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Innovative Waste-to-Algae
Technologies for Sustainable Algal
Biofuel and Byproducts Production
Wenguang Zhou Ph.D
And M Min, P Peng, Z Wang, X Ma, Z Fu, B Hu, Z Du, H Fida,
D Mu, J Hill, P Chen, R Ruan
Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering
University of Minnesota
The 7th Annual Algae Biomass Summit, Orlando, FL, USA Oct 2, 2013
• Free water
• Free nutrients
• Free flue gas
• Wastewater treatment
Remove N, P, COD
Reduce greenhouse gas
emission
Advantages of Waste-to- Algae System
Wastewater Resource
• Municipal wastewater
• Animal manure wastewater
Municipal and agricultural waste are widely available and
more uniform in characteristic than the variable
constituents of other types of wastewaters (e.g. industrial
wastewaters)
SMB
REL
N
Grit screen Primary settling tanks
Activated sludge process
Final settling tanks Disinfection
Sludge processing
Recycle stream
bacteria return
Sludge disposal
Centrate
Parameter Concentration (mg/L) Parameter Concentration (mg/L)
Soluble COD 2324 ± 40.1 PO43--P 212± 7.2
TOC 960±30.50 NH3-N 91±1.8
pH 6.31 ± 0.11 TKN 134± 6.8
NO3-N 0.35 ± 0.36 NO2-N <0.03
Total suspended solid 0.14±0.11
Characteristics of the Centrate Wastewater
Nutrient Profile of the fresh and Anaerobic
Digested (AD) hog Manure Wastewater
Nutrients concentration (mg/L) Solid content (g/L)
COD TN NH3 NO3-N NO2-N TP TSS TVSS
Swine manure
before AD
9300 3150 2960 -- -- 24.05 35.43 22.00
Swine manure
after AD
6480 3440 3200 -- -- 20.75 14.03 9.85
Fresh
Manure
Treatment
B1
Treatment B2
0 h 24 h 48 h 72 h
Acetic acid 2899.12 4535.2 3553.84 3797.15 6487.45 5744.43
Propionic acid 3540.26 3517.8 3923.73 4181.7 7066.33 5678.02
Butyric acid 333.52 533.2 264.96 293.41 258.13 325.87
Total 6772.9 8586.2 7742.53 8272.26 13811.91 11748.32
VFA Concentration in Swine Manure Wastewater
Isolation of native microalgal strains in Minnesota
Enrich in BG-11 Microscope observation
Filamentous algal strains with high lipid content
Cladophora sp and
Hydrodictyon sp
Greenish mats on
the water surface,
stringy, slimy,
lime-green clumps
or mats, fast-
growing high oil
algae.
Spirulina sp
Spirogyra sp
Ref: Fao Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 531
Local strain
ID
Collection
date Collection site Local strain ID Collection date Collection site
UMN220 Oct, 2006 a Twin Cities lake UMN253 Jun, 2006 Theodore Wirth Lake 2 on the beach
UMN221 Apr, 2006 RoseLawn Pond UMN254 Jun, 2006 Lake Calhoun
UMN223 Apr, 2006 Como Park Golf Course Pond #2 UMN255 Jun, 2006 Moore Lake
UMN224 Apr,2006 Como Lake UMN258 Jun, 2006 Rice Creek after the bridge inside the park
UMN225 Apr, 2006 McCarrons Lake UMN259 Jun, 2006 MayFlower drainage pond
UMN226 Apr, 2006 Rosville Park, Lexington south of County Rd C UMN260 Jun, 2006 Drainage pond behind Bachmans
UMN227 Apr, 2006 Oxford and County Rd C UMN261 Jun, 2006 Pond of Assisting Living banfill acrss apartments
UMN228 Apr, 2006 County Rd C and Victoria: north Pond UMN263 Jun, 2006 Marlenes's drainage at the park
UMN229 Apr, 2006 County Rd C and Victoria: north Pond UMN264 Jun, 2006 Metro Wastewater Treatment Plant dreft side
UMN230 Apr, 2006 Falls to the lake on County Rd C and Victoria UMN265 Jun, 2006 Kaller Lake
UMN231 Apr, 2006 Lake Johanna, west side UMN266 Jun, 2006 3M Innovation Plant lake
UMN232 May, 2006 swamp in west side of Lake Johanna across the road UMN267 Jun, 2006 Pond on Keller Lake
UMN233 May, 2006 next swamp across Lake Johanna UMN268 Jun, 2006 Maplewood: Lakewood and Maryland
UMN238 May, 2006 Lake Josephine east side UMN269 Jun, 2006 Mcarron's lake
UMN240 May, 2006 Drainage to Lake Josephine #2 UMN270 Jun, 2006 Margolis pond on Lapenteur
UMN241 May, 2006 Pond #1 across Rosville High School UMN271 Jul, 2006 Loon Lake, Waseca
UMN242 May, 2006 Pond #1 across Rosville High School UMN272 Jul, 2006 Loon Lake, Waseca
UMN243 Jun, 2006 Como Park lake UMN273 Jul, 2006 White Bear Lake
UMN244 Jun, 2006 Channel on Ripley road, Litchfield (at the golf course) UMN274 Jul, 2006 Bold Lake, east site
UMN245 Jun, 2006 Lake Ripley picnic area, Lithfield UMN275 Jul, 2006 Amelia Lake
UMN246 Jun, 2006 Pond between County Rd 1 and County Rd 23, Litchfield UMN276 Jul, 2006 Coon Rapids Dam #1
UMN247 Jun, 2006 Lake Hope, Litchfield UMN277 Jul, 2007 Pond at Marine City
UMN250 Jun, 2006
Theodore Wirth Parkway, Pond #3 on the right coming from
394 UMN278 Jul, 2007 Pond at Marine City
UMN251 Jun, 2006
Theodore Wirth Parkway, left, right Pond #2b around the
bridge UMN279 Jul, 2007 Spring brook 1, Fridley
UMN252 Jun, 2006 Theodore Wirth Lake 1, farther than the beach UMN281 May, 2006 Itasca main lake
