goes in theblue lens(color
separation ). 29. 2)PULFRICH GLASSES 30. The Pulfrich effect is a
psycho-optical phenomenon wherein lateralmotion by an object in the
field of view is interpreted by the brainas having a depth
component, due to differences in processingspeed between images
from the two eyes. The effect is generallycreated by covering one
eye with a really dark filter.These glasses use the concept of one
dark and one light lens toform 3D images.The image through the dark
lens reaches the brain slightly after theimage that went through
the clear lens, creating a 3D illusion. 31. 3)POLARISED 3D GLASSES
32. Polarized lenses are both a gray color and unlikeanaglyph
glasses allows color pass through.The lenses are specially cut at
opposing 45 degrees.Two images are projected on the screen and each
one hasa different polarization. The polarized glasses allow only
one of the images intoeach eye because each lens has a different
polarization. 33. 4)LCD SHUTTER GLASSES 34. LCD shutter glasses are
a type of electronic 3D glasses.They are used to view 3D images on
a computer screenFirst, two images are displayed on a screen, each
image fora specific eye.The images are shown rapidly.While the
image for the left eye is shown, the right eye isblocked by the
glasses, and vice versa for the right eye.Each lens can be turned
off separately .This happens extremely fast ( 60 flashes per
second)Thelenses turn off and on so quickly that the brain just
sees one3D image that is the two images combined. 35.
PLOTTERSPlotters are used to obtain a graphic or pictorial
presentation of thefinal result (output).Plotters are used for
variety of applicationswhich include drawing graphs, making maps
and detailing ofhouses or cars.A plotter is a hard copy output
device that reproduces graphicimages on paper using a pen that is
attached to a movable arm.These are slow devices. The graphics they
produce are uniform andof very good quality. 36. Types of
plotters:On the basis of no. of pens used:- 1)SINGLE PEN PLOTTERS
2)MULTIPLE PEN PLOTTERSOn the basis of pen interaction methods:-
1)DRUM PLOTTERS 2)FLAT BED PLOTTERS 37. 1)SINGLE PEN PLOTTERThe
single pen plotter contains a single pen into penholder whichcan be
changed manually. The single pen plotter will consumemore time and
method used by it maybe mare frustrating ascompared to multiple pen
plotter. 38. 2)MULTIPLE PEN PLOTTERThe multiple pen plotter
contains a main pen holder and a pen changingassembly. The pen that
is drawing is holded by the main pen holder andrest pens lie in the
assembly. The main holder collects different pensfrom the pen
assembly as they are needed automatically. For this, thecomputer
supplies instructions to the main pen holder. 39. 3)DRUM PLOTTERS
In a drum plotter the paper is placed between a drum and a
platenwhich holds the paper. The paper moves up and down
verticallyand the pen moves left and right horizontally. Any
required shapedgraph or image can be plotted on paper using these
movements .For plotting a picture image the paper moves up and down
multipletimes in a drum plotter and this reduces over all accuracy
of theplotter.The size of the graph is therefore limited only by
the width of thedrum and can be of any length. 40. 4) FLAT BED
PLOTTERSFlat bed plotters are rectangle shaped open box type
instruments. Theyare made bigger than the largest sized paper . It
contains a penassembly in which additional pens are arranged. The
holder bar, movesback and forth along X-axis and the pen holder
moves back and forthalong Y-axis to plot an image . The paper
remains fixed at its place .They can plot any sized images, smaller
as well as larger with sameaccuracy. The accuracy of flat bed
plotter is more than .001 inch. Thusfor higher size images the drum
plotter is a better option . The penspeed of these plotter is 15
to30 inches per second and they are slowfor complex graphical
images like CAD applications. 41. 5) ELECTROSTATIC PLOTTERSThis
plotter can handle large formats up to 90 cm and 120 cm in
widthwith effectively no limitations in length and generate map
images atmoderate resolutions (300 dpi) .The colour electrostatic
plotter includecompeting single pass and multiple pass technologies
for generatingcolour hard copy on both film and paper. They are
useful to generate,edit plots , colour proofs and those maps
required in smallnumbers(i.e. requiring small runs )for plots. An
Electrostatic Plotterproduces a raster image by charging the paper
with a high voltage.This voltage attracts toner which is then
melted into the paper withheat .This type of plotter is fast, but
