Innovative Buildings in Germany – and all over the …...13th CTI workshop, Berlin 10/2012: Passive Houses in Germany – and worldwide where to find passive buildings: House internationalional.org

13th CTI workshop, Berlin 10/2012: Passive Houses in Germany – and worldwide

Innovative Buildings in Germany – and all over the world ...

Basics of Passive House Technology New Buildings & Renovation, Residential & Non-resid entialProjects Worldwide

Speaker: Berthold Kaufmann, Passivhaus InstitutAuthors: Rainer Pfluger, Berthold Kaufmann, Tanja Schulz, Jürgen Schnieders,

Jessica Grove-Smith, Witta Ebel, Susanne Theumer, Jan Steiger, Maria del Carmen Rivero Arias

school building Frankfurt Riedberg, 4a Architekten


Contents: (non-) residential passive buildings in Germany and worldwide

� short hints about communication...

telling the story from the beginning:� basic passive house concept (first developed in Germany):

what we learned from realized projcts (residential homes)� >>> important question: do they work as intended?? (yes)

� present conceptional studies: how to adapt the passive building concept for use in other climatic regions

� what about active cooling and dehumidification:(non)residential passive buildings in summer (general hints)(non)residential passive buildings in hot&humid climate regions

� a 'NAMA' for Mexico: cost effective passive houses: a concept for social housing


Passive House internationalwhere to find passive buildings: www.passivehouse-international.org


iPHA Website

where to get networked? – communication

� many local organisations are affiliate to iPHA, so all members ...� ... are iPHA-members at the same time� ... have full acces to iPHA and passipedia website

visit us! and have look for the newest developments

www.passivehouse-international.org


Passipedia

www.passipedia.org

where to get more information? – passipedia, the passive house resource


what's that – a Passive House? five basic elements (we need that!)

� comfortable building to be heated (cooled) easily

Heat protection:U ≤≤≤≤ 0.15 W/(m²K)Uw ≤≤≤≤ 0.8 W/(m²K)

Airtightness: n50 ≤≤≤≤ 0.6 /h

Triple-glazing: Ug ≤≤≤≤ 0.8 W/(m²K)g-value 50 - 55 %

Ventilation with ≥≥≥≥ 75 % heat recoveryElectricity demand max. 0.45 Wh/m³

Outdoor air Exhaust air

Supply airExtract air

no thermal bridges!

Heating energy demand ≤≤≤≤ 15 kWh/(m²a) or Building heating load ≤≤≤≤ 10 W/m² Useful cooling demand ≤≤≤≤ 15 kWh/(m²a)Primary energy demand ≤≤≤≤ 120 kWh/(m²a) Building airtightness ≤≤≤≤ 0.6 /hExcess temperature frequency ≤≤≤≤ 10 %

1 W/m² = 0,317074019 Btu/h/ft²

1 kWh/(m²a) = 317,0740194 Btu/(ft²a)


how to design buildings with respect to energy –- setup detailed energy balance

� Going to small numbers you must be exact!� new PHPP version 7.1 (2012) available � ... extended ventilation spreadsheet for office buildings� ... sheets 'summer', 'cooling', etc. revised� ... access to further climate data sets possible


the learning curve for passive buildings … steps to understand

1 Germany – residentialdetailed calculation (simulation then PHPP) is needed to be suredetailed monitoring was essential for evaluation and validation

2 Germany – architects, engineers, building companies: each actor needs some initial information to assure quality on building site

3 Germany – old houses need renovationsimilar energy savings possible like for new built

4 Germany – non-residential /special useoffice buildings need (little) summer cooling

5 going abroad >> northern Europe, very cold & dry winter� better windows, more insulation, adopted ventilation operation>> southern Europe with hot & dry summer:� sun shading, passive cooling by night flushing

low power active cooling needed, no more peak power problem>>>hot & humid summer regions, questions to be solved:� passive cooling by night flushing not possible (too hot, too humid)� active sensible cooling & dehumidification needed� low cooling power: Air-Conditioning with small supply airflow cooling possible � what extra energy effort for active Air-Conditioning is reasonable?