Local microalgal strains established in the study
List of UTEX strains for the selection
UTEX ID Species UTEX ID Species UTEX ID Species
16 Haematococcus lacustris 302 Cosmarium botrytis 1779 Chlorococcum paludosum
20 Chlorella ellipsoidea 305 Cosmarium subtumidum 1782 Chlorococcum oviforme
25 Chlorella protothecoides 325 Selenastrum gracile 1786 Chlorococcum salsugineum
26 Chlorella vulgaris 326 Selenastrum minutum 1787 Chlorococcum sphacosum
32 Chlorella zofingiensis 343 Chlorella fusca var.fusca 1788 Chlorococcum texanum
46 Protosiphon botryoides f.pariet 398 Chlorella kessleri 1789 Chlorococcum typicum
55 Haematococcus droebakensis 414 Scenedesmus dispar 1904 Chlamydomonas zebra
63 Crucigenia tetrapedia 415 Selenastrum Acuminatus 2096 Characium bulgariense
78 Scenedesmus obliquus 416 Scenedesmus acutiformis 2097 Characium californicum
79 Scenedesmus basiliensis 417 Scenedesmus dimorphus 2108 Characium typicum
101 Ankistrodesmus falcatus var. 572 Botryococcus braunii 2168 Chlorella sp.
117 Chlorococcum minutum 580 Chlorella sp. 2219 Chlorella minutissima
120 Tetraedron bitridens 674 Navicula pelliculosa 2222 Chlorococcum aquaticum
127 Dictyochloris pulchra 748 Ankistrodesmus falcatus var. 2240 Chlorella minutissima
151 Monodus subterraneus 750 Ankistrodesmus braunii 2248 Chlorella sp.
187 Ankistrodesmus braunii 773 Tetracystis aplanosporum 2252 Dictyochloris schumacherensis
189 Ankistrodesmus angustus 972 Chlorococcum ellipsoideum 2341 Chlorella minutissima
190 Ankistrodesmus densus 1054 Chlamydomonas moewusii var. 2438 Chlorococcum sp.
208 Chlamydomonas sphaeroides 1230 Chlorella sorokiniana 2442 Coelastrum astroideum
228 Chlamydomonas dorsoventralis 1233 Chlorococcum scabellum 2445 Tetrastrum heteracantum
230 Chlamydomonas applanata 1236 Scenedesmus longus 2459 Scenedesmus minutum
241 Ankistrodesmus angustus 1237 Scenedesmus dimorphus 2498 Chlorococcum pamirum
242 Ankistrodesmus falcatus var. 1338 Chlamydomonas noctigama 2502 Nannochloris eucaryotum
244 Ankistrodesmus braunii 1344 Chlamydomonas debaryana var 2505 Haematococcus pluvialis
245 Ankistrodesmus braunii 1450 Scenedesmus obliquus 2527 Dictyochloris pulchra
246 Chlorella sorokiniana 1591 Scenedesmus sp. 2532 Scenedesmus subspicatus
251 Chlorella fusca var.vacuolata 1648 Selenastrum capricornutum 2551 Scenedesmus armatus
252 Chlorella fusca var.vacuolata 1767 Chlorococcum arenosum 2629 Botryococcus sudeticus
256 Chlorella protothecoides 1768 Chlorococcum aureum 2630 Scenedesmus obliquus
261 Chlorella sorokiniana 1769 Chlorococcum citriforme 2714 Chlorella vulgaris
280 Coelastrum microporum 1774 Chlorococcum macrostigmatum 2805 Chlorella sorokiniana
287 Oocystis marssonii 1776 Chlorococcum loculatum 2911 Chlorella saccharophila
299 Cosmarium impressulum 1777 Chlorococcum microstigmatum
Maximal Growth rate(d-1)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
UM 235
UM 269
UM 268
UM 259
UM 231
UM 277
UM 270
UM 258
UM 273
UM 221
UM 271
UM 224
UM 281
UM 253
UM 284
UM 280
UM 265
Biomass productivity(mg L-1d-1)
0 100 200 300
Lipid productivity(mg L-1d-1)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Growth rate, biomass productivity, and lipid productivity of UM microalgal
strains grown on centrate wastewater.
Top-performing native microalgal strains grown
well on centrate Code Species Size(um) Maximal Growth rate(d-
1)
Biomass productivity(mg
L-1d-1)
Lipid productivity(mg
L-1d-1)
UM 221 heynigia. sp 6-9 0.431 210.4 50.8
UM 224 Chlorella. sp 6-10 0.455 231.4 77.5
UM 280 Auxenochlorella
protothecoides
6-9 0.492 268.8 77.7
UM 231 Chlorella. sp 7-9 0.391 179.2 41.7
UM 235 Chlorella. vulgaris 2-4 0.293 120.8 21.0
UM 281 Micractinium. sp 5-7 0.455 231.4 42.6
UM 258 Scenedesmus. sp 13-15 0.411 193.8 49.8
UM 259 Chlorella. vulgaris 3-5 0.367 162.5 36.9
UM 265 Hindakia sp 6-9 0.498 275.0 77.8
UM 268 Chlorella. sp 5-7 0.325 137.5 36.9
UM 269 Chlorella. sp 5-7 0.317 137.5 65.4
UM 270 Chlorella. sorokiniana 6-9 0.402 187.5 49.4
UM 253 Chlorella. sp 6-8 0.466 241.7 74.7
UM 271 Chlorella. sp 5-7 0.434 212.5 58.5
UM 273 Chlorella. sp 7-9 0.416 197.9 41.3
UM 277 Chlorella. sorokiniana 5-7 0.397 183.3 94.8
UM 284 Scenedesmus. sp 13-15 0.472 247.5 74.5
Top-performing microalgal strains grown well on
swine manure wastewater
RTVSS a represents the growth rate of microalgae.