the quality is generally consideredto be poor when compared to pen
plotters. 42. 6) INKJET PLOTTERInkjet plotter is a type of computer
plotter that creates a digitalimage by propelling droplets of ink
onto paper. These printers createimage by spraying jet of ink on
the paper surface and hence the name.The speed of these printers is
measured in pages per minute(PPM). Itproduce very high quality
printouts on any surface. It can be used to getmulticolor print
outs. It provides a resolution of 300 dots per inch.Per page
printing cost of these printers is very high. They cannot beused to
take multiple carbon copies. Since it require smaller
mechanicalparts, it is popular as portable printers. It provides an
inexpensive wayto print full color documents. 43. 7)THERMAL
PLOTTERThese plotters use a linear thermal writing head covering
the wholewidth of the sheet of heat sensitive paper or film.This
head sweepsacross the sheet and plots out only in monochrome at
reasonableresolutions (400 dpi).Recently bi colour media have been
introducedallowing the generation of both black and red.These are
used forshowing up revision detail on large scale maps. 44. 8)LASER
PLOTTER 45. Laser plotter utilizes a laser beam to produce an image
and hence thename. It is also called page printers.Laser plotter
are expensive. Speed is measured in Pages Per Minuteor PPM. It
produce very high quality print and print in unlimitedvariety of
fonts. It cannot be used to take multiple carbon printouts. The
laser light produces the image on a drum. The laser light altersthe
electrical charge on a drum whenever it hits. The drum is
rolledthrough a reservoir of toner, which is picked by the charged
portionsof the drum. Finally the toner is transferred to the paper
through acombination of heat and pressure. 46. DISPLAY DEVICES1)
CRT MONITOR2) FLAT PANEL MONITOR3)PLASMA DISPLAY4)HEAD MOUNTED
DISPLAY 47. 1)CRT MONIT0R The CRT monitor contains a large cathode
ray tube that uses anelectron beam of varying strength to paint a
picture onto the colorphosphorescent dots on the inside of the
screen. Monitor screensize is measured diagonally across the
screen, in inches.The resolution of the monitor is 800 x 600, or
1024 x 768, or 1600x 1200). The spacing of the screens tiny
phosphor dots is calledthe dot pitch (dp), typically .28 or .26
(measured in millimeters). Ascreen with a smaller dot pitch
produces sharper images. 48. 2) FLAT PANEL MONITOR A flat panel
display usually uses an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)screen to
display output from the computer. The LCD consists ofseveral thin
layers that polarize the light passing through them.
Thepolarization of one layer, containing long thin molecules
calledliquid crystals, can be controlled electronically at each
pixel,blocking varying amounts of the light to make a pixel lighter
ordarker. 49. 3)PLASMA DISPLAY 50. A Plasma display is composed of
two parallel sheets of glass, whichenclose a mixture of discharged
inert gases (like helium, neon, argon).Groups of electrodes placed
at right angles between thepanes, forming rectangular compartments,
or cells, between the glasssheets. Phosphors embedded within each
cell individually emit red, greenor blue light and collectively
create a singlecolor pixel when excited. Applied voltages to the
electrodes causes themto generate a discharge in the panels
dielectric layerand on its protective surface. This generates
ultraviolet light that excitesthe phosphors, stimulating them to
emit light. 51. 3)HEAD MOUNTED DISPLAY Head mounted display is
usually a helmet like device where thereis two separate displays
installed. Using two displays and someoptics it is possible to make
very realistic 3D graphics. In HMDdevices we can turn our head and
feel that we are inside the 3Dworld. 52. 4)GRAPHICS CARDGraphics
Processor / Vendor-NVIDIA Quadro FX 1400Video Memory Installed-128
MBSlot type-PCI Express x16Compatibility-PCTechnology-DDR SDRAM
256-bitMax monitors supported-2 53. STREET MAPPER 54. Street Mapper
uses laser scanning technology to capture theposition of up to
600,000 3D point measurements per second whilein motion. The
typical positional accuracy is better than 2cm andthe
point-to-point accuracy within the data is 1cm.Street Mapper offers
a 360-degree field of view, a measurementrange of 300m and a
scanning speed of 300kHz persensor, delivering high precision
performance and coverageAn integrated high-resolution digital
camera can be used to captureeither still or video images. 55.
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