First Passive House in Darmstadt, Germany

experimental building by Wolfgang Feist 1991architekts: Bott, Ridder, Westermayer


Crimmitschau, Markus Wochner

more single family passive houses 2000 … 2011

architect: Markus Wochner


Contractor: ABG Frankfurt HoldingArchitects: P. Grenz, F. Rasch, faktor10, Darmstadt

Foto: Fotostudio Michels, Darmstadt.

Successful large-scale Passive House: Apartment bui lding in Frankfurt 2005


further steps: Sophienhof in Frankfurt, Germany

5 buildings 160 dwellingsarchitect & contractor: ABG Frankfurt Holdingfoto: Axel Stefan Fotodesign


pilot project: renovation with PH-components (EnerPHit)

before...

Sanierungsprojekt Tevesstraße FF/M Bauherr: ABG Frankfurt HoldingArchitekten: faktor10, Darmstadt

Wissenschaftliche Begleitung: Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt

Gefördert aus Mitteln des Hessischen Ministeriums für Wirtschaft, Verkehr und Landesentwicklung, Wiesbaden

heating energy demand: 290 kWh/m²aprimary energy demand: 250 kWh/m²a for heating, hotwater, aux. electricity

1 W/m² = 0,317074019 Btu/h/ft²

1 kWh/(m²a) = 0,317074019 kBtu/(ft²a)


pilot project: renovation with PH-components (EnerPHit)

...afterheating energy demand: 17 kWh/m²aprimary energy demand: 37 kWh/m²a for heating, hotwater, aux. electricity

Sanierungsprojekt Tevesstraße FF/M Bauherr: ABG Frankfurt HoldingArchitekten: faktor10, Darmstadt

Wissenschaftliche Begleitung: Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt

Gefördert aus Mitteln des Hessischen Ministeriums für Wirtschaft, Verkehr und Landesentwicklung, Wiesbaden


economics?

� Old houses need renovation� The result is economically reasonable


what's left to be done?

1 Germany – residentialdetailed calculation (simulation) needed to be suredetailed monitoring was essential for evaluation and validation

2 Germany – architects, engineers, building companies:each actor needs some initial information to assure quality on building site (do not complain – ask questions!)

3 Germany – old houses need renovationsimilar energy savings possible like for new built

4 Germany – non-residential /special useoffice buildings need (little) summer cooling

So far for Germany (Central Europe) we have reached some high level –we only need to proceed in plane....that is: further training of experts

further develop components to get market penetration


Pazen ENERsignbf: 100 mmUw,: 0,68 W/(m²K)Ψopak: 0,106 W/(mK)Efficiency class : phA

ProPh-F. SmartWinbf: 87 mmUW,: 0,79 W/(m²K)Ψopak: 0,098 W/(mK)Efficiency class : phA

Winter ewithermbf: 154/169 mmUW,: 0,77 W/(m²K)Ψopak: 0,170 W/(mK)Efficiency class: phC

FBS Over: VADBplusbf: 75/100 mmUW,: 0,74 W/(m²K)Ψopak: 0,076 W/(mK)Efficiency class : phA

windows and window frames for Passive Houses: examples

� the recommended trend: slim frames to get maximum input� low U-values to further reduce thermal losses� low costs...


what's left to be done?

Many regions all over the world have much more challenging climate conditions: how can we help them?

5 going abroad >> northern Europe, very cold & dry winter� better windows, more insulation, adopted ventilation operation>> southern Europe with hot & dry summer:� sun shading, passive cooling by night flushing

low power active cooling needed, no more peak power problem>>>hot & humid summer regions, questions to be solved:� passive cooling by night flushing not possible (too hot, too humid)� active sensible cooling & dehumidification needed� low cooling power: Air-Conditioning with small supply airflow

cooling is possible � what extra energy effort for active Air-Conditioning is reasonable?