Top-performing microalgal strains grown well on
swine manure wastewater
Screening for high CO2 tolerance Microalgae
Screening for high CO2 tolerance Microalgae
Screening for high CO2 tolerance Microalgae
Fatty acid Fatty acid content (%) in screened microalgal strain
UM221 UM224 UM280 UM231 UM235 UM281 UM258 UM259 UM265 UM268 UM269 UM270 UM253 UM271 UM273 UM277 UM2
84
C12:0 0.23 0.21 - - - - - 0.59 0.31 - - 0.19 - 0.1 - -
C14:0 - 1.87 - 0.89 2.93 1.41 4.12 1.24 1.12 5.13 - 0.77 1.03 1.48 4.09 0.44
C16:0 26.29 24.28 27.85 22.15 30.68 25.18 26.92 26.45 27.37 35.66 22.97 27.57 28.59 27.31 30.59 34.64 31.59
C16:1 0.95 - 0.18 0.2 6.36 0.66 5.77 4.62 0.12 17.72 0.27 6.89 6.43 3.12 0.72
C16:2 8.66 6.25 0.59 2.86 4.61 5.48 2.75 6.82 10.58 3.78 5.33 8.70 8.79 9.61 6.23 5.25 3.19
C16:3 - - 0.59 - - - - - - - - 8.67 8.57 - - - 6.44
C18:0 0.86 1.95 4.62 3.74 2.81 3.27 0.87 1.70 1.42 2.24 0.51 1.28 1.44 2.80 3.79 1.81 2.29
C18:1 11.88 4.74 - 10.40 0.23 9.14 31.73 37.42 5.86 - - 4.54 4.24 5.24 8.18 8.46 1.22
C18:2 31.08 30.28 28.75 22.81 19.38 34.98 15.86 23.88 32.15 23.91 18.37 28.67 29.28 31.57 19.09 25.98 10.12
C18:3 18.90 29.31 36.89 30.16 28.92 17.78 0.56 0.11 14.51 26.30 31.85 18.18 17.26 13.03 22.06 15.65 38.19
C20:0 - - - - - - 0.14 - 0.43 - 0.15 0.34 0.40 0.44 0.14 0.24 0.15
C20:1 - 0.2 - 0.23 - 0.16 0.13 - - - - - - - - - 0.45
C20:5 - - - 5.05 - - 7.58 - - - - - - - - - 0.13
C22:0 - - - - 0.17 0.11 - - 0.38 0.33 0.11 0.14 0.18 0.39 0.19 - -
C24:0 0.19 0.28 0.12 0.28 - 0.19 0.47 0.51 0.20 0.38 0.54 0.36 0.34
satua 27.91 28.78 32.96 13.00 37.88 31.38 35.62 30.00 32.01 44.56 24.78 30.81 31.46 33.07 37.72 41.47 40.47
monob 13.45 5.38 0.18 10.66 9.20 10.31 37.62 39.19 10.70 1.35 19.67 4.91 4.57 12.61 14.89 11.58 2.39
polyc 58.64 65.84 66.86 76.34 52.92 58.31 26.76 30.81 57.28 54.09 55.55 64.28 63.97 54.31 47.39 46.94 57.14
C16-C18 91.61 94.45 94.177 85.35 81.94 93.46 80.23 90.54 94.9 81.76 92.15 94.71 94.14 93.64 90.01 86.85 93.76
Total lipid 24.16 33.53 28.90 23.28 17.41 18.41 25.70 22.68 28.30 26.85 31.73 26.34 30.91 27.51 20.89 26.99 30.09