Thermal protection

activate thermalcapacity

reduce solar load

reduce internal loads

passive cooling by night flushing

we know about passive cooling: in moderate warm & dry climate:

� Central Europe: no (or very small) active cooling is needed � shading – reuced internal loads – night flushing


how to achieve thermal comfort in summer / hot climates?

� allow for slightly higher temperatures: 26°C and 60% r.H. is quite good (if outside temp > 35°C)

� higher temperatures are acceptable with low humidity� seperate dehumidification from cooling

The main issues for thermal comfort are:� temperatures (air/surfaces)� local temperature differences

(horizontal & vertical)� relative humidity of air� clothing&activities

� avoid draft air flows inner comfort range

extended comfort range


Existing buildings in 'warm' climates: heating & cooling needed

� with no thermal insulation present, there is significant heating energy demand as well in 'warm' regions (e.g. mediterranean)

Further reading: “Passive Houses in South West Europe. A quantitative investigation of some passive and active space conditioning techniques for highly energy efficient dwellings in the South West European region” by Jürgen Schnieders. for more information see www.passipedia.org


Man

nhei

m

Tor

ino

Mad

rid

Sev

ille

Pal

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o

Insulation wall [cm] 25 20 10 8 6 Insulation roof [cm] 35 25 25 20 20 Insulation basement [cm] 20 15 6 0 0 U window frames [W/(m²K)] 0.72 0.72 0.72 1.6 1.6 U-value glazing [W/(m²K)] 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Humidity control for cooling no yes no no yes Heating demand [kWh/(m²a)] 15.6 14.8 12.7 4.6 3.1 Sensible cooling [kWh/(m²a)] 0 0.8 0.4 4.2 7.2 Latent cooling [kWh/(m²a)] 0 2.3 0 0 7.2

Example PH for some selected warm locations

� thermal insulation helps in anyway� U-values might be lower, but not in the roof!

insulated frame & double low-e glazing for thermal

comfort

construction determined by winter conditions

floor slab not insulated

significant cooling required

roof always well insulated

Less frame insulation

for more information see www.passipedia.org


if active cooling needed in PH: no more cooling peak power problem

Existing old standard building: needs very high cooling power

Passive House:only low cooling power needed no electric peak power problem

1 W/m² = 0,317074019 Btu/h/ft²

1 kWh/(m²a) = 317,0740194 Btu/(ft²a)

Office A.S.S.A. Santa Croce, ItalyArch: Silvia Mazzetti, Building Physics: Günther Gantiolerfor more information see www.passipedia.org


all questions answered? – all problems solved?

so far for cold climates: � you only have to 'strengthen' your envelope� more insulation, better windows, …� heating reduced to very low demand

so far for warm & dry climates: � you only have to cool (sensible cooling!) � shading, reduce int. gains, night flushig, little cooling � cooling load drastically reduced, or almost avoided

questions left? (yes)


Passive Houses for different climatic zones

five case studies� show general planning issues� Dubai and Shanghai are very hot&humid in summer

JekaterinburgTokio

ShanghaiDubai

Las Vegas

a project funded by



Tokyo and Shanghai: heating & dehumidification dominant

Strategy:� about 10…20 cm of insulation (roof!)� energy recovery ventilation, humidity controlled� separate cooling & dehumidification� no night flushing (outside air too humid)� double/triple low-e glazing� exterior moveable shading recommended� thermal mass is advantageous

A studiy supported by

Tokyo , typical demand: heating: 15 kWh/(m²a) cooling: 1 kWh/(m²a)dehumidification: 6 kWh/(m²a)

Similar butslightly warmer

Shanghai , typical demand: heating: 10 kWh/(m²a) cooling: 10 kWh/(m²a)

dehumidification: 10 kWh/(m²a)