Screening Omega-3 PUFA Microalgal Strains
Grown well on Swine Manure for Animal Feed
FF
A (
%)
UM
231
UM
258
UM
268
UM
271
UT
EX
LB
1002
UT
EX
151
UT
EX
L1649
UT
EX
2341
C12:0 N/D N/D 0.31 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
C14:0 0.89 4.12 5.13 1.03 5.4 0.1 4.4 0.7
C16:0 22.15 26.92 35.66 27.31 30.9 18.7 20.6 11.9
C16:1 0.2 5.77 0.12 6.89 7.1 10.1 22.6 15.0
C16:2 2.86 2.75 3.78 9.61 N/D N/D N/D N/D
C16:3 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
C18:0 3.74 0.87 2.24 2.80 10.5 0.9 9.0 7.8
C18:1 10.40 31.73 N/D 5.24 0.3 5.4 0.3 12.0
C18:2 22.81 15.86 23.91 31.57 5.6 2.4 2.3 6.3
C18:3 30.16 0.56 26.30 13.03 3.1 0.4 1.1 4.6
C20:0 N/D 0.14 N/D 0.44 N/D N/D N/D N/D
C20:1 0.23 0.13 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D
C20:5 (EPA) 5.05 7.58 3.96 N/D 15.1 34.2 N/D 31.3
C22:0 N/D N/D 0.33 0.39 N/D N/D N/D N/D
C22:6 (DHA) N/D N/D N/D N/D 17.0 N/D 19.9 N/D
FFA in biomass (% w/w)
7.08 9.77 8.77 9.43 6.85 9.93 11.1 6.53
FFA in oil (% w/w) 30.41 38.02 32.66 29.78 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Oil in biomass
(% w/w) 23.28 25.70 26.85 1.12 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Protein in biomass (%
w/w) 45.7 N/A N/A 52.04 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Ash in biomass
(% w/w) N/A N/A N/A 12.63 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Carbohydrates in
biomass (% w/w) 14.7 N/A N/A 32.21 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Screening Omega-3 PUFA Microalgal Strains
Grown well on Swine Manure for Fish Meal
Lab-scale Evaluation
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
0 5 10 15Bio
mas
s co
nce
ntr
ati
on
(g/L
)
Time (day)
100mL in flask
25L in coil
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 5 10
Bio
mas
s co
nce
ntr
atio
n
(g/L
)
Time (day)
Similar growth pattern during the first 3 days
Steady state starting from day 3 for small scale
Peaked on day 5 for scale up experiment, then dropped gradually (light limitation)
Continuous operation: 35% harvesting rate, biomass net growth 1.65 g/L per day.
Scale up and continuous operation stability
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
11/16/2009 11/26/2009 12/6/2009 12/16/2009 12/26/2009 1/5/2010 1/15/2010 1/25/2010
Date
So
lub
le T
ota
l P
ho
sp
ho
rus
- m
g/l
Centrate
Reactor
ave = 220
ave = 68
Phosphorus removal performance
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
11/16/2009 11/26/2009 12/6/2009 12/16/2009 12/26/2009 1/5/2010 1/15/2010 1/25/2010
Date
So
lub
le T
KN
- m
g/l
Centrate
Reactor
ave = 147
ave = 54
Kjeldahl nitrogen removal performance
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
11/16/09 11/26/09 12/06/09 12/16/09 12/26/09 01/05/10 01/15/10 01/25/10
Date
So
lub
le C
OD
- m
g/l
Centrate
Reactor
ave = 162
ave = 2395
COD removal performance
Nutrient removal from centrate by algae
• Soluble N >= 80%
• Soluble P >= 80%
• COD >= 90%
• VSS >= 30 g/m2/day
Lab-scale Evaluation
Symbiotic relationship between filamentous fungi and
microalgae in nature
• Filamentous fungi Eukaryotic microorganisms
Used in many different areas .e.g. industry, medicine,
agriculture, and basic science
Can form pellet : compact discrete masses of hyphae
Filamentous fungi and Pellets
The process of Fungi-algae pellets formation
A
D
B
C
The application of fungi-algae pellets as
immobilized cells for wastewater treatment
Fig.1.For Concentrated municipal wastewater
treatment
Fig.2.For 20X swine manure wastewater
treatment
0
20
40
60
0 12 24 36 48
Am
mo
nia
c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
…
Time (hour)
Ammonia removal
fungi-algaepelletControl
0
20
40
60
0 12 24TP
co
nc
en
tra
tio
n
(mg
/L)
Time (hour)
TP removal
Fungi-algaePelletControl
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 12 24
CO
D c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(m
g/L
)
Time (hour)
COD removal
fungi-algaepellet
020406080
100120
0 12 24 36 48
Am
mo
nia
c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(m
g/L
)
Time (hour)
Ammonia removal
fungi-algaepellet
Control
A
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 12 24 36 48
TP
co
nc
en
tra
tio
n
(mg
/L)
Time (hour)
TP removal
Fungi-algaePelletControl
B
0200400600800
10001200
0 12 24 36 48CO
D c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(m
g/L
)
Time (hour)
COD removal
fungi-algaepellet
Control
C
The application of fungi-algae pellets as
immobilized cell for wastewater treatment
1 2
Removing heavy metals from wastewater
Fungi-algae pellets as both feedstock and catalysts for
bio-oil production by direct thermo-chemical conversion due
to the unique properties of some metals (as catalysts)
Hydrothermal pretreatment (HP)
• Thermochemical conversion
in hot pressurized water
• Energy-efficient for
dewatering
• Protein hydrolysis
• Nutrient recycling for algae
cultivation
http://www.asiabiomass.jp/english/topics/1101_01.html
Fast Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis
(fMAP)
• Use of microwave absorbents
Bio-oils
Properties Chlorella sp. Wooda Fossil oila
Elemental analysis (wt.%)
C 65.40 56.4 83.0-87.0
H 7.84 6.2 10.0-14.0
N 10.28 0.1 0.01-0.7
O 16.48b 37.3 0.05-1.5
HHV (MJ/kg) 30.7c 21 42
Density (kg/L) 0.98d 1.2 0.75-1.0
Viscosity, at 40 oC (Pa s)
pH
0.06
7-7.5
0.04-0.20
2.5-3
2-1000
Comparison of fossil oil and bio-oils from MAP of
Chlorella sp. algae and wood
Nutrient profile of water phase after hydrothermal
liquefaction process (HLP)
PPM (mg/L) Nannochloropsis sp Chlorella sp
Total Nitrogen 10,500 6,636
Ammonia 2,200 5,673
TP 560 1,014
COD 128,400 NA
TOC 39,500 11,373
Recycling of nutrients
Pellet harvesting Fungus-algae pellet