Design and images by Rongen Architekten.for more information see www.passipedia.org


suggestion for low power cooling & dehumidification

� centralized preconditioning of air (MVHR) combined with dehumification to 12 g/kg

� decentral heating or cooling to adjust comfortable air parmeters



internal heat gains

solar gains

heating

cooling (sensible)

dehumification

outside temperature

low power cooling & dehumidification

� preconditions: reduce internal heat gains (yellow) shading is absolutely needed (rose)

� pure passive operation in spring and autumn, no heating, no cooling



low power cooling & dehumidification

� preconditions: reduce internal heat gains shading is absolutely needed

� pure passive operation in spring and autumn, no heating, no cooling

preconditioning of incoming aircirculation air cooling with low air flowoperative Temperature indoor



Economic Evaluation of Passive House concept for th e NAMA in Mexico

basic tasks for the NAMA in Mexico� Setup of three baseline building types for Mexican social housing� Generation of climate data:

temperate cold – hot&dry – hot & humid� Energy balance for all building types in all configurations:

Baseline – eco casa 1 – eco casa 2 – Passive House

some Results, estimation of costs:� Current costs (Mexican market + European prices)� Future costs – when Mexican market can deliver components

for full project report see www.passipedia.org Witta Ebel, Susanne Theumer, Jan Steiger, Maria del Carmen Rivero Arias


HermosilloExtremely hot dry

GuadalajaraTemperate

PueblaTemperate cold

Cancun Extremely hot humid

Imag

e: C

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re In

foba

se li

mite

d

first look for Climate Data of Mexico

� Climate data are crucial for successful energy efficient building design: Monthly data in PHPP format (four locations in Mexico)

� Data sources: Meteonorm Software, NASA satellite data and the Mexican National Meteorological Service (Servicio Meterológico Nacional).

for project report see www.passipedia.org


• Aislada (isolated housing unit) • Gross floor area of 44m² • Treated floor area of 38.4 m². • Project of the company

Consorcio Hogar.

Image source: Campos 2011

Floor plan of Aislada building type, no scale (Image source: Consorcio Hogar)

Building types: Aislada baseline

External wall build-up

10cm thick, concrete masonry units. Exterior:“Crestuco“ plaster, interior: cement plaster (cal arena). Colour painting

Roof build-up Reinforced concrete slab, 12cm thick, 2% slope, “Plasticool” layer colour white as water proofing.

Build-up of floor slab

Reinforced concrete slab, 10cm thick

Glazing Clear single glazing, 3mm thick and white aluminium 1 ½” framefor project report see www.passipedia.org


• Adosada (row housing unit) • Gross floor area 45m² • Treated floor area: 40.7 m² • Based on a project of the

company Consorcio ARA.


Floor plan and urban location of Adosada building type, no scale

(Image source: Consorcio ARA)

Building types: Adosada baseline


Reinforced concrete, 8cm thick. Interior: cement plaster and plaster finish Exterior: cement plaster, colour paint

Roof build-up Reinforced concrete slab, 12cm thick, 2% slope, “Plasticool” layer colour white


Foundation slab, reinforced concrete 10 cm thick. Polished cement finish.



• Vertical (vertical housing unit)• Gross floor area per storey:

93m² (two apartments). • Treated floor area per storey:

79.4 m². • Based on a project of the

company AISA Constructora.


Floor plan and of Vertical building type, no scale

(Image source: AISA Constructora)

Building types: Vertical baseline


Masonry concrete blocks with colour (light concrete) 12x20x38, 12cm, mortar. Colour paint

Roof build-up Reinforced concrete slab, 12cm thick, 2% slope, “Plasticool” layer colour white


Reinforced concrete floor slab 10cm thick. Polished cement finish.



Passive House

Depending on climate: high insulation of walls, roof, floor, highly insulated window frames and glazing, reflective paint.

Fully solar hot water prodution, highly efficient appliances.

Baseline

EcoCasa 1

Hipoteca Verde measures: 25mm insulation in wall of higher radiation, beam & block system, solar water heater, reflective paint, efficient appliances

EcoCasa 2

Depending on climate: insulation in four walls, roof, floor, improvement of windows.

Solar water heater, reflective paint, highly efficient appliances.

From 'Baseline' to Passive House

four configurations of each building type: � four levels of investment costs� for levels of energy efficiencytwo cost scenarios:� current cost scenario

(importation of components)

� future cost scenario (mexican production)



Baseline case specifications

Type of lighting Compact fluorescent light 20W

Electrical appliances Refrigerator (2.68 kWh/d), TV (0.19 kWh/d), A/C (2.5 COP), ventilator (100 W), washing machine (0.32 kWh/d), microwave oven (0.17 kWh/d)

Heat generator for water

Tank less LP Gas water heater (e.g. CINSA CDP 06)

Cooking LP Gas stove

Number of m² per person

20 m² per person (considering 30 year life cycle)

Internal heat gains 5.3 W/m²

Airtightness 5 h-1

Temperature limit summer

25°C (28°C low comfort baseline)

Temperature limit winter10

20°C (18°C low comfort baseline)

Primary energy factors

Electricity mix: 2.7 kWhPrim/kWhFinalLP Gas: 1.1 kWhPrim/kWhFinal

CO2 factors Electricity mix: 0.59 kg/kWhFinal / LP Gas: 0.27 kg/kWhFinal



Economic assumptions: Interest rate: 6% p.a.; inflation 4% p.a.

� high energy-price increase expected� Electricity costs are supported by government

Real interest rate 2% p.a.

Life cycle 30 years

Gas price 0.075 US$/kWh

Gas price increase 2.1% p.a.

Electricity price 0.083 US$/kWh

Electricity price increase 4.0% p.a.

Electricity price subsidy 0.14 US$/kWh

Subsidy increase 6.0% p.a.



Results Vertical: Cancun

Strategy:� ~10 cm of insulation (floor, roof)� energy recovery ventilation,

humidity controlled� separate cooling & dehumidification� no night flushing

(outside air too humid)� triple low-e glazing� exterior moveable shading� thermal mass: advantageous� Cool Colours Cancun , typical demand:

heating: 0 kWh/(m²a) cooling: 41 kWh/(m²a)

cooling load: 8 W/m²dehumidification: 31 kWh/(m²a)

Extremely hot & humid

Low Comfort BaseLine

EcoCasa 1

EcoCasa 2

Passive House Specific Space Heating Demand

Specific Useful Cooling Energy Demand:

Specific Dehumidifictaion Demand:

Specific Primary Energy Demand

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Specific energy demands - Vertical - Cancun

Specific Space Heating Demand




kWh/(m²a)

Source: Passive House Institute



Results Vertical Cancun (hot&humid): Current costs scenario

� Current European prices for Passive House components

Capital costs and energy costs

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Low ComfortBaseLine

EcoCasa 1 EcoCasa 2 Passive House

US

$/(m

²a)

Subsidy electricity

Energy costs US$/(m²a)

Capital costs US$/(m²a)

Total individual life cycle costs

CANCUN




Results Vertical Cancun (hot&humid): Future costs scenario

� The Mexican market can deliver Passive House components

Future capital costs and energy costs

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Low ComfortBaseLine


US

$/(m

²a)

Subsidy electricity



Total individual costs

CANCUN




Results: Vertical Building: Puebla and Guadalajara

Strategy:� ~5 cm of insulation (floor, roof)� night ventilation� double glazing� thermal mass: advantageous

Puebla , typical demand: heating: 10 kWh/(m²a) cooling: 2 kWh/(m²a)dehumidification: not required