formation
Algae cultivation
Bio-oil Refined Oil
Develop integrated process for water and nutrient
cycle
Nutrient recycle in water
phase
Water recycling
wastewaters Microalgae
Pretreatment Effluent Cultivation facility
Harvest
Biomass
Downstream processing
Liquid fuels Feed Chemicals
Effluent
Input
Process
Output
CO2
Water & nutrient recycle
Nu
trie
nt
recycle
Novel concepts of the coupled system
Life cycle environmental impacts of
wastewater-based algal biofuels
Table 2. The major energy and material flows of algae cultivation and conversion options 1
Centrate PBR Manure PBR Water open pond
Algae yield kg 1 1 1
MJ 18.8 18.8 18.8
Centrate/Manure ton 1.09 0.04 0
electricity kWh 1.70 2.04 2.47
heat MJ 13.87 13.87 13.87
Fresh water ton 0 0.19 0.24
N demand kg N 0 0 0.06
P demand kg P 0 0 0.03
CO2 injection kg 0 1.58 1.90
COD removal kg 1.685 0.304 0
TKN removal kg 0.098 0.015 0
STP removal kg 0.123 0.001 0
Net energy gain MJ -1.19 -2.41 -3.96
2
3
4
Pyrolysis + upgrading
Combustion Dry extraction +
transesterification
inputs
algae kg 1 1 1
MJ 18.8 18.8 18.8
lipid content % 20 20 20
water kg 0.22 0.14 4.40
electricity MJ 0.98 0.12
heat MJ 0.63
outputs
gasoline L 0.15
MJ 5.25
diesel L 0.14 0.21
MJ 5.06 6.51
electricity MJ 1.12 5.94 1.90
heat MJ 6.07 6.09 0.61
Net energy gain MJ -2.28 -6.77 -10.52
* Five scenarios for comparison: 1) water open pond + lipid extraction; 2) hog manure PBR + 5 lipid extraction; 3) centrate PBR + lipid extraction; 4) centrate PBR+ combustion; 5) centrate 6 PBR + pyrolysis. 7
* The net energy gain is defined as the process direct energy output 8 (algae/gasoline/diesel/electricity/heat) - process direct energy input (algae/electricity/ heat). 9
5
4
3
2 1
The use of wastewater as a nutrient source improves the
environmental performance of algae biofuels in all impact
categories.
Algae biofuels derived from centrate have better
environmental performance due to optimum nutrient
profile.
The multi-layer based bioreactor has many favorable
properties including higher algae yield, higher biomass
density, and lower land use, all of which lead to better life
cycle performance than the conventional open pond.
Large-scale implementation of this centrate-PBR system
is limited by availability of centrate.
Conclusions
Significant results
– Unique and high performance algae strains have
been developed
– Processes to effectively remove COD (chemical
oxygen demand), nitrogen, and phosphorus from
wastewaters have been developed
– New harvest techniques have been developed
– New conversion processes have been developed
– Pilot scale algae cultivation system has been
developed.
Acknowledgments: Related Group Members and Collaborators: B. Polta, J.
Willett, A. Sealock, R. Hemmingsen, R. Larkins, J. Sheehan, K. Cavender-
Bares, P. Chen, W. Zhou, M. Min, Y. Chen, L. Wang, Yecong Li, M. Mohr, X.
Ma, L. Li, H. Lei, Q. Kong, X. Wang, Y. Wan, K. Hennessy, Y. Liu, X. Lin,
Yun Li, Y. Cheng, S. Deng, Q. Chen, C. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Du, X. Lu, R.
Zhu, A. Olson, B. Martinez, B. Zhang, J. Zhu, B. Hu, L. Schmidt, D.
Kittelson, R. Morey, D. Tiffany, X. Ye, P. Heyerdahl, ……
Funding Agencies:
Metropolitan Council
Environmental Services
Metropolitan Council
Environmental Services
Wenguang Zhou, Ph.D.
Roger Ruan, Ph.D
Center for Biorefining
Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering
University of Minnesota
1390 Eckles Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
612-625-1710
http://Biorefining.cfans.umn.edu
Questions ?