Similar butslightly warmer

Guadalajara , typical demand: heating: 2 kWh/(m²a)

cooling: 15 kWh/(m²a)dehumidification: not required

Temperate / Temperate cold “Happy climates”


EcoCasa 1

EcoCasa 2





0

50

100

150

200

250

Specific energy demands - Vertical - Puebla





kWh/(m²a)




Results Vertical Puebla (temperate): Current costs scenario



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Low ComfortBaseLine


US

$/(m

²a)

Subsidy electricity



Total individual life cycle costs

PUEBLA





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Low ComfortBaseLine


US

$/(m

²a)

Subsidy electricity




PUEBLA

Results VERTICAL Puebla (temperate): Future costs scenario

� Mexican market can deliver Passive House components

Real interest rate 2.00% p.a.

Life cycle 30 years

Gas price 0.075 US$/kWh

Gas price increase 2.1% p.a.

Electricity price 0.083 US$/kWh

Electricity price increase 4.0% p.a.

Electricity price subsidy 0.14 US$/kWh

Subsidy increase 6.0% p.a.




Hermosillo , typical demand: heating: 1 kWh/(m²a)

cooling: 15 kWh/(m²a)dehumidification: not required

Extremely hot & dry


EcoCasa 1

EcoCasa 2





0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Specific energy demands - Vertical - Hermosillo





kWh/(m²a)


Results Vertical: Hermosillo

Strategy:� ~7.5 cm of floor insulation, � roof: 5 cm� energy recovery ventilation� separate cooling� night ventilation� triple low-e glazing� exterior moveable shading� thermal mass: advantageous� Cool Colours



Results Vertical Hermosillo (hot&dry): Current costs scenario



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Low ComfortBaseLine


US

$MX

P/(

m²a

)

Subsidy electricity

Energy costsUS$MXP/(m²a)

Capital costsUS$MXP/(m²a)

Total individual life cyclecosts

HERMOSILLO




Results Vertical Hermosillo (hot&dry): Future costs scenario

� The Mexican market can deliver Passive House components


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Low ComfortBaseLine


US

$/(m

²a)

Subsidy electricity




HERMOSILLO




Summary / Conclusion: Passive Houses are economically reasonable

general analysis and thesis:� Energy prices and interest rates will probably not be 'high'

at the same timethis chance we have to take: � if energy prices are high, you should avoid high energy consumption(!)� low interest rates and high energy prices favour the

higher investment for better building quality (energy efficiency)� instead of burning (expensive) fossil fuels. � hence Passive House (special) or

energy efficiency (in general) is a profitable investmentthird party advantages (win win win win):� micro economy: local manufacturer (payed work for many people)� macro economy: government (more taxes, welfare, ...)� environment (less CO2 ...)� user (higher comfort, less cost

that is like an old age provision!)

Conclusions: it's economcally reasonable to change.....


Overview worldwide: economically optimal U-values (opaque envelope)

� not only technically but economically a good idea….� U-values for opaque parts of envelope

economic optimized U-values are mostly < 0.2 W/m²K

Jürgen Schnieders: PH-conference 2011, full report available see www.passipedia.org and www.passiv.de



thank you ...

� further information� www.passiv.de� www.passipedia.org� www.passivehouse-international.org


thank you ...

� further information� www.passiv.de� www.passipedia.org� www.passivehouse-international.org

� Please note the following copyright notice: The present collection of slides was assembled for the participants of the seminar denoted below. This file or any printed copy of this file is for information purposes only and intended only for the personal use of the participants of this event. The transferral of this file to a third party or the right to publish it in any form is excluded. The contents are the intellectual property of the Passive House Institute. In particular, further use of individual contents (slides) is not permitted without the express permission of the Passive House Institute.

Documents

Innovative Buildings in Germany – and all over the …...13th CTI workshop, Berlin 10/2012: Passive Houses in Germany – and worldwide where to find passive buildings: House internationalional.org